1850
1850 – Marx had an affair with Helene “Lenchen” Demuth (1820–1890) and an illegitimate son Frederick Demuth was born in 1851.
8 May–2 December 1850 – Marx lived at 64 Dean Street, Soho
June 1850 – Marx acquired an admission card to the library of the British Museum
1850–1856 – Marx lived at 28 Dean Street, Soho
c. November 1850 – Engels moves to Manchester to serve as a clerk in his father’s business Ermen and Engels
December 1850–August 1864 – Taiping Rebellion, civil war in China between the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom under Hong Xiuquan
16 December 1850 – first ships of settlers arrived in Canterbury, New Zealand
1850s 1851
April 1851 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester
1 May–11 October 1851 – Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations or The Great Exhibition, in the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London
23 June 1851 – Marx’s illegitimate child Henry Frederick was born
October 1851–July 1853 – William Stanley Jevons at University College, London; he leaves without degree
November 1851 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester
24–25 December 1851 – fictional date of Doctor Who: The Next Doctor
1852
26 May–26 June 1852 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester
1852 – Marx published The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon, an analysis of the French revolution of 1848 and the rise of the emperor Louis Napoleon III
30 June 1852 – New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, which grants self-government to the Colony of New Zealand
14 September 1852 – death of Arthur Wellesley (1 May 1769–14 September 1852; 1st Duke of Wellington) at Walmer Castle in Deal
October–November 1852 – the Cologne communist trial saw a number of the members of the Communist league connected with Marx and Willich jailed as seditious revolutionaries, and Marx agreed to the dissolution of the league
18 November 1852 – state funeral of the Duke of Wellington, buried in a sarcophagus of luxulyanite in St Paul’s Cathedral next to Lord Nelson
20 December 1852 – Lower Burma was formally annexed by the British empire
1853
2 February 1853 – Edward Gibbon Wakefield arrives in Christchurch; after a month goes to Wellington
May 1853 – Baron Nathaniel de Rothschild (from the English branch of the family) buys Château Brane-Mouton (next to Château Lafite) from Issac Thuret in the village of Pauillac, Médoc region, 50 km north-west of Bordeaux, and renames the estate “Château Mouton Rothschild”; its red wine renamed to Château Mouton Rothschild; a small chateau is built called Le Petit Mouton
1 August 1853 – Francis Galton marries Louisa Jane Butler (1822–1897)
October 1853–30 March 1856 – Crimean war
1853–1862 – Marx turned to journalism in papers in England, the US, Prussia, Austria and South Africa, but mostly in the New York Tribune
30 April–May 1853 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester
1854
1854 – Marx befriended by David Urquhart (1805–1877)
1854–1862 – Alfred Russel Wallace travels through the Malay Archipelago or East Indies
2 May 1854–1858 – Samuel Butler at St John, Cambridge
24 May 1854 – 1st New Zealand Parliament was opened
29 June 1854 – William Stanley Jevons sails from Britain to Sydney, Australia
September 1854 – Richard Francis Burton first meets John Hanning Speke in Aden
6 October 1854–March 1859 – William Stanley Jevons in Australia as assayer to the new mint; Hunter River (May 1865); Wollongong (April 1857); Melbourne (March 1859)
29 October 1854–9 February 1855 – Richard Francis Burton makes an expedition to Harar (in present-day Ethiopia)
1855
5 January 1855 – Anthony Trollope’s The Warden published, the first of six novels of the Chronicles of Barsetshire series set in the fictitious English county of Barsetshire:5 January 1855 – Anthony Trollope’s The Warden published2 March 1855–13 March 1881 – reign of Alexander II of Russia
1857 – Anthony Trollope’s Barchester Towers published
1858 – Anthony Trollope’s Doctor Thorne published
April 1861 – Anthony Trollope’s Framley Parsonage published
April 1864 – Anthony Trollope’s The Small House at Allington published
March 1867 – volume 1 of Anthony Trollope’s The Last Chronicle of Barset published
July 1867 – volume 2 of Anthony Trollope’s The Last Chronicle of Barset
April 1855 – Marx’s son Edgar died
16 April–May 1855 – Marx and his wife visit Engels in Manchester
15 May–15 November 1855 – the Exposition Universelle of 1855, held in the Palais de l’Industrie, the Champs-Élysées in Paris
June–30 September 1855 – Richard Francis Burton rejoins the army and travels to the Crimea to fight in the Crimean War
c. August 1855–June 1860 – Edward Augustus Freeman lives in Llanrumney Hall, Cardiff, Wales
September–c.November 1855 – Marx and his wife visit Engels in Manchester
15 September 1855 – Edward Gibbon Wakefield retired from the Hutt seat and leaves political life
17 October 1855 – Benjamin Jowett appointed as the Regius Professorship of Greek at Balliol College, Oxford
1856
1856–1863 – pea plant experiments conducted by Gregor Johann Mendel (20 July 1822–6 January 1884) on the rules of heredity at the Augustinian St Thomas’s Abbey in Brno, Margraviate of Moravia
29 September 1856–April 1864 – Marx family lives at 9 Grafton Terrace, Haverstock Hill, Kentish Town8 May–2 December 1850 – Marx family lives at 64 Dean Street, Soho1856–1859 – the Second Opium War
December 1850–September 1856 – Marx family lives at 28 Dean Street, Soho
29 September 1856–April 1864 – Marx family lives at 9 Grafton Terrace, Haverstock Hill, Kentish Town
March 1864–March 1875 – Marx family lives at 1 Modena Villas (now 1 Maitland Park) in North London
March 1875–14 March 1883 – Marx lives at 41 Maitland Park Road (44 Maitland Street) until he died
6 May 1856 – birth of Sigmund Freud
2 June 1856–12 July 1861 – Edward Stafford is Prime Minister of New Zealand:7 May–20 May 1856 – Henry Sewell22 June 1856 – birth of H. Rider Haggard at Bradenham, Norfolk
20 May–2 June 1856 – William Fox
2 June 1856–12 July 1861 – Edward Stafford
12 July 1861–6 August 1862 – William Fox
6 August 1862–30 October 1863 – Alfred Domett
30 October 1863–24 November 1864 – Frederick Whitaker
24 November 1864–16 October 1865 – Frederick Weld
16 October 1865–28 June 1869 – Edward Stafford
c. July 1856 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester
8 October 1856–24 October 1860 – Second Anglo-Chinese War (the Arrow War, or the Anglo-French expedition to China), a war between the United Kingdom (with the French Empire) and the Qing dynasty of China
1857
1857 – Francis Galton and his wife move to 42 Rutland Gate, where he lives until his death in 1911
27 June 1857–February 1859 – John Hanning Speke and Richard Francis Burton set out from Zanzibar and discover Lake Tanganyika February 1858) and Lake Victoria, the source of the Nile
1857 – UK recession
1857–1858 – Marx writes Grundrisse der Kritik der Politischen Ökonomie (Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy), which were not even published until 1939
February 1857 – Mikhail Bakunin sent into permanent exile in the western Siberian city of Tomsk
16 April 1857 – Julius Kaerst born in Gräfentonna
May 1857–June 1858 – Indian mutiny
2 May 1857 – the Reading Room extension of the British Library officially opened; from 8–16 May, the library was opened for a special public viewing
1858
1858–1875 – Francis Mazuchelli and Nina Elizabeth Mazuchelli in India
1858 – opening of the Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten (Kempinski) in Munich at the 17 Maximilianstraße in the centre of Munich
31 January 1858 – launch of the SS Great Eastern at the Isle of Dogs, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel
1 May–c. late May 1858 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester
1 July 1858 – papers by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace on natural selection are read to the Linnean Society of London
2 August 1858 – Government of India Act 1858, the company was formally dissolved and its ruling powers over India were transferred to the British Crown
27 October 1858 – Theodore Roosevelt born at East 20th Street in New York City, New York
autumn 1858–spring 1859 – Samuel Butler moves to Heddon Street, London, to work as an assistant to Reverend Philip Perring
1859
1859–19 June 1884 – Johann Droysen is professor at the University of Berlin
March–September 1859 – William Stanley Jevons returns to Britain via Peru, Panama, Havana, and the United States
June 1859 – Marx published A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy
c.June–July 1859 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels and Dundee to see Peter Imandt and Heise
9 June 1859 – emergence of the British Liberal Party. British Prime Ministers:Liberal12 June 1859–18 October 1865 – Henry John Temple (3rd Viscount Palmerston) is British Prime Minister
12 June 1859–18 October 1865 – Henry John Temple (3rd Viscount Palmerston)
29 October 1865–28 June 1866 – John Russell, 1st Earl Russell
Conservative
28 June 1866–25 February 1868 – Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby
27 February 1868–1 December 1868 – Benjamin Disraeli is British Minister
Liberal
3 December 1868–17 February 1874 – William Ewart Gladstone is British Minister
30 September 1859 – Samuel Butler leaves England for New Zealand on board the Roman Emperor at Gravesend
October 1859–October 1860 – William Stanley Jevons returns to University College, London, to finish his BA degree
24 November 1859 – Origin of Species published
1860
1860 – Marx became anathema to the German émigré community in London when Karl Vogt accused Marx of being a police informer and having sold out his political allies
c. 1860–1875 – Great French Wine Blight: over 40% of French grape vines and vineyards devastated
c. January 1860 – Julius von Haast moves to Canterbury; he becomes the provincial geologist at Canterbury from 1861 to 1868
27 January 1860 – Samuel Butler arrives in Lyttleton, New Zealand
27 January 1860–15 June 1864 – the novelist Samuel Butler in New Zealand186016 February–23 March 1860 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels
c. March–April 1860 – Samuel Butler travels up the Waimakariri and sees Arthur’s Pass by looking up the Bealey River
April 1860 – Samuel Butler rides up the Rangitata River
6 September 1860 – Samuel Butler registered his claim to Run 387 between Bush Stream and Forest Creek overlooking the Rangitata River; on 22 September Run 242 is given to him
2 October 1860 – Samuel Butler sets off to the future site of Mesopotamia station from Christchurch
25 December 1860 – Christmas at Mesopotamia
1861
15 February 1861 – Julius von Haast officially becomes Canterbury’s Provincial Geologist
January–February 1861 – Samuel Butler and John Holland Baker explore the sources of the Lawrence, Havelock, Clyde, and Rangitata rivers; this trip is re-told in the beginning of Erewhon
March 1861 – Samuel Butler’s holdings amount to over 40,000 acres, with 2000 sheep; he has 6 workers
April 1861 – Julius von Haast stays with Samuel Butler at Mesopotamia while surveying the region around the Rangitata River, New Zealand
25 May 1861 – the Christchurch The Press begins under the ownership of James Edward Fitzgerald
September 1861 – Samuel Butler’s second hut at Mesopotamia finished; in this year he rides to Mount Somers to visit the Tripps
1862
March 1862 – Samuel Butler takes John Brabazon as a partner
August 1862 – Samuel Butler starts to shift to Christchurch; he corrects proofs of A First Year in Canterbury Settlement
August 1862 – Samuel Butler renounces Christianity
20 December 1862 – Samuel Butler publishes “Darwin on the Origin of Species, A Dialogue” in the Christchurch The Press
1863
13 June 1863 – Samuel Butler publishes “Darwin among the Machines” in The Press newspaper in Christchurch, New Zealand
September 1863 – Samuel Butler mainly based in Christchurch and staying at Carlton Hotel on the Papanui Road; he first meets Charles Paine Pauli
December 1863 – Samuel Butler rides with William Parkerson to Mesopotamia
1864
March 1864 – Arthur Dudley Dobson and his brother Edward find Arthur’s Pass
May 1864 – William Parkerson takes Mesopotamia
9 June 1864 – Samuel Butler says farewell to Julius von Haast
15 June 1864 – Samuel Butler and Charles Paine Pauli sail from Port Lyttelton, New Zealand, to return to England, via Callao, Panama, and St Thomas
11 May–30 September 1860 – Garibaldi’s Redshirts invade Sicily and Naples
June 1860–c. February 1884 – Edward Augustus Freeman lives year round in Somerleaze, north-west of Wells, Somerset
12 June–summer 1860 – fictional dates of Bram Stoker’s novel The Lair of the White Worm
16 June 1860 – first voyage of the SS Great Eastern to North America
30 June 1860 – famous debate on Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species between Samuel Wilberforce and Thomas Henry Huxley at Oxford University Museum, during the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science
6 September 1860 – Samuel Butler registered his claim to Run 387 between Bush Stream and Forest Creek overlooking the Rangitata River; this becomes the Mesopotamia run
2 October 1860 – Samuel Butler sets off to the future site of Mesopotamia station from Christchurch, New Zealand
November 1860 – Marx’s wife Jenny fell seriously ill with smallpox; Marx read Darwin’s revolutionary book On the Origin of Species
6 November 1860 – United States presidential election of 1860; Abraham Lincoln elected
December 1860 – Marx published Karl Vogt
1 December 1860–3 August 1861 – Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations published in the journal All the Year Round in the UK
1860s 1861
1861 – Sheridan Le Fanu’s becomes editor and proprietor of the Dublin University Magazine
January–February 1861 – Samuel Butler and John Holland Baker explore the sources of the Lawrence, Havelock, Clyde, and Rangitata rivers; this trip is re-told in the beginning of Erewhon
February–May 1861 – Marx travels to Germany, and arrived in Berlin on 18 March, in order to attempt to organise with Lassalle a new radical newspaper in Germany that he could edit. He visited Trier at this time and saw his mother, but the visit did not go well and she broke off contact. Marx visits Holland. Marx arrived back in England in May 1861
15 February 1861 – Julius von Haast becomes Canterbury’s Provincial Geologist
15 February 1861–1868 – Julius von Haast is Canterbury’s Provincial Geologist
19 February 1861 – Russian Tsar Alexander II abolishes serfdom
4 March 1861 – inauguration of Abraham Lincoln as US president (in office from 4 March 1861–15 April 1865)
16 March 1861 – death of Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (17 August 1786–16 March 1861), later Duchess of Kent and Strathearn, mother of Queen Victoria
17 March 1861 – Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of Italy
17 March 1861–9 January 1878 – Victor Emmanuel II is King of Italy:House of SavoyApril 1861 – Julius von Haast stays with Samuel Butler at Mesopotamia while surveying the region around the Rangitata River, New Zealand
17 March 1861–9 January 1878 – Victor Emmanuel II
9 January 1878–29 July 1900 – Umberto I
29 July 1900–9 May 1946 – Victor Emmanuel III
9 May 1946–12 June 1946 – Umberto II
12 April 1861–9 May 1865 – American Civil War
20 May 1861 – discovery of gold at Gabriel’s Gully in Otago, the first gold discovery of magnitude in Otago
20 May 1861–1864 – the Otago Gold Rush (the Central Otago Gold Rush), an 1860s gold rush in Central Otago, New Zealand, the largest gold strike in the country; centres in Lawrence (on the Tuapeka River); Arrowtown, Kawarau Gorge, Naseby
5 June 1861 – Mikhail Bakunin leaves Irkutsk to escape from Siberia
August–September 1861 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels
October 1861 – Julius Vogel emigrates to Otago, New Zealand
15 October 1861 – Mikhail Bakunin arrives in San Francisco
November–December 1861 – Mikhail Bakunin in New York and Boston
November 1861 – the Prince of Wales (the future Edward VII) returns from Ireland as an ensign and lives at Madingley Hall, Cambridge; his father Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha hears the rumour of an affair between Edward and an actress Nellie Clifden
November 1861 – Julius Vogel founds the Otago Daily Times and is its first editor
15 November 1861 – The Otago Daily Times first published
14 December 1861 – death of Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
December 1861–January 1862 – fictional date of Peter Tremayne’s The Revenge of Dracula
27 December 1861 – Mikhail Bakunin arrives in Liverpool
1862
January 1862–November 1863 – Mikhail Bakunin based in London
24 January 1862 – the principality of Moldavia and the principality of Wallachia formally unite to create Romania:Princes5 February 1862 – Alexandru Ioan Cuza opens the first Parliament of Romania in the old Wallachian Parliament in Bucharest
5 January 1859–5 February 1862 – Alexandru Ioan Cuza (Prince of Moldavia)
24 January 1859–5 February 1862 – Alexandru Ioan Cuza (Prince of Wallachia)
Domnitor/Kings of Romania
5 February 1862–22 February 1866 – Alexandru Ioan Cuza (Alexandru Ioan I), Domnitor of Romania
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Dynasty of Romania
20 April 1866–15 March 1881 – Carol, Domnitor of Romania (king in 1881)
15 March 1881–10 October 1914 – Carol I (born Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen)
10 October 1914 – 20 July 1927 – Ferdinand I
11 February 1862 – death of Elizabeth Eleanor Siddal, wife of Dante Gabriel Rossetti
15 February–20 June 1862 – Barbu Catargiu is first Prime Minister of Romania
March 1862–May 1864 – Arminius Vámbéry’s central Asian journey
March 1862 – Arminius Vámbéry leaves Istanbul on a steamer on a journey to Tehran
April 1862 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels
1 April 1862 – Alfred Russel Wallace returns to England from the Malay Archipelago
1 May–1 November 1862 – the London International of 1862 (or Great London Exposition, a world’s fair), held beside the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society, South Kensington, London, England (now the Natural History Museum and the Science Museum)
7 May 1862 – SS Great Eastern sails from Milford Haven to New York
16 May 1862 – Edward Gibbon Wakefield died in Wellington
July 1862 – the German radical Ferdinand Lassalle (1825–1864) visited Marx in London
27 August 1862 – SS Great Eastern scraped an uncharted rock off Long Island, which tore an 83 feet long gush in the outer hull. Since the inner hull was unbroken, ship was able to sail to New York; it then left New York on 6 January 1863
c. September 1862 – Marx sought a job in a railway company but was turned down for bad handwriting
25 October 1862–1863 – John Addington Symonds elected to an open fellowship at Magdalen College, Oxford
December 1862 – Jenny Marx travels to Paris to try and obtain a loan from an old friend, but fails
1863
1863 – Henry Fawcett publishes the Manual of Political Economy
1863 – Marx starts to have severe health problems involving carbuncles, which may have been caused by an autoimmune disease
January–20 February 1863 – Julius von Haast leads an expedition to find a route from the east to the west coast of the South Island of New Zealand: he finds a route from the upper Makarora River, crossing the Southern Alps by Haast Pass
7 January 1863 – Mary Burns (1823–1863), partner of Friedrich Engels, dies
8 January 1863 – Marx writes a money-grubbing letter to Engels, which outrages Engels; however, Engels later sends £100 to Marx
19 January 1863–26 June 1879 – rule of Isma’il Pasha (or Ismail the Magnificent who lived from 31 December 1830 – 2 March 1895), the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan
28 March 1863 – Arminius Vámbéry leaves Tehran, Iran, on his Central Asian journey
April 1863 – Henry Whitcombe and Jakob Lauper (a Swiss) cross Whitcombe Pass into the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand and travel down the Hokitika river
April 1863 – William Stanley Jevons takes tutoring position at Owens College, Manchester
13 June 1863 – Samuel Butler publishes “Darwin among the Machines” in The Press newspaper in Christchurch, New Zealand
17 June 1863 – John Addington Symonds recites “The Renaissance: An Essay” in The Theatre, Oxford, which wins the Chancellor’s Prize
June 1863–spring 1864 – John Addington Symonds in Switzerland, Germany and Italy
July 1863 – Samuel Butler’s father publishes A First Year in Canterbury Settlement in his son’s name from the letters sent by Butler
6 July 1863 – Jakob Lauper’s narrative of his crossing to the West Coast is published in Canterbury Provincial Gazette
13–16 July 1863 – the New York draft riots (or “Draft Week”), violent disturbances in Lower Manhattan as part of working-class opposition to the draft law passed by Congress in the American Civil War
27 November 1863 – Henry Fawcett appointed Professor of Political Economy at Cambridge (27 November 1863–6 November 1884)
30 November 1863 – Marx’s mother dies, and Marx journeys to Trier to claim an inheritance of £580
