Chronology of the 15th Century

9 April 1370–14 February 1405 – Timur (Tamerlane) is amir of Transoxania (amir of the Timurid Empire)

7 December 1383–1388 – Wenceslaus is Duke of Luxembourg:

1388–18 January 1411 – Jobst of Moravia (House of Luxembourg)
1411–1443 – Elizabeth of Görlitz

31 March 1387–9 December 1437 – Sigismund of Luxembourg is king of Hungary and Croatia:

House of Luxembourg
1378–1388 – Sigismund is Prince-elector of Brandenburg
1411–1415 – Sigismund is Prince-elector of Brandenburg
31 March 1387–9 December 1437 – Sigismund is King of Hungary and Croatia
c. August 1419–9 December 1437 – Sigismund is king of Bohemia
21 July 1411–9 December 1437 – Sigismund is king of Germany
31 May 1433–9 December 1437 – Sigismund is Holy Roman Emperor

1389–April 1395 – the Tokhtamysh–Timur war between Tokhtamysh (khan of the Golden Horde) and Timur

21 January 1390–20 June 1399 – Al-Malik az-Zahir (second reign; Sayf ad-Din Barquq) is Mamluk Sultan

16 February 1391–21 July 1425 – Manuel II Palaiologos is Byzantine Emperor

18 June 1391 – battle of the Kondurcha River in the Bulgar Ulus of the Golden Horde between Tokhtamysh and Timur

4 August 1392–27 October 1430 – Vytautas the Great is Grand Duke of Lithuania

15 April 1395 – battle of the Terek River between Tokhtamysh and Timur at the Terek River, North Caucasus

1397
January 1397–31 January 1418 – Mircea I the Old (second reign; Basarab) is Voivode of Wallachia:

c. October 1394–January 1397 – Vlad the Usurper (Iron Vlad)
January 1397–31 January 1418 – Mircea I the Old (second reign; Basarab)
31 January 1418–August 1420 – sole reign of Mihail I

1398
September–17 December 1398 – Timur’s invasion of the Delhi Sultanate under Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq

1399
1399–1407 – Shadi Beg is Khan of the Golden Horde

Khans of the Golden Horde
1378–1397 – Tokhtamysh Khan
1397–1399 – Temur Qutlugh
1399–1407 – Shadi Beg
1407–1410 – Pulad Khan ibn Shadi Beg
1410–1412 – Temur Khan ibn Temur Qutlugh

1400s1400
1400 – Timur invades Christian Armenia and Georgia

29 June 1400–1 January 1432 – Alexandru I the Good is Voivode of Moldavia:

Voivode of Moldavia
29 June 1400–1 January 1432 – Alexandru I the Good
1 January 1432–October 1433 – Iliaș I
October 1433–4 August 1435 – Ștefan II
4 August 1435–May 1443 – Iliaș I
4 August 1435–13 July 1447 – Ștefan II
May 1444–1445 – Petru III
8 February 1455–25 March 1455 – Alexandru II
25 March 1455–12 April 1457 – Petru IV Aron
12 April 1457–2 July 1504 – Ștefan III the Great

1401
June 1401 – Timur invades Baghdad:

9 April 1370–14 February 1405 – Timur (Tamerlane) is Amir of the Timurid Empire

1402
spring 1402–28 July 1402 – Timur’s invasion of Anatolia

12 July 1402 – Ming Dynasty prince Zhu Di occupies the Ming capital, Nanjing; the Jianwen Emperor is lost or killed, and Zhu Di takes the throne as the Yongle Emperor

17 July 1402–12 August 1424 – Yung-lo (the Yongle Emperor) is third emperor of the Ming dynasty

28 July 1402 – Battle of Ankara: Bayezid captured by Timur and the Ottoman army was defeated

20 July 1402–5 July 1413 – Ottoman Interregnum, civil war in the Ottoman Empire between Mehmed Çelebi, İsa Çelebi, Musa Çelebi, and Süleyman Çelebi and Mustafa Çelebi; Mehmed Çelebi becomes Sultan Mehmed I in July 1413

after July 1402 – death of Sultan Mahmud, Khan of the Western Chagatai Khanate:

1369/1370 – Timur becomes amir of Transoxania
Khan of the Western Chagatai Khanate
1364–1370 – Khabul Shah (executed by Timur)
1370–1384 – Soyurghatmïsh Khan (died 1384)
1384–after July 1402 – Sultan Mahmud

December 1402 – Timur captures Smyrna from the Knights of Rhodes

1403
January/February 1403 – Treaty of Gallipoli between Süleyman Çelebi and the Byzantine Empire, the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Knights Hospitaller, and the Duchy of Naxos

8 March 1403 – death of Bayezid I in captivity at the court of Timur

April 1403–28 April 1421 – Balša III Stracimirović is last ruler of Zeta

1404
1404–1420 – Dobruja controlled by Wallachia

26 October 1404–1428 – Jacopo Gattilusio is Lord of Lesbos:

Lord of Lesbos
1384–26 October 1403/1404 – Francesco II Gattilusio
26 October 1404–1428 – Jacopo Gattilusio
1428–30 June 1455 – Dorino Gattilusiov

1405
18 February 1405 – death of Timur (Tamerlane) at Farab

18 February 1405–13 May 1409 – Khalil Sultan is Timurid ruler of Transoxiana (grandson of Timur)

February 1405–13 March 1447 – Shah Rukh is ruler of the Timurid Empire

November 1405–23 May 1412 – Al-Malik an-Nasir (second reign) is Mamluk Sultan:

List of Circassian Mamluk Sultans
21 January 1390–20 June 1399 – Al-Malik az-Zahir (second reign; Sayf ad-Din Barquq)
20 June 1399–20 September 1405 – Al-Malik an-Nasir
20 September 1405–November 1405 – Al-Malik al-Mansur
November 1405–23 May 1412 – Al-Malik an-Nasir (second reign)
23 May–6 November 1412 – Al-Malik al-Adil (Arab Abbasid caliph in Cairo)
6 November 1412–13 January 1421 – Al-Malik al-Mu’ayyad
13 January–29 August 1421 – Al-Malik al-Muzaffar
29 August–30 November 1421 – Al-Malik az-Zahir
30 November 1421–1 April 1422 – Al-Malik as-Salih
1 April 1422–7 June 1438 – Al-Malik al-Ashraf
7 June–9 September 1438 – Al-Malik al-Aziz
9 September 1438–1 February 1453 – Al-Malik az-Zahir
1 February–15 March 1453 – Al-Malik al-Mansur
15 March 1453–26 February 1461 – Al-Malik al-Ashraf

1406
c. 1406? – birth of John Hunyadi in the Hátszeg region

1406–10 June 1424 – Ernest is Duke of the Inner Austrian duchies of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola:

Inner Austria
10 June 1424–2 December 1463 – Albert VI is Duke of Inner Austria

Archduke of Austria
23 November 1457–2 December 1463 – Albert VI

17 March 1406 – death of Ibn Khaldun in Cairo

4 April 1406–21 February 1437 – James I is King of Scots:

Stewart
21 February 1437–3 August 1460 – James II
3 August 1460–11 June 1488 – James III
11 June 1488–9 September 1513 – James IV

11 May 1406–2 December 1407 – Ming–Hồ War between Ming Empire of China and northern Vietnam ruled by the Hồ dynasty

c. August 1406–c. October 1420 – construction of the Forbidden City

30 November 1406–4 July 1415 – Gregory XII is Pope:

14 November 1417–20 February 1431 – Pope Martin V
3 March 1431–23 February 1447 – Eugene IV is Pope
6 March 1447–24 March 1455 – Nicholas V is Pope

25 December 1406–20 July 1454 – John II is King of Castile and León

1407
23 November 1407 – Louis I (Duke of Orléans) assassinated in the streets of Paris, by the orders of the Duke of Burgundy John the Fearless

23 November 1407–21 September 1435 – Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War between two cadet branches of the French royal family, the House of Orléans (Armagnac faction) and the House of Burgundy (Burgundian faction)

1408
12 December 1408 – Sigismund founds the Order of the Dragon

1409
30 June 1409 – the battle of Sanluri in Sardinia between the Giudicato of Arborea and the Catalan-Sicilian army of King Martin I of Sicily

1410s1410
1410–1720s – Greenland largely cut off by ice

15 June 1410 – battle of Kosmidion between Musa Çelebi and Süleyman Çelebi at Kosmidion just outside the land walls of Constantinople; allies of Musa (including Vuk Lazarević) desert him and joined Süleyman; victory for Süleyman Çelebi

15 July 1410 – battle of Grunwald (battle of Tannenberg): Polish and Lithuanian forces under cousins Jogaila and Vytautas the Great defeat the Teutonic Knights

10 September 1410 – Sigismund first elected as King of the Romans

1411
21 July 1411–9 December 1437 – Sigismund is King of the Romans:

31 March 1387–9 December 1437 – Sigismund of Luxembourg is King of Hungary and Croatia
21 July 1411–9 December 1437 – Sigismund is King of the Romans/King of Germany
31 May 1433–9 December 1437 – Sigismund is Holy Roman Emperor

February 1411 – Musa Çelebi attacks Edirne and defeats Süleyman

17 February 1411 – murder of Süleyman Çelebi when fleeing to Byzantine terrirtory

August–September 1411 – siege of Constantinople by Musa Çelebi

1412
6 January 1412 – birth of Joan of Arc in Domrémy, Duchy of Bar

16 January 1412 – the Medici family made official bankers of the Papacy

1413
21 March 1413–31 August 1422 – Henry V (Henry of Monmouth) is king of England

5 July 1413 – battle of Çamurlu between Musa Çelebi and Mehmed Çelebi (sons of Bayezid I) in Çamurlu, near modern day Samokov, Bulgaria

5 July 1413–26 May 1421 – Mehmed I (Mehmed Çelebi) is Ottoman Sultan

2 October 1413 – Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania sign the Union of Horodło

1414
7 January 1414–March 1422 – Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg is 28th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights

28 May 1414–20 May 1421 – Khizr Khan is Sultan of Delhi, first sultan of the Sayyid dynasty

16 November 1414–22 April 1418 – Council of Constance held in Constance, Germany, an ecumenical council ends the Western Schism by deposing or accepting the resignation of the remaining papal claimants and by electing Pope Martin V

1415
6 July 1415 – execution of Jan Hus in Konstanz, Bishopric of Constance in the Holy Roman Empire

25 October 1415 – battle of Agincourt, great English victory in the Hundred Years’ War near Azincourt in the County of Saint-Pol, in northern France

1416
2 April 1416–27 June 1458 – Alfonso the Magnanimous is king of Aragon:

2 April 1416–27 June 1458 – king of Aragon
1442 – re-unification of Sicily with the Kingdom of Naples
2 June 1442–27 June 1458 – king of Naples and Sicily
1458 – Sicily split from Naples

31 January 1418–August 1420 – sole reign of Mihail I (Basarab) is Voivode of Wallachia:

c. 1383–1386 – Dan I (Dănești)
23 September 1386–1418 – the two reigns of Mircea I the Old as Voivode of Wallachia
23 September 1386–1395 – Mircea I the Old (first reign; Basarab)
c. October 1394–January 1397 – Vlad the Usurper (Iron Vlad; Dănești)
January 1397–31 January 1418 – Mircea I the Old (second reign; Basarab)
1408–1420 – Mihail I (Basarab)
31 January 1418–August 1420 – sole reign of Mihail I

1419
before 12 February 1419 – Voyk (father of John Hunyadi) died before this date

