Below is a chronology of the 19th century with major military, political, social and cultural events of the time and biographical details of many historically important individuals:
1810s5 February 1811 – the Prince of Wales George becomes the Prince Regent
25 October 1760–29 January 1820 – reign of George III
18 June 1815 – Battle of Waterloo
summer of 1816 – famous summer at the Villa Diodati by Lake Geneva, Switzerland, where Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mary Shelley and Lord Byron meet
5 May 1818 – Karl Marx born to Heinrich Marx (a middle class lawyer) and Henrietta Pressburg in Trier
1820s29 January 1820–26 June 1830 – reign of George IV
8 July 1822 – Percy Bysshe Shelley drowned in the Gulf of Spezia while returning from Leghorn (Livorno)
1824 – Marx was baptised as a Christian
19 April 1824 – death of Lord Byron
1830s1830–1835 – Marx attended Trier High School
26 June 1830–20 June 1837 – reign of William IV (son of George III)
27 December 1831–2 October 1836 – the famous voyage of the Beagle of Charles Darwin
1835–1836 – Marx attended the University of Bonn to study law
1836 – before leaving for Berlin Marx became engaged to Jenny von Westphalen
1836–1840 – Marx attended the University of Berlin and joined the Young Hegelians
1837 – Marx was a follower of Hegel and neglected his studies, all to his father’s intense disapproval
20 June 1837 – accession of Queen Victoria (reigned from 1837–1901)
1838 – Marx visited his family in Trier to find his father on his death bed
late 1839 – Marx embarked on his Doctoral dissertation called The Difference between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature
1840s10 February 1840 – marriage of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
April 1841 – Marx was awarded his PhD from the University of Jena called The Difference between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature
June 1841 – Marx returned to Trier, and had firm plans to be an academic, but the Prussian state had entered a period of pronounced hostility to the Young Hegelians
1842 – Marx moved to Cologne in 1842, and became a journalist, often writing for Rheinische Zeitung
October 1842–February 1843 – Marx is the informal editor of the Rheinische Zeitung
2 January 1843 – premiere of Richard Wagner’s opera The Flying Dutchman at the Semper Oper in Dresden
April 1843 – the Rheinische Zeitung was banned by the government and ceased publication
19 June 1843 – Marx marries Jenny von Westphalen
October 1843–1845 – Marx moves to Paris and writes for the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher (German-French Annals) and then Vorwärts! (Forward!).
February 1844 – the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher publishes Marx’s “A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right,” and “On the Jewish Question.”
28 August 1844 – Marx meets Friedrich Engels in Paris
1844 – Marx wrote extended papers running to about 50,000 words called the “Paris Manuscripts” or “Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844,” which were only published well after his death in 1927.
1843–1845 – Marx embarks on a reading of political economy, and in particular the works of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and James Mill in French translation, Jean-Baptiste Say and Wilhelm Schulz
January 1845 – the Prussian government demanded Marx’s expulsion and the French government agreed to this
April 1845 – Marx moves from Paris to Brussels
April 1845 – Helene “Lenchen” Demuth (1820–1890), a von Westphalen family servant, joined Marx’s household as a housekeeper and maid
1845–1847 – Marx lives in Brussels in Belgium
July 1845 – Marx and Engels visit Britain
1845 – Marx and Engels publish The Holy Family
1845–1847 – Marx and Engels wrote The German Ideology, but this was never published in Marx’s lifetime
1846 – Marx and Engels formed the Communist Correspondence Committee of Brussels
1847 – Marx publishes The Poverty of Philosophy, an attack on Pierre-Joseph Proudhon’s The System of Economic Contradictions, or The Philosophy of Poverty. Marx also set out his materialist view of history in this work, in which he had moved on from both Hegel and Ludwig von Feuerbach.
June 1847 – the London-based “League of the Just” held a meeting in London in which it decided to merge with Marx and Engels’ Communist Corresponding Committee. The new organisation was called the “Communist League” (1847–1852).
December 1847 to January 1848 – Marx and Engels write The Communist Manifesto
21 February 1848 – The Communist Manifesto first published
March 1848 – Belgium expels Marx after putting him in jail for a night
23 March 1848–24 March 1849 - First Italian War of Independence fought between the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Austrian Empire
1848 – Marx in France
15 March 1848–4 October 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848
April 1848 – Marx moved to Cologne
1848–1849 – Marx in Cologne
September 1848 – there was an insurrection in Cologne but this was suppressed by the Prussians and the Neue Rheinische Zeitung was shut down in October
September 1848 – Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood founded at the home of John Millais’s parents on Gower Street, London by John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and William Holman Hunt
February 1849 – Marx was indicted for incitement to rebellion in Cologne, but in a trial was acquitted
19 May 1849 – Marx left Cologne
27 or 28 August 1849 – Marx arrived in London
12 November 1849 – Engels arrived in London
1849–1883 – Marx lives in London
1850 – Marx had an affair with Helene “Lenchen” Demuth (1820–1890) and an illegitimate son Frederick Demuth was born in 1851.