winter 1863–6 June 1877 – Eugen Dühring is a Privatdozent lecturer at the University of Berlin
1864
1864 – Jules Verne’s Voyage au centre de la Terre (Journey to the Center of the Earth) is published
8 January 1864 – birth of Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale
11 January 1864–September 1867 – Mikhail Bakunin in Italy
14 January 1864 – Great Eastern offered for sale; later sold to become a cable laying ship from 1865 to 1878
1864–December 1865 – King Ludwig II has Richard Wagner brought to Munich and Wagner’s time in Munich
1 February–30 October 1864 – Second Schleswig War
March 1864 – Marx moved to 1 Modena Villas (now 1 Maitland Park) in North London
March 1864–March 1875 – Marx family lives at 1 Modena Villas (now 1 Maitland Park) in North London8 May–2 December 1850 – Marx family lives at 64 Dean Street, Soho12 March–25 March 1864 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels
December 1850–September 1856 – Marx family lives at 28 Dean Street, Soho
29 September 1856–April 1864 – Marx family lives at 9 Grafton Terrace, Haverstock Hill, Kentish Town
March 1864–March 1875 – Marx family lives at 1 Modena Villas (now 1 Maitland Park) in North London
March 1875–14 March 1883 – Marx lives at 41 Maitland Park Road (44 Maitland Street) until he died
29 March 1864 – representatives of the United Kingdom, Greece, France, and Russia sign the Treaty of London, which pledges the transfer of the Ionian Islands to Greece upon ratification
10 April 1864 – Maximilian I declared himself Emperor of Mexico
May 1864 – Arminius Vámbéry returns to Hungary from Istanbul
2 May 1864 – the British leave the Ionian Islands
3 May–19 May 1864 – Marx visits Manchester to see Wilhelm Wolff with Engels
after 9 May 1864 – Marx receives an inheritance of £700 from his friend Wilhelm Wolff
21 May 1864 – the Ionian Islands officially reunite with Greece
1 June 1864 – death of Hong Xiuquan, a Hakka Chinese leader of the Taiping Rebellion
15 June 1864 – Samuel Butler (accompanied by his friend Charles Paine Pauli) sails from Port Lyttelton, New Zealand, to return to England, via Callao, Panama, and St Thomas
27 June 1864 – Arminius Vámbéry appears at the British Royal Geographic Society
29 August 1864 – Samuel Butler arrives in Southampton
31 August 1864 – death of Ferdinand Lassalle in a duel
September 1864 – Samuel Butler lives at No. 15 Clifford’s Inn (off Fleet Street); he lives here for the rest of his life
28 September 1864 – Marx was involved with the International Workingmen’s Association or the First International (1864–1876), which was founded in a workmen’s meeting held in Saint Martin’s Hall, London
17 October 1864 – Arminius Vámbéry leaves London for France
2 November 1864–1870 – Bram Stoker attends Trinity College, Dublin; Stoker graduated with a Bachelor in Arts degree at the Spring Commencements on 1 March 1870
November 1864 – Arminius Vámbéry’s book Travels in Central Asia is published by John Murray
10 November 1864 – John Addington Symonds marries Janet Catherine North (sister of botanical artist Marianne North, 1830–1890) at Hastings
16 December 1864–1 November 1881 – construction of the nave and tower of Christchurch Cathedral, Cathedral Square; construction delayed from 1865–1873; the transepts, chancel and sanctuary finished until 1904
1865
1865–1866 – Gregor Johann Mendel (20 July 1822–6 January 1884) proposes his laws of biological inheritance while at the Augustinian St Thomas’s Abbey in Brno, Margraviate of Moravia
1865 – Jules Verne’s De la terre à la lune (From the Earth to the Moon) is published
1865–1869 – Richard Burton in Brazil
January 1865 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels
12 January–6 May 1865 – the New Zealand Exhibition in Dunedin, New Zealand (a world’s fair), whose main building became the central block of the Dunedin Hospital (demolished in 1933)
19 March–April 8 1865 – Marx visits Dutch relatives in Zalt-Bommel
April 1865 – William Stanley Jevons’ The Coal Question is published
28 April 1865 – Sir Samuel Cunard dies at Kensington in London
30 April 1865 – death of Vice-Admiral Robert FitzRoy, captain of HMS Beagle during Charles Darwin’s famous voyage
9 June 1865 – the Staplehurst rail crash, the derailment at Staplehurst, Kent of the London boat train of the South Eastern Railway Folkestone; Charles Dickens with Ellen Ternan and her mother were on board
20 and 27 June 1865 – Marx’s delivers a series of lectures later published as Value, Price and Profit (in 1898)
1 July 1865 – Samuel Butler rewrites and expands “Darwin among the Machines” into “The Mechanical Creation” and publishes it in The Reasoner
26 July 1865 – New Zealand Parliament officially met in Wellington for the first time
29 July 1865 – Samuel Butler’s “Lucubratio Ebria” published in The Press newspaper in Christchurch, New Zealand
17 August–21 September 1865 – Samuel Butler travels to Europe, to Antwerp, Ghent, Bruges, Paris, Macon, Turin, Milan, Bologna, Florence, Leghorn; he then travels by steamer to Genoa, and back via Turin, Mâcon, Paris and London
October 1865 – Arminius Vámbéry receives an appointment as professor of Oriental languages in the University of Budapest; appointed professor in 1867
October 1865 – Friedrich Nietzsche transfers to the University of Leipzig to study Classical philology
20 October–November 1865 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels
November 1865 – Alfred Marshall elected to a fellowship at St John’s College at Cambridge
8 December 1865 – Samuel Butler attends a séance at the home of Marshman with Alfred Russel Wallace
winter 1865–September 1867 – John Addington Symonds and his wife live at Albion Street, Paddington, on account of its closeness to Hyde Park; Symonds studies law, and then lives at 47 Norfolk Square
Christmas 1865 – Samuel Butler at Langar
1866
1866 – Bram Stoker receives a civil service post at Dublin Castle
1866–1871 – David Livingstone’s famous trip to find the source of the Nile
February 1866 – Charles Paine Pauli ill with typhoid, and is living with Samuel Butler
March 1866 – Marx spends four weeks convalescing in Margate
5 April 1866 – Alfred Russel Wallace marries Annie Mitten in Hurstpierpoint Anglican church
May 1866 – William Stanley Jevons appointed professor of moral philosophy and Cobden professor of political economy in Owens College, Manchester (May 1866–February 1876)
14 June–23 August 1866 – Austro-Prussian War or Seven Weeks’ War
20 June–12 August 1866 – Third Italian War of Independence fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Austrian Empire
autumn 1866 – Samuel Butler and Charles Paine Pauli spend a holiday in Dieppe; they gradually reduce contact to lunch three times a week
3–8 September 1866 – 1st General Congress of the International Workingmen's Association, held in Geneva, Switzerland
1867
1867–1869 – Francis Ysidro Edgeworth studies at Oxford
1867 – Samuel Butler begins to study art at Heatherley’s at 79 Newman Street by December 1867
1867–1879 – Queen’s Theatre, Long Acre (remodelled by Labouchère and his partners) runs plays with Charles Wyndham, Henry Irving, J. L. Toole, Ellen Terry, and Henrietta Hodson
1 April–31 October 1867 – the International Exposition of 1867, held in the Champ-de-Mars, Paris, by decree of Emperor Napoleon III
9 April 1867 – Marx took the manuscript of volume 1 of Capital to his in Hamburg
22 May–2 June 1867 – Marx visits Manchester with Hermann Meyer to see Engels
29 May 1867 – Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
19 June 1867 – execution of Maximilian I of Mexico
2 July 1867–2 June 1868 – events of Jules Verne’s novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea
c. September 1867 – William Larnach arrives in Bluff and Dunedin
September 1867 – Mikhail Bakunin travels to Geneva to attend the inaugural congress of the League for Peace and Liberty
September 1867 – Carl Menger starts to study political economy
September 1867–1 July 1876 – Mikhail Bakunin lives in Switzerland
2–8 September 1867 – 2nd General Congress of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA), held in the city of Lausanne, Switzerland
14 September 1867 – the first volume of Das Kapital published in German
13–23 September 1867 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester
November 1867–April 1868 – Charles Dickens’ second visit to the United States
9 November 1867 – opening of the Lyttelton railway tunnel for the Christchurch–Lyttleton line; the first freight train passes through the tunnel 18 November
14 November 1867 – Henrik Ibsen’s play Peer Gynt published in Copenhagen
by December 1867 – Samuel Butler begins to study art at Heatherley’s at 79 Newman Street by December 1867; Butler also attended the South Kensington Museum and Cary’s (Streatham Street, Bloomsbury), but ceased to go there after he went to Heatherley’s; he meets Eliza Mary Ann Savage at the school
3 December 1867 – Canterbury Museum opened up to the public in the Provincial Government Buildings
1868
18 January 1868 – Thomas Ismay (director of the National Line), purchased the house flag, trade name and goodwill of the bankrupt White Star Line for £1,000, with the headquarters at Albion House, Liverpool
2 April 1868 – Marx’s daughter Laura Marx marries Paul Lafargue
30 May–20 June 1868 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester
20 June 1868 – Château Lafite offered for sale
8 August 1868 – Baron James Mayer Rothschild purchases Château Lafite (which becomes Château Lafite Rothschild) vineyard for 4.4 million francs from the Vanlerberghe family (formerly owned by the Ségur family)
6–13 September 1868 – the Brussels Congress of the First International
15 September 1868 – opening of the Otago Museum, Dunedin, New Zealand, from the 1865 New Zealand Exhibition (held in Dunedin); it was originally located in the post office building of The Exchange
8 November 1868 – Friedrich Nietzsche meets Richard Wagner at a party in Leipzig
19 November 1868 – Symonds and his wife settle in 7 Victoria Square, Bristol
19 November 1868–1877 – John Addington Symonds lives in Bristol
3 December 1868–17 February 1874 – William Ewart Gladstone is British Minister
December 1868 – Canterbury Provincial Council offers position of director of the Canterbury Museum to Julius von Haast
1869
1869–1871 – Richard Francis Burton in Damascus
1869–1874 – Julius Kaerst attends the Gymnasium Ernestinum in Gotha
January 1869 – Matthew Arnold publishes Culture and Anarchy
12 January 1869 – second capture of Sándor Rózsa, legendary Hungarian outlaw
March 1869–June 1870 – Jules Verne’s Vingt mille lieues sous les mers (Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea) is published and serialized in the periodical Magasin d’Éducation et de Récréation
4 March 1869–4 March 1877 – Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) is President of the United States:4 March 1869–4 March 1877 – Ulysses S. Grant (Republican)9 March 1869 – Alfred Russel Wallace publishes The Malay Archipelago in two volumes
4 March 1877–4 March 1881 – Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican)
4 March 1881–19 September 1881 – James A. Garfield (Republican)
19 September 1881–4 March 1885 – Chester A. Arthur (Republican)
May–14 June 1869 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester with his daughter Eleanor
28 May 1869 – Friedrich Nietzsche’s first lecture as Assistant Professor of Classical Philology at the University of Basel (May 1869–2 May 1879) on “On the Personality of Homer”; full Professor in April 1870
1 June 1869 – Richard Francis Burton arrives in England from Brazil
30 June 1869 – Engels retires from Ermen and Engels
August 1869 – John Ruskin appointed as the first Slade Professor of Fine Art at Oxford University
6–12 September 1869 – Basle Congress of the International Workingmen's Association
September 1869 – Engels and Lizzie Burns visit Dublin, Killarney and Cork
10 September–11 October 1869 – Marx and his daughter Jenny Marx visit Hanover
November 1869 – Francis Galton’s Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into Its Laws and Consequences is published by Macmillan; 2nd edn. 1892
November 1869–31 March 1870 – Samuel Butler travels via Antwerp, Brussels, Luxemburg, Basel, Fluelen, Airolo, Giornico, Bellinzona, Como, Villa d’Este, Milan, Bergamo, Brescia, Desenzano, Genoa, and San Remo to Mentone (he stays from mid-December–March 1870 for painting); he then goes on foot to Sospello, Giandola, Tenda; and by diligence to Cuneo, Turin, Parma, Modena, Florence, Bologna, Venice, Turin, Macon, Paris, and England
17 November 1869 – Suez Canal officially opened
December 1869 – Richard Francis Burton arrives in Damascus
1870s 1870
1870s–1895 – rabbit plague in the South Island of New Zealand
19 January 1870 – William Larnach buys 40 hectares on the Otago peninsula
17 February 1870 – introduction of the UK Elementary Education Act 1870 (Forster’s Education Act), which requires the schooling of all children between the ages of 5 and 12 in England and Wales
1 March 1870 – Bram Stoker graduated with a Bachelor in Arts degree at the Spring Commencements at Trinity College, Dublin
25 March 1870–25 March 1872 – Alfred Russel Wallace rents Holly House, Tanner Street, Barking
5–21 April 1870 – Richard Francis Burton visits Palmyra
22 April 1870 – birth of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)
June 1870 – Edward A. Freeman receives an honorary degree of the Doctor of Civil Law from Oxford
9 June 1870–1874 – Arthur Evans attends Brasenose College, Oxford
9 June 1870 – death of Charles Dickens from a stroke
17 June–21 October 1870 – Friedrich Nietzsche in Axenstein bei Brunnen, Tribschen, Erlangen, and then in France and Naumburg during the Franco-Prussian war:17–27 June 1870 – Friedrich Nietzsche on a trip to Axenstein bei Brunnen19 July 1870–10 May 1871 – Franco-Prussian war
28–30 June 1870 – Friedrich Nietzsche in Tribschen, where Elisabeth meets Wagner and Cosima
June 1870 – Friedrich Nietzsche writes the essay Die dionysische Weltanschauung (The Dionysian Worldview), the precursor to The Birth of Tragedy
13–22 August 1870 – Nietzsche in Erlangen for training
28 August–2 September 1870 – Nietzsche on the front, near Wörth (August 28), in Pont a Mousson (September 1), Sedan (September 2)
4–6 September 1870 – Nietzsche ill in Karlsruhe
15 September–21 October 1870 – Nietzsche recovers in Naumburg
25 December 1870 – Nietzsche attends the premiere of Wagner’s Siegfried-Idyll in Tribschen
25 August 1870 – Richard Wagner’s marriage to Cosima Liszt (the daughter of the Hungarian composer Franz Liszt)
summer 1870 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester
2 September 1870 – Napoleon III surrenders to the Germans at Sedan
4 September 1870 – Léon Gambetta proclaimed the return of the French Republic
15 September 1870 – Michael Bakunin in Lyons to lead a failed uprising
19 September 1870–28 January 1871 – siege of Paris by Prussian and German forces
20 September 1870 – Engels moved from Manchester to London and lived with Lydia “Lizzie” Burns, Mary Burns’s sister
20 September 1870–November 1894 – Friedrich Engels moves to 122 Regents Park Road, London, opposite Primrose Hill, 15 minutes from Marx’s house
20 September 1870 – Italian troops take Rome from the Papacy, the last event of Italian unification (Risorgimento)
1 October 1870 – opening to the public of the new Canterbury Museum building, designed by B. W. Mountfort, on Rolleston Avenue
12 November 1870 – Léon Walras is appointed Adjunct Professor at the University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
16 December 1870 – Léon Walras gives his first lecture at the University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
December 1870–1871 – the diamond rush on the Orange River in South Africa
c. 21 December 1870–1871 – fictional date of Samuel Butler’s Erewhon: or, Over the Rangelate 1868 – Higgs arrives in New Zealandwinter 1870/1871–autumn 1871 – fictional date of Peter Tremayne’s Dracula, My Love
19 September 1870–28 January 1871 – siege of Paris by Prussian and German forces
c. 21 December 1870 – departs his sheep station for Erewhon (3rd edn.; autumn in 1st and 2nd edn.)
28 January 1871 – surrender of Paris to Prussian forces
March 1871 – Higgs rescued in Pacific ocean (in 1st and 2nd edn.)
c. May 1871 – Higgs arrives home in England
September 1871 – fictional date of the birth of John, son of Higgs, in Samuel Butler’s Erewhon Revisited
1871
1871 – Carl Menger publishes Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre (Principle of Economics)
1871–1874 – Oscar Wilde attends Trinity College, Dublin
18 January 1871 – Wilhelm I formally proclaimed German Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles
28 January 1871 – the French Government of National Defence signs an armistice with the Prussians
24 February 1871 – Charles Darwin publishes The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
25 February 1871 – death of the physician Dr John Addington Symonds (1807–1871), father of John Addington Symonds
March 1871 – fictional date when Higgs is rescued in Pacific ocean of Samuel Butler’s Erewhon: or, Over the Range (in 1st and 2nd edn.)
1 March 1871 – the French national assembly officially deposed Napoleon III
18 March–28 May 1871 – Paris Commune
April 1871–1887 – the construction of Larnach Castle on the Otago Peninsula, Dunedin, by William Larnach (1833–1898); Larnach himself took up residence in 1874
May–September 1871 – Samuel Butler travels to Antwerp, Cologne, Mayence, Carlsruhe, Basel, Gersau, Altdorf, Amsteg, Wasen, Hospenthal, and Bellinzona to Arona (in September; on Lago Maggiore), Varallo-Sesia (he stays some weeks at the Albergo d’Italia); Fobello, Arona, Bergamo, crosses the Splügen
c. 13 June 1871 – Marx published The Civil War in France
5 July 1871 – opening of the University of Otago, New Zealand in the Post Office building on Princes Street; it relocates to Maxwell Bury’s Clocktower (a Gothic revival building) in 1879
24 July 1871 – Léon Walras is appointed Full Professor at the University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
27 July 1871–3 October 1872 – Anthony Trollope in Australia and New Zealand:27 July 1871 – Anthony Trollope arrives in MelbourneAugust 1871 – Stoker began work in Dublin Castle as a civil servant at the Department of Registrar of Petty Sessions Clerks, Dublin Castle; he begins writing a journal on 1 August
August 1871 – Anthony Trollope travels to Queensland
October 1871 – Anthony Trollope in Gulgong and Bathurst in New South Wales
7 December 1871 – Anthony Trollope in Sydney
January 1872 – Anthony Trollope in Tasmania
February 1872 – Anthony Trollope in Gippsland, Victoria
April-May 1872 – Anthony Trollope in Western Australia and South Australia
29 July 1872 – Anthony Trollope left for New Zealand
3 August 1872 – Anthony Trollope arrived at Bluff
August–September 1872 – Anthony Trollope in Dunedin, Christchurch, Wellington
3 October 1872 – Anthony Trollope left Auckland for Honolulu, San Francisco, and England
6 November 1872 – Anthony Trollope in San Francisco
August 1871 – Richard Francis Burton recalled from Damascus
4 September 1871–July 1877 – John Addington Symonds and his wife live in Clifton Hill House, Bristol
October 1871 – Francis Ysidro Edgeworth settles in London
October 1871 – William Stanley Jevons’ The Theory of Political Economy is published
8–10 October 1871 – the Great Chicago Fire, a conflagration in Chicago that killed 300 people, destroyed about 3.3 square miles of Chicago, Illinois, and left more than 100,000 people homeless
11 October 1871 – Heinrich Schliemann (6 January 1822–26 December 1890) begins excavation of mound of Hissarlik in western Turkey, the site of ancient Troy
10 November 1871 – Livingstone’s famous meeting with H. M. Stanley
25 November 1871 – Henry Irving abandons his wife Florence O’Callaghan
December 1871–March 1872 – Sheridan Le Fanu’s novel Carmilla serialised in the magazine The Dark Blue
1872
1872–1890 – Richard Francis Burton British Consul in Trieste
1872 – Nina Mazuchelli’s journey from India to Darjeeling, Bhutan and the Eastern Himalayas
1872–1875 – Karl Julius Beloch studies classical philology and ancient history in Freiburg, Heidelberg and Rome
1872 – Sheridan Le Fanu publishes In a Glass Darkly, a collection of five short stories
2 January 1872 – Friedrich Nietzsche’s The Birth of Tragedy out of the Spirit of Music (Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik) first published by E. W. Fritsch in Leipzig
March 1872 – Samuel Butler’s Erewhon: or, Over the Range is first published anonymously
25 March 1872–July 1876 – Alfred Russel Wallace lives at the Dell, Grays, Essex, where he lived until 1876
1 April–14 August 1872 – Heinrich Schliemann’s 1872 season at Hisarlik, during which he excavates part of the wall of Troy II
22 April 1872 – Wagner leaves Switzerland and travels to live in Bayreuth
18 May 1872 – birth of Bertrand Russell at Ravenscroft, Trellech, Monmouthshire
18–23 May 1872 – Friedrich Nietzsche’s first trip to Bayreuth; he sees the foundation of the theatre
30 May 1872 – Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Möllendorf publishes a severe criticism of The Birth of Tragedy in a pamphlet entitled Zukunftsphilologie!