16 August 1419 – death of Wenceslaus IV (king of Bohemia from 29 November 1378–16 August 1419)

10 September 1419–15 June 1467 – Philip III the Good is Duke of Burgundy (cadet line of the Valois dynasty):

Duke of Burgundy
27 April 1404–10 September 1419 – John the Fearless (Valois-Burgundy)
15 June 1467–5 January 1477 – Charles the Bold (Valois)
5 January 1477–27 March 1482 – Mary is Duchess of Burgundy
27 March 1482–25 September 1506 – Philip the Handsome (Habsburg) is Lord of the Netherlands and Duke of Burgundy

1420s
1420 – the King of Aragon purchases most of Sardinia from the Arborea Judicatus

summer 1420 – Mihail I killed on the battlefield

summer 1420–1421 – first reign of Dan II of Wallachia:

1421–1423 – second reign of Dan II
1423–1424 – third reign of Dan II
1426–1427 – fourth reign of Dan II
1427–1431 – fifth reign of Dan II

1421
12 March 1421 – Vienna pogrom in Erdberg

26 May 1421–August 1444 – first reign of Murad II (son of Mehmed I)

28 October 1420 – Beijing formally designated the principal capital of the Chinese empire

October 1420–1644 – Forbidden City seat of the Ming Dynasty

1422
21 October 1422–22 July 1461 – Charles VII the Victorious is king of France

16 September 1380–21 October 1422 – Charles VI the Beloved (Valois)
21 October 1422–19 October 1453 – Henry VI of England (Lancaster)
Valois
21 October 1422–22 July 1461 – Charles VII the Victorious
22 July 1461–30 August 1483 – Louis XI the Prudent
30 August 1483–7 April 1498 – Charles VIII the Affable

1425

21 July 1425–31 October 1448 – John VIII Palaiologos (eldest son of Manuel II Palaiologos) is Byzantine Emperor:

Byzantine Emperor
15 June 1341–12 August 1376 – John V Palaiologos (first reign)
1 July 1379–14 April 1390 – John V Palaiologos (second reign)
17 September 1390–16 February 1391 – John V Palaiologos (third reign)
16 February 1391–21 July 1425 – Manuel II Palaiologos
21 July 1425–31 October 1448 – John VIII Palaiologos (eldest son of Manuel II Palaiologos)
6 January 1449–29 May 1453 – Constantine XI Dragases Palaiologos (son of Manuel II Palaiologos)

1428
between 1428–1431 – birth of Vlad the Impaler in Sighișoara

1430s1430
October 1430–1 August 1432 – Švitrigaila is Grand Duke of Lithuania:

Grand Duke of Lithuania
House of Gediminas
4 August 1392–27 October 1430 – Vytautas the Great
October 1430–1 August 1432 – Švitrigaila
1432–20 March 1440 – Sigismund Kęstutaitis
House of Jagiellon
29 June 1440–7 June 1492 – Casimir IV Jagiellon
30 July 1492–19 August 1506 – Alexander Jagiellon

1431
February/March 1431–c. September 1436 – Alexander I Aldea (1397–1436) is Voivode of Wallachia

1432
1 June 1432 – battle of San Romano: Florence defeats Siena

29 June 1432–28 July 1458 – John II of Cyprus is king of Cyprus:

Kings of Cyprus
House of Lusignan
9 September 1398–29 June 1432 – Janus of Cyprus
29 June 1432–28 July 1458 – John II of Cyprus
28 July 1458–1464 – Charlotte (Queen of Cyprus)
1463–10 July 1473 – James II of Cyprus
10 July 1473 – 26 August 1474 – James III of Cyprus
26 August 1474–26 February 1489 – Catherine Cornaro (the last monarch of the Kingdom of Cyprus)
February 1489 – Catherine cedes control of Cyprus to the Doge of Venice

1433
31 May 1433 – coronation of Sigismund as Holy Roman Emperor in Rome

late 1433 – John Hunyadi joins the entourage of Sigismund as court knight

1434
5 September 1434–1 August 1464 – Cosimo di Giovanni de’ Medici (the Elder) is Lord of Florence

1435
1435 – Count John IV of Katzenelnbogen orders Riesling grape variety to be grown in Rüsselsheim

21 September 1435 – Treaty of Arras between Charles VII of France and Philip III of Burgundy ends the English-Burgundian alliance

1436
after 25 June 1436 – death of Alexander I Aldea

5 July 1436 – Hussite Wars in Bohemia end; Sigismund accepted as king

c. September 1436–c. March 1442 – reign of Vlad II Dracul as Voivode of Wallachia

c. December 1436 – death of Alexander I Aldea?

1437
spring 1437 – Murad II on campaign against the bey of Karaman

April 1437–February 1438 – peasant rebellion in north-west Transylvania

9 December 1437 – death of Sigismund, king of Hungary:

Kings of Hungary
House of Luxembourg
1387–1437 – Sigismund
House of Habsburg
1437–1439 – Albert the Magnanimous
1440–1457 – Ladislaus V the Posthumous
House of Jagiellon
1440–1444 – Vladislaus I
6 June 1446 – January 1453 – Regent John Hunyadi
House of Hunyadi
1458–1490 – Matthias I

18 December 1437–27 October 1439 – Albert the Magnanimous (House of Habsburg) is King of Hungary and Croatia:

House of Habsburg
14 September 1404–27 October 1439 – Albert the Magnanimous is Duke of Austria
18 March 1438–27 October 1439 – Albert the Magnanimous is King-elect of Germany
6 May 1438–27 October 1439 – Albert the Magnanimous King of Bohemia

1438
1 January 1438 – coronation of Albert the Magnanimous as King of Hungary and Croatia in Székesfehérvár

8 January 1438 – the first session of the Council of Ferrara in the church of St George under the presidency of Cardinal Nicolo Albergati

August 1438 – Murad II’s raid into Transylvania

1439
September 1439–1445 – John Hunyadi is Ban of Severin

27 October 1439 – death of Albert the Magnanimous at Neszmély and was buried at Székesfehérvár

1440s1440
8 March 1440 – Hungarian lords elect Vladislaus king

8 March 1440–10 November 1444 – Vladislaus (Władysław) III of Poland is King of Hungary and Croatia

15 May 1440/1444–23 November 1457 – Ladislaus the Posthumous King of Hungary and Croatia

29 June 1440 – Hungarian Diet declares Ladislaus’ coronation invalid

17 July 1440 – Archbishop Dénes Szécsi crowns Vladislaus (Władysław) III king of Hungary

17 July 1440–10 November 1444 – Vladislaus (Władysław) III of Poland is King of Hungary and Croatia

1441
February 1441 – John Hunyadi appointed Voivode of Transylvania

February 1441–1446 – John Hunyadi is voivode of Transylvania:

Voivodes of Transylvania
1441–1446 – John Hunyadi
1446–1448 – Emeric Bebek
1449–1458 – John Rozgonyi (first rule)
1459–1461 – Ladislaus Kanizsai
1459–1460 – John Rozgonyi
1459–1460 – Sebastian Rozgonyi
1461 – Nicholas Kanizsai
1462–1465 – Nicholas Újlaki, with John Pongrác of Dengeleg
1465–1467 – Bertold Ellerbach of Monyorókerék, Count Sigismund Szentgyörgyi
1468–1474 – Nicholas Csupor of Monoszló
1468–1472 – John Pongrác of Dengeleg

1442
22 March 1442 – Ottoman forces were annihilated at Gyulafehérvár in Transylvania by John Hunyadi

c. March 1442 – Vlad II Dracul leaves Wallachia

July/August 1442 – Vlad Dracula arrives in Edirne but is imprisoned and taken to the castle of Gallipoli

August 1442 – Murad II sends Hadım Şehabeddin (Beylerbey/governor of Rumelia) to annex Wallachia

August 1442–c. September 1443 – Basarab II (Dănești) is Voivode of Wallachia

2 September 1442 – Ottoman forces defeated at the Ialomița River

1443
September 1443–January 1444 – Long Campaign of John Hunyadi

c. September 1443–November 1447 – second reign of Vlad II Dracul

October 1443–November 1444 – the crusade of Varna (called by Pope Eugene IV on 1 January 1443) led by King Władysław III of Poland, John Hunyadi (Voivode of Transylvania), and Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy

November 1443 – Battle of Nish; Skanderbeg deserted the Ottoman army

28 November 1443 – Skanderbeg takes Krujë with a forged letter from Sultan Murad; wars of Skanderbeg:

December 1443–January 1444 – Skanderbeg seizes Petrela, Prezë, Guri i Bardhë, Svetigrad, Modrič?
2 March 1444 – Skanderbeg summons Albanian princes in Lezhë (controlled by Venice) and they forms League of Lezhë
29 June 1444 – in the Plain of Torvioll Albanian armies under Skanderbeg face Ottoman army under Ali Pasha
10 October 1445 – Ottoman defeat at Ohrid
27 September 1446 – Ottoman defeat in the Battle of Otonetë
1447–1448 – Albanian–Venetian War
14 May 1448 – Ottoman army led by Sultan Murad II and his son Mehmed lays siege to the castle of Svetigrad
June 1450 – two years after Ottoman capture of Svetigrad, Turks lays siege to Krujë
2 September 1457 – Skanderbeg attacks Ottoman forces at Ujebardha and defeated them
August 1461 – Skanderbeg lands in Apulia with 1,000 cavalry and 2,000 infantry
27 November 1463 – George Kastriot (Skanderbeg) declares war on Ottomans and attacks Ohrid
1466 – Sultan Mehmed II leads 30,000 men into Albania and begins the Second Siege of Krujë
23 April 1467 – Skanderbeg attacks Ottoman forces laying siege to Krujë; siege of Krujë broken
17 January 1468 – Skanderbeg fell ill with malaria and died

1444
2 February 1444 – John Hunyadi returns to Buda

August 1444–September 1446 – first reign of Mehmed II

10 November 1444 – battle of Varna

1445
10 October 1445 – battle of Mokra: Skanderbeg defeats Ottoman forces under Firuz Pasha near mountain Mokra (today in Makedonski Brod, Macedonia)

1446
6 June 1446 – John Hunyadi becomes regent of Hungary

September 1446–3 February 1451 – second reign of Murad II

27 September 1446 – Ottoman defeat in the Battle of Otonetë in Albania

October 1446 – Murad II invades Attica: Constantine XI returns Thebes to the duchy of Athens

10 December 1446 – Sultan Murad II destroys the Hexamilion wall; Murad and Turakhan Beg (Ottoman governor of Thessaly) ravage the Peloponnese Peninsula; despotate of the Morea becomes Ottoman vassal state

1447
13 March 1447 – Shah Rukh dies in winter quarters at Ray

November 1447 – killing of Vlad II Dracul

November 1447–20 August 1456 – Vladislav II is Voivode of Wallachia

December 1447–4 October 1448 – Albanian–Venetian War

December 1447 – Skanderbeg attacks and besieges Dagnum

1448
14 May 1448 – Ottoman army led by Sultan Murad II and his son Mehmed lays siege to the castle of Svetigrad

23 July 1448 – Skanderbeg defeats Venetian forces at the battle of the Drin River

4 October 1448 – peace treaty signed between Skanderbeg and Venice

17 October 1448 – second battle of Kosovo

31 October 1448 – death of John VIII Palaiologos, the Byzantine emperor

1449
6 January 1449–29 May 1453 – Constantine XI Dragases Palaiologos (son of Manuel II Palaiologos) is Byzantine Emperor:

Byzantine Emperor
15 June 1341–12 August 1376 – John V Palaiologos (first reign)
1 July 1379–14 April 1390 – John V Palaiologos (second reign)
17 September 1390–16 February 1391 – John V Palaiologos (third reign)
16 February 1391–21 July 1425 – Manuel II Palaiologos
21 July 1425–31 October 1448 – John VIII Palaiologos (eldest son of Manuel II Palaiologos)
6 January 1449–29 May 1453 – Constantine XI Palaiologos (son of Manuel II Palaiologos)

1450s1450
25 March 1450–8 March 1466 – Francesco Sforza is Duke of Milan:

Dukes of Milan
House of Visconti
5 September 1395–3 September 1402 – Gian Galeazzo Visconti
3 September 1402–16 May 1412 – Giovanni Maria Visconti
16 May 1412–13 August 1447 – Filippo Maria Visconti

1447–1450 – Golden Ambrosian Republic

House of Sforza
25 March 1450–8 March 1466 – Francesco Sforza
8 March 1466–26 December 1476 – Galeazzo Maria Sforza
26 December 1476–21 October 1494 – Gian Galeazzo Sforza
21 October 1494–6 September 1499 – Ludovico Sforza
House of Valois-Orléans
6 September 1499–16 June 1512 – Louis XII of France
Sforza
9 January 1513–5 October 1515 – Massimiliano Sforza
Valois-Angoulême
11 October 1515–19 November 1521 – Francis I of France
Sforza
4 April 1522–24 October 1535 – Francesco II Sforza
Habsburg-Spain
11 October 1540–13 September 1598 – Philip II of Spain

June 1450 – two years after Ottoman capture of Svetigrad, Turks lays siege to Krujë

1451
3 February 1451–3 May 1481 – Mehmed II (second reign):

25 June 1421–1444 – Murad II
1444–1446 – Mehmed II (first rule; son of Murad II)
1446–3 February 1451 – Murad II
3 February 1451–3 May 1481 – Mehmed II (second reign)
19 May 1481–25 April 1512 – Bayezid II (son of Mehmed II)
25 April 1512–21 September 1520 – Selim I (son of Bayezid II)
30 September 1520–6/7 September 1566 – Suleiman I (son of Selim I)

3 February 1451–3 May 1481 – second reign of Mehmed II:

28 November 1443–17 January 1468 – Skanderbeg’s war against Ottomans
1447–1448 – Albanian–Venetian War
May–June 1451 – Mehmed II’s Karaman campaign of 1451
6 April–29 May 1453 – siege of Constantinople
29 May 1453 – fall of Constantinople
4–22 July 1456 – siege of Belgrade by Mehmed II
May 1460 – Mehmed II conquers the Morea
31 May 1460 – Ottoman conquest of Mistra, capital of Despotate of Morea
1460 – Mehmed II conquers Genoese colony of Amasra
15 August 1461 – Mehmed II conquers Trebizond and annexes Black Sea coast
November 1461–August 1462 – Vlad III’s war with the Ottomans
June–July 1462 – Mehmed II’s invasion of Wallachia
September 1462 – conquest of Lesbos by Mehmed II
28 July 1463–25 January 1479 – Ottoman–Venetian War
27 November 1463 – Skanderbeg declares war on Ottomans and attacks Ohrid
July–September 1464 – Ottoman siege of Jajce held by Hungarians fails
June 1466–23 April 1467 – second siege of Krujë, Albania, by Mehmed II
17 January 1468 – death of Skanderbeg
1468 – Mehmed II’s Karaman campaign of 1468
10 July–5 August 1470 – the siege of Negroponte and conquest of Negroponte and Euboea
11 August 1473 – battle of Otlukbeli (or Otluk Beli) in which Mehmed II defeats the Aq Qoyunlu (White Sheep Turkomans) led by Uzun Hasan
June–August 1476 – Sultan Mehmed II invades Moldavia
1478–1479 – Mehmed II leads the siege of Shkodra
25 January 1479 – Treaty of Constantinople signed between Venice and Ottomans
23 May–17 August 1480 – Ottoman siege of Rhodes (under Knights Hospitaller)
11 August 1480–August 1481 – Ottoman occupation of Otranto in Italy
3 May 1481 – death of Sultan Mehmed II

1452
1452 – John Hunyadi is Perpetual Count of Beszterce

16–19 March 1452 – Frederick III is crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Nicholas V in Rome, the last Emperor to be crowned in Rome

19 March 1452–19 August 1493 – Frederick III is Holy Roman Emperor:

House of Habsburg
1433–1437 – Sigismund is Holy Roman Emperor
2 February 1440–19 August 1493 – Frederick III is King of the Romans
19 March 1452–19 August 1493 – Frederick III is Holy Roman Emperor
16 February 1486–12 January 1519 – Maximilian I is King of the Romans
4 February 1508–12 January 1519 – Maximilian I is Holy Roman Emperor

1453
30 January 1453 – John Hunyadi appointed captain general of the kingdom

6 April–29 May 1453 – the last siege of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror, sultan of the Ottoman Empire

29 May 1453 – fall of Constantinople to Mehmed the Conqueror; death of the last Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos

29 May 1453 – death of Constantine XI Dragases Palaeologus (son of Manuel II)

19 October 1453 – end of the Hundred Years’ War (24 May 1337–19 October 1453) between English House of Plantagenet and French House of Valois

1454
29 September 1454 – Ottoman force defeated at Kruševac

1455
1455–1456 – rule of Francesco II Acciaioli, last Duke of Athens:

Duchy of Athens
Florentine Acciaioli
1388–1394 – Nerio I Acciaioli
1394–1395 – Antonio I Acciaioli
1395–1402 – Venetian control
1402–1435 – Antonio I Acciaioli (restored)
1435–1439 – Nerio II Acciaioli
1439–1441 – Antonio II Acciaioli
1441–1451 – Nerio II Acciaioli
1451–1454 – Chiara Zorzi (duchess consort)
1451–1454 – Francesco I Acciaioli
1455–1456 – Francesco II Acciaioli

1455–1485 – the Wars of the Roses in England, a civil war between two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet, (1) the House of Lancaster (associated with a red rose), and (2) the House of York (whose symbol was a white rose):

House of Lancaster
30 September 1399–20 March 1413 – Henry IV
20 March 1413–31 August 1422 – Henry V
31 August 1422–4 March 1461 – Henry VI

1455–1485 – the Wars of the Roses

House of York
4 March 1461–3 October 1470 – Edward IV

House of Lancaster
3 October 1470–11 April 1471 – Henry VI

House of York
11 April 1471–9 April 1483 – Edward IV (second reign)
9 April 1483–25 June 1483 – Edward V
26 June 1483–22 August 1485 – Richard III

House of Tudor
22 August 1485–21 April 1509 – Henry VII
21 April 1509–28 January 1547 – Henry VIII

1456
c. May 1456 – Lemnos surrenders to the Ottomans:

autumn 1456–1458 – Papal force controls Lemnos
1458 – Ottoman conquest of Lemnos
1460–1464 – Demetrius Palaeologus rules Lemnos as an Ottoman vassal
1464 – Lemnos conquered by Venetians
1464–1479 – Venice controls Lemnos
1479 – Venice cedes Lemnos to the Sultan

4 June 1456 – Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey takes Athens and duchy of Athens; he besieges Duke Francesco II Acciaioli in the Athenian Acropolis (surrendered in June 1458)

4–22 July 1456 – siege of Belgrade by Sultan Mehmed II:

4 July 1456 – siege of Belgrade begins
14 July 1456 – Hunyadi arrives at Belgrade with his flotilla on the Danube
21 July 1456 – Mehmed II begins assault on Belgrade
22 July 1456 – John of Capistrano and Hunyadi counterattack and rout Ottoman army

22 July 1456 – John Hunyadi’s victory at Belgrade

c. August 1456–c. August 1462 – second reign of Vlad III Drăculea

11 August 1456 – death of John Hunyadi at Belgrade

c. 1456 – construction of Poenari Castle

1457
16 March 1457 – Ladislaus V of Hungary has Ladislaus Hunyadi executed

12 April 1457 – Ștefan cel Mare routes Peter Aaron at Doljești

c. 12 April 1457–2 July 1504 – Stephen III of Moldavia (Ștefan cel Mare) rules Moldavia:

1504–1517 – Bogdan III The One-Eyed
1514 – Moldavia submitted to Ottoman rule

23 November 1457 – death of Ladislaus the Posthumous in Prague

1458
24 January 1458–6 April 1490 – Matthias Corvinus I is king of Hungary

June 1458 – Duke Francesco II Acciaioli surrenders the Athenian Acropolis to the Ottomans

27 June 1458–25 January 1494 – Ferdinand I is king of Naples:

Kings of Naples
Anjou
24 February 1386 – 6 August 1414 – Ladislaus the Magnanimous is king of Naples
6 August 1414 – 2 February 1435 – Joanna II is queen of Naples
Bourbon
c. 1416 – James II (Count of La Marche)
Valois-Anjou
2 February 1435–2 June 1442 – René of Anjou is king of Naples
Trastámara
2 June 1442–27 June 1458 – Alfonso the Magnanimous is king of Naples
27 June 1458–25 January 1494 – Ferdinand I is king of Naples
25 January 1494–23 January 1495 – Alfonso II (abdicated)
23 January 1495–7 September 1496 – Ferdinand II
7 September 1496–1 August 1501 – Frederick I
1501–1504 – union with France
1504–1516 – Ferdinand II of Aragon is King of Naples

27 June 1458–20 January 1479 – John II of Aragon and Navarre:

27 June 1458–20 January 1479 – king of Aragon
8 September 1425–20 January 1479 – king of Navarre
king of Sicily

27 June 1458–19 January 1479 – John II the Great is king of Aragon:

Kings of Aragon
House of Barcelona 1164–1410
19 May 1396–31 May 1410 – Martin

Trastámara 1412–1516
24 June 1412–2 April 1416 – Ferdinand I the Honest
2 April 1416–27 June 1458 – Alfonso V the Magnanimous
27 June 1458–19 January 1479 – John II the Great
19 January 1479–23 January 1516 – Ferdinand II the Catholic
23 January 1516–12 April 1555 – Joanna I the Mad

Habsburg 1516–1700
23 January 1516 – 16 January 1556 – Charles I the Emperor

19 August 1458–14 August 1464 – Pope Pius II

1458–September 1462 – Niccolò Gattilusio is the final Lord of Lesbos:

Lord of Lesbos
1384–26 October 1403/1404 – Francesco II Gattilusio
26 October 1404–1428 – Jacopo Gattilusio
1428–30 June 1455 – Dorino Gattilusio
1455–1458 – Domenico Gattilusio
1458–September 1462 – Niccolò Gattilusio

1459
summer 1459 – Ahmed Bey and Hamza Pasha attack the Morea

1 June 1459–January 1460 – the council of Mantua of 1459, convened by Pope Pius II, who calls for crusade against the Ottomans

26 September 1459 – Pope Pius II calls for a new crusade

1460s1460
c. 1460 – Antonio Piccolomini builds Castello Piccolomini (Piccolomini castle) in Balsorano, Province of L’Aquila (Abruzzo)

14 January 1460 – Pope Pius II proclaims a crusade against the Ottomans

29 May 1460 – Thomas Palaeologus flees to Corfu and then Italy during Ottoman invasion of Morea:

Despots of the Morea
1354–1380 – Manuel Kantakouzenos (restored)
1380–1383 – Matthew Kantakouzenos
1383 – Demetrios I Kantakouzenos
1383–1407 – Theodore I Palaiologos
1407–1443 – Theodore II Palaiologos
1428–1449 – Constantine Palaiologos (from 1449 emperor)
1428–1460 – Thomas Palaiologos
1449–1460 – Demetrios II Palaiologos.