8 May–2 December 1850 – Marx lived at 64 Dean Street, Soho
June 1850 – Marx acquired an admission card to the library of the British Museum
1850–1856 – Marx lived at 28 Dean Street, Soho
c. November 1850 – Engels moves to Manchester to serve as a clerk in his father’s business Ermen and Engels
1850sApril 1851 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester
1 May–11 October 1851 – Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations or The Great Exhibition, in the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London
23 June 1851 – Marx’s illegitimate child Henry Frederick was born
November 1851 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester
26 May–26 June 1852 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester
1852 – Marx published The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon, an analysis of the French revolution of 1848 and the rise of the emperor Louis Napoleon III
October–November 1852 – the Cologne communist trial saw a number of the members of the Communist league connected with Marx and Willich jailed as seditious revolutionaries, and Marx agreed to the dissolution of the league
20 December 1852 – Lower Burma was formally annexed by the British empire
October 1853–30 March 1856 – Crimean war
1853–1862 – Marx turned to journalism in papers in England, the US, Prussia, Austria and South Africa, but mostly in the New York Tribune
30 April–May 1853 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester
1854 – Marx befriended by David Urquhart (1805–1877)
2 March 1855–13 March 1881 – reign of Alexander II of Russia
April 1855 – Marx’s son Edgar died
16 April–May 1855 – Marx and his wife visit Engels in Manchester
September–c.November 1855 – Marx and his wife visit Engels in Manchester
1856 – Marx moved out of Soho to 9 Grafton Terrace in Kentish town
6 May 1856 – birth of Sigmund Freud
c. July 1856 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester
1857–1858 – John Hanning Speke and Richard Francis Burton discover Lake Tanganyika and Lake Victoria, the source of the Nile
May 1857–June 1858 – Indian mutiny
2 May 1857 – the Reading Room of the British Library officially opened
2 August 1858 – Government of India Act 1858, the company was formally dissolved and its ruling powers over India were transferred to the British Crown
1856–1859 – the Second Opium War
1857 – UK recession
1857–1858 – Marx writes Grundrisse der Kritik der Politischen Ökonomie (Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy), which were not even published until 1939
1 May–c. late May 1858 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester
June 1859 – Marx published A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy
c.June–July 1859 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels and Dundee to see Peter Imandt and Heise
24 November 1859 – Origin of Species published
1859–1864 – the novelist Samuel Butler in New Zealand
1860 – Marx published Karl Vogt
1860 – Marx became anathema to the German émigré community in London when Karl Vogt accused Marx of being a police informer and having sold out his political allies
16 February–23 March 1860 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels
11 May–30 September 1860 – Garibaldi’s Redshirts invade Sicily and Naples
November 1860 – Marx’s wife Jenny fell seriously ill with smallpox; Marx read Darwin’s revolutionary book On the Origin of Species
1860s1861
February–May 1861 – Marx travels to Germany, and arrived in Berlin on 18 March, in order to attempt to organise with Lassalle a new radical newspaper in Germany that he could edit. He visited Trier at this time and saw his mother, but the visit did not go well and she broke off contact. Marx visits Holland. Marx arrived back in England in May 1861
17 March 1861 – Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of Italy
12 April 1861–May 9 1865 – American Civil War
August–September 1861 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels
14 December 1861 – death of Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
1862
11 February 1862 – death of Elizabeth Eleanor Siddal, wife of Dante Gabriel Rossetti
April 1862 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels
July 1862 – the German radical Ferdinand Lassalle (1825–1864) visited Marx in London
c. September 1862 – Marx sought a job in a railway company but was turned down for bad handwriting
December 1862 – Jenny Marx travels to Paris to try and obtain a loan from an old friend, but fails
1863 – Marx starts to have severe health problems involving carbuncles, which may have been caused by an autoimmune disease
7 January 1863 – Mary Burns (1823–1863), partner of Friedrich Engels, dies
8 January 1863 – Marx writes a money-grubbing letter to Engels, which outrages Engels; however, Engels later sends £100 to Marx
30 November 1863 – Marx’s mother dies, and Marx journeys to Trier to claim an inheritance of £580
1864–December 1865 – King Ludwig II has Richard Wagner brought to Munich and Wagner’s time in Munich
1864
8 January 1864 – birth of Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale
1 February–30 October 1864 – Second Schleswig War
March 1864 – Marx moved to 1 Modena Villas (now 1 Maitland Park) in North London
12 March–25 March 1864 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels
3 May–19 May 1864 – Marx visits Manchester to see Wilhelm Wolff with Engels
after 9 May 1864 – Marx receives an inheritance of £700 from his friend Wilhelm Wolff
31 August 1864 – death of Ferdinand Lassalle in a duel
28 September 1864 – Marx was involved with the International Workingmen’s Association or the First International (1864–1876), which was founded in a workmen’s meeting held in Saint Martin’s Hall, London
1865
1865–1869 – Richard Burton in Brazil
January 1865 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels
19 March–April 8 1865 – Marx visits Dutch relatives in Zalt-Bommel
20 and 27 June 1865 – Marx’s delivers a series of lectures later published as Value, Price and Profit (in 1898)
20 October–November 1865 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels
November 1865 – Alfred Marshall elected to a fellowship at St John’s College at Cambridge
1866
1866–1871 – David Livingstone’s famous trip to find the source of the Nile
March 1866 – Marx spends four weeks convalescing in Margate
14 June–23 August 1866 – Austro-Prussian War or Seven Weeks’ War
20 June–12 August 1866 – Third Italian War of Independence fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Austrian Empire
3–8 September 1866 – 1st General Congress of the International Workingmen's Association, held in Geneva, Switzerland
1867
9 April 1867 – Marx took the manuscript of volume 1 of Capital to his in Hamburg.
22 May–2 June 1867 – Marx visits Manchester with Hermann Meyer to see Engels
2–8 September 1867 – 2nd General Congress of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA), held in the city of Lausanne, Switzerland
14 September 1867 – the first volume of Das Kapital published in German
13–23 September 1867 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester
14 November 1867 – Henrik Ibsen’s play Peer Gynt published in Copenhagen
1868
2 April 1868 – Marx’s daughter Laura Marx marries Paul Lafargue
30 May–20 June 1868 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester
6-13 September 1868 – the Brussels Congress of the First International
1869
1869–1871 – Richard Francis Burton in Damascus
May–14 June 1869 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester with his daughter Eleanor
30 June 1869 – Engels retires from Ermen and Engels