June 1872 – Carl Menger obtains his Habilitierung for Political Economy at the University of Vienna
26 June 1872–22 February 1873 – Engels publishes The Housing Question in Volksstaat
July 1872 – Samuel Butler’s Erewhon: or, Over the Range published in a slightly revised second edition
August–September 1872 – Anthony Trollope in Dunedin, Christchurch, Wellington
August 1872 – Arthur Evans and Norman Evans travel to Petrozsény, Hermannstadt, Mühlenbach, Kronstadt, Kimpina, Ploesti, Bucharest, Giurgevo, Rustchuk, and along the Danube to Belgrade
2–7 September 1872 – 5th congress of the First International meets in the Hague; Bakunin was expelled from the International and the General Council was moved to New York, which effectively killed the International so that it dissolved in 1876
October 1872–September 1873 – Bakunin lives in Locarno
October–November 1872 – Edward A. Freeman visits Aachen, Koln, Mainz, Würzburg, Innsbruck, Trent, Verona, Venice, Padua, Bologna, Ravenna, Pisa, Modena, Parma, Piacenza, Pistoia, Pavia, Milan, and Switzerland
1 October–21 December 1872 – the fictional dates of Jules Verne’s Le tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours (Around the World in Eighty Days), which begins in London; serialised in 1872
10 October 1872 – Marx’s daughter Jenny Marx marries the French socialist Charles Longuet
November 1872 – Samuel Butler visits Charles Darwin at Down
6 December 1872 – Richard Francis Burton arrives in Trieste
1873
1 January 1873 – Dunedin’s first railway, the Port Chalmers Branch, opened
30 January 1873 – Jules Verne’s Le tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours (Around the World in Eighty Days) is published; serialised in 1872
February–June 1873 – Heinrich Schliemann’s third season of excavation, the 1873 season at Hisarlik; Schliemann discovers the paved ramp of Troy II
February 1873 – Anthony Trollope’s Australia and New Zealand published
7 February 1873 – death of the novelist Joseph Thomas Sheridan Le Fanu (28 August 1814–7 February 1873) in Dublin
March 1873 – Samuel Butler publishes The Fair Haven
19 March 1873 – Marx goes on a trip to Brighton with his daughter Eleanor
April 1873 – Marx leaves his daughter Eleanor in Brighton, since she wishes to leave home and find employment
1 April 1873 – Richard Francis Burton and his wife leave Trieste for a trip to Italy and Vienna:1 April 1873 – Richard Francis Burton leaves Trieste by ship for Ancona and Loreto8 April 1873–6 July 1875 – Julius Vogel is Premier of New Zealand
3 April – Richard Francis Burton arrives in Rome, then travels to Florence, Pistojia and Bologna
25 April 1873 – Richard Francis Burton arrives back in Trieste
1 May 1873 – Richard Francis Burton in Vienna for the opening ceremony of the 1873 Vienna World’s Fair (World Exposition 1873 Vienna)
c. 22 May 1873 – Richard Francis Burton leave Vienna
c. April/May 1873 – Walter Bagehot (editor of The Economist) publishes Lombard Street
May 1873 – Arthur Evans publishes his travel essay “Over the Marches of Civilised Europe” in Fraser’s Magazine
May–July 1873 – Friedrich Max Müller publishes three lectures on “Mr. Darwin’s Philosophy of Language” in Fraser’s Magazine, which he gave at the Royal Institution
1 May–31 October 1873 – the World Exposition 1873 Vienna (Weltausstellung 1873 Wien), held in Prater, Vienna
9 May 1873 – the Vienna Stock Exchange crashes, and a number of bank failures in Austria occur
22 May–June 1873 – Marx visits Manchester to see Dr Gumpert
June 1873 – the second German edition of volume I of Das Kapital is published in Hamburg
June 1873 – Heinrich Schliemann and his wife Sophia Schliemann discover a cache of golden bracelets, diadems, earrings and rings at Hissarlik; it is dubbed “Priam’s Treasure”
16 June 1873 – Canterbury Provincial Council Ordinance establishes University of Canterbury in Christchurch; from 1874 to 1961 University of New Zealand was New Zealand’s only degree-granting university, and included Otago and Canterbury
June 1873 – George Bernard Shaw leaves Dublin for London
June 1873 – Karl Marx sends Charles Darwin the second German edition of Das Kapital; Thomas Huxley visits Charles Darwin at Downe house, before Huxley’s trip to the Continent
6 June 1873 – the Schönbrunn Convention is signed by Russia and Austria-Hungary
July–August 1873 – Elisée Reclus travels to Transylvania and Petrozsény
1 July 1873 – takeover of the Bank of Otago by the National Bank; William Larnach continues to live for a year in the upper floor of the bank
10 July 1873–25 March 1876 – Marco Minghetti (1818–1886) (Right) is Prime Minister of Italy:King19 July 1873 – death of Samuel Wilberforce, the Anglican bishop and third son of William Wilberforce
17 March 1861–9 January 1878 – Victor Emmanuel II is king
9 January 1878–29 July 1900 – Umberto I is king
Prime Minister
14 December 1869–10 July 1873 – Giovanni Lanza (1810–1882) (Right)
10 July 1873–25 March 1876 – Marco Minghetti (1818–1886) (Right)
25 March 1876–24 March 1878 – Agostino Depretis (1813–1887)
24 March–19 December 1878 – Benedetto Cairoli(1825–1889) (Left)
19 December 1878–14 July 1879 – Agostino Depretis (1813–1887) (Left)
14 July 1879–29 May 1881 – Benedetto Cairoli (1825–1889) (Left)
c. August 1873–1874 – the Bihar famine of 1873–1874 (or Bengal famine of 1873–1874), a famine in British India after a drought in Bihar, parts of Bengal, the North-Western Provinces and Oudh; a relief effort was organized by Sir Richard Temple, Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal
August 1873 – Mikhail Bakunin moves into the villa Baronata, near Locarno, Switzerland, which is purchased by him by Carlo Cafiero
August 1873–July 1874 – Mikhail Bakunin lives in the villa Baronata, near Locarno, Switzerland
Autumn 1873 – Freud enters Vienna University as medical student
September 1873 – Carl Menger becomes non-tenured associated professor in the Faculty of Law and Political Science at the University of Vienna (1873–1903)
early September 1873 – Marx’s daughter Eleanor returned to London
18 September 1873 – the American company Jay Cooke & Company declares bankruptcy; the Panic of 1873 begins
20 September 1873 – the New York Stock Exchange closes for ten days starting on this day
1 October 1873 – Charles Darwin writes a letter to Karl Marx, thanking him for the gift of the second German edition of Das Kapital
22 October 1873 – Bismarck establishes the League of the Three Emperors between the German Empire, Russia, and Austria-Hungary from 1873 to 1878; it was dissolved over territorial disputes in the Balkans in 1878; revived in June 1881
November 1873 – the Harvard philosopher John Fiske visits Charles Darwin at Downe house
18–21 November 1873 – Irish Home Rule League founded
24 November 1873 – Marx leaves London for a spa in Harrogate (near Leeds in North England), owing to bad heath; he is accompanied by Eleanor “Tussy” Marx and visits Manchester twice during the holiday; he stays until December 15
15 December 1873 – Marx returns to London
1874
1874 – Léon Walras publishes Éléments d’économie politique pure, ou théorie de la richesse sociale (Elements of Pure Economics, or the Theory of Social Wealth)
1874–1878 – Oscar Wilde attends Magdalen College, Oxford
January 1874 – Charles Darwin visits London to consult Dr Andrew Clark; Darwin attends a séance at the home of his brother Erasmus
31 January–17 February 1874 – the United Kingdom general election of 1874; the results:Party | Seats WonBenjamin Disraeli’s Conservatives win the majority of seats in the House of Commons, even though the Liberals win a majority of the votes cast, and Benjamin Disraeli becomes UK Prime Minister on 20 February 1874
Conservative | 350
Liberal | 242
Home Rule | 60
February 1874 – Heinrich Schliemann publishes Trojanische Alterthümer
20 February 1874–21 April 1880 – Benjamin Disraeli is Prime Minister of the UK
21 February 1874–2 April 1878 – Robert Gascoyne-Cecil (3rd Marquess of Salisbury) is UK Secretary of State for India
c. 7 March 1874 – New Zealand University Act
April 1874 – William Stanley Jevons’ Principles of Science is published
April 1874 – Charles Darwin sends the second edition of the Descent of Man to the printers
mid-April 1874 – Marx takes a three-week seaside cure alone at Ramsgate (near Canterbury), owing to bad health (carbuncles and liver trouble)
15 April 1874 – Lord Randolph Churchill marries Jennie Jerome (an American from New York and daughter of Leonard Jerome)
10 June 1874 – Samuel Butler sails for Montreal
June–c. 17 July 1874 – Samuel Butler in Montreal
June 1874 – teaching begins at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand, in its first term, with five part-time lecturers
June–July 1874 – Richard Francis Burton becomes seriously in Trieste
July 1874 – Elisée Reclus’ “Voyage aux régions minières de la Transylvanie occidentale” (Le Tour du Monde vol. 28) published
July 1874 – Marx took a three-week vacation in Ryde on the Isle of Wight
July 1874 – Bologna insurrection
13 July 1874 – Mikhail Bakunin’s wife Antonia Kwiatkowska arrives at Baronata
25 July 1874 – Mikhail Bakunin signs over ownership of the villa Baronata to Carlo Cafiero
c. 17 July–5 August 1874 – Samuel Butler returns to London
August 1874 – Charles Darwin and his family take a holiday in Southampton
c. August–21 September 1874 – Richard Francis Burton in Padua to see a doctor and Battaglia to recover from illness
5 August 1874–May 1875 – Samuel Butler in Montreal, Canada
7 August 1874 – the UK Public Worship Regulation Act 1874, introduced as a private member’s bill by the Archbishop of Canterbury Archibald Campbell Tait, to restrict the ritualism of Anglo-Catholicism and the Oxford Movement within the Church of England, is given royal assent
c. 14 August 1874 – Mikhail Bakunin arrives back in Baronata from Italy
15 August 1874 – Marx departed for the spa town of Karlsbad in Bohemia (which he also visited in 1875 and 1876) with his daughter Tussy
August–19 September 1874 – Marx in Karlsbad (a spa resort, now Karlovy Vary in the Czech Republic); before 8 September Marx breaks with Louis (Ludwig) Kugelmann
September 1874 – Marx went on a two-week tour of German cities and travels to Dresden, Leipzig (where he met Liebknecht), Berlin and Hamburg; he meets his publisher Meissner
7 October 1874 – Mikhail Bakunin reunited with his wife and children at Lugano
17 October 1874 – Oscar Wilde enters Magdalen College, Oxford
October 1874–November 1878 – Oscar Wilde attends Magdalen College, Oxford to study for a Bachelor of Arts degree
November 1874 – Richard Wagner finishes the score of the Ring of the Niebelungen
13 November 1874 – the second edition of the Descent of Man is published
30 November 1874 – birth of Winston Churchill
c. 5 December 1874 – William Larnach (1833–1898) and his family move into Larnach Castle, Otago Peninsula, Dunedin; the house (or “The Camp”) coined a “Castle” by local press on 8 December 1874
8 December 1874 – Isabel Burton leaves Trieste for England; she arrives 12 December
1875
1875 – Karl Julius Beloch obtains PhD from University of Rome
1875–1889 – Phylloxera plague in Europe: total wine production in France falls from 84.5 million hectolitres in 1875 to only 23.4 million hectolitres in 1889
1875 – Francis Mazuchelli and Nina Elizabeth Mazuchelli return from India
14 January 1875 – enactment of US Specie Payment Resumption Act, which restores the gold standard by redemption of fiat notes printed after the American Civil War
22 January 1875 – death of Charles Lyell
February 1875 – Mikhail Bakunin purchases Villa Bresso on the outskirts of Lugano near Monte Salvatore
9 February 1875 – Bram Stoker awarded a Master’s degree from Trinity College
March 1875 – Marx family moves to 41 Maitland Park Road (44 Maitland Street), and lived here until he died
March 1875–14 March 1883 – Marx lives at 41 Maitland Park Road (44 Maitland Street) until he died
20 March 1875 – Heinrich Schliemann’s Troy and its Remains is published by John Murray, London; this is an English translation of Trojanische Alterthümer. Bericht über die Ausgrabungen in Troja (1874)
25 March 1875 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s comic opera Trial by Jury premières
April–July 1875 – Arthur Evans attended a summer term at the University of Göttingen
April or early May 1875 – Marx writes the letter that would become the Critique of the Gotha Program, which was only published in 1891
21 April 1875 – Charles Stewart Parnell elected to the House of Commons
12 May–4 December 1875 – Richard Francis Burton in England
June 1875–spring 1876 – Andrew Crosse’s journey from Budapest along the Danube to Romania and Transylvania
June–July 1875 – Heinrich Schliemann visits Britain and gives a lecture at the Society of Antiquaries on 24 June
c. 6–30 July 1875 – Richard Francis Burton in Iceland
9 July 1875–4 August 1877 – Herzegovina Uprising, an uprising of ethnic Serbs against the Ottoman Empire, firstly in Herzegovina and then in Bosnia
July 1875–3 March 1878 – Balkan Wars of 1875–1878:(1) July 1875 – Herzegovina Uprising (9 July 1875–4 August 1877), an uprising of ethnic Serbs against the Ottoman Empire, firstly in Herzegovina and then in BosniaAugust 1875 – Marx returned to the Karlsbad spa
(2) April 1876 – April Uprising of Bulgarians (April–May 1876) against the Ottoman Empire
(3) June 1876 – Montenegrin–Ottoman War (18 June 1876–19 February 1878), which ends in Montenegrin victory
(4) June 1876 – Serbo-Turkish War (30 June 1876–3 March 1878)
(5) December 1876 – Constantinople Conference of the Great Powers (namely, Russia, Germany, France, Britain, Austria-Hungary and Italy) held in Istanbul (23 December 1876–20 January 1877)
(6) April 1877 – Russo-Turkish War (24 April 1877–3 March 1878)
(7) 3 March 1878 – the preliminary Treaty of San Stefano
(8) 13 June–13 July 1878 – Congress of Berlin
(9) 13 July 1878 – Treaty of Berlin signed at the Radziwill Palace in Berlin
August–September 1875 – Arthur Evans travels in Bosnia, and visits Tesanj, Sarajevo, Mostar, Metković, and Ragusa
17 August 1875 – Heinrich Schliemann gives a lecture on “Troy and its Ruins” at the University of Rostock, Germany
26 August 1875–1879 – Sir Henry Rider Haggard in South Africa
after August 1875 – Heinrich Schliemann publishes Troja und seine Ruinen (C. Quandt, Waren 1875)
c. September 1875 – Samuel Butler back in Montreal, Canada and goes to New York
September 1875 – Carl Menger invited to be a tutor to Archduke Rudolf von Habsburg, the Crown Prince of Austria
October 1875 – Edward A. Freeman visits Spalato
October 1875–May 1876 – the Prince of Wales (the future Edward VII) tours India
November 1875 – Francis Galton publishes a study called “History of Twins as a Criterion of the Relative Powers of Nature and Nurture” in Fraser’s Magazine
November 1875 – Benjamin Disraeli buys the Khedive of Egypt’s 44% stake in the Suez canal; The Times newspaper reveals this on 26 November, 1875
3 November 1875 – Charles Darwin appears before a Royal Commission on vivisection of animals
17 November 1875 – the Theosophical Society officially founded in New York City by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Colonel Henry Steel Olcott, William Quan Judge, and others
4 December 1875 – Richard Francis Burton and his wife leave London for Trieste
7 December 1875 – Samuel Butler back in London
20 December 1875–1878 – William Larnach (1833–1898) independent MP for Dunedin, New Zealand:20 December 1875–1878 – William Larnach MP for Dunedin24 December 1875 – Richard Francis Burton and his wife arrive in Trieste from England
1883–1890 – William Larnach is MP for the Peninsula electorate, Dunedin, New Zealand
1894–1898 – William Larnach is MP for Tuapeka
31 December 1875 – Richard Francis Burton and his wife sail from Trieste for India; they visit Port Said, Jedda, and Aden in January 1876
1876
1876–1877 – construction of the tunnel and steps of Tunnel Beach, for John Cargill (son of Captain William Cargill)
1876 – Cesare Lombroso’s L’Uomo Delinquente (Criminal Man) first published
1876 – Nina Mazuchelli’s The Indian Alps and how we crossed them: Being a Narrative of Two Years’ Residence in the Eastern Himalaya and Two Months’ Tour into the Interior (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company) published
1876 – Heinrich Schliemann returns to Troy after January, but leaves by August
1876 – Julius von Haast appointed professor of geology and palaeontology at University of Canterbury, New Zealand
January 1876 – Max Nordau obtains a medical degree from the University of Budapest
3 January 1876–1879 – Carl Menger is tutor of Archduke Rudolf von Habsburg, the Crown Prince of Austria in political economy and statistics
1 January 1876 – founding of the German Reichsbank
February 1876 – William Stanley Jevons resigns as professor of moral philosophy and Cobden professor of political economy in Owens College
2 February–April 1876 – Richard Francis Burton and his wife in India: Bombay, Poona, Hyderabad, Amir el-Kebir, Karachi and Sind (March), Kotri, Karachi, Bombay, Mahabaleshwar, Goa
8 February 1876–May 1877 – the Great Sioux War of 1876–1877. The Agreement of 1877 (28 February 1877) officially annexes Sioux land and establishes Indian reservations
24 February 1876 – the play Peer Gynt first performed in Oslo, with original music composed by Edvard Grieg
15 February 1876–1 September 1876 – Julius Vogel is Premier of New Zealand
10 March 1876 – first telephone call made between Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson
April–May 1876 – April Uprising, the insurrection of Bulgarians against the Ottoman Empire
April 1876 – Richard Francis Burton in Egypt; he visits Suez, Moses’ Well, Cairo
April 1876–1877 – Cecil John Rhodes (5 July 1853–26 March 1902) returns to his second term at Oxford:September 1868–January 1894 – reign of Lobengula Khumalo, last king of the Northern Ndebele (Matabele) people12 April 1876–8 June 1880 – Lord Lytton (1831–1891) is Governor-General and Viceroy of India
1 September 1870 – Cecil John Rhodes (5 July 1853–26 March 1902) arrives in Durban, Natal
October 1871–1873 – Cecil Rhodes and Herbert Rhodes in the diamond fields of Kimberley
1873 – Cecil Rhodes stays at Oxford for one term
1873–1876 – Cecil Rhodes in South Africa
March 1876 – Cecil Rhodes leaves South Africa
April 1876–1877 – Cecil Rhodes returns to his second term at Oxford
9 May 1883–10 September 1900 – Paul Kruger is president of the South African Republic (Transvaal)
13 March 1888 – Cecil Rhodes and C.D. Rudd launch De Beers Consolidated Mines (with Rhodes as secretary and with largest interest in the mine); Rhodes named chairman of De Beers
30 October 1888 – the Rudd Concession by King Lobengula of Matabeleland (Rhodesia) giving exclusive mining rights to Cecil Rhodes
1889 – Queen Victoria signs charter to allow Cecil Rhodes’ British South Africa Company (BSAC) to administer Rhodesia as a British protectorate
1889–1923 – Rhodesia under control of the British South Africa Company (and called Southern Rhodesia 1911–1964)
17 July 1890–12 January 1896 – Cecil Rhodes is Prime Minister of Cape Colony
October 1893–January 1894 – First Matabele War between the British South Africa Company and the Ndebele (Matabele) Kingdom
29 December 1895–2 January 1896 – Jameson Raid against the Transvaal by Leander Starr Jameson and his Company troops (from the British South Africa Company) and Bechuanaland policemen
March 1896–October 1897 – Second Matabele War between the British South Africa Company and Ndebele (Matabele) people
26 March 1902 – death of Cecil Rhodes at his seaside cottage in Muizenberg near Cape Town
1902 – the Rhodes Scholarships establishedGovernors-General and Viceroys of IndiaMay–June 1876 – Turkish suppression of rebellions in Bulgaria