May 1460 – Mehmed II conquers the Byzantine despotate of the Morea

1461
July 1461 – fall of Salmeniko Castle, Morea, and its defender Graitzas Palaiologos to the Ottomans

10 July 1461–25 May 1463 – Stephen Tomašević is the last king of Bosnia

August 1461 – Skanderbeg landed in Apulia with an expeditionary force of 1,000 cavalry and 2,000 infantry

November 1461–August 1462 – Vlad III’s war with the Ottomans:

4 June 1462 – Ottoman army under Mehmed II crosses the Danube at Nicopolis
17 June 1462 – the night attack at Târgoviște between Vlad III and Mehmed II
July 1462 – Radu at Brăila attempts to incite defection of boyars
July 1462 – Matthias Corvinus leaves Buda for Transylvania
July/August – Matthias Corvinus makes peace with Stephen
August/September 1462 – Matthias’ envoy meets with Pope Pius II at Abbadia
c. 30 September 1462 – Matthias Corvinus arrives in Sibiu
November–December 1462 – Matthias Corvinus in Braşov
November 1462 – Vlad visits Matthias Corvinus in Braşov
c.25/26 November 1462 – Dracula arrested at Piatra Craiului

1462
5 April 1462–6 November 1505 – Ivan III is Grand Prince of Moscow:

Grand Princes of Moscow
19 May 1389–27 February 1425 – Vasily I
27 February 1425–30 March 1434 – Vasily II
31 March 1434–5 June 1434 – Yury of Zvenigorod
5 June 1434–1435 – Vasily Kosoy
1435–1446 – Vasily II
1446–26 March 1447 – Dmitry Shemyaka
27 February 1447–27 March 1462 – Vasily II
5 April 1462–6 November 1505 – Ivan III
6 November 1505–13 December 1533 – Vasily III

4 June 1462 – Ottoman army under Mehmed II crosses the Danube at Nicopolis

17 June 1462 – the night attack at Târgoviște between Vlad III and Mehmed II

July 1462 – Radu at Brăila attempts to incite defection of boyars

July 1462 – Matthias Corvinus leaves Buda for Transylvania

July/August – Matthias Corvinus makes peace with Stephen

August/September 1462 – Matthias’ envoy meets with Pope Pius II at Abbadia

1 September 1462 – Mehmed II met at Assos by a fleet and crosses to Lesbos

September 1462 – conquest of Lesbos by Mehmed II

c. 30 September 1462 – Matthias Corvinus arrives in Sibiu

November–December 1462 – Matthias Corvinus in Braşov

November 1462 – Vlad visits Matthias Corvinus in Braşov

c.25/26 November 1462 – Dracula arrested at Piatra Craiului

1463
1463–1477 – Genoa under the rule of Milan (no doge)

1463 – Antonio Todeschini Piccolomini completes the Castello Piccolomini Celano, Province of L’Aquila (Abruzzo):

1392 – Pietro De’ Berardi built the walls of the castle
1451 – Leonello Acclozamora builds the main floor and the four towers at the corners

3 April 1463 – Isa-Beg Ishaković (governor of the Morea) takes Venetian Argos by treason

May 1463 – conquest of Bosnia by Mehmed II

28 July 1463 – the Venetian Senate votes for war on the Sultan

28 July 1463–25 January 1479 – Ottoman–Venetian War:

November 1462 – Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey (Ottoman commander in central Greece) attacks the Venetian fortress of Lepanto (Nafpaktos)
1463
3 April 1463 – Isa-Beg Ishaković (governor of the Morea) takes Venetian Argos by treason
28 July 1463 – the Venetian Senate votes for war on the Sultan
August 1463 – Venice retakes Argos and refortified the Isthmus of Corinth, restoring the Hexamilion wall
12 September 1463 – Venice and Matthias Corvinus sign an alliance
23 September–25 December 1463 – siege of Jajce by Matthias Corvinus
19 October 1463 – Venice concludes alliance with the Pope and Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy
20 October 1463 – Venetians suffer major defeat during siege of Acrocorinth and retreat to the Hexamilion and to Nauplia (Nafplion)
16 December 1463 – Matthias Corvinus takes Jajce, capital of Bosnia
1464
April–18 May 1464 – the Venetian admiral Orsato Giustinian attacks Lesbos and lays siege to Mytilene
18 May 1464 – Orsato Giustinian forced to end siege of Mytilene
June 1464 – Orsato Giustinian’s second failed attack on Lesbos
July–September 1464 – Ottoman siege of Jajce held by Hungarians fails
11 July 1464 – death of Orsato Giustinian at Modon
14 August 1464 – death of Pope Pius II at Ancona with a crusading army
summer 1464 – Sigismondo Malatesta is Venetian commander in the Morea
August–October 1464 – Venetian siege of Mistra
1465
early 1465 – Mehmed II sent a peace offer to the Venetian Senate
1466
c. April 1466 – Vettore Cappello captures Imbros, Thasos and Samothrace
June 1466–23 April 1467 – the second siege of Krujë, Albania, by Mehmed II
12 July 1466 – Vettore Cappello lands at Piraeus and attacks Athens
1467
23 April 1467 – Skanderbeg attacked the Ottoman forces laying siege to Krujë.
1468
17 January 1468 – Skanderbeg fell ill with malaria and died
1470
10 July–5 August 1470 – the siege of Negroponte

1479
25 January 1479 – signing of the Treaty of Constantinople between Venice and the Sultan; Venice cedes Shkodra, territories on the Dalmatian coastline, Negroponte (Euboea) and Lemnos; end of the First Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479).

August 1463 – Venice retakes Argos and refortified the Isthmus of Corinth, restoring the Hexamilion wall

12 September 1463 – Venice and Matthias Corvinus sign an alliance

23 September–25 December 1463 – siege of Jajce by Matthias Corvinus

19 October 1463 – Venice concludes alliance with the Pope and Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy

20 October 1463 – Venetians suffer major defeat during siege of Acrocorinth and retreat to the Hexamilion and to Nauplia (Nafplion)

27 November 1463 – George Kastriot (Skanderbeg) declares war on the Ottomans and attacks Ohrid

2 December 1463 – death of Albert VI, Archduke of Austria

2 December 1463–19 August 1493 – Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor) is sole ruler of Austrian lands:

25 September 1379 – Treaty of Neuberg between Albert III and his brother Leopold III: division of the Habsburg hereditary lands into Albertinian and Leopoldian line

Inner Austria: Styria, Carinthia and Carniola
7 July 1379–9 July 1386 – Leopold III
July 1386–15 July 1406 – William
July 1406–10 June 1424 – Ernest the Iron
10 June 1424–19 August 1493 – Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor from 19 March 1452)
10 June 1424–2 December 1463 – Albert VI (brother of Emperor Frederick III)
1436 – Frederick III makes a pilgrimage to the Holy Land
2 February 1440 – prince-electors convened at Frankfurt and elected Frederick III King of the Romans

Archduchy of Austria: Lower Austria and most of Upper Austria
Albertinian Line
25 September 1379–29 August 1395 – Albert III is Duke of Austria
29 August 1395–14 September 1404 – Albert IV is Duke of Austria
14 September 1404–27 October 1439 – Albert V the Magnanimous
22 February 1440 – birth of Ladislaus the Posthumous (son of Albert V)
1440–23 November 1457 – Ladislaus the Posthumous

Further Austria/Anterior Austria: Swabian duchy of south-western Germany, Alsace region west of the Rhine, Vorarlberg
1406–24 June 1439 – Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets
1446–1490 – Sigismund, Archduke of Austria

Austria Proper
1440–23 November 1457 – Ladislaus the Posthumous
23 November 1457–19 August 1493 – Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor) is ruler of Lower Austria
23 November 1457–2 December 1463 – Albert VI is Archduke of Austria
2 December 1463 – death of Albert VI, Archduke of Austria
2 December 1463–19 August 1493 – Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor) is sole ruler of Austrian lands
29 January–1 June 1485 – the siege of Vienna during the Austrian–Hungarian War between Frederick III and Matthias Corvinus
1 June 1485 – the fall of Vienna to Matthias Corvinus
June 1485–1490 – Vienna is the capital of the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus
6 April 1490 – death of Matthias Corvinus in Vienna

16 December 1463 – Matthias Corvinus takes Jajce, capital of Bosnia

1464
29 April 1464 – Matthias Corvinus crowned king of Hungary in Székesfehérvár

18 May 1464 – Orsato Giustinian forced to end siege of Mytilene

July–September 1464 – Ottoman siege of Jajce held by Hungarians fails

11 July 1464 – death of Orsato Giustinian at Modon

14 August 1464 – death of Pope Pius II at Ancona with a crusading army

30 August 1464–26 July 1471 – Pope Paul II

8 April 1455–6 August 1458 – Callixtus III
19 August 1458–15 August 1464 – Pius II
30 August 1464–26 July 1471 – Paul II

August–October 1464 – Venetian siege of Mistra

1465
24–25/26 January 1465 – Ștefan cel Mare besieges and takes Chilia

12 May 1465 – death of Thomas Palaiologos in exile in Rome

1466
June 1466–23 April 1467 – the second siege of Krujë, Albania, by Mehmed II with an army of 30,000

1467
23 April 1467 – Skanderbeg attacked the Ottoman forces besieging Krujë and ends siege

November–December 1467 – Matthias I Corvinus invades Moldavia and is defeated at the battle of Baia on 15 December

15 December 1467 – the battle of Baia between Stephen the Great and Matthias Corvinus; Corvinus was defeated

1468
17 January 1468 – Skanderbeg fell ill with malaria and died

19 October 1469 – Ferdinand II and Isabella I married in the Palacio de los Vivero in the city of Valladolid

1469
2 December 1469–8 April 1492 – Lorenzo de’ Medici (Lorenzo the Magnificent) rules Florence:

Lord of Florence
5 September 1434–1 August 1464 – Cosimo di Giovanni de’ Medici (the Elder)
1 August 1464–2 December 1469 – Piero di Cosimo de’ Medici (the Gouty)
2 December 1469–8 April 1492 – Lorenzo de’ Medici (Lorenzo the Magnificent)
9 April 1492–9 November 1494 – Piero di Lorenzo de’ Medici (Piero the Unfortunate)
November 1494–23 May 1498 – Girolamo Savonarola
Gonfaloniere for life
1502–1512 – Piero Soderini

1470s1470
3 June 1470 – the Ottoman fleet sails out of the Dardanelles

June 1470 – the Ottoman fleet takes Imbros (but not Lemnos and Skyros)

10 July–5 August 1470 – the siege of Negroponte between the forces of Sultan Mehmed II and the garrison of the Venetian colony of Negroponte (Chalcis), the capital of the Venetian possession of Euboea; the Ottomans conquer Negroponte and Euboea

20 August 1470 – the battle of Lipnic between Stephen the Great and the Volga Tatars of the Golden Horde led by Ahmed Khan; Stephen defeats the Tatars

1471
9 August 1471–12 August 1484 – Pope Sixtus IV:

8 April 1455–6 August 1458 – Callixtus III
19 August 1458–15 August 1464 – Pius II
30 August 1464–26 July 1471 – Paul II
9 August 1471–12 August 1484 – Sixtus IV
29 August 1484–25 July 1492 – Innocent VIII
11 August 1492–18 August 1503 – Alexander VI

July 1472 – University of Ingolstadt founded by Louis the Rich, the Duke of Bavaria

1473
11 August 1473 – Mehmed II defeats the White Sheep Turkmens at the battle of Otlukbeli at Otlukbeli, Erzincan

1474
1474–5 January 1477 – Burgundian Wars between the Dukes of Burgundy and the Old Swiss Confederacy and its allies

17 March–17 August 1474 – siege of Shkodra

19 March 1474 – Triadano Gritti elected as Captain-General of Venice

28 July 1474 – failure of the first Ottoman attack on Shkodra

15 August 1474 – failure of second Ottoman assault on Shkodra

17 August 1474 – Ottomans retreat from Shkodra

September 1474 – George Merula composes “The War of Shkodra”

1475
10 January 1475 – the battle of Vaslui between Stephen III of Moldavia and the Ottoman governor of Rumelia, Hadım Suleiman Pasha, at Podul Înalt near Vaslui; the Ottomans were defeated