August 1869 – John Ruskin appointed as the first Slade Professor of Fine Art at Oxford University
6–12 September 1869 – Basle Congress of the International Workingmen's Association
September 1869 – Engels and Lizzie Burns visit Dublin, Killarney and Cork
10 September-11 October 1869 – Marx and his daughter Jenny Marx visit Hanover
November 17 1869 – Suez Canal officially opened
1870
25 August 1870 – Richard Wagner’s marriage to Cosima Liszt (the daughter of the Hungarian composer Franz Liszt)
summer 1870 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester
20 September 1870 – Engels moved from Manchester to London and lived with Lydia “Lizzie” Burns, Mary Burns’s sister
1870s19 July 1870–10 May 1871 – Franco-Prussian war
1870 – Italian troops take Rome from Papacy
2 September 1870 – Napoleon III surrenders to the Germans at Sedan
4 September 1870 – Léon Gambetta proclaimed the return of the French Republic
1871
1871–1874 – Oscar Wilde attends Trinity College, Dublin
18 January 1871 – Wilhelm I formally proclaimed German Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles
28 January 1871 – the French Government of National Defence signs an armistice with the Prussians
1 March 1871 – the French national assembly officially deposed Napoleon III
18 March–28 May 1871 – Paris Commune
c. June 13 1871 – Marx published The Civil War in France
10 November 1871 – Livingstone’s famous meeting with H. M. Stanley
25 November 1871 – Henry Irving abandons his wife Florence O’Callaghan
1872
1872 – Samuel Butler’s Erewhon: or, Over the Range is first published
1872–1890 – Richard Francis Burton British Consul in Trieste
January 1872 – Friedrich Nietzsche’s The Birth of Tragedy out of the Spirit of Music (Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik) first published by E. W. Fritsch in Leipzig
22 April 1872 – Wagner leaves Switzerland and travels to live in Bayreuth
18 May 1872 – birth of Bertrand Russell at Ravenscroft, Trellech, Monmouthshire
26 June 1872–22 February 1873 – Engels publishes The Housing Question in Volksstaat
2–7 September 1872 – 5th congress of the First International meets in the Hague; Bakunin was expelled from the International and the General Council was moved to New York, which effectively killed the International so that it dissolved in 1876
10 October 1872 – Marx’s daughter Jenny Marx marries the French socialist Charles Longuet
1873
19 March 1873 – Marx goes on a trip to Brighton with his daughter Eleanor
April 1873 – Marx leaves his daughter Eleanor in Brighton, since she wishes to leave home and find employment
8 April 1873–6 July 1875 – Julius Vogel is Premier of New Zealand
9 May 1873 – the Vienna Stock Exchange crashes, and a number of bank failures in Austria occur
22 May–June 1873 – Marx visits Manchester to see Dr Gumpert
June 1873 – the second German edition of volume I of Das Kapital is published in Hamburg
June 1873 – George Bernard Shaw leaves Dublin for London
Autumn 1873 – Freud enters Vienna University as medical student
early September 1873 – Marx’s daughter Eleanor returned to London
18 September 1873 - the American company Jay Cooke & Company declares bankruptcy; the Panic of 1873 begins
20 September 1873 - the New York Stock Exchange closes for ten days starting on this day
24 November 1873 – Marx leaves London for a spa in Harrogate (near Leeds in North England), owing to bad heath; he is accompanied by Eleanor “Tussy” Marx and visits Manchester twice during the holiday; he stays until December 15
15 December 1873 – Marx returns to London
1874
1874–1878 – Oscar Wilde attends Magdalen College, Oxford
20 February 1874–21 April 1880 – Benjamin Disraeli is Prime Minister of the UK
mid-April 1874 – Marx takes a three-week seaside cure alone at Ramsgate (near Canterbury), owing to bad health (carbuncles and liver trouble)
July 1874 – Marx took a three-week vacation in Ryde on the Isle of Wight
15 August 1874 – Marx departed for the spa town of Karlsbad in Bohemia (which he also visited in 1875 and 1876) with his daughter Tussy
August–19 September 1874 – Marx in Karlsbad (a spa resort, now Karlovy Vary in the Czech Republic); before 8 September Marx breaks with Louis (Ludwig) Kugelmann
September 1874 – Marx went on a two-week tour of German cities and travels to Dresden, Leipzig (where he met Liebknecht), Berlin and Hamburg; he meets his publisher Meissner
17 October 1874 – Oscar Wilde enters Magdalen College, Oxford
30 November 1874 – birth of Winston Churchill
1875
March 1875 – Marx family moves to 41 Maitland Park Road (44 Maitland Street), and lived here until he died
April or early May 1875 – Marx writes the letter that would become the Critique of the Gotha Program, which was only published in 1891
21 April 1875 – Charles Stewart Parnell elected to the House of Commons
9 July 1875–4 August 1877 – Herzegovina Uprising, an uprising of ethnic Serbs against the Ottoman Empire, firstly in Herzegovina and then in Bosnia
August 1875 – Marx returned to the Karlsbad spa
November 1875 – Benjamin Disraeli buys the Khedive of Egypt’s 44% stake in the Suez canal
1876
1876 – Cesare Lombroso’s L’Uomo Delinquente (Criminal Man) first published
24 February 1876 – the play Peer Gynt first performed in Oslo, with original music composed by Edvard Grieg
15 February 1876–1 September 1876 – Julius Vogel is Premier of New Zealand
April–May 1876 – April Uprising, the insurrection of Bulgarians against the Ottoman Empire
1 May 1876 – Queen Victoria declared empress of India
June-July 1876 – Serbia and Montenegro declare war on Turkey
18 June 1876–19 February 1878 – Montenegrin–Ottoman War, which ends in Montenegrin victory
30 June 1876–3 March 1878 – Serbo-Turkish War
13 August 1876 – beginning of the famous 1876 Bayreuth Festival and performance of Wagner’s Das Rheingold, prelude of Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelungen) at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus. The following plays are performed:13 August 1876 – Das Rheingold (The Rhinegold)
14 August 1876 – Die Walküre (The Valkyrie)
16 August 1876 – Siegfried
17 August 1876 – Götterdämmerung (The Twilight of the Gods)
Marx arrives in Nuremberg at about 5 pm on 14 August and was unable to find accommodation in Nuremberg; he travels on to Weiden and arrives at midnight but finds no accommodation there either, because of the festival at Bayreuth; first Bayreuth Festival continues until 30 August 1876
16 August 1876 – Richard Wagner’s Siegfried premiered at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus
17 August 1876 – Richard Wagner’s Götterdämmerung (Twilight of the Gods) premiered at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus
19 August 1876 – Marx writes a letter to Engels from Karlsbad calling the Bayreuth Festival “Wagner’s Festival of Fools”
August–September 1876 – Marx returned to the Karlsbad spa with his daughter Tussy
21 August 1876 – Benjamin Disraeli was created Earl of Beaconsfield
5 September 1876 – William Gladstone published The Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East
6–12 September 1876 – Marx delayed in Karlsbad after his daughter Eleanor becomes ill with a fever
mid-September 1876 – Marx visits Max Oppenheim in Prague and then journeys the down the middle Rhine
21 September 1876 – Marx in Liège, Belgium
October 1876–August 1881 – Arthur Conan Doyle studies at the University of Edinburgh Medical School; Arthur Conan Doyle meets the Scottish lecturer Joseph Bell in 1877, who is the inspiration for Sherlock Holmes