12 January 1869–8 February 1872 – Earl of Mayo (1822–1872)
9 February 1872–23 February 1872 – Sir John Strachey (acting) (1823–1907)
24 February 1872–3 May 1872 – Lord Napier (acting)
3 May 1872–12 April 1876 – Lord Northbrook (1826–1904)
12 April 1876–8 June 1880 – Lord Lytton (1831–1891)
8 June 1880–13 December 1884 – Marquess of Ripon (1827–1909)
13 December 1884–10 December 1888 – Earl of Dufferin (1826–1902)
10 December 1888–11 October 1894 – Marquess of Lansdowne (1845–1927)
11 October 1894–6 January 1899 – Earl of Elgin (1849–1917)
6 January 1899–18 November 1905 – Lord Curzon of Kedleston (1859–1925)
May–August 1876 – Samuel Butler visits Faido (3 weeks), Mendrisio (month), Fusio, over Sassello Grande to Airolo, Piora (c. June 1876)
1 May 1876 – Queen Victoria declared empress of India
10 May–10 November 1876 – the Centennial International Exhibition of 1876, held in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
13 May 1876 – the Berlin Memorandum was circulated in the city of Berlin; Berlin Memorandum was drawn up by Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Germany to address the Eastern Question
16 May 1876 – British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli rejects the Berlin Memorandum
28 May–3 August 1876 – Charles Darwin begins to write his “Recollections”; revised in April 1881
June 1876 – Arthur J. Evans publishes Through Bosnia and the Herzegovina on Foot during the Insurrection, August and September 1875
June–July 1876 – Serbia and Montenegro declare war on Turkey
June 1876 – Antonia Kwiatkowska (wife of Mikhail Bakunin) leaves for Italy
14 June 1876 – Mikhail Bakunin arrives in Berne
c. 18 June 1876 – Richard Francis Burton and his wife arrive back in Trieste
18 June 1876–19 February 1878 – Montenegrin–Ottoman War, which ends in Montenegrin victory
25–26 June 1876 – Battle of the Little Bighorn. Victory of the forces of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes (led by Crazy Horse and Chief Gall) against the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army
30 June 1876–3 March 1878 – Serbo-Turkish War
1 July 1876 – death of Mikhail Bakunin in Berne
late 1876 – Antonia Kwiatkowska (widow of Mikhail Bakunin) marries Carlo Gambuzzi at the Posillipo town hall in Naples
10 July 1876 – Friedrich Nietzsche publishes Richard Wagner in Bayreuth
July 1876–March 1878 – Alfred Russel Wallace rents Rose Hill, Dorking, Surrey
c. August 1876–1878 – the Great Famine of 1876–1878 in India (or Southern India Famine of 1876–1878 or the Madras famine of 1877), a famine in India beginning in 1876 and affecting Madras, Mysore, Hyderabad, and Bombay for two years
7 August–December 1876 – Heinrich Schliemann’s excavations at Mycenae
10 August 1876 – John Neville Keynes receives a telegram about his appointment to a Fellowship of Pembroke College, Cambridge (which he held from August 1876–12 August 1882)
12 August 1876 – Friedrich Nietzsche travels to Bayreuth to see the first performance of the Ring cycle; Kaiser Wilhelm also attends this
13 August 1876 – beginning of the famous 1876 Bayreuth Festival and performance of Wagner’s Das Rheingold, prelude of Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelungen) at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus. The following plays are performed:13 August 1876 – Das Rheingold (The Rhinegold)Marx arrives in Nuremberg at about 5 pm on 14 August and was unable to find accommodation in Nuremberg; he travels on to Weiden and arrives at midnight but finds no accommodation there either, because of the festival at Bayreuth; first Bayreuth Festival continues until 30 August 1876
14 August 1876 – Die Walküre (The Valkyrie)
16 August 1876 – Siegfried
17 August 1876 – Götterdämmerung (The Twilight of the Gods)
16 August 1876 – Richard Wagner’s Siegfried premiered at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus
17 August 1876 – Richard Wagner’s Götterdämmerung (Twilight of the Gods) premiered at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus
19 August 1876 – Marx writes a letter to Engels from Karlsbad calling the Bayreuth Festival “Wagner’s Festival of Fools”
August–September 1876 – Marx returned to the Karlsbad spa with his daughter Tussy
21 August 1876 – Benjamin Disraeli was created Earl of Beaconsfield
5 September 1876 – William Gladstone published The Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East
6–12 September 1876 – Marx delayed in Karlsbad after his daughter Eleanor becomes ill with a fever
11 September 1876 – Amy Darwin, wife of Frank Darwin, dies of a fever after birth of Charles Darwin’s grandson
mid-September 1876 – Marx visits Max Oppenheim in Prague and then journeys the down the middle Rhine
21 September 1876 – Marx in Liège, Belgium
27 September 1876 – Theodore Roosevelt entered Harvard College; he graduated on 30 June 1880
October 1876 – William Stanley Jevons gives his first lecture as Professor of Political Economy at University College, London (from October 1876–May 1881); Jevons moves to The Chestnuts, Branch Hill, Hampstead Heath
October 1876–August 1881 – Arthur Conan Doyle studies at the University of Edinburgh Medical School; Arthur Conan Doyle meets the Scottish lecturer Joseph Bell in 1877, who is the inspiration for Sherlock Holmes
November 1876–August 1877 – Henry Morton Stanley’s expedition up the Lualaba river to the Congo River
November 1876 – Eugene Schuyler, the American Consul in Istanbul, publishes a report about the Bulgarian atrocities after his own investigation
30 November 1876 – Heinrich Schliemann opens the fifth of the Shaft Graves at Mycenae, and finds a tomb he believes to be that of Agamemnon; Schliemann reportedly sends a telegram to the king of Greece saying “I have gazed on the face of Agamemnon”
December 1876 – Bram Stoker gives a favourable review of Henry Irving’s Hamlet at the Theatre Royal in Dublin
December 1876 – Julius von Haast appointed professor of geology and palaeontology at University of Canterbury, New Zealand (professor December 1876–16 August 1887)
3 December 1876 – Bram Stoker attends Henry Irving’s private reading of The Dream of Eugene Aram
23 December 1876–20 January 1877 – Constantinople Conference of the Great Powers (namely, Russia, Germany, France, Britain, Austria-Hungary and Italy) held in Istanbul
1877
1877 – Edward A. Freeman publishes The Ottoman Power in Europe: Its Nature, its Growth, and its Decline by Macmillan
1877 – Samuel Butler’s art career wanes
1877 – completion of Cargill’s Castle for Edward Cargill (Mayor of Dunedin 1879–1898) called “The Cliffs”
1877–1878 – Johann Droysen’s History of Hellenism (incorporating his earlier history of the Successors) published
January 1877 – Arthur Evans travels to Dalmatia as a correspondent of the Manchester Guardian
1 January 1877 – Lord Lytton holds a great Durbar in Delhi at which Lord Lytton proclaimed Queen Victoria as Empress of India
4 January 1877 – first issue of the British periodical Truth founded by Henry Labouchère
4 January 1877– 27 December 1957 – period of the British periodical Truth founded by Henry Labouchère
8 January 1877 – Crazy Horse and his Oglala Lakota warriors fight a last major battle at Wolf Mountain, Montana
January/February 1877 – Richard Francis Burton travels to Zagreb
March–April 1877 – Oscar Wilde’s trip to Italy and Greece; he visits Corfu, Zante, Olympia, Andritzena, Tripolitza, Argos, Nauplia, Aegina, Athens, Mycenae, Naples, and Rome 28/29
3 March 1877 – Richard Francis Burton leaves Trieste for Egypt
4 March 1877–4 March 1881 – Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) is President of the United States (Republican)
8 March–6 May 1877 – Richard Francis Burton in Egypt; Alexandria, Cairo (where he met the Khedive Isma’il Pasha); on 25 March the Khedive gives Burton permission to find gold in the Sinai; he goes to Zagazig, Suez (30 March), Wady Aynunah (4–9 April), Jebel el-Zahd, El-Muwaylah; last day in Arabia on 18 April; Suez (21 April); Cairo (until 27 April), and Alexandria
10 March 1877 – William Gladstone meets Charles Darwin at Downe house, with John Morley and Thomas Henry Huxley in attendance
22 March 1877 – Heinrich Schliemann gives a talk to the Society of Antiquaries on his excavations at Mycenae at Burlington House, London
24 March 1877 – death of Walter Bagehot
April 1877 – Oscar Wilde arrives at Oxford where he has been rusticated
16 April 1877 – Romania and Russia sign the treaty of Bucharest under which Russian troops were allowed to pass through Romanian territory
24 April 1877–3 March 1878 – Russo-Turkish War
24 April 1877–3 March 1878 – the Romanian War of Independence, the Romanian participation in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), after which Romania obtained independence from the Ottoman Empire
mid-May–July 1877 – Samuel Butler visits Canton Ticino, Mendrisio
4 May–4 July 1877 – Edward A. Freeman with his two daughters visits Trieste, Corfu, Peloponnesus, Athens, Marathon, Tiryns, Argos, Larissa, Mykene, Nemea, Akrokorinthos, Patras, and Olympia. He returned via Zante, Ithaka, Corfu, Durazzo, Spalato, Traü, Zara, and Pola
12 May 1877 – Richard Francis Burton arrives in Trieste from Egypt
22 May 1877 – the act officially declaring the full independence of Romania signed by Prince Carol I
mid-1877 – new buildings of Canterbury College, New Zealand, completed
June–August 1877 – William Larnach visits Melbourne
June 1877 – Arthur Evans meets Edward Augustus Freeman in Ragusa
6 June 1877 – Eugen Dühring’s right to teach at the University of Berlin as a Privatdozent revoked (winter 1863–1877)
7 June 1877 – the Governor of New Zealand (the Marquis of Normanby) opens the main buildings of the new Canterbury College campus, on Worcester Street, including the Clock tower block, entrance hall, two lecture rooms, the Registrar, and board room (college classes held from the beginning of 1878)
c. 14 June–July 1877 – Edward A. Freeman visits Dalmatia
18 June 1877 – Charles Bradlaugh and Annie Besant’s trial at the Old Bailey for a pamphlet on contraception
July 1877 – Alfred Marshall marries Mary Paley
25 July 1877–1883 – Alfred Marshall is Professor of Political Economy at Bristol University College; a hiatus from 1881–1882 while on holiday in Sicily
August–September 1877 – Marx, his wife Jenny and daughter Eleanor travel for a holiday to Neuenahr, a spa town in Rhenish Prussia
August 1877 – establishment of the Dogberry Club, a Shakespeare reading group
7 August 1877 – John Addington Symonds arrives in Davos Platz, Switzerland
August 1877–1893 – John Addington Symonds lives in Davos Platz, Switzerland
9 August 1877 – Henry Morton Stanley and his men reach the Portuguese outpost of Boma around 100 kilometres from the mouth of the Congo River on the Atlantic Ocean
11 August 1877 – the new building of the Otago Museum on 419 Great King Street was opened; the foundation was laid in December 1874; management of the museum passes to University of Otago in 1877; in 1955 a trust board becomes owner
autumn 1877 – Charles Darwin visits Abinger, North Downs
13 October 1877–8 October 1879 – George Grey is Prime Minister of New Zealand:Prime Ministers of New Zealand19 October 1877–12 May 1878 – Richard Francis Burton in Egypt; possible trip to Karlsbad
28 June 1869–10 September 1872 – William Fox
10 September–11 October 1872 – Edward Stafford
11 October 1872–3 March 1873 – George Waterhouse
3 March–8 April 1873 – William Fox
8 April 1873–6 July 1875 – Julius Vogel
6 July 1875–15 February 1876 Daniel Pollen
15 February–1 September 1876 – Julius Vogel
1 September 1876–13 October 1877 – Harry Atkinson
13 October 1877–8 October 1879 – George Grey
8 October 1879–21 April 1882 – John Hall
17 October–12 November 1877 – Gladstone visits Ireland
17–18 November 1877 – Charles Darwin visits Cambridge university and given an honorary Doctorate of Laws
21 November 1877 – Thomas A. Edison announces the development of the phonograph
December 1877–May 1878 – Edward A. Freeman visits Italy and Sicily
6 December 1877 – first sound recording is made by Thomas Edison
6 December 1877–12 May 1878 – Richard Francis Burton in Egypt and on expedition to Midian:6 December 1877 – Burton leaves for Suez7 December 1877 – Thomas A. Edison demonstrates the gramophone
10 December 1877 – Burton sails from Suez
19 December 1877 – Burton lands at El-Muwaylah
21 December 1877 – Burton leaves for Aynunah
25 January–2 February 1878 – Burton at Maghair Shu’ayb; Makna
5–12 April 1878 – Burton at El-Akabah, South Midian, Shuwak, Ziba, El Wijh, El-Haura, Bada plain, El Wijh
20 April 1878 – Burton at Suez
22 April–10 May 1878 – Burton at Zagazig, Cairo, and Alexandria
20 December 1877–December 1880 – Heinrich Schliemann’s Trojan exhibition in London
1878
1878 – Max Nordau begins a medical practice in Budapest
1878 – Richard Francis Burton publishes The Gold Mines of Midian and the Ruined Midianite Cities (C. Kegan Paul and Co.)
1878 – Andrew F. Crosse publishes Round about the Carpathians
1878 – Dunedin linked to Christchurch by railroad
c. 1878 – fictional date when Baron Rodolphe de Gortz disappears from his castle in Jules Verne’s Le Château des Carpathes
1878–1882 – Arthur Evans in Ragusa, Casa San Lazzaro
March 1878 – Charles Darwin consults Dr Clark in London
March 1878 – William Stanley Jevons’ A Primer on Political Economy is published
March 1878 – Arthur Evans in Dubrovnik; he rents the Casa San Lazzaro
March 1878–1880 – Alfred Russel Wallace rents Waldron Edge, Duppas Hill Lane, Croydon
3 March 1878 – the preliminary Treaty of San Stefano
11 March 1878 – beginning of first term of Canterbury College, New Zealand located at Worcester Street, Christchurch
11 March 1878–1 May 1975 – Canterbury College campus located at Worcester Street, Christchurch
by 31 March 1878 – completion of the new buildings of the Chemistry and Anatomy departments (now the Geology building) of the University of Otago
1 April 1878 – the Salisbury Circular written by Lord Salisbury circulated to the Great Powers
2 April 1878–28 April 1880 – Robert Gascoyne-Cecil (3rd Marquess of Salisbury) is UK Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
23–25 April 1878 – inauguration of Educational Institute of Otago
May 1878–November 1879 – William Larnach in London to negotiate New Zealand government loan and promote the New Zealand Agricultural Companies
1 May–10 November 1878 – the 3rd Paris World’s Fair (Exposition Universelle), held in the Palais du Trocadéro, the Avenue des Nations, Paris
17 May 1878 – Richard Francis Burton and wife arrive in Trieste from Egypt
25 May 1878 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s H.M.S. Pinafore first performed at the Opera Comique, London
26 May 1878 – the Turkish Sultan agrees to the Cyprus Convention
28 May 1878 – death of Lord John Russell (1st Earl Russell); Frank Russell became the second Earl Russell
June 1878 – Oscar Wilde takes his final exams at Oxford
June 1878 – Sir Henry Morton Stanley’s Through the Dark Continent published
4 June 1878 – the Cyprus Convention, the secret agreement between the United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire which granted Cyprus to Great Britain in return for a guarantee against Russian aggression, is formally signed
13 June–13 July 1878 – Congress of Berlin
July 1878 – Engels published the Anti-Dühring (1878), which was first published in serial form from January 3 1877 to July 7 1878 in the journal Vorwärts
6 July 1878 – Richard Francis Burton and wife sail from Trieste for Liverpool
8 July 1878 – the British Daily Telegraph announced the Cyprus Convention
13 July 1878 – Treaty of Berlin signed at the Radziwill Palace in Berlin
16 July 1878 – Benjamin Disraeli and Lord Salisbury return to London greeted by cheering crowds from the Berlin Conference; they arrive at Dover at 2.40 p.m.
22 July 1878 – Sir Garnet Wolseley arrives in Cyprus in H. M. S. Himalaya and takes possession of Cyprus
27 July 1878–April 1879 – Richard Francis Burton and his wife in England, with August trip to Ireland; London (October 1878)
August–September 1878 – Heinrich Schliemann excavated several sites on Ithaca
August 1878 – Samuel Butler in Sacro Monte, Locarno, Bignasco, Fusio, Tacino Valley, Faido
August 1878 – Friedrich Nietzsche publicly attacks Richard Wagner
12 August 1878 – Richard Francis Burton and wife travel by night mail to Dublin, Ireland; they meet Bram Stoker
31 August 1878 – the famous Victorian actor Henry Irving takes the lease of the Lyceum Theatre, London; the Irish writer Bram Stoker becomes his business manager in October
19 August 1878 – Richard Francis Burton gives a lecture on the land of Midian in Dublin
September–November 1878 – Heinrich Schliemann returns to Troy
4 September 1878 – publication of second edition of Friedrich Nietzsche’s book The Birth of Tragedy, or: Hellenism and Pessimism, which was prepared and printed in 1874
12 September 1878 – Lydia “Lizzie” Burns dies
c. September 1878–1 September 1880 – Second Anglo–Afghan War:22 July 1878 – Russian envoys arrive in Kabul, capital of Sher Ali Khan, the Amir of Afghanistan4–14 September 1878 – Marx is in Malvern, Worcester, with his wife, his daughter Jenny and his grandson
14 August 1878 – the British demand that Sher Ali accept a British mission
September 1878 – a British diplomatic mission on the way to Kabul is turned back near the east of the Khyber Pass; this triggers the Second Anglo–Afghan War
21 November 1878 – a British force of 50,000 invades Afghanistan at three different points
20 December 1878 – British advance to Jalalabad
26 May 1879 – the Treaty of Gandamak, signed by King Mohammad Yaqub Khan of Afghanistan and Sir Louis Cavagnari, officially ends the first phase of the Second Anglo-Afghan War; Afghanistan cedes frontier areas to Britain; the Durand Line forms the border between Afghanistan and the British Raj
24 July 1879 – British mission under Sir Louis Cavagnari arrives in Kabul
3 September 1879 – uprising in Kabul and slaughter of Sir Louis Cavagnari, the British representative, along with his guards and staff
6 October 1879 – Major General Sir Frederick Roberts leads the Kabul Field Force and defeats the Afghan Army at Char Asiab
8 October 1879 – Major General Sir Frederick Roberts occupies Kabul
December 1879 – uprising of 10,000 Afghans attacks British forces near Kabul in the Siege of the Sherpur Cantonment
27 July 1880 – the Battle of Maiwand; the Afghan force of Ayub Khan defeats British and Indian troops under Brigadier-General George Burrows
1 September 1880 – the Battle of Kandahar, the last major conflict of the war and a decisive British victory, between British forces under Frederick Sleigh Roberts and Afghan forces led by Ayub Khan.
16 September 1878 – Engels leaves for Littlehampton (near Worthing)
19 September 1878 – Arthur Evans marries Margaret Freeman, daughter of the historian Edward Augustus Freeman, in England
20 September 1878 – Jenny Marx arrives in London
October 1878 – Arthur Evans and Margaret Freeman return to the Balkans to live in Ragusa
October 1878–January 1883 – Arthur Evans and Margaret Freeman live in the Balkans at Ragusa
19 October 1878 – Anti-Socialist laws in Germany
November 1878 – Oscar Wilde graduates from Magdalen College, Oxford
22 November 1878 – death of Sándor Rózsa (Hungarian outlaw) in prison in Gherla
25–26 November 1878 – James McNeill Whistler sues the critic John Ruskin, and wins
4 December 1878 – Florence Balcombe (1858–1937) and Bram Stoker married
9 December 1878 – Bram Stoker joins Henry Irving in Birmingham
30 December 1878 – Henry Irving revives the play Hamlet at the Lyceum with Ellen Terry as Ophelia
1879
1879 – the British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company (then privately held) reorganised as a public stock corporation, the Cunard Steamship Company, Ltd.