15 January 1475 – Ferdinand II of Aragon becomes jure uxoris King of Castile:

1468–23 January 1516 – Ferdinand II of Aragon (king of Sicily)
19 October 1469 – Ferdinand II and Isabella I married in the Palacio de los Vivero in the city of Valladolid
11 December 1474–26 November 1504 – Isabella I of Castile
15 January 1475–26 November 1504 – Ferdinand II of Aragon jure uxoris King of Castile
20 January 1479–23 January 1516 – Ferdinand II, King of Aragon
1504–1516 – Ferdinand II of Aragon is King of Naples
26 November 1504 – death of Isabella I of Castile in in Medina del Campo
26 November 1504–12 April 1555 – Joanna of Castile the Mad (queen of Castile)
12 July–25 September 1506 – Philip I of Castile (King of Castile)
23 January 1516–16 January 1556 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (King of Spain)

6 June 1475 – Kaffa surrenders to an Ottoman fleet

July 1475 – Ottomans establish suzerainty over the Crimean Tatars

1476
March 1476 – Vlad III returns to Transylvania

June–August 1476 – Sultan Mehmed II invades Moldavia

26 July 1476 – the battle of Valea Albă (battle of Războieni) at Războieni between Ştefan cel Mare and an Ottoman army under Sultan Mehmed II; Ştefan was defeated and fled north

August 1476 – Sultan Mehmed II is defeated at the battle of Siret River by a coalition force under the command of Vlad III and Stephen Báthory

October 1476–February 1477 – 10,000 Ottoman cavalrymen sent into Friuli: area pillaged

November 1476 – Vlad III the Impaler invades Wallachia from southern Transylvania

8 November 1476 – Vlad III captures the capital of Târgovişte; he meets with Ştefan cel Mare

22 December 1476 – Beatrice of Naples (daughter of Ferdinand I of Naples and Isabella of Clermont) marries Matthias Corvinus

12 December 1476 – Beatrice of Naples is crowned queen of Hungary at Székesfehérvár

December 1476/January 1477 – death of Vlad the Impaler:

Princes of Wallachia
1456–1462 – Vlad III Drăculea
1462–1473 – Radu III the Fair
1473 – Basarab III Laiotă the Old
1473–1474 – Radu III the Fair
1474 – Basarab III Laiotă the Old
1474 – Radu III the Fair
1474 – Basarab III Laiotă the Old
1474–1475 – Radu III the Fair
January 1475–before 8 November 1476 – Basarab III Laiotă the Old
c. 8 November–December 1476 – Vlad III the Impaler
December 1476–November 1477 – Basarab III Laiotă the Old
November 1477–September 1481 – Basarab IV the Younger (Little Impaler)
spring 1481 – Basarab IV the Younger attacks Moldavia
August 1481 – Mircea III
c. August 1481–before c. 16 November 1481 – Vlad IV the Monk
c. November 1481–c. 23 March 1482 – Basarab IV the Younger (Little Impaler)
13 July 1482 – Basarab IV the Younger is killed by boyars in Glogova
summer 1482–November 1495 – Vlad IV the Monk
1495–1508 – Radu IV the Great
1508–1509 – Mihnea I the Bad

c. December 1476–c. 11 November 1477 – Basarab III Laiotă the Old

1477
5 January 1477 – the battle of Nancy, the final battle of the Burgundian Wars, at Nancy between Charles the Bold (Duke of Burgundy) and René II (Duke of Lorraine) and the Swiss Confederacy; Charles is defeated

May 1477–6 June 1478 – Fourth Siege of Krujë in Albania by the Ottomans

March 1477 – Matthias Corvinus makes an alliance with the Teutonic Knights and the Bishopric of Ermland against Poland

c. March 1477–1488 – the Austrian–Hungarian war between Mathias Corvinus (the king of Hungary) and the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III, the Habsburg Archduch of Austria

summer 1477 – Ottoman siege of the Venetian fortresses of Lepanto and Kruj’e

August 1477 – Matthias Corvinus invades and occupies Lower Austria

19 August 1477 – marriage of Mary of Burgundy and Maximilian I (Holy Roman Emperor) in Ghent, bringing her Flemish and Burgundian lands into the Holy Roman Empire

November 1477 – Ömer bey Turahanoglu crosses the Venetian border and attacks Friuli and raids the Italian plain north of Venice

2 November 1477 – Venetian army under Vettore Saranzo leaves Venice for Friuli to repel Ottoman attack on Venice

c. 11 November 1477 – Basarab III Laiotă the Old defeated

c. 11 November 1477–September 1481 – Basarab IV the Younger (Little Impaler) is prince of Wallachia:

December 1476/January 1477–November 1477 – Basarab III Laiotă the Old
c. 11 November 1477–September 1481 – Basarab IV the Younger (Little Impaler)
May–June 1481 – Basarab IV the Younger attacks Moldavia
June/July 1481 – Stephen the Great invades Wallachia
8 July 1481 – battle of Râmnicul Sărat in which Stephen the Great defeats Basarab IV the Younger
August 1481 – Mircea III
c. August 1481–before c. 16 November 1481 – Vlad IV the Monk
c. November 1481–23 March 1482 – Basarab IV the Younger (Little Impaler) (Dănești) is Voivode of Wallachia
23 March 1482 – Basarab Țepeluș cel Tânăr assassinated by boyars in Glogova, Gorj

November–December 1477 – fictional date of Peter Tremayne’s Dracula Unborn:

c. 1455 – birth of Baron Michelino
c. 1473 – death of Baron Michelino’s mother in Rome
late November 1477 – Baron Michelino travels from Rome on the Via Praesnestina, to Barletta, Dubrovnik, Mileseva, Studenica, Kalenic, Vidin, ferry across the Danube, to a village in Wallachia before the Arges river
28 November 1477 – Baron Michelino travels to Targoviste crossing the Arges river and Dimbovita river
29 November 1477 – Baron Michelino in Targoviste
30 November 1477 – feast of St Andrew’s Day (Ziua Sfântului Andrei) in Romania
30 November 1477 – Baron Michelino travels to Poenari Castle from Targoviste to the Dimbovita valley, Catatenidin vale, the Arges river, Curtea de Arges, Arefu
December 1477 – Baron Michelino and Irene Bathory leave Poenari Castle for Targoviste
1480 – Baron Michelino in Apulia writes his memoir

1478
26 April 1478 – Pazzi conspiracy on Easter Sunday led by Girolamo Riario, Francesco de’ Pazzi, and Francesco Salviati (the archbishop of Pisa), in which Lorenzo de’ Medici and his brother and co-ruler Giuliano attacked in the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in an attempt to seize control of the Florentine government; Lorenzo de’ Medici becomes sole ruler of Florence

1478–1479 – war of the Pazzi conspiracy (Tuscan war)

14 May 1478–25 April 1479 – Mehmed II leads the siege of Shkodra (Scutari)

18 May 1478–4 November 1485 – Giovanni Mocenigo is Doge of Venice:

Doges of Venice
1413–1423 – Tommaso Mocenigo
1423–1457 – Francesco Foscari
1457–1462 – Pasquale Malipiero
1462–1471 – Cristoforo Moro
1471–1473 – Nicolò Tron
1473–1474 – Nicolò Marcello
1474–1476 – Pietro Mocenigo
5 March 1476–6 May 1478 – Andrea Vendramin
18 May 1478–4 November 1485 – Giovanni Mocenigo
19 November 1485–14 August 1486 – Marco Barbarigo
30 August 1486–20 September 1501 – Agostino Barbarigo

6 June 1478 – surrender of Krujë

16 June 1478 – Krujë finally under Ottoman control

17 June 1478 – Ottoman conquest of Croia

24 June 1478 – Juan Rejón conquers the Grand Canary island for Isabel and Fernando

July 1478 – Ottoman raid on Friuli

7 August 1478 – Ottoman forces invade Friuli

1 November 1478 – the Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition established Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile

December 1478 – Venice begins peace talks with Mehmed

1479
25 January 1479 – signing of the Treaty of Constantinople between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire; Venice cedes Shkodra, territories on the Dalmatian coastline, Negroponte (Euboea) and Lemnos; end of the First Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479)

August 1479–1493 – Stephen V Báthory of Ecsed is Voivode of Transylvania:

Voivodes of Transylvania
1468–1474 – Nicholas Csupor of Monoszló
1468–1472 – John Pongrác of Dengeleg
1472–1475 – Blaise Magyar
1475–1476 – John Pongrác of Dengeleg
1478–1479 – Peter Geréb of Vingárt
1479–1493 – Stephen V Báthory of Ecsed
1493–1498 – Bartholomew Drágfi of Béltek
1493–1495 – Ladislaus Losonci, Jr.
1498–1510 – Count Peter Szentgyörgyi
1510–1526 – John Zápolya

13 October 1479 – the battle of Breadfield on the Breadfield Zsibód (Şibot) near the Mureş River, in which the Hungarian army was led by Pál Kinizsi, István Báthory, Vuk Branković, and Basarab Laiotă cel Bătrân defeat the Turks

1480s1480
1480 – rediscovery of Nero’s Golden House on the Oppian hill in Rome

23 May–17 August 1480 – the Ottoman siege of Rhodes, under the rule of the Knights Hospitaller:

23 May 1480 – an Ottoman fleet of 160 ships arrives at Rhodes, at the gulf of Trianda, with 70,000 men
27 July 1480 – the Turks launch an offensive
17 August 1480 – the Ottoman fleet ends the attempt to capture Rhodes

28 July 1480 – the Ottoman invasion of Italy; a Turkish fleet of 128 ships arrives near Otranto

11 August 1480 – Ottoman army takes Otranto in Italy

11 August 1480–August 1481 – Ottoman occupation of Otranto in Italy:

1 May 1481 – the forces of king Ferdinand I of Naples led by his son Alfonso, Duke of Calabria, lay siege to Otranto in Italy
August 1481 – Ottoman surrender of Otranto in Italy
September 1481 – Ottomans evacuate Otranto in Italy

1481
1481 – Dubrovnik accepts Ottoman protection:

27 June 1358 – Treaty of Zadar forces Venice to yield all claims to Dalmatia, and Dubrovnik accepts hegemony of King Louis I of Hungary
1399 – Dubrovnik acquires the area between Ragusa and Pelješac (Primorje / Dubrovačko primorje) with Slano
1403–1404 – Bosnian–Ragusan War
1419–1426 – Dubrovnik acquires Konavle region, south of Astarea (Župa dubrovačka)
1458 – Republic of Ragusa signs treaty with the Ottoman Empire to be a tributary of the sultan
1481 – Dubrovnik accepts Ottoman protection

spring 1481 – Basarab IV the Younger attacks Moldavia

3 May 1481 – death of Sultan Mehmed II

19 May 1481–25 April 1512 – reign of the Ottoman sultan Bayezid II

8 July 1481 – the battle of Râmnic in which Stephen the Great defeats Basarab IV the Younger

August 1481 – Ottoman surrender of Otranto in Italy

1482
1482 – Ottoman conquest of Duchy of Saint Sava (parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia):

Dukes of Saint Sava
1435–1466 – Stjepan Vukčić Kosača
1466–1483 – Vladislav Hercegović

summer 1482–1495 – Vlad IV Călugărul is Voivode of Wallachia:

1481–1482 – Basarab IV The Younger (Little Impaler)
1482–1495 – Vlad IV the Monk
1495–1508 – Radu IV the Great
1508–1509 – Mihnea I the Bad

February 1482–2 January 1492 – the Granada War, military campaigns during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, against the Nasrid dynasty’s Emirate of Granada

July 1482 – the first siege of Hainburg by Matthias I Corvinus

August–September 1482 – the second siege of Hainburg by Matthias I Corvinus

1483
30 August 1483–7 April 1498 – Charles VIII is king of France

House of Valois (1328–1589)
16 September 1380–21 October 1422 – Charles VI the Beloved
21 October 1422–22 July 1461 – Charles VII
22 July 1461–30 August 1483 – Louis XI
30 August 1483–7 April 1498 – Charles VIII
7 April 1498–1 January 1515 – Louis XII
1 January 1515–31 March 1547 – Francis I