November 1876 – Eugene Schuyler, the American Consul in Istanbul, publishes a report about the Bulgarian atrocities after his own investigation
23 December 1876–20 January 1877 – Constantinople Conference of the Great Powers (namely, Russia, Germany, France, Britain, Austria-Hungary and Italy) held in Istanbul
1877
24 April 1877–3 March 1878 – Russo-Turkish War
August–September 1877 – Marx, his wife Jenny and daughter Eleanor travel for a holiday to Neuenahr, a spa town in Rhenish Prussia
August 1877 – establishment of the Dogberry Club, a Shakespeare reading group
1878
3 March 1878 – the preliminary Treaty of San Stefano
25 May 1878 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s H.M.S. Pinafore first performed at the Opera Comique, London
4 June 1878 – Cyprus Convention, the secret agreement between the United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire which granted Cyprus to Great Britain
13 June–13 July 1878 – Congress of Berlin
July 1878 – Engels published the Anti-Dühring (1878), which was first published in serial form from January 3 1877 to July 7 1878 in the journal Vorwärts
13 July 1878 – Treaty of Berlin signed at the Radziwill Palace in Berlin
August 1878 – the famous Victorian actor Henry Irving takes the lease of the Lyceum Theatre, London; the Irish writer Bram Stoker becomes his business manager in October
12 September 1878 – Lydia “Lizzie” Burns dies
c. September 1878 to 1880 – Second Anglo–Afghan War
4–14 September 1878 – Marx is in Malvern, Worcester, with his wife, his daughter Jenny and his grandson
16 September 1878 – Engels leaves for Littlehampton (near Worthing)
20 September 1878 – Jenny Marx arrives in London
19 October 1878 – Anti-Socialist laws in Germany
November 1878 – Oscar Wilde graduates from Magdalen College, Oxford
25–26 November 1878 – James McNeill Whistler sues the critic John Ruskin, and wins
4 December 1878 – Florence Balcombe (1858–1937) and Bram Stoker married
30 December 1878 – Henry Irving revives the play Hamlet at the Lyceum with Ellen Terry as Ophelia
1879
11 January–4 July 1879 – Anglo-Zulu War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom
after January 1879 – Midlothian campaign
22 January 1879 – Battle of Isandlwana, first encounter of the Anglo–Zulu War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom
2 May 1879 – Friedrich Nietzsche resigns his position at the University of Basel
4 July 1879 – Battle of Ulundi, last major battle of the Anglo-Zulu War
c.6 August–28 August 1879 – Engels and Carl Schorlemmer are on holiday in Eastbourne
18 August 1879 – Marx’s daughter Jenny Longuet gives birth to a son, Edgar, in Ramsgate
8–20 August 1879 – Marx and Eleanor (Tussy) Marx on holiday in St. Aubin’s and St. Helier, on the Isle of Jersey
20 August 1879 – Marx and Eleanor (Tussy) Marx leave Jersey
21 August–17 September 1879 – Marx arrived in Ramsgate to visit his daughter Jenny Marx and her new son Edgar
17 September 1879 – Marx returns to London
21 October 1879 – Irish National Land League founded in Castlebar, with Charles Stewart Parnell elected president
1 November 1879 – Henry Irving’s production of The Merchant of Venice opened at the Lyceum; the famous Beefsteak Room dinners at the Lyceum begin
21 December 1879 – Henrik Ibsen’s play A Doll’s House premiered at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark
1880
14 February 1880 – famous banquet held to celebrate the 100th performance of Henry Irving’s play The Merchant of Venice
March–May 1880 – Engels published Socialism: Utopian and Scientific (1880)
March–April 1880 – United Kingdom general election of 1880
3 April 1880 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s The Pirates of Penzance opens at at the Opera Comique
23 April 1880–9 June 1885 – William Ewart Gladstone Prime Minister of Britain
20 May 1880 – Henry Irving’s production of Iolanthe at the Lyceum
July 1880 – amnesty in France; Hippolyte-Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray returns to France on 4 July 1880
18 September 1880 – Henry Irving’s production of The Corsican Brothers opened at the Lyceum
1880s1881
3 January 1881 – Henry Irving’s production of Tennyson’s The Cup opened at the Lyceum; William Ewart Gladstone attends
24 January 1881 – William Ewart Gladstone introduced a Coercion Bill in the House of Commons, to deal with the Irish National Land League, with royal assent in March 1881
13 March 1881 – death of Alexander II of Russia
13 March 1881–1 November 1894 – reign of Alexander III of Russia
19 April 1881 – death of Benjamin Disraeli
23 April 1881 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s Patience first performed at the Opera Comique, London; the play moved to the famous Savoy Theatre on 10 October 1881
2 and 9 May 1881 – revival of Othello at the Lyceum
7 June 1881 – first meeting of the Social Democratic Federation (SDF), first socialist political party in Britain, organised by H. M. Hyndman, and whose members included William Morris, George Lansbury and Eleanor Marx
July 1881 – Eleanor Marx decides to become an actress
August–September 1881 – Marx and his wife visit Argenteuil near Paris
16 August 1881 – Marx gets a letter about his daughter Tussy’s break down, and returns to London
28 September 1881 – Charles Darwin meets Edward Aveling and Ludwig Büchner at Down House
October 1881 – Marx’s wife bedridden for weeks
10 October 1881 – the famous Savoy Theatre opened
2 December 1881 – Marx’s wife Jenny dies
5 December 1881 – Jenny Marx buried at Highgate cemetery
29 December 1881 – Marx and Tussy go to Ventnor on the Isle of Wight.
1882
2 January 1882 – Oscar Wilde arrives in America
January 1882 – Eleanor Marx ends her engagement to Hippolyte-Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray
February 1882 – Marx goes to Argenteuil with Eleanor Marx to see his daughter Jenny
February 20 1882 – Marx arrives in Algiers and spent 3 months there, with stopovers in Argenteuil and Marseille on the way
8 March 1882 – début of Henry Irving’s production of Romeo and Juliet at the Lyceum, with Ellen Terry as Juliet
9 April 1882 – death of Dante Gabriel Rossetti
19 April 1882 – death of Charles Darwin
early May 1882 – Marx leaves Algiers for France via Monte Carlo
26 May–29 August 1882 – beginning of the second Bayreuth Festival with Richard Wagner’s play Parsifal
summer 1882 – Marx in Artenteuil
June 1882 – Arthur Conan Doyle sets up a medical practice at 1 Bush Villas in Elm Grove, Southsea, Portsmouth
30 June 1882 – Eleanor Marx attends the annual celebration of the Browning Society at University College London
July 1882–mid-August – Eleanor Marx goes to Artenteuil
31 July 1882 – Sigmund Freud begins clinical training at the General Hospital of Vienna
August 1882 – Marx then went from Artenteuil to Vevey in Switzerland, then returning to London
September 1882 – British conquer Egypt
14 September 1882 – Bram Stoker attempts to save a man attempting suicide while on a Thames ferry
20 September 1882 – Rudyard Kipling sails for India
October 1882 – Marx returns to London
11 October 1882 – début of Henry Irving’s production of Much Ado about Nothing at the Lyceum; production continues until June 1883
11 October 1882 – Eleanor Marx goes to the Lyceum to see Henry Irving’s production of Much Ado about Nothing
18 October 1882–9 March 1889 – Rudyard Kipling in India; from March to October 1889, he visits Japan and America
November 1882–January 1883 – Marx goes to Ventnor on the Isle of Wight
1883
1883–1891 – Friedrich Nietzsche’s Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for All and None (Also sprach Zarathustra: Ein Buch für Alle und Keinen) is published