1879–1883 – Frank Russell (2nd Earl Russell) attends Winchester College
1879 – Bram Stoker publishes his first book The Duties of Clerks of Petty Sessions in Ireland
1879 – Richard Francis Burton publishes The Land of Midian (Revisited) (2 vols)
1879 – Julius von Haast publishes Geology of the Provinces of Canterbury and Westland, New Zealand
1879 – the University of Otago, New Zealand, moves to its modern site when the neo-Gothic Clocktower building was completed
1879 – Carl Menger appointed as chair of law and political economy at the University of Vienna (1879–1903)
1879 – Charles Paine Pauli making around 700–1,000 pounds a year from his law profession
11 January–4 July 1879 – Anglo-Zulu War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom:1 September 1873– July 1879 – Cetshwayo is king of the Zuluafter January 1879 – Midlothian campaign
12 April 1877 – British annexation proclamation of Transvaal Boer Republic
December 1878 – Sir Bartle Frere presents Cetshwayo with an ultimatum to disband the Zulu army and accept a British resident
January 1879 – British force under Lieutenant General Frederick Augustus Thesiger (2nd Baron Chelmsford) invades Zululand
22 January 1879 – battle of Isandlwana, first encounter of the Anglo–Zulu War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom
22–23 January 1879 – battle of Rorke’s Drift: 150 British troops under the command of Lieutenant John Chard of the Royal Engineers and Lieutenant Gonville Bromhead defeat 3,000 to 4,000 Zulu warriors
22 January–3 April 1879 – siege of Eshowe: Colonel Charles Pearson besieged at Eshowe (Fort Ekowe) for two months by the Zulus
12 March 1879 – battle of Intombe between Zulus and British soldiers defending a supply convoy
28 March 1879 – battle of Hlobane near Vryheid
29 March 1879 – battle of Kambula in which Zulus attack the British camp at Kambula: a decisive Zulu defeat and turning point of the Anglo-Zulu War
2 April 1879 – Lord Chelmsford’s attacked en route to Eshowe at Gingindlovu with Zulu defeat
3 April 1879 – lifting of the siege of Eshowe
June 1879 – second invasion of Zululand under Lord Chelmsford
July 1879 – Sir Garnet Wolseley arrives in South Africa
4 July 1879 – the battle of Ulundi (the Zulu capital), last major battle of the Anglo-Zulu War; the British defeat the Zulu and raze Ulundi
28 August 1879 – the Zulu king Cetshwayo captured and sent to Cape Town
21 January 1879–1912 – Karl Julius Beloch is associate professor at University of Rome (full professor of ancient history from 1891–1912)
22 January 1879 – Battle of Isandlwana, first encounter of the Anglo–Zulu War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom
22–23 January 1879 – Battle of Rorke’s Drift, a battle in the Anglo-Zulu War. Around 150 British and colonial troops under the command of Lieutenant John Chard of the Royal Engineers and Lieutenant Gonville Bromhead successfully defended the mission station of Rorke’s Drift from 3,000 to 4,000 Zulu warriors
February 1879 – Oscar Wilde moves into 13 Salisbury Street, London; Wilde applies for a ticket at the British Museum on 24 February 1879
8 February 1879 – Richard Francis Burton meets Bram Stoker in Grafton Street at Irving’s house; Stoker meets Burton again on 21 February 1879 at a party at Bailey’s Hotel, South Kensington
March–July 1879 – Heinrich Schliemann’s 1879 excavations at Troy
April 1879 – opening of Maxwell Bury’s Clock Tower Block (University clocktower building) of the University of Otago. University semesters:1 December–28/29 February – Summer SessionApril 1879 – Richard Francis Burton travels to Hamburg, Berlin, and Leipzig
1 May–31 October – Winter Session
April 1879 – Richard Francis Burton and his wife return to Trieste
1 May 1879 – publication of Samuel Butler’s Evolution, Old and New
2 May 1879 – Friedrich Nietzsche resigns his position at the University of Basel with a pension
June 1879 – Charles Darwin spends a weekend in Dorking
26 June 1879 – the British and French governments force the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II to depose Ismail Pasha, the Khedive of Egypt
26 June 1879–7 January 1892 – rule of Muhammed Tewfik Pasha (or Tawfiq of Egypt), Khedive of Egypt and the Sudan
27 June 1879 – Ellen Terry plays Henrietta Maria in the debut of the play Charles I at the Lyceum Theatre
4 July 1879 – Battle of Ulundi, last major battle of the Anglo-Zulu War
August 1879 – Charles Darwin visits the Lake district with the Litchfields, and meets John Ruskin
August 1879 – Henry Irving takes a cruise to the Aegean in the steam vessel Walrus as a guest of Baroness Burdett-Coutts
c. 6 August–28 August 1879 – Engels and Carl Schorlemmer are on holiday in Eastbourne
8–20 August 1879 – Marx and Eleanor (Tussy) Marx on holiday in St. Aubin’s and St. Helier, on the Isle of Jersey
18 August 1879 – Marx’s daughter Jenny Longuet gives birth to a son, Edgar, in Ramsgate
20 August 1879 – Marx and Eleanor (Tussy) Marx leave Jersey
21 August–17 September 1879 – Marx arrived in Ramsgate to visit his daughter Jenny Marx and her new son Edgar
c. September 1879 – Richard Francis Burton and his wife visit Gratz, Baden and Vienna
17 September 1879 – Marx returns to London
20 September 1879 – death of Lionel Lawson in London
29 September 1879 – 11–12 midnight – Henry Labouchère assaulted by Edward Levy-Lawson while leaving the Beefsteak club
October 1879 – Alfred Marshall and Mary Paley Marshall publish The Economics of Industry (Macmillan, London)
October 1879 – Edward A. Freeman tours France, visiting Pontoise, Gisors, Chaumont, Gournay, and Neuchatel
21 October 1879 – Irish National Land League founded in Castlebar, with Charles Stewart Parnell elected president
1 November 1879 – Henry Irving’s production of The Merchant of Venice opened at the Lyceum; the famous Beefsteak Room dinners at the Lyceum begin
28 November 1879 – court case before Sir George Jessel against Beefsteak club reinstating Henry Labouchère as member
5 December 1879 – Richard Francis Burton sails for Egypt from Trieste
December 1879–May 1880 – Richard Francis Burton in Egypt
21 December 1879 – Henrik Ibsen’s play A Doll’s House premiered at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark
December 1879–May 1880 – Richard Francis Burton in Egypt
1880
1880 – Francis Ysidro Edgeworth begins to be a lecturer in Logic at King’s College, London
1880–1914 – Max Nordau lives in Paris
1880s – fictional date of Francis Marion Crawford’s short “For the Blood is the Life”
1880–May 1881 – Alfred Russel Wallace lives in Pen-y-Bryn, St Peter’s Road, Croydon
after c. January 1880–1882 – the ferry Colleen operates in Otago harbour
2 January 1880 – Richard Francis Burton meets General Gordon in Cairo
14 February 1880 – famous banquet held to celebrate the 100th performance of Henry Irving’s play The Merchant of Venice
March–May 1880 – Engels published Socialism: Utopian and Scientific (1880)
31 March 1880 – Lawrence Waddell joins the British Indian Army and serves as a medical officer with the Indian Medical Service (I.M.S):April 1881 – Lawrence Waddell is a British army surgeon at Jhelum31 March–27 April 1880 – United Kingdom general election of 1880:
1882 – Lawrence Waddell is a British army surgeon at Meerut
February 1883 – Lawrence Waddell is physician at Calcutta hospital
1888–1895 – Lawrence Waddell is Principal Medical Officer in Darjeeling district, India
3 October–7 November 1889 – Lawrence Waddell travels to Sikkim from Darjeeling
1895 – Lawrence Waddell excavates Pataliputra
1895 – Lawrence Waddell marries Amy Louise Reeves
August 1900–July 1901 – Lawrence Waddell in China
1901–1902 – Mahsud blockade
1903 – Malakand expeditionary force
1905 – Lawrence Waddell returns to England
1906–1908 – Lawrence Waddell Professor of Tibetan at University College London
c. 1908–19 September 1938 – Lawrence Waddell lives at Craigmore, Rothesay, Island of ButeParty | Seats WonThe Liberals win the election
Liberal | 352
Conservative | 237
Home Rule | 63.
April 1880–January 1906 – Henry Labouchère is Liberal member of the House of Commons for Northampton
April 1880 – William Larnach rents a townhouse in Manor Place, Dunedin
3 April 1880 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s The Pirates of Penzance opens at at the Opera Comique
10 April 1880 – birth of Augustus Montague Summers in Clifton, Bristol
17 April 1880 – Arminius Vámbéry gives a lecture to the Royal Society of Arts in London on “Russian Influence in Central Asia”
23 April 1880–9 June 1885 – William Ewart Gladstone Prime Minister of Britain. UK Prime Ministers:UK Prime Ministersby 11 May 1880 – Richard Francis Burton back in Trieste from Egypt
Liberal
23 April 1880–9 June 1885 – William Ewart Gladstone
Conservative
23 June 1885–28 January 1886 – Robert Gascoyne-Cecil (3rd Marquess of Salisbury)
Liberal
1 February 1886–20 July 1886 – William Ewart Gladstone
Conservative
25 July 1886–11 August 1892 – Robert Gascoyne-Cecil (3rd Marquess of Salisbury)
Liberal
15 August 1892–2 March 1894 – William Ewart Gladstone
5 March 1894–22 June 1895 – Archibald Primrose 5th Earl of Rosebery
Conservative
25 June 1895–11 July 1902 – Robert Gascoyne-Cecil (3rd Marquess of Salisbury)
11 July 1902–5 December 1905 – Arthur Balfour
Liberal
5 December 1905–7 April 1908 – Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman
7 April 1908–25 May 1915 – Herbert Henry Asquith.
May–June 1880 – Richard Francis Burton and his wife in Monfalcone and Ober Ammergau in Bavaria
20 May 1880 – Henry Irving’s production of Iolanthe at the Lyceum
June 1880 – Charles Darwin visits Southampton
July–August 1880 – Samuel Butler in S. Ambrogio, S. Pietro in the valley of Susa, monastery of Sammichele, Paget, in the neighbourhood of Lanzo, Viu, Fucine, and Groscavallo, Faido (joined by Henry Festing Jones in August)
July 1880 – amnesty in France; Hippolyte-Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray returns to France on 4 July 1880
July 1880 – Oscar Wilde moves into 44 Tite Street, Chelsea, with Frank Miles
August 1880 – Charles Darwin visits Cambridge to visit his son Horace
11 August 1880 – Sir Henry Rider Haggard marries Marianna Louisa Margitson (1859–1943)
September 1880 – Hall Caine first meets Dante Gabriel Rossetti in his home at Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, London
18 September 1880 – Henry Irving’s production of The Corsican Brothers opened at the Lyceum
1 October 1880–30 April 1881 – Melbourne International Exhibition (8th World’s Fair) officially recognised by the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE), held in the Royal Exhibition Building, Carlton Gardens, Melbourne
October 1880 – William Stanley Jevons decides to resign as Professor of Political Economy at University College, London
November 1880 – William Larnach in Melbourne
8 November 1880 – death of Eliza Jane Larnach (Guise) in Manor Place, Dunedin
12 November 1880 – the novel Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ is published by Harper and Brothers, written by Lewis Wallace (10 April 1827–15 February 1905), and the best-selling American novel of the 19th century
16 November 1880 – funeral of Eliza Larnach
December 1880–1882 – Sir Henry Rider Haggard lives on a farm in Natal
20 December 1880–23 March 1881 – First Boer War (First Anglo-Boer War/nsvaal War) between Britain and the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic); British defeated and the second independence of the South African Republic:8 January 1806 – battle of Blaauwberg (battle of Cape Town) near Cape Town in which Britain conquers Cape Colony1880s–1890s – the London season runs from after Christmas to c. late June; this coincides with sitting of Parliament
13 August 1814 – Netherlands cedes Cape colony to Britain
September 1835–1840 – the Great Trek (1836–1846), eastward migration of Dutch settlers by wagon from Cape Colony into South Africa
1839–4 May 1843 – independent Natalia Republic
12 May 1843 – Britain announces intention to annex Natal
31 May 1844 – Sir George Napier (the Cape Colony governor) formally annexes Natal to the Cape Colony; colonial administration established in December 1845
1852–31 May 1902 – the South African Republic (the Transvaal) is independent
17 February 1854–28 May 1900 – independent Orange Free State
15 July 1856 – Natal becomes a separate colony of the British crown
1856–1910 – Natal a British colony
27 October 1871 – Griqualand West proclaimed British territory
1874 – British takes control of Griqualand East
11 January–4 July 1879 – Anglo-Zulu War
17 September 1879 – Griqualand East proclaimed part of Cape Colony
18 October 1880 – Griqualand West formally united with the Cape Colony
20 December 1880–23 March 1881 – First Boer War (First Anglo-Boer War/Transvaal War) between Britain and the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic)
11 October 1899–31 May 1902 – Second Boer War between Britain and South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) and Orange Free State
28 May 1900 – British occupation of the Orange Free State
31 May 1902 – Treaty of Vereeniging ends the Second Boer War
31 May 1902–31 May 1910 – British Transvaal Colony
31 May 1910 – unification of the separate British colonies the Cape, Natal, Transvaal and Orange River colony to form the Union of South Africa
11 December 1931 – Union of South Africa becomes a sovereign dominion of the British Empire
31 May 1961 – South Africa becomes Republic and leaves the Commonwealth
1880s 1881
1881 – Helen Connon who graduates from Canterbury College, New Zealand, becomes first female honours graduate in the British Empire
1881–spring 1897 – Julius Kaerst (1857–1930) works at the Gymnasium Ernestinum in Gotha
c. 1881–1885 – Benedikt Niese is Professor of Classical Philology at the University of Breslau
1881–30 November 1888 – Montague John Druitt is assistant schoolmaster at George Valentine’s boarding school, Blackheath, London
1881–1884 – Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire in Ukraine and Poland)
1881–April 1882 – Hall Caine lives with Dante Gabriel Rossetti in his home at Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, London, and Caine acts as Rossetti’s secretary
January–June 1881 – Edward A. Freeman visits France, Italy, Ionia, and Dalmatia
1 January 1881/1882 – first meeting of Sherlock Holmes and John Watson
3 January 1881 – Henry Irving’s production of Tennyson’s The Cup opened at the Lyceum; William Ewart Gladstone attends
24 January 1881 – William Ewart Gladstone introduced a Coercion Bill in the House of Commons, to deal with the Irish National Land League, with royal assent in March 1881
February 1881 – Charles Darwin visits London, and meets the Duke of Argyll
February 1881 – Samuel Butler at Shrewsbury; Butler has financial difficulties
13 March 1881 – death of Alexander II of Russia
13 March 1881–1 November 1894 – reign of Alexander III of Russia
18, 21 March 1881 – court case of Edward Levy-Lawson against Henry Labouchère for libel
19 April 1881 – death of Benjamin Disraeli
23 April–July 1881 – Major E. C. Johnson arrives in Athens, and later travels to Istanbul, Varna, Bucharest, Mehadia, Orsova, the Danube, Szegedin, Budapest, Aiud (Nagyenyed / Nagy-Enyéd), Târgu Mureș (Marosvásárhely), Brâncovenești (Vécs), Reghin (Szászrégen), Vécs, Beclean (Bethlen), Deés, Puszta, Cluj-Napoca (Klausenburg / Kolozsvár), Budapest
23 April 1881 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s Patience first performed at the Opera Comique, London; the play moved to the famous Savoy Theatre on 10 October 1881
26 April 1881 – the Kiev pogrom of 1881 in Russia
28 April 1881 – Billy the Kid (born Henry McCarty, but known as William H. Bonney) escapes from jail in Mesilla, New Mexico, United States, after being convicted of the murder of Lincoln County Sheriff William J. Brady
c. May–June 1881? – Francis Mazuchelli and Nina Elizabeth Mazuchelli visit Hungary and Transylvania
May 1881 – William Stanley Jevons resigns as Professor of Political Economy at University College, London
May 1881–June 1889 – Alfred Russel Wallace lives at Nutwood Cottage which he had built at Godalming, Surrey
2 and 9 May 1881 – revival of Othello at the Lyceum
16 May 1881 – design of Larnach mausoleum
c. May 1881 – construction of Larnach Mausoleum of designed by R. A. Lawson, in Dunedin, New Zealand
29 May 1881–29 July 1887 – Agostino Depretis (1813–1887) is Prime Minister of Italy:Prime Ministers of ItalyJune/July 1881 – Major Edmund Cecil Johnson visits Kemény Castle at Brâncovenești
14 July 1879–29 May 1881 – Benedetto Cairoli (1825–1889) (Left)
29 May 1881–29 July 1887 – Agostino Depretis (1813–1887) (Left)
29 July 1887–6 February 1891 – Francesco Crispi (1819–1901) (Left)
June 1881 – Charles Darwin visits the Lake district with his wife Emma and the Litchfields
7 June 1881 – first meeting of the Social Democratic Federation (SDF), first socialist political party in Britain, organised by H. M. Hyndman, and whose members included William Morris, George Lansbury and Eleanor Marx
18 June 1881 – the Three Emperors’ Alliance (June 1881–1887) between the German Empire, Russia, and Austria-Hungary is revived
24 June–3 July 1881 – Hungarian parliamentary election 1881
July 1881 – Eleanor Marx decides to become an actress
14 July 1881 – Billy the Kid (born Henry McCarty, but known as William H. Bonney) shot and killed by Sheriff Pat Garrett in Fort Sumner, New Mexico, United States
August 1881 – Charles Darwin visits London to sit for an oil painting
August–September 1881 – Marx and his wife visit Argenteuil near Paris
2–9 August 1881 – International Medical Congress of 1881 in London
3 August 1881 – Charles Darwin dines with the Prince of Wales and the Crown Prince of Germany in London; Charles Bradlaugh ejected from the House of Commons
16 August 1881 – Marx gets a letter about his daughter Tussy’s break down, and returns to London
26 August 1881 – death of Erasmus “Eras” Darwin, Charles Darwin’s brother
September–December 1881 – Larnach in Melbourne
1 September 1881 – funeral of Erasmus “Eras” Darwin at Downe churchyard
15 September 1881 – railway line from Apahida on the Cluj-Războieni railway line to Dej opened
19 September 1881–4 March 1885 – Chester A. Arthur (Republican) is President of the United States (Republican)
28 September 1881 – Charles Darwin has lunch with Ludwig Büchner and Edward Aveling at Down House
c. October 1881–August 1882 – Alfred Marshall and his wife Mary Marshall travel to Sicily, and visit Palermo, Florence, and Venice
October 1881 – Marx’s wife bedridden for weeks
7 October 1881–15 April 1882 – Edward A. Freeman visits America
10 October 1881 – the famous Savoy Theatre opened
c. November/December 1881 – “Magyarland”: Being the Narrative of Our Travels Through the Highlands and Lowlands of Hungary by Nina Elizabeth Mazuchelli (1832–1914) published
November 1881 – Samuel Butler, Henry Festing Jones and Reginald Worsley travel to Midhurst, Pulborough, and Littlehampton