1484 – killing of Erazem Lueger by one of his men during the siege of Predjama Castle, Carniola

29 January–1 June 1485 – the siege of Vienna during the Austrian–Hungarian War between Frederick III and Matthias Corvinus

1 June 1485 – the fall of Vienna to Matthias Corvinus

1485–1490 – Vienna is the capital of the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus

22 August 1485–21 April 1509 – Henry VII is king of England:

House of York
11 April 1471–9 April 1483 – Edward IV (second reign)
9 April 1483–25 June 1483 – Edward V
26 June 1483–22 August 1485 – Richard III

House of Tudor
22 August 1485–21 April 1509 – Henry VII
21 April 1509–28 January 1547 – Henry VIII

1490s1490
6 April 1490 – death of Matthias Corvinus in Vienna

15 July 1490–13 March 1516 – Vladislaus II is king of King of Hungary and Croatia:

27 May 1471–13 March 1516 – Vladislaus II is King of Bohemia
15 July 1490–13 March 1516 – King of Hungary

1491
April 1491 – the eight-month siege of Granada begins

April 1491–2 January 1492 – the siege of Granada

7 November 1491 – signing of the Peace of Pressburg between the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and King Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary

1492
2 January 1492 – the fall of Granada to the Spanish

31 March 1492 – the Alhambra Decree (the Edict of Expulsion) issued by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain (Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon) ordering the expulsion of practicing Jews from the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon and its territories by 31 July 1492

3 August 1492 – Columbus departs from Castilian Palos de la Frontera at 8 am on a voyage to find a shorter route to India and the Orient with three ships, the Niña (real name Santa Clara), the Pinta, and the Santa Maria

3 August 1492–4 March 1493 – Columbus’ first voyage of discovery, to the Bahamas or Turks and Caicos, Cuba, and Haiti

11 August 1492–18 August 1503 – Pope Alexander VI

23 September 1492–16 June 1501 – reign of John I Albert as Polish king:

Jagiellonian Kings of Poland
4 March 1386–1 June 1434 – Władysław II Jagiełło
25 July 1434– 10 November 1444 – Władysław III of Poland
25 June 1447–7 June 1492 – Casimir IV Jagiellon
23 September 1492–16 June 1501 – John I Albert

1493
19 August 1493 – death of Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor) in Linz

19 August 1493–12 January 1519 – sole rule of Maximilian I as King of the Romans (16 February 1486–12 January 1519) and Holy Roman Emperor (4 February 1508–12 January 1519)

24 September 1493–August 1494 – Columbus’ second voyage of discovery

1494
16 March 1494 – Maximilian marries Bianca Maria Sforza, a daughter of Galeazzo Maria Sforza, duke of Milan

September 1494–July 1495 – Charles VIII’s invasion of Italy:

19 October 1494 – Charles VIII’s army besieges and takes Mordano
17–28 November 1494 – Charles VIII in Florence
31 December 1494 – the army of Charles VIII enters Rome
1 January 1495 – Charles VIII enters Rome
6 January 1495 – the Pope takes refuge at Castel Sant’Angelo
15 January 1495 – general looting of Rome
31 March 1495 – formation of the League of Venice of Milan, Venice, Pope Alexander VI, King Ferdinand and Emperor Maximilian
22 February 1495 – Charles VIII enters Naples
20 May 1495 – Charles VIII leaves Naples for France
6 July 1495 – the battle of Fornovo near Parma between the Holy League and Charles VIII

9 November 1494 – fall of Piero di Lorenzo de’ Medici of Florence and flight of the Medici

17–28 November 1494 – Charles VIII in Florence

31 December 1494 – the army of Charles VIII enters Rome

1495
1 January 1495 – Charles VIII enters Rome

6 January 1495 – the Pope takes refuge at Castel Sant’Angelo

15 January 1495 – general looting of Rome

31 March 1495 – formation of the League of Venice of Milan, Venice, Pope Alexander VI, King Ferdinand and Emperor Maximilian

22 February 1495 – Charles VIII enters Naples:

Trastámara
2 June 1442–27 June 1458 – Alfonso the Magnanimous is king of Naples
27 June 1458–25 January 1494 – Ferdinand I is king of Naples
25 January 1494–23 January 1495 – Alfonso II (abdicated)
23 January 1495–7 September 1496 – Ferdinand II
February–May 1495 – French occupation under Charles VIII
7 September 1496–1 August 1501 – Frederick I

1501–1504 – union with France
Trastámara
personal union of the Kingdom of Aragon
1504–1516 – Ferdinand II of Aragon is King of Naples

20 May 1495 – Charles VIII leaves Naples for France

6 July 1495 – the battle of Fornovo near Parma between the Holy League and Charles VIII

September 1495–April 1508 – reign of Radu IV the Great:

1481–1482 – Basarab IV The Younger (Little Impaler)
1482–1495 – Vlad IV the Monk
1495–1508 – Radu IV the Great
1508–1509 – Mihnea I the Bad

25 October 1495–13 December 1521 – Emmanuel I is king of Portugal:

Kings of Portugal (House of Aviz 1385–1580)
14 August 1433–9 September 1438 – Edward
13 September 1438–11 November 1477 – Alphonso V
11 November 1477–15 November 1477 – John II
15 November 1477–28 August 1481 – Alphonso V
28 August 1481–25 October 1495 – John II
25 October 1495–13 December 1521 – Emmanuel I

1496
18 March 1496 – Maximillian issues an order expelling Jews from Styria, Wiener Neustadt and Neukirchen

7 July 1496 – Ferdinand II returns to Naples after French occupation

August 1496 – Naples back under the control of Ferdinand II

5 December 1496 – King Manuel I of Portugal signs the decree of expulsion of Jews and Muslims (to take effect by October 1497)

1498
30 May 1498 – Columbus leaves the port of Sanlúcar with a fleet of six ships on his third voyage

1499
1499–1504 – the Second Italian War (Louis XII’s Italian War or the War over Naples)

1499–1503 – the Second Ottoman–Venetian War between the Ottomans and Venice for control of territories in the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea and the Adriatic Sea

12, 20, 22, 25 August 1499 – the battle of Zonchio (battle of Sapienza/First Battle of Lepanto) between the Venetians and Ottomans

1500–15101500
1504–1516 – Ferdinand II of Aragon is King of Naples

18 April 1506–18 November 1626 – the construction of new St. Peter’s Basilica

20 May 1506 – death of Christopher Columbus in Valladolid, Spain

25 September 1506–25 October 1555 – Charles V is Lord of the Netherlands and Duke of Burgundy:

23 January 1516–16 January 1556 – Charles V is King of Spain
12 January 1519–28 April 1521 – Charles V is Archduke of Austria
28 June 1519–27 August 1556 – Charles V is Holy Roman Emperor
26 October 1520 – Charles V is crowned as King of the Germans in Germany
22 February 1530 – Charles V is crowned King of Italy
24 February 1530 – Charles V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Bologna

1510s1510 – Ferdinand of Aragon orders the expulsion of Jews from Naples

1516–22 January 1517 – the Ottoman–Mamluk War of 1516–1517 between Mameluke Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire

24 January 1517 – the Battle of Ridaniya near Cairo between Selim I and Tuman Bay, in which the Mamelukes were defeated

April 1519 – Hernán Cortés (1485–1547) and 700 soldiers land near Tabasco on the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico

28 June 1519–27 August 1556 – Charles V is Holy Roman Emperor

1520s22 May 1520 – massacre in the Great Temple of the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan

1 July 1520 – the Aztec emperor Moctezuma was killed

13 August 1521 – the Aztec Empire was captured

1521–1524 – Cortés personally governed Mexico

26 June–22 December 1522 – the second siege of Rhodes of 1522, in which Knights of Rhodes are expelled by Ottomans

29 August 1526 – the battle of Mohács between king Louis II of Hungary and Suleiman the Magnificent, fought near Mohács, Kingdom of Hungary

Chronology of Byzantine Empire 330–1453

198–8 April 217 – Caracalla

c. 208–224 – Artabanus V of Parthia

winter 215/216–summer 217 – Caracalla’s Parthian war:

winter 215–216 – Caracalla in Nicomedia with the army
summer 216 – Caracalla attacks country east of the Tigris near borders of Adiabene
winter 216/217 – Caracalla winters at Edessa
8 April 217 – assassination of Caracalla
summer 217 – battle of Nisibis between Macrinus and King Artabanus V

11 April 217–8 June 218 – Macrinus

16 May 218–11 March 222 – Elagabalus

11 March 222–18/19 March 235 – Severus Alexander

28 April 224 – Ardashir I defeats Artabanus V of Parthia at the battle of Hormozdgan; end of Parthian dynasty

28 April 224–651 – Sasanian Empire

224–242 – reign of Ardashir I, first king of Sasanian Empire:

224–242 – Ardashir I
12 April 240–May 270 – Shapur I
May 270–June 271 – Hormizd I
June 271–September 274 – Bahram I
September 274–293 – Bahram II
293 – Bahram III
293–302 – Narseh
302–309 – Hormizd II
309 – Adur Narseh
309–379 – Shapur II
379–383 – Ardashir II
383–388 – Shapur III
388–399 – Bahram IV
399–21 January 420 – Yazdegerd I

28 April 224 – Ardashir I, crowned at Ctesiphon as the sole ruler of Persia (alternative dates: 226 or 6 April 227)

20 March 235–early May 238 – Maximinus Thrax

22 April–29 July 238 – Pupienus and Balbinus

22 March–12 April 238 – Gordian I and Gordian II

22 April–29 July 238 – Gordian III

244–249 – Philip the Arab

249–251 – Decius

253–260 – Valerian

253–268 – Gallienus

September 268–January 270 – Claudius Gothicus

September 270–September/October 275 – Aurelian

25 September 275–June 276 – Marcus Claudius Tacitus

July–September 276 – Florianus

276–September/October 282 – Probus

282–283 – Carus

20 November 284–1 May 305 – reign of Diocletian:

20 November 284–July 285 – (in competition with Carinus)
July 285–1 April 286 – (alone)
1 April 286–1 May 305 – (as Senior Augustus of the east, with Maximian in the west)
2 April 286–1 May 305 – Maximian is Augustus of the West
305–306 – Constantius Chlorus is Augustus in the west

300
305–306 – the Synod of Elvira in Hispania Baetica, now Granada in southern Spain

1 May 305 – in Milan and Nicomedia, Diocletian and Maximian retired simultaneously

1 May 305–summer 306 – Valerius Severus appointed Caesar of the West

East 1 April 286–1 May 305 – Diocletian Senior Augustus of the east 1 May 305–late April/early May 311 – Galerius Augustus in the East 11 November 308 – Licinius appointed Augustus (Illyricum, Thrace and Pannonia and the West) 310–May 313 – Maximinus II Augustus in the east 311 – Maximinus divides Eastern Empire between Licinius and himself 313–324 – Licinius is Augustus in the east

West 2 April 286–1 May 305 – Maximian is Augustus of the West 1 May 305–25 July 306 – Constantius Chlorus is Augustus in the west 25 July 306–29 October 312 – Constantine is Caesar in the west 28 October 306–28 October 312 – Maxentius 11 November 308 – Galerius’ general council at Carnuntum 28 October 312 – battle of the Milvian Bridge between Constantine I and Maxentius