6 January 1883 – Oscar Wilde arrives in Liverpool from his American tour
11 January 1883 – Marx’s daughter Jenny dies
11 January 1883 – Marx informed of the death of his daughter Jenny from cancer on Marx and returned to London
13 January 1883 – Marx returns to London from Ventnor?
13 February 1883 – death of Wilhelm Richard Wagner
February–mid-May 1883 – Oscar Wilde in Paris
14 March 1883 – Marx dies in London of bronchitis and pleurisy
17 March 1883 – Marx buried at Highgate cemetery, with 11 in attendance
21 March 1883 – death of Harry Longuet, grandson of Marx, who was buried at Highgate cemetery
24 May 1883 – Eleanor Marx meets Beatrice Potter (later Beatrice Webb) in the Reading Room of the British Museum; Eleanor frequents the Reading Room
May 1883 – Eleanor Marx publishes an article on the life of Marx in Progress magazine
June 1883 – Eleanor Marx publishes “Karl Marx II,” Progress (June): 362–366
5 June 1883 – birth of John Maynard Keynes at 6 Harvey Road in Cambridge
15 June 1883 – Henry Irving’s production of Robert Macaire at the Lyceum
26–27 August 1883 – the famous 1883 eruption of Krakatoa in the Dutch East Indies
September 1883 – Eleanor Marx goes on a holiday to Eastbourne with Engels and Helene “Lenchen” Demuth; after her return to London the Marx family home at 41 Maitland Park Road (44 Maitland Street) is vacated and Eleanor moves into 122 Great Coram Street, Bloomsbury
September 1883–6 May 1907 – Evelyn Baring (1st Earl of Cromer) is 1st Consul-General of Egypt
October 1883 – socialist debating group that would become the Fabian Society formed in London
11 October 1883 – Henry Irving leaves Britain for his American tour
October 1883–1884 – Henry Irving’s first American tour
29 October 1883 – Henry Irving’s American theatrical tour begins in New York
26 November 1883 – Henry Irving’s American tour opens in Philadelphia
1884
4 January 1884 – Fabian Society was founded in London
March 1884 – demonstration at Highgate Cemetery to commemorate the death of Marx
20 March 1884 – Henry Irving and Bram Stoker meet Walt Whitman
April 1884 – Henry Irving returns to Britain
29 May 1884 – marriage of Oscar Wilde and Constance Lloyd
June 1884 – Eleanor Marx and Edward Aveling (1849–1898) decide to move in together
18 July 1884 – Eleanor Marx and Edward Aveling move into 55 Great Russell Street
July 1884 – Aveling and Eleanor join the launch of the Westminster branch of the Social Democratic Federation
8 July 1884 – Aveling and Eleanor leave for a honeymoon in Middleton, Derbyshire
8 July 1884 – Henry Irving’s production of Twelfth Night; Or What You Will at the Lyceum
August 1884 – Aveling and Eleanor elected to the Executive Council of the Social Democratic Federation (SDF)
30 September 1884 – Henry Irving’s second north American theatrical tour begins in Quebec City
October 1884 – Friedrich Engels first published Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums und des Staats (The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State)
October 1884 – Laura Marx visits Eleanor
late November 1884 – the showman Tom Norman begins exhibiting Joseph Merrick (the Elephant man) at 123 Whitechapel Road; the doctor Frederick Treves sees Merrick
2 December 1884 – the doctor Frederick Treves presents Joseph Merrick (the Elephant man) to the Pathological Society of London at 53 Berners Street, Bloomsbury
27 December 1884 – split in the Social Democratic Federation; William Morris, Belfort Bax, Eleanor Marx, and Edward Aveling resign and form the Socialist League on 29 December 1884, funded by William Morris
December 1884 – John Ruskin leaves Slade Professorship of Fine Arts in protest at vivisection in Oxford; resigns March 1885
1885
January 1885 – Socialist League starts its newspaper the Commonweal
1885 – the second volume of Das Kapital published by Engels
26 January 1885 – defeat of General Gordon at the fall of Khartoum fell
4 March 1885 – Walter Pater’s philosophical novel Marius the Epicurean is published
14 March 1885 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s The Mikado; or, The Town of Titipu opens at the Savoy Theatre
April 1885 – Henry Irving returns to Britain from his second American tour
9 June 1885 – William Gladstone leaves office as Prime Minister of Britain
23 June 1885–28 January 1886 – Marquess of Salisbury is prime Minister of Britain
June 1885 – Eleanor Marx starts to become disenchanted with Edward Aveling
July 1885 – the famous Victorian actor Henry Irving and Bram Stoker visit Nuremburg in preparation for the production of Faust
August 1885 – Walter Pater moves to London to 12 Earls Terrace, Kensington from Oxford
18 September 1885 – unification of Bulgaria
21 September 1885 – Eleanor Marx in court over political meeting at Dod Street
7–29 November 1885 – Third Anglo-Burmese War
14–28 November 1885 – Serbo-Bulgarian War
19 December 1885 – opening night of the first run of Faust at the Lyceum theatre of Henry Irving; production runs from 19 December 1885 to 31 July 1886
26 December 1885 – Eleanor Marx organises a charity Christmas for 200 children
28 December 1885 – Bram Stoker delivers his lecture “Personal Impressions of America” at the London Institution, Finsbury Circus London
1886
1886 – Friedrich Nietzsche first published Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy in Leipzig
1 January 1886 – Britain annexed Upper Burma by Lord Randolph Churchill
January 1886 – Eleanor Marx Aveling publishes “The Woman Question: From a Socialist Point of View” (Westminister Review 125: 207–222)
5 January 1886 – publication of the Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson
1886 – new edition of Friedrich Nietzsche’s book The Birth of Tragedy, or: Hellenism and Pessimism (Die Geburt der Tragödie, Oder: Griechentum und Pessimismus)
1 February 1886–20 July 1886 – William Gladstone is Prime Minister of Britain
March 1886–9 November 1888 – Sir Charles Warren (1840–1927) is Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis, the head of the London Metropolitan Police
April 1886 – Sigmund Freud’s private medical practice opens
1 May 1886 – American workers demonstrate for an 8 hour day
24 June 1886 – arrival of Joseph Merrick at Liverpool Street Station from Belgium
25 July 1886–11 August 1892 – Marquess of Salisbury is prime Minister of Britain
25 July 1886 – performance of Tristan und Isolde (Tristan and Isolde) at Bayreuth
31 July 1886 – end of first run of Faust at the Lyceum theatre