22 November 1881 – publication of Samuel Butler’s Alps and Sanctuaries of Piedmont and the Canton Ticino
December 1881 – Charles Darwin visits London
2 December 1881 – Marx’s wife Jenny dies
5 December 1881 – Jenny Marx buried at Highgate cemetery
29 December 1881 – Marx and Tussy go to Ventnor on the Isle of Wight.
1882
1882 – Sir Henry Rider Haggard sells his family farm in Natal and returns to England
c. 1882 – Henry Rider Haggard settles in Ditchingham, Norfolk
1882–1883 – Heinrich Schliemann’s excavation at Troy
January 1882 – Samuel Butler and Henry Festing Jones go to Kingsdown (near Walmer) and Boulogne (to late January); Butler goes there nearly every Christmas until 1901
2 January 1882 – Oscar Wilde arrives in America
2 January 1882–6 January 1883 – Oscar Wilde arrives in America
7 January 1882 – William Larnach marries Mary Alleyne
January 1882 – Eleanor Marx ends her engagement to Hippolyte-Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray
February 1882 – Marx goes to Argenteuil with Eleanor Marx to see his daughter Jenny
15 February–late May 1882 – the voyage of the ship the Dunedin, which sails from Port Chalmers, Dunedin to London with refrigerated lamb and mutton; the first successful frozen meat shipment from New Zealand
20 February 1882 – Marx arrives in Algiers and spent 3 months there, with stopovers in Argenteuil and Marseille on the way
2 March 1882 – the Austro-Hungarian government issues a deportation notice to Arthur Evans in Dubrovnik, accusing him of being a spy
7 March 1882 – Charles Darwin has a heart seizure
7 March 1882 – Arthur Evans arrested in the port of Dubrovnik
7 March–23 April 1882 – Arthur Evans jailed at the prison at Ragusa (Dubrovnik), Dalmatia, by Austria-Hungary
8 March 1882 – début of Henry Irving’s production of Romeo and Juliet at the Lyceum, with Ellen Terry as Juliet
27 March 1882 – the Egypt Exploration Society (EES) founded by Amelia Edwards and Reginald Stuart Poole at a meeting held in the British Museum; its purpose is to excavate Egypt and Sudan
9 April 1882 – death of Dante Gabriel Rossetti
19 April 1882 – death of Charles Darwin
26 April 1882 – state funeral of Charles Darwin at Westminster Abbey
early May 1882 – Marx leaves Algiers for France via Monte Carlo
26 May–29 August 1882 – beginning of the second Bayreuth Festival with Richard Wagner’s play Parsifal
summer 1882 – Marx in Artenteuil
June–13 September 1882 – the Anglo-Egyptian War between Egyptian forces under Ahmed ‘Urabi (or Ahmad Arabi) and the UK:20 May 1882 – British and French warships arrive near AlexandriaJune 1882 – Arthur Conan Doyle sets up a medical practice at 1 Bush Villas in Elm Grove, Southsea, Portsmouth
11 June 1882 – anti-Christian riot in Alexandria kills 50 Europeans
11–13 July 1882 – British fleet bombards Alexandria and occupies the city
3 August 1882 – British army of 40,000 led by Garnet Wolseley invades the Suez Canal Zone
5 August 1882 – battle of Kafr El Dawwar between an Egyptian army and British forces headed by Sir Archibald Alison
8 August 1882 – troops from India and England arrive for weeks at Suez
15 August 1882 – Sir Garnet Wolseley arrives at Alexandria
20 August 1882 – British occupy Ismailia
13 September 1882 – Battle of Tell El Kebir (at the western end of Wadi Tumilat): Sir Garnet Wolseley attacks Egyptian forces at night near Tell El Kebir; Arabi flees to Cairo
14 September 1882 – British forces capture Cairo
15 September 1882 – Garnet Wolseley enters Cairo
October 1882 – British army begins to leave for England
30 June 1882 – Eleanor Marx attends the annual celebration of the Browning Society at University College London
July 1882–mid-August – Eleanor Marx goes to Artenteuil
31 July 1882 – Sigmund Freud begins clinical training at the General Hospital of Vienna
August–September 1882 – Samuel Butler goes to Paris, Turin, S. Pietro in the valley of Susa, near Turin; he sketches the Sanctuary of Sammichele; Aosta (September), Milan, Arona, Varese, Bergamo, Verona; he is joined by Henry Festing Jones from Aosta to Bergamo
August 1882 – Marx then went from Artenteuil to Vevey in Switzerland, then returning to London
August 1882 – Friedrich Nietzsche publishes The Gay Science
13 August 1882 – death of William Stanley Jevons whilst bathing near Hastings
15 August 1882 – John Neville Keynes marries Florence Ada Brown
13 September 1882 – Battle of Tell El Kebir (at the western end of Wadi Tumilat): Sir Garnet Wolseley attacks Egyptian forces at night near Tell El Kebir; Arabi flees to Cairo
14 September 1882 – British forces capture Cairo: British conquer Egypt
14 September 1882 – Bram Stoker attempts to save a man attempting suicide while on a Thames ferry
20 September 1882 – Rudyard Kipling sails for India
October 1882 – Marx returns to London
11 October 1882 – début of Henry Irving’s production of Much Ado about Nothing at the Lyceum; production continues until June 1883
11 October 1882 – Eleanor Marx goes to the Lyceum to see Henry Irving’s production of Much Ado about Nothing
18 October 1882–9 March 1889 – Rudyard Kipling in India; from March to October 1889, he visits Japan and America:1883–1889 – Kipling works for the Civil and Military Gazette newspaper in Lahore and The Pioneer in Allahabad22 October 1882 – Henry Irving holds a dinner for Henry Morton Stanley in private dining room of the Garrick Club, attended by George Augustus Sala, Edmund Yates, Col. E. A. Buck of New York, Mr. Bigelow, H. D. Traill, Clement Scott, Joseph Hatton, T. H. S. Escott, Frank C. Burnand, W. A. Burdett-Coutts, J. L. Toole, and Bram Stoker
summer 1883 – Kipling visits Shimla (Simla), the summer capital of British India; he does so annually from 1885 to 1888
1888 – Kipling publishes the story collection The Phantom ’Rickshaw and Other Tales
November 1882–January 1883 – Marx goes to Ventnor on the Isle of Wight
11 November 1882 – John Neville Keynes and Florence Ada Brown move into 6 Harvey Road, Cambridge
6 December 1882 – death of Anthony Trollope in Marylebone, London
1883
1883 – Francis Galton publishes Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development
1883–1885 – (Jane) Emily Gerard (7 May 1849–11 January 1905) and Mieczislas de Laszowski stationed in Hermannstadt and Kronstadt
1883–1885 – Benedetto Croce attends the University of Rome, and attends lectures by Antonio Labriola
1883–1884 – Alfred Marshall is Economics lecturer at Balliol College, Oxford
1883 – Carl Menger publishes Untersuchungen über die Methode der Sozialwissenschaften und der politischen Oekonomie insbesondere (Investigations into the Method of the Social Sciences with Special Reference to Economics)
1883–1891 – Friedrich Nietzsche’s Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for All and None (Also sprach Zarathustra: Ein Buch für Alle und Keinen) is published
c. 22 January 1883–1890 – William Larnach returns to politics, winning the Peninsula electorate, Dunedin, New Zealand
January 1883 – Arthur Evans and his wife Margaret move back to Oxford
6 January 1883 – Oscar Wilde arrives in Liverpool from his American tour
11 January 1883 – Marx’s daughter Jenny dies
11 January 1883 – Marx informed of the death of his daughter Jenny from cancer on Marx and returned to London
13 January 1883 – Marx returns to London from Ventnor?
13 February 1883 – death of Wilhelm Richard Wagner
February–mid-May 1883 – Oscar Wilde in Paris
spring 1883 – Arthur Evans and his wife Margaret Freeman travel to Greece and the Balkans, visiting Delphi, Arachova, Orchomenos, Athens, and Mycenae
14 March 1883 – Marx dies in London of bronchitis and pleurisy
17 March 1883 – Marx buried at Highgate cemetery, with 11 in attendance
21 March 1883 – death of Harry Longuet, grandson of Marx, who was buried at Highgate cemetery
27 March 1883 – death of John Brown, the Scottish personal servant and favourite of Queen Victoria
May 1883 – Francis Marion Crawford returns to live permanently in Italy
9 May 1883–10 September 1900 – Paul Kruger is president of the South African Republic (Transvaal)
24 May 1883 – Eleanor Marx meets Beatrice Potter (later Beatrice Webb) in the Reading Room of the British Museum; Eleanor frequents the Reading Room
May 1883 – Eleanor Marx publishes an article on the life of Marx in Progress magazine
9 May 1883–10 September 1900 – Paul Kruger is president of the South African Republic (Transvaal)
summer 1883 – Max Nordau’s Conventional Lies of our Civilisation (Die conventionellen Lügen der Kulturmenschheit) is published
June 1883 – Eleanor Marx publishes “Karl Marx II,” Progress (June): 362–366
5 June 1883 – birth of John Maynard Keynes at 6 Harvey Road in Cambridge
15 June 1883 – Henry Irving’s production of Robert Macaire at the Lyceum
28 July 1883 – Benedetto Croce’s father, mother, and sister killed by an earthquake at Casamicciola on the island of Ischia
c. July 1883–1885 – Benedetto Croce lives in Rome with his uncle, Silvio Spaventa
August 1883 – publication of Friedrich Nietzsche’s Thus Spoke Zarathustra I
August 1883 – Samuel Butler travels to Honfleur, Caen, Bayeux, Mont St. Michel, Lisieux, and returns by sea from Havre to London
26–27 August 1883 – the famous 1883 eruption of Krakatoa in the Dutch East Indies
September 1883 – Eleanor Marx goes on a holiday to Eastbourne with Engels and Helene “Lenchen” Demuth; after her return to London the Marx family home at 41 Maitland Park Road (44 Maitland Street) is vacated and Eleanor moves into 122 Great Coram Street, Bloomsbury
September 1883–6 May 1907 – Evelyn Baring (1st Earl of Cromer) is 1st Consul-General of Egypt
October 1883 – socialist debating group that would become the Fabian Society formed in London
October 1883–May 1885 – Frank Russell (2nd Earl Russell) at Balliol College, Oxford
7 October 1883 – official Royal Ball of Inauguration at Peleș Castle near Sinaia, in Prahova County, Romania, of King Carol I
11 October 1883 – Henry Irving leaves Britain for his American tour
October 1883–April 1884 – Henry Irving’s first American tour:21 October 1883 – Henry Irving’s press conference in the saloon of the Yosemite with Ellen Terry in New York harbour29 October 1883 – Henry Irving’s American theatrical tour begins in New York
29 October 1883 – Henry Irving’s American theatrical tour opens in New York with The Bells
26 November 1883 – Henry Irving’s American tour opens in Philadelphia
20 March 1884 – Henry Irving and Bram Stoker meet Walt Whitman
Washington, Baltimore, Toronto, Niagara Falls, Chicago, Boston
March 1884 – New York
14 November 1883 – publication of Robert Louis Stevenson’s Treasure Island
26 November 1883 – Henry Irving’s American tour opens in Philadelphia
winter 1883–1884 – Édouard Naville excavates Tell El Maskhuta in Egypt
1884
1884/1885 – Laurence Waddell begins visits to the Darjeeling district as summer resort for Bengal officials
1884 – Carl Menger publishes Die Irrthümer des Historismus in der deutschen Nationalökonomie (The Errors of Historicism in German Economics)
1884 – publication of Friedrich Nietzsche’s Thus Spoke Zarathustra II
1884 – Joseph Hatton publishes the book Henry Irving’s Impressions of America
4 January 1884 – Fabian Society was founded in London
February 1884 – Edward Augustus Freeman (father-in-law of Arthur Evans) is appointed Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford (1884–1892)
February 1884–16 March 1892 – Edward Augustus Freeman (father-in-law of Arthur Evans) is Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford (1884–1892); he lives winter and spring at Oxford; summer in Somerleaze, Wells, Somerset
March 1884 – demonstration at Highgate Cemetery to commemorate the death of Marx
20 March 1884 – Henry Irving and Bram Stoker meet Walt Whitman
April 1884 – Henry Irving returns to Britain
10 April 1884 – publication of Friedrich Nietzsche’s Thus Spoke Zarathustra III
29 May 1884 – marriage of Oscar Wilde and Constance Lloyd
31 May–5 July 1884 – the comedy Much Ado About Nothing is played at the Lyceum theatre with Henry Irving and Ellen Terry
summer 1884–1887 – Theodore Roosevelt owns Elkhorn Ranch near the Little Missouri River, North Dakota
June 1884 – discovery of the main Witwatersrand gold reef on the farm Vogelstruisfontein by Jan Gerritse Bantjes triggers the Witwatersrand Gold Rush
June 1884 – Eleanor Marx and Edward Aveling (1849–1898) decide to move in together
June 1884–December 1908 – Arthur Evans Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford
19 June 1884 – death of Johann Gustav Bernhard Droysen in Berlin
July 1884 – Aveling and Eleanor join the launch of the Westminster branch of the Social Democratic Federation
July 1884 – International Health Exhibition Conference, London, at which Francis Galton sets up his anthropometric laboratory
8 July 1884 – opening of the play Twelfth Night; Or What You Will at the Lyceum theatre
8 July 1884 – Aveling and Eleanor leave for a honeymoon in Middleton, Derbyshire
18 July 1884 – Eleanor Marx and Edward Aveling move into 55 Great Russell Street
August 1884 – Aveling and Eleanor elected to the Executive Council of the Social Democratic Federation (SDF)
c. August–September 1884 – Samuel Butler travels to Switzerland, Le Prese, Poschiavo, St. Moritz, Maloja pass, Promontogno in the Val Bregaglia, and Soglio
30 September 1884–April 1885 – Henry Irving’s second American tour:30 September 1884 – Henry Irving’s second tour begins at the Opera House, QuebecOctober 1884 – Friedrich Engels first published Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums und des Staats (The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State)
4 April 1885 – Henry Irving’s tour ends at the Star Theatre, New York
October 1884 – Laura Marx visits Eleanor
15 October 1884 – Edward Augustus Freeman delivers his inaugural lecture as Professor at Oxford
November 1884 – William Matthew Flinders Petrie arrives in Egypt to excavate Tanis
3 November 1884 – fictional date when Egyptologists Eugene Corbeck and Abel Trelawny enter the tomb of Queen Tera for the second time in Bram Stoker’s novel The Jewel of Seven Stars
6 November 1884 – death of Henry Fawcett (26 August 1833–6 November 1884), Professor of Political Economy at Cambridge
late November 1884 – the showman Tom Norman begins exhibiting Joseph Merrick (the Elephant man) at 123 Whitechapel Road; the doctor Frederick Treves sees Merrick
2 December 1884 – the doctor Frederick Treves presents Joseph Merrick (the Elephant man) to the Pathological Society of London at 53 Berners Street, Bloomsbury
27 December 1884 – split in the Social Democratic Federation; William Morris, Belfort Bax, Eleanor Marx, and Edward Aveling resign and form the Socialist League on 29 December 1884, funded by William Morris
December 1884 – John Ruskin leaves Slade Professorship of Fine Arts in protest at vivisection in Oxford; resigns March 1885
1885
1885–1886 – Édouard Naville excavates in the Wadi Tumilat in Egypt
1885–1906 – Benedikt Niese is Professor of Classical Philology at Marburg
January 1885 – Alfred Marshall returns to Cambridge University as Professor of Economics
January 1885 – Socialist League starts its newspaper the Commonweal
26 January 1885 – defeat of General Gordon at the fall of Khartoum
c. February 1885 – Major Edmund Cecil Johnson’s On the Track of the Crescent: Erratic Notes from Piraeus to Pesth published
18 February 1885 – Mark Twain published The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
22 February 1885 – death of Eliza Mary Ann Savage, friend of Samuel Butler
24 February 1885 – Alfred Marshall gives his inaugural lecture on the “The Present Position of Economics” at Cambridge
4 March 1885 – Walter Pater’s philosophical novel Marius the Epicurean is published
4 March 1885–4 March 1889 – Grover Cleveland (Democratic) is President of the United States (Republican)
14 March 1885 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s The Mikado; or, The Town of Titipu opens at the Savoy Theatre
April 1885 – Arminius Vámbéry on a lecture tour in Britain
April 1885 – Henry Irving returns to Britain from his second American tour
18 April–5 June 1885 – Flinders Petrie excavates Naukratis in Egypt
May 1885 – Frank Russell (2nd Earl Russell) leaves Balliol College, Oxford after argument with Benjamin Jowett
mid-1885–c. April 1888 – H. Rider Haggard lives at 69 Gunterstone Road in Hammersmith, London, and practises law
June 1885–July 1887 – Frank Russell (2nd Earl Russell) lives in a rented house in Ferishtah near Hampton
9 June 1885 – William Gladstone leaves office as Prime Minister of Britain
23 June 1885–28 January 1886 – Marquess of Salisbury is prime Minister of Britain
June 1885 – Eleanor Marx starts to become disenchanted with Edward Aveling
July 1885 – Emily Gerard’s “Transylvanian Superstitions” is published in The Nineteenth Century
July 1885 – Friedrich Engels publishes volume 2 of Das Kapital in German
July 1885 – “The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon” published in The Pall Mall Gazette by W. T. Stead
July 1885 – the famous Victorian actor Henry Irving and Bram Stoker visit Nuremburg in preparation for the production of Faust
August 1885 – Walter Pater moves to London to 12 Earls Terrace, Kensington from Oxford
August–October 1885 – Samuel Butler travels to San Bernardino, Bellinzona, Arona, Varallo-Sesia, Sacro Monte (Varese, where he was joined by Henry Festing Jones), Milan, Vicenza, Venice; Butler returns via Basel
14 August 1885 – passing of the UK Criminal Law Amendment Act, with Section 11 Labouchere Amendment (6 August 1885)
September 1885 – Sir H. Rider Haggard’s King Solomon’s Mines is published
12 September 1885 – Richard Francis Burton publishes 10 volumes of The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night (1885–1888; though the Kama Shastra Society), a translation of the Arabian Nights
18 September 1885 – unification of Bulgaria
21 September 1885 – Eleanor Marx in court over political meeting at Dod Street
October 1885–8 May 1886 – Frank Russell (2nd Earl Russell) and his tutor Balfour travel to America
October 1885–9 April 1909 – Francis Marion Crawford lives in Sant’ Agnello di Sorrento in the Villa Renzi (Villa Crawford)
October 1885–March 1886 – Freud in Paris to study at the Salpêtrière hospital with Jean-Martin Charcot
28 October 1885 – William Matthew Flinders Petrie gives a lecture on Naukratis at the Annual General Meeting of the Egypt Exploration Fund
November 1885–January 1886 – W. T. Stead in prison for 3 months
7–29 November 1885 – Third Anglo-Burmese War
14–28 November 1885 – Serbo-Bulgarian War
19 December 1885 – opening night of the first run of Faust at the Lyceum theatre of Henry Irving; production runs from 19 December 1885 to 31 July 1886
26 December 1885 – Eleanor Marx organises a charity Christmas for 200 children
28 December 1885 – Bram Stoker delivers his lecture “Personal Impressions of America” at the London Institution, Finsbury Circus London
1886
1886 – Friedrich Nietzsche first published Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy in Leipzig
1886 – Flinders Petrie excavates Tell Nebesheh in the Eastern Nile Delta for the Egypt Exploration Fund
1886 – the Witwatersrand Gold Rush in South Africa
1886–30 June 1894 – construction of the Tower Bridge
1886 – Johannesburg established after the discovery of gold
1886–1889 – Édouard Naville excavates Bubastis
1 January 1886 – Britain annexed Upper Burma by Lord Randolph Churchill
January 1886 – Eleanor Marx Aveling publishes “The Woman Question: From a Socialist Point of View” (Westminister Review 125: 207–222)
5 January 1886 – publication of the Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson
1 February 1886–20 July 1886 – William Gladstone is Prime Minister of Britain
March 1886–9 November 1888 – Sir Charles Warren (1840–1927) is Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis, the head of the London Metropolitan Police
April 1886 – Sigmund Freud’s private medical practice opens
9 April 1886 – Joseph Chamberlain speaks to a group of Liberal Unionists opposing the Irish Home Rule Bill. The Liberal Unionist Association arises from this meeting
May 1886 – Heinrich Schliemann and William Dörpfeld visit Knossos
1 May 1886 – American workers demonstrate for an 8 hour day
3 May 1886 – Bistriţa Nord railway station and railway line from Dej to Bistriţa opened
4 May 1886 – opening of the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886 held in South Kensington in London; this was attended by Julius von Haast
summer 1886 – Edward Augustus Freeman stays at Exmouth from bad health
24 June 1886 – arrival of Joseph Merrick at Liverpool Street Station from Belgium