25 July 306–22 May 337 – reign of Constantine the Great:

25 July 306–29 October 312 – Constantine is Caesar in the west
309 – Constantine self-proclaimed Augustus
29 October 312 – Constantine enters Rome
29 October 312–19 September 324 – Constantine undisputed Augustus
February 313 – Edict of Milan
3 July 324 – the Battle of Adrianople between Constantine I and Licinius
18 September 324 – the battle of Chrysopolis between Constantine and Licinius
19 September 324–22 May 337 – Constantine is emperor of whole empire
324 – foundation of Constantinople
11 May 330 – dedication of Constantinople

summer 306–March/April 307 – Valerius Severus Augustus in the west

28 October 306 – Maxentius and his father Maximian declared Augusti

28 October 306–28 October 312 – Maxentius

late 307 – Galerius leads an invasion of Italy against Maxentius but retreats north with his army

early 308 – Maximian forced to leave Italy in disgrace after trying to remove his son from power

11 November 308 – Galerius’ general council at the military city of Carnuntum (with Diocletian, Galerius, and Maximian): Maximian forced to abdicate; Constantine was again demoted to Caesar; Licinius appointed Augustus in the western regions

11 November 308–313 – Licinius appointed Augustus in the west (Danube, Illyricum, Thrace and Pannonia and the West)

309 – Maximian returns to the court of Constantine in Gaul

c. July 310 – Maximian hanged himself

April/May 311 – death of Galerius on journey from Thessalonica to Romuliana, perhaps Serdica; he is buried in mausoleum at Gamzigrad-Romuliana, part of his palace, in Zaječar in Serbia

9 June 311 – Licinius in Serdica

28 October 312 – battle of the Milvian Bridge between Constantine I and Maxentius

28 October 312 – death of Maxentius while crossing the Tiber in Rome

3 December 312 – death of Diocletian at his Palace

February 313 – Edict of Milan

30 April 313 – battle of Tzirallum between Licinius and Maximinus, at Çorlu, in Tekirdağ Province, in the Turkish region of Eastern Thrace; Maximinus defeated and he flees to Tarsus

July/August 313 – death of Maximinus II in Tarsus

East 313–324 July/August 313–18 September 324 – Licinius is Augustus I in the East July–18 September 324 – Martinian is Caesar of Licinius

West 313–324 28 October 312–18 September 324 – Constantine the Great is Augustus in the West 1 March 317–326 – Crispus is Caesar of his father Constantine I 25 July 306–22 May 337 – reign of Constantine the Great

1 March 317–326 – Crispus is Caesar of his father Constantine I

3 July 324 – the Battle of Adrianople between Constantine I and Licinius

July 324 – battle of the Hellespont, two separate naval clashes between Constantine’s fleet (led by Crispus) and a larger fleet under Licinius’ admiral, Abantus

18 September 324 – battle of Chrysopolis (modern Üsküdar), near Chalcedon between Constantine I and Licinius; Licinius defeated

19 September 324–22 May 337 – Constantine is emperor of whole empire

8 November 324 – foundation of Constantinople when Constantine marks out the perimeter

winter 324–325? – Constantine tours Asia Minor and Antioch

spring 325 – death of Licinius in Thessalonica

20 May–19 June 325 – Constantine presides over the First Ecumenical Council at Nicaea

spring/summer 326 – execution of Crispus

11 May 330 – Constantine I dedicates Constantinople

22 May 337 – death of Constantine at his suburban villa Achyron, near Nicomedia

summer 337 – killing of Dalmatius (Caesar of Thracia, Achaea and Macedonia)

September 337 – death of Hannibalianus (nephew of Constantine I and Rex Regum et Ponticarum Gentium)

9 September 337 – Constantine II, Constantius II and Constans meet at Pannonia and divide the empire

East 337–350 – Constantius II co-Augustus (Constantinople, Thrace, Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Cyrenaica) 18 January 350–11 August 353 – Magnentius

West September 337–340 – Constantine II is Augustus (Gaul, Britannia and Hispania) 337–350 – Constans (Italy, Africa, Illyricum, Pannonia, Macedonia, and Achaea)

337–340 – Constantine II is joint emperor (over Gaul, Hispania, and Britannia) with Constantius II and Constans

337–3 November 361 – rule of Constantius II:

337–340 – Constantius II is co-Augustus (ruling Asian provinces and Egypt) with Constantine II and Constans
340 – killing of Constantine II in an ambush outside Aquileia in civil war with Constans
340–350 – Constantius II is co-Augustus with Constans
350 – assassination of Constans in Helena (now Elne) in the eastern Pyrenees of southwestern Gaul by supporters of the general Magnentius
350–361 – Constantius II is sole Augustus of the Roman Empire

350 – assassination of Constans in Helena (now Elne) in the eastern Pyrenees of southwestern Gaul by supporters of the general Magnentius

350–361 – Constantius II is sole Augustus of the Roman Empire

351 – battle of Mursa Major between Constantius II and Magnentius

6 November 355–February 360 – Julian the Apostate is Caesar in Gaul

3 November 361 – Constantius II dies of fever in Mopsucrene, Cilicia

3 November 361–26 June 363 – Julian the Apostate is emperor of the entire empire

11 December 361 – Julian entered Constantinople as sole emperor

27 June 363–17 February 364 – reign of Jovian

February 364 – selection of Valentinian I as emperor at Nicaea

26 February 364–17 November 375 – rule of Valentinian I:

26 February–28 March 364 – Valentinian I is Augustus of the whole empire
26 March 364–17 November 375 – Valentinian I is emperor of the west

28 March 364 – Valentinian I selects Valens as co-Augustus at Constantinople

East 28 March 364–9 August 378 – Valens

West 26 February 364–17 November 375 – Valentinian I 17 November 375–25 August 383 – Gratian

28 March 364–9 August 378 – Valens is emperor in the East

22 November 375–15 May 392 – reign of Valentinian II:

375–387 – reign from Milan
388–392 – reign from Vienne

17 November 375–25 August 383 – rule of Gratian:

17 November 375–9 August 378 – Gratian is senior Augustus of the west
9 August 378–19 January 379 – Gratian is senior Augustus of the whole empire
19 January 379–25 August 383 – Gratian is senior Augustus in the west

summer 376 – large numbers of Goths arrive on the Danube River requesting asylum from the Huns, including the Thervings (led by Fritigern and Alavivus) and the Greuthungi (led by Alatheus and Saphrax)

9 August 378 – the Battle of Adrianople between the emperor Valens and Gothic rebels (Thervings, Greutungs, and non-Gothic Alans) led by Fritigern north of Adrianople

9 August 378–19 January 379 – Gratian is senior Augustus of the whole empire

19 January 379 – Theodosius I proclaimed Eastern Emperor at Sirmium

19 January 379–25 August 383 – Gratian is senior Augustus in the west

East 19 January 379–15 May 392 – Theodosius I is emperor in the East

West 19 January 379–25 August 383 – Gratian is senior Augustus in the west 25 August 383 – Gratian assassinated 384–28 August 388 – Magnus Maximus is Western Roman Emperor 22 November 375–15 May 392 – Valentinian II (reign from Vienne 388–392) 22 August 392–6 September 394 – Flavius Eugenius 5–6 September 394 – battle of the Frigidus between Theodosius I and Eugenius

383 – Maximus was proclaimed emperor by his troops

383 – Magnus Maximus withdrew troops from northern and western Britain

25 August 383 – Gratian assassinated

384–28 August 388 – Magnus Maximus is Western Roman Emperor (383: commander of Britain; usurped the throne under Gratian, and by negotiation with emperor Theodosius I emperor in Britannia and Gaul)

28 August 388 – Magnus Maximus executed in Aquileia

388 – Theodosius banned marriage between Christians and Jews

15 May 392–17 January 395 – Theodosius I is emperor of the entire empire

22 August 392–6 September 394 – Flavius Eugenius

23 January 393 – accession of Honorius:

Western Empire
23 January 393–15 August 423 – Honorius
20 November 423–May 425 – Joannes
23 October 425–16 March 455 – Valentinian III
17 March–31 May 455 – Petronius Maximus
9 July 455–17 October 456 – Avitus
1 April 457–2 August 461 – Majorian
19 November 461–15 August 465 – Libius Severus
12 April 467–11 July 472 – Anthemius
23 March/July 11–23 October/2 November 472 – Olybrius
c. 3 March 473–June 474 – Glycerius
June 474–28 August 475 – Julius Nepos
31 October 475–4 September 476 – Romulus Augustulus

5–6 September 394 – battle of the Frigidus between Theodosius I and Eugenius

17 January 395 – death of Theodosius in Milan

395–1 May 408 – Arcadius is emperor in the East:

Eastern Empire
395–1 May 408 – Arcadius
1 May 408–28 July 450 – Theodosius II
450–457 – Marcian
457–474 – Leo I the Thracian
18 January 474–17 November 474 – Leo II
9 February 474–9 January 475 – Zeno
9 January 475–August 476 – Basiliscus
August 476–9 April 491 – Zeno
11 April 491–9 July 518 – Anastasius I Dicorus

400
404 – Honorius expelled Jews (and Samaritans) from the agentes in rebus

1 May 408–28 July 450 – Theodosius II is Eastern emperor

East 395–1 May 408 – Arcadius 1 May 408–28 July 450 – Theodosius II is Eastern emperor 450–457 – Marcian 457–474 – Leo I the Thracian

West 23 January 393–15 August 423 – Honorius 20 November 423–May 425 – Joannes 23 October 425–16 March 455 – Valentinian III 17 March–31 May 455 – Petronius Maximus 9 July 455–17 October 456 – Avitus

late 408 – the first siege of Rome by the Goths under Alaric

December 408 – the Visigoths lift the siege of Rome and withdraw to Etruria

late 409 – the Visigoths under Alaric renew the siege of Rome

24 August 410 – the sack of Rome by the Visigoths led by King Alaric

410 – Romano-British expelled the magistrates of the usurper Constantine III

late 410 – Alaric dies of illness at Consentia

411 – Rescript of Honorius tells the British civitates to undertake their own defence

415 – prohibition of the trying of Christians in the Patriarch’s court and transferral all litigation between Jews and Christians to the jurisdiction of the provincial governors

418 – Honorius expells Jews from the army and debarred them for the future from all branches of the civil service (the palatine ministries and the agentes in rebus)

425 – Valentinian III expells Jews from public service and the legal profession

before 429 – cessation of Jewish Patriarchate

429 – codification of the Theodosian Code

c. 450–500 – the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain

2–16 June 455 – the second of sack of Rome by the Vandals under Geiseric

500
July 518 – accession of Justin I, first emperor of the Justinian Dynasty:

Justinian Dynasty (518–602)
July 518–1 August 527 – Justin I
1 August 527–13/14 November 565 – Justinian I the Great
14 November 565–5 October 578 – Justin II
5 October 578–14 August 582 – Tiberius II Constantine
14 August 582–22 November 602 – Maurice

525 – Justinian marries Theodora

526–532 – the Iberian War between the Byzantines and Sassanids over the eastern Georgian kingdom of Iberia

c. 527 (or c. 515) – Icel of Mercia:

Kings of Mercia
Cnebba
Cynewald
c. 584–c. 593 – Creoda
c. 593–c. 606 – Pybba
c. 606–c. 626 – Cearl
c. 626–655 – Penda
c. 635–642 – Eowa
c. 653–656 – Peada
655–658 – Oswiu of Northumbria
658–675 – Wulfhere
675–704 – Æthelred I
704–709 – Cœnred
709–716 – Ceolred
716 – Ceolwald
716–757 – Æthelbald
757 – Beornred
757–796 – Offa
787–796 – Ecgfrith
796–821 – Cœnwulf

1 August 527–13/14 November 565 – reign of Justinian I the Great

13–18 January 532 – Nika riots and revolt against Justinian
June 533–March 534 – the Vandalic War
535–554 – the Gothic War in Italy
540–562 – war with the Sassanid Empire
540 – Justinian I recalls Belisarius
541–542 – the plague of Justinian
544 – Belisarius returns to Italy
28 June 548 – death of Theodora
July 551 – the eastern Mediterranean hit by the 551 Beirut earthquake, with a tsunami