31 August 1886 – Aveling and Eleanor Marx leave Liverpool for an American trip
9 September 1886 – Aveling and Eleanor Marx arrive in New York
11 September 1886 – beginning of second run of Henry Irving’s Faust at the Lyceum theatre; productions runs from
11 September to 22 April 1887
2 October 1886 – Aveling and Eleanor set out from New York on a 3 month speaking tour
28 October 1886 – statue of liberty unveiled
25 December 1886 – Aveling and Eleanor depart from New York
1887
4 January 1887 – Aveling and Eleanor arrive in Liverpool from New York; they stay with Engels and move to 65 Chancery Lane
22 January 1887 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s play Ruddigore; or, The Witch’s Curse opens at the Savoy Theatre
January 1887 – first English translation of volume 1 of Capital, translated by Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling (who had become the partner of Marx’s daughter Eleanor “Tussy” Marx in 1884)
March–April 1887 – Charles Stewart Parnell involved in the Pigott forgeries in The Times
22 April 1887 – end of second run of Henry Irving’s Faust
30 May 1887 – Aveling and Eleanor resign from the Socialist League
spring – Aveling and Eleanor move to Dodwell, Warwickshire
1 June 1887 – Henry Irving’s production of Werner at the Lyceum
20 June 1887 – the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria was celebrated, to mark the 50th anniversary of her accession
October 1887 – Eleanor Marx returns to London from Dodwell
7 November 1887–March 1888 – Henry Irving’s third north American theatrical tour begins in New York; 7 November 1887–10 December 1887 New York; 12–23 December 1887 Philadelphia; 26 December 1887–21 January 21 1888 Chicago; 23 January 1888–18 February 1888 Boston; 20 February 1888–24 March 1888 New York
8 November 1887 – government bans meetings in Trafalgar square
13 November 1887 – Bloody Sunday; demonstration towards Trafalgar square with Eleanor Marx and Aveling broken up by military and police
December 1887 – publication of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s novel A Study in Scarlet in Beeton’s Christmas Annual 1887 in which Sherlock Holmes appears for the first time; first published as a book in July 1888
1888
9 March 1888 – the death of the German Emperor Wilhelm I (king of Prussia from 2 January 1861)
9 March 1888–15 June 1888 – reign of the German Emperor Frederick III
11 March–14 March 1888 – the Great Blizzard of 1888 on the eastern coast of the United States of America
26 March 1888 – Henry Irving sailed for England after the end of his third north American theatrical tour
14 April 1888 – revival of Faust at the Lyceum theatre
15 April 1888 – death of Matthew Arnold
17 April 1888–December 1892 – Winston Churchill was sent to Harrow School
15 June 1888 – Wilhelm II becomes German Emperor
summer – Eleanor Marx in Dodwell, Warwickshire
23 July 1888 – performance of Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (The Mastersingers of Nuremberg) at Bayreuth
4 August 1888 – opening of the play Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde at the Lyceum Theatre with the actor Richard Mansfield
9 August 1888 – Engels leaves for New York, with Aveling and Eleanor; they travel to Albany, Boston, Niagara falls, lake Ontario, Toronto, Montreal
August–September 1888 – Engels in America
31 August–9 November 1888 – period of the infamous Jack the Ripper murders
August 1888–1901 – Sir Robert Anderson (1841–1918) is Assistant Commissioner of the London Metropolitan Police
19 September 1888 – Engels, Aveling and Eleanor return to England
29 September 1888 – closing of the play Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde at the Lyceum Theatre in the wake of Jack the Ripper murders
3 October 1888 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s play The Yeomen of the Guard opens at the Savoy Theatre
29 December 1888 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of Macbeth at the Lyceum theatre
1889
3 January 1889 – Friedrich Nietzsche suffers a mental collapse
26 April 1889 – Henry Irving gives a command performance for the Prince of Wales and Queen Victoria at Sandringham
6 May–31 October 1889 – Exposition Universelle of 1889 in Paris
15 May 1889 – Eiffel Tower officially opened to the public
7 June 1889 – first performance of Ibsen’s play A Doll’s House at the Novelty theatre in Britain
29 June 1889 – end of Henry Irving’s production of Macbeth at the Lyceum
6 July 1889 – beginning of the Cleveland Street scandal
14 July 1889 – Second International (1889–1916) founded; Second International declared May 1 to be “May Day” (International Workers’ Day); Eleanor Marx in Paris
14 August 1889–16 September – London Dock Strike
September–14 December 1889 – Silvertown strike in London
28 September 1889 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of The Dead Heart at the Lyceum theatre
5 October 1889 – Rudyard Kipling arrives back in England
October 1889–December 1890 – the 1889–1890 flu pandemic, with recurrences March–June 1891, November 1891–June 1892, spring 1893 and winter 1893–1894
late 1889 – Eleanor Marx speaks at the International Working Men’s Club (IWMC) at 40 Berner Street
9 November 1889–May 1890 – Indian tour of Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale
7 December 1889 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s play The Gondoliers; or, The King of Barataria opens at the Savoy Theatre
1890
1890 – Alfred Marshall’s Principles of Economics first published
11 April 1890 – death of Joseph Merrick at London Hospital
30 April 1890 – Arminius Vambery meets Bram Stoker at the Lyceum during dinner in the Beefsteak Room
4 May – May day demonstration in Hyde Park, London
5 May 1890 – W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan end their collaboration
June 1890 – Vincent van Gogh paints the oil painting The Church at Auvers
July 1890 – Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray first published
July 1890 – Engels in Norway
29 July 1890 – death of Vincent van Gogh
6 August 1890 – Aveling and Eleanor Marx set sail for Norway for a 3 week tour
August 1890 – the novelist Bram Stoker takes a famous holiday at Whitby
20 September 1890 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of Ravenswood at the Lyceum theatre
October 1890 – Eleanor Marx travels to the Lille congress of the French Workers’ Party
October 1890 – Bertrand Russell goes up to Trinity College, Cambridge