9 July 1886 – Richard Francis Burton and his wife attend supper in the Beefsteak Room in the Lyceum with Henry Irving and Bram Stoker after the play Faust
25 July 1886–11 August 1892 – Marquess of Salisbury is prime Minister of Britain:Secretary of State for the Home Department (Home Secretary)25 July 1886 – performance of Tristan und Isolde (Tristan and Isolde) at Bayreuth
6 February 1886–25 July 1886 – Hugh Childers
3 August 1886–15 August 1892 – Henry Matthews
Chancellors of the Exchequer
6 February–20 July 1886 – Sir William Vernon Harcourt
3 August 1886–22 December 1886 – Lord Randolph Churchill
14 January 1887–11 August 1892 – George Goschen
18 August 1892–21 June 1895 – Sir William Vernon Harcourt
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
6 February–3 August 1886 – Archibald Primrose (5th Earl of Rosebery)
3 August 1886–12 January 1887 – Stafford Northcote (1st Earl of Iddesleigh)
14 January 1887–11 August 1892 – Robert Gascoyne-Cecil (Marquess of Salisbury)
Secretary of State for the Colonies
6 February–20 July 1886 – Earl Granville
3 August 1886–14 January 1887 – Edward Stanhope
14 January 1887–11 August 1892 – Lord Knutsford
18 August 1892–21 June 1895 – George Robinson (Marquess of Ripon)
Secretary of State for War
6 February–20 July 1886 – Henry Campbell-Bannerman
3 August 1886–14 January 1887 – W. H. Smith
14 January 1887–11 August 1892 – Edward Stanhope
18 August 1892–21 June 1895 – Henry Campbell-Bannerman
Commander-in-Chief of the Forces
5 July 1856–1 November 1895 – Prince George (Duke of Cambridge)
Leader of the House of Commons
3 August 1886–14 January 1887 – Lord Randolph Churchill
17 January 1887–October 1891 – W. H. Smith
October 1891–11 August 1892 – Arthur Balfour
First Lord of the Admiralty
9 August 1886–11 August 1892 – Lord George Francis Hamilton
First Naval Lords
9 August 1886–24 October 1889 – Sir Arthur Hood
24 October 1889–28 September 1891 – Sir Richard Hamilton
28 September 1891–1 November 1893 – Sir Anthony Hoskins
Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis
30 March 1886–9 November 1888 – General Sir Charles Warren
November 1888–1890 – James Monro
31 July 1886 – end of first run of Faust at the Lyceum theatre
4 August 1886 – publication of Friedrich Nietzsche’s Beyond Good and Evil
c. 14 August–September 1886 – Samuel Butler travels to Canton Ticino, Faido, Sacro Monte (Varese; in September where he was joined by Henry Festing Jones), Castiglione d’Olona, Mendrisio, Lignornetto, and Basel
31 August 1886 – Aveling and Eleanor Marx leave Liverpool for an American trip
9 September 1886 – Aveling and Eleanor Marx arrive in New York
11 September 1886 – beginning of second run of Henry Irving’s Faust at the Lyceum theatre; productions runs from
11 September to 22 April 1887
2 October 1886 – Aveling and Eleanor set out from New York on a 3 month speaking tour
28 October 1886 – statue of liberty unveiled
31 October 1886 – new edition of Friedrich Nietzsche’s book The Birth of Tragedy, or: Hellenism and Pessimism (Die Geburt der Tragödie, Oder: Griechentum und Pessimismus), with a new preface called “An Attempt at Self-Criticism”
14 December 1886–6 April 1887 – Edward Augustus Freeman visits Sicily
20 December 1886 – Lord Randolph Churchill resigns as Chancellor of the Exchequer of the Tory government of Lord Salisbury
25 December 1886 – Aveling and Eleanor depart from New York
29 December 1886 – death of Samuel Butler’s father Thomas Butler; his inheritance ends Butler’s financial difficulties
1887
1887–1888 – the British Royal Commission on the Values of Gold and Silver
1887 – Édouard Naville excavates Tell el-Yahudiyeh and Saft el-Hinna
1887–1890 – Frank Russell (2nd Earl Russell) lives at Broom Hall in Teddington
4 January 1887 – Aveling and Eleanor arrive in Liverpool from New York; they stay with Engels and move to 65 Chancery Lane
22 January 1887 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s play Ruddigore; or, The Witch’s Curse opens at the Savoy Theatre
January 1887 – Friedrich Engels publishes an English translation of volume 1 of Das Kapital from the 1883 German third edition, translated by Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling (who had become the partner of Marx’s daughter Eleanor “Tussy” Marx in 1884)
March–April 1887 – Charles Stewart Parnell involved in the Pigott forgeries in The Times
March 1887 – Alfred Marshall publishes the “Remedies for Fluctuations in General Prices” in Contemporary Review
April 1887 – Samuel Butler travels to Ypres
22 April 1887 – end of second run of Henry Irving’s Faust
30 May 1887 – Aveling and Eleanor resign from the Socialist League
spring – Aveling and Eleanor move to Dodwell, Warwickshire
1 June 1887 – Henry Irving’s production of Werner at the Lyceum
2 June 1887 – death of Antonia Kwiatkowska (widow of Mikhail Bakunin) in Naples
18 June 1887 – Reinsurance Treaty signed, between Germany and Russia, organised by Otto von Bismarck after the German-Austrian-Russian League of the Three Emperors collapsed
20 June 1887 – the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria was celebrated, to mark the 50th anniversary of her accession
24 June 1887 – publication of a new edition of Friedrich Nietzsche’s The Gay Science
August 1887–c. 1909 – Francis Marion Crawford (1854–1909) spends summers in the Torre San Nicola, Cosenza, Calabria, a fort built by Charles V
August–September 1887 – Samuel Butler in Varallo, Milan, Bergamo, Lago d’Iseo, Lovere, Ponte della Selva, Bergamo, Lecco, Colico, Chiavenna
16 August 1887 – death of Julius von Haast in Christchurch, New Zealand
October 1887 – Eleanor Marx returns to London from Dodwell
8 October 1887–24 January 1891 – Harry Atkinson (Independent) is Prime Minister of New Zealand:8 October 1887–24 January 1891 – Harry Atkinson (Independent)November 1887 – Tsar Alexander III visited Berlin
24 January 1891–27 April 1893 – John Ballance (Liberal)
1 May 1893–10 June 1906 – Richard Seddon (Liberal)
7 November 1887–26 March 1888 – Henry Irving’s third north American theatrical tour begins in New York:7 November 1887–10 December 1887 – New York8 November 1887 – government bans meetings in Trafalgar square
12–23 December 1887 – Philadelphia
26 December 1887–21 January 1888 – Chicago
23 January 1888–18 February 1888 – Boston
20 February 1888–24 March 1888 – New York
13 November 1887 – Bloody Sunday; demonstration towards Trafalgar square with Eleanor Marx and Aveling broken up by military and police
16 November 1887 – publication of Friedrich Nietzsche’s On the Genealogy of Morals
December 1887 – publication of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s novel A Study in Scarlet in Beeton’s Christmas Annual 1887 in which Sherlock Holmes appears for the first time; first published as a book in July 1888
December 1887–January 1888 – Samuel Butler in Boulogne, Basel, Luino, Varallo, Milan
1888
1888–1895 – Laurence Waddell is Principal Medical Officer in Darjeeling district, India
1888 – fictional date of the film Van Helsing, directed by Stephen Sommers, starring Hugh Jackman, Kate Beckinsale, Richard Roxburgh, David Wenham
1888–1905 – Emily Gerard and Mieczislas de Laszowski live in Vienna
1888 – Kipling publishes the story collection The Phantom ’Rickshaw and Other Tales, with the short story “The Man who would be King”
1888/1889 – James Moriarty is a professor of mathematics at the University of Leeds or Durham University
before 1888 – Professor James Moriarty’s The Dynamics of an Asteroid
1888–1890 – Heinrich Schliemann’s last excavation at Troy
1888 – St James’s Gazette sold to Edward Steinkopff
1888 – Francis Ysidro Edgeworth appointed as Tooke Professor of Political Economy, King’s College, London (1888–1891)
1888–12 March 1899 – Julius Vogel lives in England
c. January 1888/1889 – fictional date of The Valley of Fear
16 January 1888 – Alfred Marshall appears before the British “Royal Commission on the Value of Gold and Silver” (instituted in 1887) and questioned about the economic conditions of the 1870s and 1880s in Britain
9 February 1888 – Frederick III, soon to become German emperor, underwent a tracheotomy for throat cancer
9 March 1888 – the death of the German Emperor Wilhelm I (king of Prussia from 2 January 1861)
9 March 1888–15 June 1888 – reign of the German Emperor Frederick III
11 March–14 March 1888 – the Great Blizzard of 1888 on the eastern coast of the United States of America
15 March–27 September 1888 – British Sikkim expedition of 1888 to expel Tibetan forces from Sikkim, led by Colonel Thomas Graham
26 March 1888 – Henry Irving sailed for England after the end of his third north American theatrical tour
8 April–10 December 1888 – the 1888 Barcelona Universal Exposition, held in the Parc de la Ciutadella, Barcelona
14 April 1888 – revival of Faust at the Lyceum theatre
15 April 1888 – death of Matthew Arnold
17 April 1888–December 1892 – Winston Churchill was sent to Harrow School
April 1888 – Beatrice Potter (later Webb) works in an East End tailoring sweatshop
15 June 1888 – Wilhelm II becomes German Emperor
summer – Eleanor Marx in Dodwell, Warwickshire
23 July 1888 – performance of Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (The Mastersingers of Nuremberg) at Bayreuth
August–September 1888 – Samuel Butler in Dinant, Namur, Varallo, Bergamo, Verona, Padua, Venice, Bologna, Parma, Milan, Varallo, Crevacuore
August 1888 – Henry Gibbs sells the St James’s Gazette to Edward Steinkopff
4 August 1888 – opening of the play Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde at the Lyceum Theatre with the actor Richard Mansfield
9 August 1888 – Engels leaves for New York, with Aveling and Eleanor; they travel to Albany, Boston, Niagara falls, lake Ontario, Toronto, Montreal
August–September 1888 – Engels in America
30 August 1888 – the Chinese Immigrants Act Amendment Act 1888 passed by the New Zealand government
31 August 1888 – Friday, murder of Mary Ann “Polly” Nichols in Buck’s Row, Whitechapel
31 August–9 November 1888 – period of the infamous Jack the Ripper murders:March 1886–9 November 1888 – General Sir Charles Warren (7 February 1840 – 21 January 1927) is Commissioner of Police of the MetropolisAugust 1888–1901 – Sir Robert Anderson (1841–1918) is Assistant Commissioner of the London Metropolitan Police
15 June 1886–1891 – Isaac Abrahams (c. 1851–1 July 1920), brother of Aaron Kozminski, lives at 74 Greenfield Street
1888
7 August 1888 – Martha Tabram murdered
31 August 1888 – Friday, murder of Mary Ann “Polly” Nichols in Buck’s Row, Whitechapel
c. 31 August 1888 – Frederick Abberline sent back to Whitechapel and in charge of detectives investigating the Ripper murders
1 September–6 October 1888 – Dr. Robert Anderson (Assistant Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police and Chief of the Criminal Investigation Department CID) in charge of the investigation into the Whitechapel Murders
8 September 1888 – Saturday, murder of Annie Chapman in 29 Hanbury Street in Spitalfields, London
8 September–6 October 1888 – Sir Robert Anderson in Switzerland
6 October 1888–1892 – Sir Robert Anderson in charge of Whitechapel investigation
30 September 1888 – Saturday, murder of Elizabeth “Long Liz” Stride in Dutfield’s Yard at Berner Street, Whitechapel
30 September 1888 – murder of Catherine “Kate” Eddowes in the south corner of Mitre Square, Whitechapel
15 October 1888 – “From Hell” letter received by George Lusk, the chairman of the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee
9 November 1888 – Friday, murder of Mary Jane Kelly at 13 Miller’s Court, Dorset Street, Spitalfields, London
November 1888–1890 – James Monro is Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis
1889
December 1889 – Aaron Kozminski stopped for walking a dog without a muzzle
15 December 1889 – Aaron Kozminski appears in City Summons Court to answer for the charge
7 March 1890 – Convalescent Police Seaside Home (The Seaside Home) in Hove (51 Clarendon Villas, West Brighton) opened
12 July 1890 – Aaron Kozminski admitted to Mile End, Old Town Workhouse, and possibly identified at this time (as in Swanson marginalia)
16 July 1890 – Aaron Kozminski discharged to 16 Greenfield St
4 February 1891 – Aaron Kozminski readmitted to Mile End, Old Town Workhouse
7 February 1891 – Aaron Kozminski discharged to Middlesex Country Lunatic Asylum, Colney Hatch
8 September–6 October 1888 – Sir Robert Anderson in Switzerland (Assistant Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police and Chief of the Criminal Investigation Department CID)
19 September 1888 – Engels, Aveling and Eleanor return to England
23 September 1888 – Colonel Thomas Graham leads his expedition into Gangtok, the capital of Sikkim
29 September 1888 – closing of the play Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde at the Lyceum Theatre in the wake of Jack the Ripper murders
29 September 1888–12 June 1891 – Mahatma Gandhi studied law and jurisprudence in London at the Inner Temple
30 September 1888 – Saturday, murder of Elizabeth “Long Liz” Stride in Dutfield’s Yard at Berner Street, Whitechapel and of Catherine “Kate” Eddowes in the south corner of Mitre Square, Whitechapel
3 October 1888 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s play The Yeomen of the Guard opens at the Savoy Theatre
7 October 1888 – Sir Robert Anderson meets with the Home Secretary Henry Matthews and Sir Charles Warren
15 October 1888 – “From Hell” letter received by George Lusk, the chairman of the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee
30 October 1888 – the Rudd Concession by King Lobengula of Matabeleland (Rhodesia) giving exclusive mining rights to Cecil Rhodes
9 November 1888 – Friday, murder of Mary Jane Kelly at 13 Miller’s Court, Dorset Street, Spitalfields, London
17 November 1888–27 April 1889 – Edward Augustus Freeman visits Sicily
c. 1 December 1888 – suicide of Montague John Druitt in the River Thames, Chiswick
29 December 1888 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of Macbeth at the Lyceum theatre
1889
1889 – fictional date of the Doctor Who story The Talons of Weng-Chiang (originally broadcast 26 February–2 April 1977)
1889 – fictional date of The Hound of the Baskervilles (c. September–November)
c. 1889/1890 – James Moriarty forced to resign from his professorship and his move to London
1889 – Alfred Russel Wallace publishes Darwinism: An Exposition of the Theory of Natural Selection
3 January 1889 – Friedrich Nietzsche suffers a mental collapse in the streets of Turin
24 January 1889 – publication of Friedrich Nietzsche’s The Twilight of the Idols
30 January 1889 – Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria, and his mistress Baroness Mary Vetsera commit suicide at the Mayerling hunting lodge, Vienna Woods, Austria
26 April 1889 – Henry Irving gives a command performance for the Prince of Wales and Queen Victoria at Sandringham
26 April 1889 – Arminius Vámbéry first meets Bram Stoker at Sandringham during the performance of The Bells and The Merchant of Venice for Queen Victoria
6 May–31 October 1889 – Exposition Universelle of 1889 in Paris
15 May 1889 – Eiffel Tower officially opened to the public
June 1889–December 1902 – Alfred Russel Wallace lives at Corfe View, Parkstone, Dorset
7 June 1889 – first performance of Ibsen’s play A Doll’s House at the Novelty theatre in Britain
29 June 1889 – end of Henry Irving’s production of Macbeth at the Lyceum
July–September 1889 – Samuel Butler in Basel, Volterra, Siena, Monte Oliveto (3 August), San Gimignano, Colle di Val d’Elsa, Pisa, Chivasso, Biella, Oropa, San Giovanni di Andorno, Varallo (joined by Henry Festing Jones), Oropa, Varese, Faido, Basel
July 1889 – De Beers buys the assets of Barney Barnato’s Kimberley Central Diamond Mining Company
6 July 1889 – beginning of the Cleveland Street scandal
14 July 1889 – Second International (1889–1916) founded; Second International declared May 1 to be “May Day” (International Workers’ Day); Eleanor Marx in Paris
14 August 1889–16 September – London Dock Strike
c. September–November 1889 – fictional date of The Hound of the Baskervilles
September–14 December 1889 – Silvertown strike in London
28 September 1889 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of The Dead Heart at the Lyceum theatre
3 October–7 November 1889 – Laurence Waddell travels to Sikkim from Darjeeling; he finds large footprints in the snow
5 October 1889 – Rudyard Kipling arrives back in England
October 1889–December 1890 – the 1889–1890 flu pandemic, with recurrences:March–June 1891October 1889 – the Tsar Alexander III of Russia visited Wilhelm II in Berlin
November 1891–June 1892
spring 1893
winter 1893–1894
23 October 1889 – Imperial Bank of Persia started business in Persia (established by British royal charter, 2 September 1889)
late 1889 – Eleanor Marx speaks at the International Working Men’s Club (IWMC) at 40 Berner Street
November 1889 – Wilhelm II visited Franz Joseph, the Austrian Emperor
9 November 1889–May 1890 – Indian tour of Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale
26 November 1889–19 April 1890 – the New Zealand and South Seas Exhibition (a world’s fair) held in Dunedin, New Zealand
7 December 1889 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s play The Gondoliers; or, The King of Barataria opens at the Savoy Theatre
10 December 1889 – Mark Twain published A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court in the United States
1889–1890 – Great Eastern broken up for scrap at Rock Ferry on the River Mersey by Henry Bath and Son
1890
6 February–8 May 1890 – Edward Augustus Freeman visits Sicily, Tunis and Carthage
6 February 1890 – marriage of Frank Russell and Mary Edith Scott (Mabel)
c. February 1890 – Frank Russell (2nd Earl Russell) lives in 48 Eaton Square, Belgravia
8 March 1890 – earliest sketch of the plot of Dracula in Bram Stoker’s notes with location in Styria
18 March 1890 – at the request of Wilhelm II, Bismarck resigned and was replaced by General von Caprivi
11 April 1890 – death of Joseph Merrick at London Hospital
13 April 1890 – Lloyd George elected as Liberal MP for Carnarvon Boroughs
13 April 1890–13 February 1945 – David Lloyd George is Member of Parliament for Carnarvon Boroughs
30 April 1890 – Arminius Vámbéry attends the play The Dead Heart at the Lyceum; he stays for dinner at the Beefsteak Room with Bram Stoker and Irving
30 April 1890 – Bram Stoker called to the bar of the Inner Temple
May 1890 – Friedrich Nietzsche is released into the care of his mother in Naumburg
4 May 1890 – May day demonstration in Hyde Park, London
5 May 1890 – W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan end their collaboration
June 1890 – Vincent van Gogh paints the oil painting The Church at Auvers
June 1890 – Frank Russell (2nd Earl Russell) lives in Amberley Cottage at Maidenhead
July–August 1890 – Samuel Butler in Furnes, Dinant, Namur, Basel, Goeschenen, Saas Fée, Domodossola, Varallo, Biella, Oropa, Lenno, Mendrisio, Faido, Basel, London
July 1890 – Alfred Marshall’s Principles of Economics first published
July 1890 – Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray first published
July 1890 – Engels in Norway
17 July–18 August 1890 – Bram Stoker on holiday in Whitby
17 July/August 1890 – Bram Stoker borrows William Wilkinson’s An Account of the Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia from Whitby library
17 July 1890–12 January 1896 – Cecil Rhodes is Prime Minister of Cape Colony:13 March 1888 – Cecil Rhodes and C.D. Rudd launch De Beers Consolidated Mines (with Rhodes as secretary and with largest interest in the mine); Rhodes named chairman of De Beers29 July 1890 – death of Vincent van Gogh
30 October 1888 – the Rudd Concession by King Lobengula of Matabeleland (Rhodesia) giving exclusive mining rights to Cecil Rhodes
29 January 1889 – Barney Barnato puts the Kimberley Central Diamond Mining Company into voluntary liquidation
July 1889 – De Beers buys the assets of Barney Barnato’s Kimberley Central Diamond Mining Company
1889 – Queen Victoria signs charter to allow Cecil Rhodes’ British South Africa Company (BSAC) to administer Rhodesia as a British protectorate
1889–1923 – Rhodesia under control of the British South Africa Company (and called Southern Rhodesia 1911–1964)
17 July 1890–12 January 1896 – Cecil Rhodes is Prime Minister of Cape Colony
October 1893–January 1894 – First Matabele War between the British South Africa Company and the Ndebele (Matabele) Kingdom