June 533–March 534 – the Vandalic War of Justinian, which ends in the conquest of the Vandalic Kingdom of Carthage

535–554 – the Gothic War between the Justinian I and the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy in Italy, Dalmatia, Sardinia, Sicily and Corsica:

535–540 – the first phase ending in the fall of the Ostrogothic capital (Ravenna)
540/541–553 – the second phase of Gothic resistance under Totila against the Byzantine general Narses
17 December 546 – sack of Rome by Totila
554 – Narses defeats an invasion by the Franks and Alamanni

541–542 – the plague of Justinian

17 December 546 – sack of Rome by the Gothic king Totila during the Gothic War of 535–554

28 June 548 – death of Theodora

550/558 – composition of the Secret History of Procopius (or in 562)

551 – last dated event in Procopius’ Wars of Justinian

553 – Justinian’s Novella

spring 568 – Alboin leads the Lombards into Italy:

569 – fall of Forum Iulii (Cividale del Friuli) to the Lombards
summer 569 – the Lombards conquer Milan
570 – Lombards conquer Spoleto in Umbria
c. 571 – establishment of the Duchy of Benevento
572 – Pavia falls to the Lombards after a 3-year siege and the first capital city of the new Lombard kingdom of Italy

568 – Alboin takes the title King of Italy:

Lombard Kings in Italy
565–572 – Alboin
572–574 – Cleph
574–584 – Rule of the Dukes (Ten year interregnum)
584–590 – Authari
591–c. 616 – Agilulf
c. 616–c. 626 – Adaloald
c. 626–636 – Arioald
636–652 – Rothari
652–653 – Rodoald
653–661 – Aripert I
661–662 – Perctarit and Godepert
662–671 – Grimuald
671 – Garibald
671–688 – Perctarit
688–689 – Alahis
688–700 – Cunincpert
700–701 – Liutpert
701 – Raginpert
701–712 – Aripert II
712 – Ansprand
712–744 – Liutprand
744 – Hildeprand
744–749 – Ratchis
749–756 – Aistulf
756–774 – Desiderius
774–781 – Charlemagne
781–810 – Pepin
810–818 – Bernard
818–839 – Lothair I
839–875 – Louis II

572–591 – Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591

600
23 November 602–4 October 610 – reign of the emperor Phocas

602–628 – Byzantine–Sasanian War

5 October 610 – accession of Heraclius:

Heraclian Dynasty (610–695)
5 October 610–11 February 641 – Heraclius
11 February–24/26 May 641 – Constantine III
11 February 641–September 641 – Heraklonas
September 641–15 September 668 – Constans II
15 September 668–September 685 – Constantine IV the Bearded
September 685–695 – Justinian II the Slit-nosed

June–July 626 – the siege of Constantinople of 626 by the Sassanid Persians and Avars, aided by allied Slavs with a victory for the Byzantines

September 629 – battle of Mu’tah between Muslim Arabs and Byzantines near the village of Mu’tah, east of the Jordan River

8 June 632 – death of Muhammad in Medina, at the age of 62/63

8 June 632–23 August 634 – Abu Bakr is 1st Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate

23 August 634–3 November 644 – Umar ibn Al-Khattab is 2nd Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate

January 635 – battle of Fahl (battle of Pella) between the Arabs under Khalid ibn al-Walid Saifullah and Byzantines Theodore the Sacellarius (Saqalar), in Fahl (ancient Pella along the Jordan Valley of Jordan)

15–August 636 – battle of Yarmouk, major victory for the Arabs under Khalid ibn al-Walid against the Byzantines, near the Yarmouk River, along what today are the borders of Syria–Jordan and Syria–Israel, east of the Sea of Galilee

672/673–26 May 735 – life of the Venerable Bede

674–678 – the First Arab Siege of Constantinople by the Umayyad Caliphate under Caliph Mu’awiya I against Emperor Constantine IV

695 – Justinian II the Slit-nosed is deposed:

Twenty Years’ Anarchy (695–717)
695–698 – Leontios
698–705 – Tiberius III Apsimar
August 705–December 711 – Justinian II the Slit-nosed
December 711–3 June 713 – Philippikos Bardanes
June 713–November 715 – Anastasios II
May 715–25 March 717 – Theodosios III

695–714 – reign of Grimoald II (Neustria)

Mayors of the Palace
695–714 – Grimoald II (Neustria)
708–714 – Grimoald II (Neustria, Burgundy)
714–716 – Theudoald (Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy)
715–741 – Charles Martel (Austrasia)
718–741 – Charles Martel (Neustria and Burgundy, Austrasia)
741–747 – Carloman (Austrasia)
741–751 – Pippin the Younger (Neustria and Burgundy)
747–751 – Pippin the Younger (Austrasia, Neustria and Burgundy)

700
711 – Tariq ibn Ziyad (Berber client of Musa bin Nusair, the governor of Islamic Africa) invades Spain with 7,000 Berber men, while Roderic was in the north fighting the Basques:

July 711 – battle at the Guadalete River in Cádiz where king Roderic is killed
712 – Musa (governor of Ifriqiya) invades Spain with an army of 18,000
713 – Musa takes Mérida
714 – Saragossa and León conquered
716 – most of Spain conquered by Muslims
721–725 – Septimania conquered
summer 722 – battle of Covadonga and defeat of Muslims; an independent Christian state is created in the north which becomes the Kingdom of Asturias

25 March 717–18 June 741 – reign of Leo III the Isaurian

Isaurian Dynasty (717–802)
25 March 717–18 June 741 – Leo III the Isaurian
18 June 741–14 September 775 – Constantine V the Dung-named
June 741/742–2 November 743 – Artabasdos
14 September 775–8 September 780 – Leo IV the Khazar
8 September 780–August 797 – Constantine VI
August 797–31 October 802 – Irene of Athens

15 July/August 717–15 August 718 – the second Arab siege of Constantinople of 717–718 by the Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate led by Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik against the emperor Leo III the Isaurian

10 October 732 – the Battle of Tours between Frankish and Burgundian forces under Charles Martel against an army of the Umayyad Caliphate

25 January 750 – battle of the Zab between the Umayyad Caliph Marwan II and Abbasid forces under Abdallah ibn Ali, on the banks of the Great Zab river

25 January 750–1517 – Abbasid Caliphate:

25 January 750–10 June 754 – Abul ’Abbas as-Saffaḥ
10 June 754–6 October 775 – Al-Mansur
6 October 775–24 July 785 – Al-Mahdi
24 July 785–14 September 786 – Al-Hadi
14 September 786–24 March 809 – Harun al-Rashid
24 March 809–27 September 813 – Al-Amin
27 September 813–7 August 833 – Al-Ma’mun

March 752 – Pippin III became the King of the Franks and the office of mayor abolished

752–768 – Pepin the Younger

30 July 762 – foundation of Baghdad by Al-Mansur; decline of Ctesiphon

766 – the Round City of Al-Mansur in Baghdad complete

768–771 – Carloman I (Burgundy, Alemannia, southern Austrasia)

9 October 768–28 January 814 – Charlemagne is King of the Franks:

772–804 – Charlemagne’s Saxon wars
773 – Charlemagne invades Italy and pushes the Lombards to Pavia, which they then besiege
773–774 – Charlemagne’s siege of Pavia
10 July 774– Charlemagne crowned King of the Lombards
10 July 774–28 January 814 – Charlemagne is King of the Lombards
787 – Charlemagne attacks the Duchy of Benevento and besieges Salerno
789 – Charlemagne deposes Tassilo and takes Bavaria
790 – Charlemagne’s campaign down the Danube to attack the Avars
25 December 800 – Charlemagne is crowned emperor by the Pope in Old St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome
25 December 800–28 January 814 – Charlemagne is Holy Roman Emperor
805 – Leo III consecrates Aachen Cathedral
28 January 814 – death of Charlemagne in Aachen

793 – monastery of Lindisfarne raided by Vikings, Northumberland

800
25 December 800 – coronation of Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor in Old St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome

25 December 800–28 January 814 – Charlemagne is Holy Roman Emperor

31 October 802 – accession of Nikephoros I the Logothete:

Nikephorian Dynasty (802–813)
31 October 802–26 July 811 – Nikephoros I the Logothete
26 July 811–2 October 811 – Staurakios
2 October 811–22 June 813 – Michael I Rangabe

11 July 813–25 December 820 – Leo V the Armenian

28 January 814 – death of Charlemagne

25 December 820 – accession of Michael II the Amorian:

Amorian dynasty (820–867)
25 December 820–2 October 829 – Michael II the Amorian
2 October 829–20 January 842 – Theophilos
20 January 842–23 September 867 – Michael III the Drunkard

c. 824 or 827/828 – a group of Andalusian exiles conquers Crete and establishes an independent state

June 827 – Muslim conquest of Sicily begins (June 827–902)

840 – Æthelwulf of Wessex defeated at Carhampton, Somerset, by Viking attack from 35 Viking ships

842–843 – the Byzantines launch a campaign to retake Crete under Theoktistos

865–878 – invasion and conquest of Northumbria and Mercia by the Great Heathen Army of Vikings:

late 865 – Vikings landed in East Anglia
winter 865–866 – Vikings stay in East Anglia
late 866 – Vikings invade Northumbria and take York
867 – Viking army establishes a puppet leader in Northumbria and invades Mercia
c. 867 – army from Wessex and Mercia besieges the city of Nottingham
autumn 868 – Vikings return to Northumbria
winter 868–869 – Vikings winter in York
869–870 – Vikings return to East Anglia and spent the winter at Thetford
871 – the Great Summer Army arrives from Scandinavia, led by Bagsecg
8 January 871 – Great Summer Army defeated at the Battle of Ashdown by West Saxons, led by King Æthelred’s brother Alfred
871–872 – the Great Heathen Army winters in London before returning to Northumbria
872–873 – Great Heathen Army in winter quarters at Torksey in the Kingdom of Lindsey (now part of Lincolnshire)
winter 873–874 – Vikings at winter quarters at Repton in Derbyshire
874 – Great Heathen Army drives the Mercian king into exile and finally conquered Mercia
winter 874–875 – Halfdan leads one band of Vikings north to Northumbria, where he winters by the river Tyne
874–875 – Guthrum, Oscetel, and Anwend lead a second group of Vikings to winter at Cambridge
876 – Halfdan shares out Northumbrian land amongst his men; this becomes the Danelaw
6–12 May 878 – Alfred the Great defeats the Great Heathen Army led by Guthrum at the battle of Edington
878 – the Peace of Wedmore between Alfred the Great and Guthrum (who was baptised and accepted Alfred as his adoptive father)

23 September 867 – assassination of Michael III the Drunkard and accession of Basil I the Macedonian:

Macedonian Dynasty (867–1056)
867–2 August 886 – Basil I the Macedonian
886–11 May 912 – Leo VI the Wise
11 May 912–6 June 913 – Alexander
6 June 913–9 November 959 – Constantine VII the Purple-born
17 December 920–16 December 944 – Romanos I Lekapenos
9 November 959–15 March 963 – Romanos II the Purple-born
16 August 963–11 December 969 – Nikephoros II Phokas
11 December 969–10 January 976 – John I Tzimiskes
10 January 976–15 December 1025 – Basil II the Bulgar-Slayer

23 April 871–26 October 899 – Alfred the Great is King of Wessex

878 – Guthrum and his Vikings go to Cirencester, Mercia

late 879 – Guthrum and his Vikings go to East Anglia

900
927 – Athelstan annexes York

12 July 927 – Athelstan acknowledged as overlord by King Constantine of Scotland, King Hywel Dda of Deheubarth, Ealdred of Bamburgh, and King Owain of Strathcly, at Eamont, near Penrith

954 – Eadred of Wessex finally takes York after Viking king Eric dies

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