20 October 1890 – death of Sir Richard Burton
4 November 1890 – death of Helene “Lenchen” Demuth
17 November 1890 – Captain W. H. O’Shea obtains a decree nisi of divorce against his wife Katharine O’Shea; this ruins the political career of Parnell
December 1890 – Thomas Henry Huxley moves to Eastbourne
December 1890–24 March 1891 – Arthur Conan Doyle studies ophthalmology in Vienna
1890s1891
31 January 1891 – famous Royal English Opera House opened (renamed the Palace Theatre of Varieties in 1892)
25 June 1891 – first story of Arthur Conan Doyle’s character Sherlock Holmes published in The Strand Magazine
June 1891 – first meeting of Lord Alfred Douglas (1870–1945) and Oscar Wilde
22 August 1891 – performance of Tannhäuser at Bayreuth
22 August 1891–10 January 1892 – Rudyard Kipling visits South Africa, New Zealand (18 October–6 November), Australia, Ceylon (early December), India
September–12 December 1891 – Henry Irving and the Lyceum company undertake a tour of the provinces
6 October 1891 – death of Charles Stewart Parnell
1892
1892 – Max Nordau’s book Degeneration first published in German; English edition in 1895
5 January 1892 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of Henry VIII at the Lyceum theatre
14 January 1892 – death of Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale
18 January 1892 – Carrie Balestier and Rudyard Kipling married in London
2 February 1892 – Rudyard Kipling and his wife travel to the US; visits New York, Chicago and the Rocky mountains
22 February 1892 – Oscar Wilde’s play Lady Windermere’s Fan, A Play About a Good Woman first produced at the St James’s Theatre in London
26 March 1892 – death of Walt Whitman
20 April–c.9 June 1892 – Rudyard Kipling and his wife travel to Japan
June 1892–29 August 1896 – Rudyard Kipling and his wife live in America
15 August 1892 – William Gladstone becomes British Prime Minister
6 October 1892 – death of Alfred Tennyson
10 November 1892 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of King Lear at the Lyceum theatre
December 1892 – Winston Churchill left Harrow
1893
1893 – the year in which Bram Stoker’s famous novel Dracula is set
14–16 January 1893 – foundation conference of the Independent Labour Party
6 February 1893 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of Becket at the Lyceum theatre
February 1893 – Winston Churchill sent to a “crammer” school in London to pass entrance examination for Sandhurst
February 1893 – Oscar Wilde’s play Salome first published in French
19 April 1893 – Oscar Wilde’s play A Woman of No Importance opens at London’s Haymarket Theatre
1 May 1893–30 October 1893 – World’s Columbian Exposition, world’s fair held in Chicago in 1893
summer 1893 – Bram Stoker takes a holiday in the village of Cruden Bay
summer 1893 – Walter Pater moves back to Oxford
summer 1893 – Henry Irving and Ellen Terry take a holiday in Canada; proceed to San Fancisco
6–13 August 1893 – the Zurich Socialist and Labour Congress, the 3rd congress of the Second International. Friedrich Engels gave a closing address; Eleanor Marx attends
16 August 1893 – death of Jean-Martin Charcot
1 September 1893 – Churchill enters Royal Military College, Sandhurst
4 September 1893–21 March 1894 – Henry Irving’s 4th American tour; opened in San Francisco with The Bells, and includes Chicago, Seattle, Portland, Minneapolis, Philadelphia, Washington, Boston, New York
December 1893–February 1894 – Lord Alfred Douglas in Egypt
December 1893 – Arthur Conan Doyle’s story “The Adventure of the Final Problem” in which Sherlock Holmes dies is published in The Strand Magazine
1894
1894 – publication of Rudyard Kipling’s The Jungle Book
February 1894 – Oscar Wilde’s play Salome first published in English, with illustrations by Aubrey Beardsley
2 March 1894 – William Gladstone leaves office as British Prime Minister
21 March 1894 – Henry Irving and Ellen Terry return to England after their 4th American tour
14 April 1894 – revival of Faust by Henry Irving at the Lyceum
April–August 1894 – Rudyard Kipling and his wife visit England on a holiday
August–October 1894 – Oscar Wilde spends a summer holiday in Worthing where he writes The Importance of Being Earnest
June 1894 – Bertrand Russell graduates from Cambridge
20 July 1894 – performance of Lohengrin at Bayreuth
30 July 1894 – death of Walter Pater
summer 1894 – Bram Stoker takes a second holiday in the village of Cruden Bay
August 1894 – Engels on holiday in Eastbourne suffers a stroke
September 1894 – publication of The Green Carnation by Robert Hichens, a parody of Oscar Wilde
21 September to 8 December 1894 – provincial tour of Henry Irving; first production of Henry Irving’s A Story of Waterloo played at the Princes Theatre, Bristol, on September 21, 1894; London performance at the Garrick Theatre on 17 December 1894
October 1894 – the third volume of Das Kapital published by Engels
1 November 1894 – accession of Nicholas II of Russia
28 November 1894 – final birthday of Engels
25 December 1894 – Eleanor Marx has Christmas dinner with Engels and is assured she will inherit Marx’s manuscripts
December 1894 – Winston Churchill graduated from Royal Military College, Sandhurst
December 1894 – treason conviction of Captain Alfred Dreyfus for allegedly sharing French military secrets to the German Embassy in Paris
1895
January–July 1895 – H. G. Wells’s Time Machine first published
3 January 1895 – Oscar Wilde’s play An Ideal Husband opens at the Haymarket Theatre
12 January 1895 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of King Arthur at the Lyceum theatre
24 January 1895 – death of Randolph Churchill
4 February 1895 – début of The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde at the St James’s Theatre
14 February 1895 – Oscar Wilde’s play The Importance of Being Earnest, A Trivial Comedy for Serious People opens at St James's Theatre in London
20 February 1895 – Winston Churchill commissioned as officer and joins the 4th Hussars, a cavalry regiment
March 1895 – Aveling and Eleanor travel to Hastings for a holiday
3 April 1895 – opening of the libel trial of the Marquess of Queensberry
4 May 1895 – performances of The Story of Waterloo and Don Quixote at the Lyceum
25 May 1895 – announcement of Henry Irving’s knighthood
25 May 1895 – Oscar Wilde convicted and sentenced to two years hard labour
June 1895 – Engels, Laura Marx and Eleanor take a holiday in Eastbourne
21 June 1895 – Lord Rosebery resigns as British Prime Minister
29 June 1895 – death of Thomas Henry Huxley
1 July 1895 – Eleanor and Edward Aveling start a holiday in Orpington in Kent
18 July 1895 – Henry Irving knighted at Windsor Castle
c. 21 July 1895 – Eleanor Marx learns that Frederick Lewis Demuth (1851−1929) is the son of Karl Marx
5 August 1895 – Friedrich Engels dies
10 August 1895 – funeral of Friedrich Engels
27 August 1895 – Friedrich Engels’ ashes scattered at sea off Eastbourne
October 1895 – Bertrand Russell receives a 5-year fellowship from Trinity College, Cambridge
November 1895 – publication of Rudyard Kipling’s The Second Jungle Book
November–December 1895 – Churchill visits America and Cuba
14 December 1895 – Eleanor Marx and Edward Aveling move into a new house in Sydenham
29 December 1895–2 January 1896 – the Jameson Raid, a failed raid on Paul Kruger’s Transvaal Republic by British colonial statesman Leander Starr Jameson and his troops
16 September 1895–May 1896 – Henry Irving’s 5th American tour; opened in Montreal with Faust, and includes New Orleans, Philadelphia, Chicago
1896
May 1896 – Henry Irving returns to England from his 5th American tour
8 June 1896 – Eleanor Marx, Edward Aveling and Karl Liebknecht (1871–1919) visit Marx’s old houses in London
July 1896 – Bram Stoker takes a holiday in the village of Cruden Bay
26 July–1 August 1896 – International Socialist Workers and Trade Union Congress, held in London, the 4th congress of the Second International
29 August 1896 – Rudyard Kipling and his wife return to England from the US
22 September 1896 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of Cymbeline at the Lyceum theatre
1 October 1896 – Winston Churchill arrives in Bombay, India and travels with his regiment to Bangalore
19 December 1896 – opening night of Henry Irving’s Richard III at the Lyceum; Irving injuries himself after the play and Lyceum closes until 25 January 1897
1897
18 May 1897 – Oscar Wilde released from prison
26 May 1897 – publication of Bram Stoker’s Dracula
5 April–8 May 1897 – Greco-Turkish War of 1897
8 June 1897 – Edward Aveling secretly married the actress Eva Frye
22 June 1897 – Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee procession
July 1897 – Keynes undergoes Eton College Scholarship Examinations
August 1897 – Bram Stoker takes a holiday in the village of Cruden Bay
after 22 August 1897 – Edward Aveling abandons Eleanor Marx, but returns some days later
c. September 1897 – Edward Aveling and Eleanor Marx travel to Paris to see Laura Marx
September 1897 – John Maynard Keynes began study at Eton; educated at Eton from 1897–1902
16 September 1897 – Winston Churchill present on a cavalry patrol in India which is ambushed in the Mamund Valley
25 September 1897 – Rudyard Kipling and his family move to Rottingdean, East Sussex
December 1897 – Edward Aveling ill with the flu
1898
January 1898 – H. G. Wells’ The War of the Worlds first published; first published as a serial in Pearson’s Magazine April to December 1897
1 January 1898 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of Peter the Great at the Lyceum theatre
January 1898 – Edward Aveling asks Ellen Terry for a loan
9 February 1898 – Edward Aveling has surgery at University College Hospital
c. 18 February 1898 – Edward Aveling and Eleanor Marx travel to Margate
18 February 1898 – disastrous fire at the Lyceum storage area
27 March 1898 – Edward Aveling and Eleanor Marx return to their house in Sydenham
31 March 1898 – death of Eleanor Marx Aveling
2 April 1898 – inquest on the death of Eleanor Marx Aveling
5 April 1898 – funeral of Eleanor Marx Aveling
19 May 1898 – death of William Ewart Gladstone
June 1898 – Winston Churchill leaves India
July 1898 – Winston Churchill arrives in London from India
1898 – publication of Marx’s Value, Price and Profit (a series of lectures Marx delivered in 1865)
summer 1898 – Henry Irving begins his relationship with Elizabeth Aria
2 August 1898 – Winston Churchill arrives in Cairo
2 August 1898 – death of Edward Aveling
2 September 1898 – Battle of Omdurman, with Winston Churchill present in the army of Sir Herbert Kitchener
13 October 1898 – Henry Irving stricken at Glasgow with pleurisy and pneumonia while playing Madame Sans Gene
1899
31 March 1899 – Henry Irving surrenders the lease of Lyceum theatre to a syndicate
March 1899 – Winston Churchill departs India
October 1899–May 1900 – Henry Irving’s 6th American tour
12 October 1899 – the Second Boer War between Britain and the Boer Republics begins
14 October 1899 – Winston Churchill leaves England for South Africa to report on the Anglo-Boer War as correspondent for the Morning Post
15 November–12 December 1899 – capture and imprisonment of Winston Churchill; imprisoned in a POW camp in Pretoria
1900
20 January 1900 – death of John Ruskin
25 August 1900 – death of Friedrich Nietzsche
22 November 1900 – death of Arthur Sullivan
30 November 1900 – death of Oscar Wilde
1901
22 January 1901 – death of Queen Victoria
summer 1901 – Bram Stoker attends the Wagner Cycle at Bayreuth?
22 July 1901 – première of Richard Wagner’s play Der fliegende Holländer (The Flying Dutchman) at Bayreuth
August 1901–April 1902 – Arthur Conan Doyle’s novel The Hound of the Baskervilles serialised in The Strand Magazine
19 July 1902 – Henry Irving’s farewell performance at the Lyceum
2 September 1902 – Rudyard Kipling and his family move to a home called Bateman’s, in Burwash, East Sussex, England
30 April 1903 – début of Henry Irving’s production of Dante at the Theatre Royal
October 1903–March 1904 – Henry Irving’s 8th American tour
winter 1904 – Henry Irving’s final provincial tour
13 October 1905 – death of Sir Henry Irving
1909 – Arthur Conan Doyle moves to Windlesham Manor, Crowborough, East Sussex
British Prime Ministers
1868 (Feb–Dec.) – Benjamin Disraeli (Conservative)
1868–1874 – William Ewart Gladstone (Liberal)
1874–1880 – Benjamin Disraeli (Conservative)
1880–1885 – William Ewart Gladstone (Liberal)
1885–1886 – Marquess of Salisbury (Conservative)
1886 (Feb.–July) – William Ewart Gladstone (Liberal)
1886–1892 – Marquess of Salisbury (Conservative)
1892–1894 – William Ewart Gladstone (Liberal)
1894–1895 – Archibald Philip Primrose, fifth earl of Rosebery (Liberal)
1895–1902 – Marquess of Salisbury (Conservative)
1902–1905 – Arthur James Balfour (Conservative)
1905–1908 – Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman (Liberal)
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