29 December 1895–2 January 1896 – Jameson Raid against the Transvaal by Leander Starr Jameson and his Company troops (from the British South Africa Company) and Bechuanaland policemen
March 1896–October 1897 – Second Matabele War between the British South Africa Company and Ndebele (Matabele) people
26 March 1902 – death of Cecil Rhodes at his seaside cottage in Muizenberg near Cape Town
1902 – the Rhodes Scholarships established
August 1890 – the novelist Bram Stoker takes a famous holiday at Whitby
August–November 1890 – fictional date of the film Sherlock Holmes (2009), directed by Guy Ritchie, starring Robert Downey Jr., Jude Law, and Rachel McAdams
1 August 1890 – Heinrich Schliemann returns to Athens from Troy
6 August 1890 – Aveling and Eleanor Marx set sail for Norway for a 3 week tour
20 September 1890 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of Ravenswood at the Lyceum theatre
October 1890 – Eleanor Marx travels to the Lille congress of the French Workers’ Party
October 1890 – Bertrand Russell goes up to Trinity College, Cambridge
October 1890–June 1894 – Bertrand Russell at Trinity College, Cambridge
15 October 1890 – Bram Stoker writes a note on the wreck at Collier’s Hope at Whitby
20 October 1890 – death of Richard Francis Burton in Trieste
November 1890 – fictional date of Samuel Butler’s Erewhon Revisited
November 1890 – Francis Ysidro Edgeworth appointed secretary of the British Economic Association and appointed editor of the Economic Journal
November 1890 – Heinrich Schliemann returns to Halle, Germany, to have an ear operation
November 1890–1894 – William Jennings Bryan serves in the US House of Representatives for Nebraska
November 1890 – fictional date of the film Sherlock Holmes (2009), directed by Guy Ritchie, starring Robert Downey Jr., Jude Law, and Rachel McAdams
4 November 1890 – death of Helene “Lenchen” Demuth
8–10 November 1890 – Barings bank seeks the assistance of the Bank of England
17 November 1890 – Captain W. H. O’Shea obtains a decree nisi of divorce against his wife Katharine O’Shea; this ruins the political career of Parnell
25 November 1890 – state opening of British Parliament in the House of Lords chamber, in front of both Houses of Parliament
26 December 1890 – death of Heinrich Schliemann in Naples
December 1890–29 June 1895 – Thomas Henry Huxley lives in Eastbourne
December 1890–24 March 1891 – Arthur Conan Doyle studies ophthalmology in Vienna
1890s 1891
1891–1892 – Flinders Petrie excavates Amarna
1891 – fictional date of the 2010 film The Wolfman, directed by Joe Johnston, starring Benicio del Toro, Anthony Hopkins, Emily Blunt, Hugo Weaving
January 1891 – John Neville Keynes publishes The Scope and Method of Political Economy
31 January 1891 – famous Royal English Opera House opened (renamed the Palace Theatre of Varieties in 1892)
6 February 1891–15 May 1892 – Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì (1839–1908) (Right) is Prime Minister of Italy:6 February 1891–15 May 1892 – Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì (1839–1908) (Right)21 February 1891 – Francis Ysidro Edgeworth appointed to the Drummond chair of Political Economy, Oxford, and chosen as a fellow of All Souls (1891–1922)
15 May 1892–15 December 1893 – Giovanni Giolitti (1842–1928) (Left)
15 December 1893–10 March 1896 – Francesco Crispi (1819–1901) (Left)
10 March 1896–29 June 1898 – Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì (Right)
29 June 1898–24 June 1900 – General Luigi Pelloux (1839–1924) (Military)
c. April 1891–April 1894 – the Great Hiatus: disappearance of Sherlock Holmes after his presumed death at Reichenbach Falls:c. May 1891–c. May 1893 – Sherlock Holmes in Tibet15 June 1891 – funeral of Richard Francis Burton and burial at mausoleum in churchyard of St Mary Magdalen Roman Catholic Church, Mortlake in the London Borough of Richmond
c. May 1893–April 1894 – Sherlock Holmes in Persia, Mecca, Khartoum, and for some months in Montpelier (University of Montpellier)
25 June 1891 – “A Scandal in Bohemia,” the first short story of Arthur Conan Doyle’s character Sherlock Holmes published in The Strand Magazine
June 1891 – first meeting of Lord Alfred Douglas (1870–1945) and Oscar Wilde
June 1891 – Mark Twain and his family move to Europe and live there until 1895; Twain lived in France, Germany, and Italy; in Berlin in winter 1891–1892; Florence in fall and winter 1892–1893; and Paris in winter and spring 1893–1894 and 1894–1895
July–October 1891 – Samuel Butler in Basel, Seelisberg, Como, Chiavenna, Bormio, Bolladore, Sondrio, Colico, Varese, Laveno, Arona, Varallo-Sesia, Casale, Certosa di Pesio, Mondovì, Turin, Varallo, Faido
22 August 1891–10 January 1892 – Rudyard Kipling visits South Africa, New Zealand (18 October–6 November), Australia, Ceylon (early December), India:September 1891 – Rudyard Kipling visits South Africa22 August 1891 – performance of Tannhäuser at Bayreuth
25 September 1891 – Rudyard Kipling sails from Cape Town for Hobart
18 October 1891 – Rudyard Kipling arrives in Wellington
3 November 1891 – Rudyard Kipling spends a day in Christchurch after his ship arrives in Lyttletown
6 November 1891 – Rudyard Kipling sails from Bluff, New Zealand for Australia
18 November 1891 – Rudyard Kipling arrives in Melbourne
25 November 1891 – Rudyard Kipling sails from Adelaide for Colombo
12 December 1891 – Rudyard Kipling crosses to India at Tuticorin
17/18 December 1891 – Rudyard Kipling reaches Lahore
10 January 1892 – Rudyard Kipling arrives in London
September–12 December 1891 – Henry Irving and the Lyceum company undertake a tour of the provinces
October–November 1891 – fictional date of the film Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows (2011), Robert Downey Jr., Jude Law, Jared Harris and Rachel McAdams
6 October 1891 – death of Charles Stewart Parnell
winter 1891–1892 – Arthur Evans and his wife Margaret visit Italy
1 December 1891 – divorce case of Frank Russell and Mary Edith Scott (Mabel)
1892
1892 – Max Nordau’s book Degeneration first published in German; English edition in 1895
1892 – John Neville Keynes becomes Secretary for Local Examinations, then member of the Council of the Senate; 1910 Registrary
5 January 1892 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of Henry VIII at the Lyceum theatre
14 January 1892 – death of Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale
18 January 1892 – Carrie Balestier and Rudyard Kipling married in London
30 January 1892 – Samuel Butler gives a lecture on “The Humour of Homer” at the Working Men’s College, Great Ormond Street, London
February–16 March 1892 – Edward Augustus Freeman in Spain
2 February 1892 – Rudyard Kipling and his wife travel to the US; visits New York, Chicago and the Rocky mountains
22 February 1892 – Oscar Wilde’s play Lady Windermere’s Fan, A Play About a Good Woman first produced at the St James’s Theatre in London
29 February 1892 – Bram Stoker writes his revised plot outline for Dracula, which is now set in Transylvania
16 March 1892 – death of Edward Augustus Freeman, English historian, liberal politician and father-in-law of Arthur Evans, in Alicante, Spain
26 March 1892 – death of Walt Whitman
April 1892 – Herbert Kitchener appointed the Sirdar (Commander-in-Chief) of the Egyptian Army
20 April–c.9 June 1892 – Rudyard Kipling and his wife travel to Japan
June–September 1892 – Samuel Butler in Novara, Varallino, Varallo, Casale-Monferrato, Genoa, Pisa, Rome, Naples, Palermo (Sicily), Trapani, Monte Erice, I Runzi (4 August 1892), Palermo (from 23 August 1892), Catania, Mount Etna, Messina, Naples, Cava, Paestum, Naples, Rome (30 August 1892), Cortona, Florence, Varese (joined by Henry Festing Jones)
June 1892–29 August 1896 – Rudyard Kipling and his wife live in America
4–26 July 1892 – the 1892 United Kingdom general election; the Liberal Unionists under the leadership of Joseph Chamberlain won 46 seats. The UK Conservatives under Lord Salisbury did not win a majority, but were defeated in a vote of no confidence on 11 August 1892. William Gladstone formed a minority government in coalition with the Irish Nationalists
5–8 July 1892 – Arminius Vámbéry given a Degree at the Tercentenary of Dublin University; he gives a speech heard by Bram Stoker
23 July 1892 – marriage of Sidney Webb and Beatrice Potter
15 August 1892 – William Gladstone becomes British Prime Minister
October 1892–September 1893 – Jules Verne’s Le Château des Carpathes (The Carpathian Castle) published in English
6 October 1892 – death of Alfred Tennyson
c. October/November 1892 – the first volume of Max Nordau’s book Degeneration first published in German by Duncker; second volume after March/April 1893 (Russian translation November 1893; English edition in February 1895)
10 November 1892 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of King Lear at the Lyceum theatre
December 1892 – Winston Churchill left Harrow
1893
c. 1893 – fictional date of the death of La Stilla in Naples after which Baron Rodolphe de Gortz returns to the castle in Jules Verne’s Le Château des Carpathes
1893 – first edition of Karl Julius Beloch’s Griechische Geschichte
14–16 January 1893 – foundation conference of the Independent Labour Party
15 January 1893 – opening of Selwyn College, a residential college founded by Bishop Samuel Tarratt Nevill as a theological college training clergy for the Anglican Church at the University of Otago, New Zealand
6 February 1893 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of Becket at the Lyceum theatre
February 1893 – Winston Churchill sent to a “crammer” school in London to pass entrance examination for Sandhurst
February 1893 – Oscar Wilde’s play Salome first published in French
26 February 1893 – Philadelphia and Reading Railroad goes bankrupt, which later triggers the US Panic of 1893
after March/April 1893 – second volume of Max Nordau’s book Degeneration first published in German
11 March 1893 – Arthur Evans’ wife dies
April 1893 – Samuel Butler in Brussels and Dinant
19 April 1893 – Oscar Wilde’s play A Woman of No Importance opens at London’s Haymarket Theatre
30 April–6 November 1893 – dates of Bram Stoker’s novel Dracula:16 March 1893 – Dracula’s letter to Hawkins (notes)May 1893–1915 – Mahatma Gandhi in South Africa
21 March 1893 – Sir Robert Parton’s letter to Hawkins (notes)
23 March 1893 – Hawkins’ letter to Dracula (notes)
12 April 1893 – Harker goes to Purfleet (notes)
16 April 1893 – Harker visits Mina at school (notes)
25 April 1893 – Jonathan Harker leaves England (notes)
26 April 1893 – Harker arrives in Munich at 8.35 PM (notes)
27 April 1893 – Jonathon Harker’s adventure with the snow storm and wolf (notes)
28 April 1893 – Jonathon Harker arrives in the early morning at the Quatre Saisons (notes)
30 April 1893 – Sunday, Harker attends performance of The Flying Dutchman (notes)
30 April 1893 – events of Dracula’s Guest in published version of story
1 May 1893 – Monday, Jonathan Harker visits the Dead House and leaves Munich (notes) at 8.35 pm (novel)
3 May 1893 – Jonathan Harker at Bistritz
4 May 1893 – Jonathan Harker leaves Bistritz by coach at 3 pm
5 May 1893 – Jonathan Harker arrives at Castle Dracula
24 May 1893 – Lucy receives 3 proposals of marriage
28 May 1893 – Gypsies arrive at Castle Dracula
30 June 1893 – Jonathan Harker escapes from Castle Dracula
6 July 1893 – the Demeter leaves Varna
11 July 1893 – the Demeter enters the Bosphorus
24 July 1893 – Mina arrives in Whitby
30 July 1893 – the Demeter nears Britain
6 August 1893 – arrival of Dracula at Whitby
10–11 August 1893 – Lucy sleepwalks to St Mary’s Churchyard and attacked by Dracula
16 August 1893 – death of Jean-Martin Charcot
after 19 August 1893 – Mina travels to Budapest
24 August 1893 – marriage of Mina and Jonathon in Buda-Pesth
3 September 1893 – Van Helsing visits Lucy for the first time
7 September 1893 – Lucy’s first blood transfusion from Arthur
10 September 1893 – Lucy’s second blood transfusion from Seward
13 September 1893 – Lucy’s third blood transfusion from Van Helsing
17 September 1893 – night of Dracula’s attack on Lucy on Hillingham
18 September 1893 – Lucy’s fourth blood transfusion from Quincey Morris
20 September 1893 – death of Lucy Westenra
22 September 1893 – Jonathon Harker and Mina see Dracula in Piccadilly near Giuliano’s; Lucy’s funeral
26 September 1893 – 5.30 pm: Van Helsing and Seward go to the North Hospital, Jack Straw’s Castle, and Kingstead
29 September 1893 – staking of the vampire of Lucy Westenra
1 October 1893 – Harker, Van Helsing, Seward, Quincey Morris and Lord Godalming enter Dracula’s house at Carfax
1 October 1893 – Harker meets Joseph Smollet
2 October 1893 – death of Renfield; Dracula’s attack on Mina
3 October 1893 – confrontation of Dracula with Harker, Van Helsing, Seward, Quincey Morris and Lord Godalming in house in Piccadilly
12 October 1893 – Harker, Van Helsing, Seward, Quincey Morris and Godalming leave Charing Cross
28 October 1893 – telegram arrives at Varna announcing that Czarina Catherine entered Galatz
30 October 1893 – Godalming and Harker depart on their steam launch up the Sereth
1 November 1893 – Godalming and Harker pass into the Bistritza at Fundu
3 November 1893 – Mina and van Heling reach the Borgo Pass
5 November 1893 – Mina and van Heling reach Castle Dracula towards sunset
6 November 1893 – killing of Dracula
1 May 1893–30 October 1893 – World’s Columbian Exposition, world’s fair held in Chicago in 1893
5 May 1893 – Black Friday in the US, the disastrous crash of the New York Stock Exchange; Panic of 1893
summer 1893 – Bram Stoker takes a holiday in the village of Cruden Bay
summer 1893 – Walter Pater moves back to Oxford
summer 1893 – Henry Irving and Ellen Terry take a holiday in Canada; proceed to San Fancisco
July–c. 17 October 1893 – Samuel Butler in Basel, San Gottardo, Casale, Rome, then visited cities between Rome and Naples, Sora, Arpino, Veroli, Alatri, Ferentino, Segni, Cori, Aci Reale, Siracusa, Palermo, Trapani (August), Calatafimi, Trapani, Marsala, Palermo, Aci Reale, Messina, Naples, Rome, Casale
6–13 August 1893 – the Zurich Socialist and Labour Congress, the 3rd congress of the Second International. Friedrich Engels gave a closing address; Eleanor Marx attends
16 August 1893 – death of Jean-Martin Charcot
1 September 1893 – Churchill enters Royal Military College, Sandhurst
September 1893 – Lenin moved to Saint Petersburg
4 September 1893–21 March 1894 – Henry Irving’s 4th American tour; opened in San Francisco with The Bells, and includes Chicago, Seattle, Portland, Minneapolis, Philadelphia, Washington, Boston, New York
8 September 1893 – the Government of Ireland Bill 1893 (or Second Home Rule Bill) was rejected by the House of Lords on its third reading. The Bill had been passed in the House of Commons on 1 September 1893 by 301 votes in favour to 267 against
1 October 1893 – death of Benjamin Jowett at Oxford
6 October 1893 – funeral of Benjamin Jowett at Balliol College Chapel, and burial at St Sepulchre’s Cemetery, Oxford
13–29 October 1893 – Russian fleet visits French port of Toulon, a sign of the growing Franco-Russian military alliance
December 1893–February 1894 – Lord Alfred Douglas in Egypt
December 1893 – Arthur Conan Doyle’s story “The Adventure of the Final Problem” in which Sherlock Holmes dies is published in The Strand Magazine
27 December 1893 – Franco-Russian military alliance ratified
1894
1894 – Ashmolean collection moved to an annexe behind the University Galleries in Beaumont Street in Oxford
1894–1896 – the Hamidian massacres of Armenians by the Turks
1894 – publication of Rudyard Kipling’s The Jungle Book
1894–1898 – William Larnach is MP for Tuapeka in New Zealand
February 1894 – Oscar Wilde’s play Salome first published in English, with illustrations by Aubrey Beardsley
2 March 1894 – William Gladstone leaves office as British Prime Minister
19 March 1894 – Arthur Evans first visits Knossos on Crete
21 March 1894 – Henry Irving and Ellen Terry return to England after their 4th American tour
14 April 1894 – revival of Faust by Henry Irving at the Lyceum
April–August 1894 – Rudyard Kipling and his wife visit England on a holiday
c. 19 April 1894 – the future Tsar Nicholas II and his uncle Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich travel to Coburg, Germany to attend the wedding of Ernest Louis (Grand Duke of Hesse) and Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The other guests were Queen Victoria, Kaiser Wilhelm II and his mother, the Prince of Wales, and the Duke and Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
9 July 1894–12 October 1898 – William Larnach is MP for Tuapeka in New Zealand
August–October 1894 – Oscar Wilde spends a summer holiday in Worthing where he writes The Importance of Being Earnest
June 1894 – Bertrand Russell graduates from Cambridge
30 June 1894 – the Tower Bridge officially opened by the Prince of Wales (the future King Edward VII), and his wife, The Princess of Wales (Alexandra of Denmark)
9 July 1894–12 October 1898 – William Larnach is MP for Tuapeka in New Zealand
20 July–20 September 1894 – Samuel Butler in Casale, Rome, Naples, Messina, Aci Reale, Etna, Catania, Aci Reale, Castrogiovanni, Palermo, Trapani, Mount Eryx (22 August 1894), Castelvetrano, Poggio Reale, Calatafimi, Casale, Avvocato Negri, Rosignano
20 July 1894 – performance of Lohengrin at Bayreuth
30 July 1894 – death of Walter Pater
summer 1894 – Bram Stoker takes a second holiday in the village of Cruden Bay
August 1894 – Engels on holiday in Eastbourne suffers a stroke
1 August 1894–17 April 1895 – First Sino-Japanese War between the Qing Empire of China and the Empire of Japan, over control of Korea; Japanese victory
8 August 1894 – Marquis of Salisbury in a Presidential Address of the British Association gives a lecture on evolution in the Sheldonian Theatre, Oxford
September 1894 – publication of The Green Carnation by Robert Hichens, a parody of Oscar Wilde
21 September to 8 December 1894 – provincial tour of Henry Irving; first production of Henry Irving’s A Story of Waterloo played at the Princes Theatre, Bristol, on September 21, 1894; London performance at the Garrick Theatre on 17 December 1894
October 1894 – the third volume of Das Kapital published by Engels
1 October 1894 – Bertrand Russell attends the Paris Opera to see Wagner’s Die Walküre
19 October 1894 – death of Francis Douglas (Viscount Drumlanrig) at Quantock Lodge, Bridgwater, Somerset
c. November 1894–August 1895 – Friedrich Engels lives at No. 41 Regents Park Road
1 November 1894 – Tsar Alexander III dies
1 November 1894 – accession of Nicholas II of Russia (reign: 1 November 1894–15 March 1917)
26 November 1894 – marriage of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Alix of Hesse (Alexandra Feodorovna)
28 November 1894 – final birthday of Engels
13 December 1894 – marriage of Bertrand Russell and Alys Pearsall Smith in London
19–22 December 1894 – trial at the Cherche-Midi prison and conviction of Captain Alfred Dreyfus for allegedly sharing French military secrets to the German Embassy in Paris
25 December 1894 – Eleanor Marx has Christmas dinner with Engels and is assured she will inherit Marx’s manuscripts
December 1894 – Winston Churchill graduated from Royal Military College, Sandhurst
1895
1895–1897 – Theodore Roosevelt became president of the board of the New York City Police Commissioners for two years
1895–1899 – the Marxist phase of Benedetto Croce
January–July 1895 – H. G. Wells’s Time Machine first published
3 January 1895 – Oscar Wilde’s play An Ideal Husband opens at the Haymarket Theatre
12 January 1895 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of King Arthur at the Lyceum theatre
24 January 1895 – death of Randolph Churchill
4 February 1895 – début of The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde at the St James’s Theatre
14 February 1895 – Oscar Wilde’s play The Importance of Being Earnest, A Trivial Comedy for Serious People opens at St James's Theatre in London
20 February 1895 – Winston Churchill commissioned as officer and joins the 4th Hussars, a cavalry regiment
22 February 1895 – Max Nordau’s book Degeneration published in an English translation by William Heinemann
March 1895 – Max Nordau’s book Degeneration published in a 2nd German edition
March 1895 – Aveling and Eleanor travel to Hastings for a holiday
30 March–June 1895 – Samuel Butler in Basel, Casale, Avvocato Negri, Florence, Rome, Naples, Brindisi (left for Corfu on 13 April), Corfu, Patras, Athens (from 17 April), Mycenae, Argos, Nauplia, Corinth, Athens, left Piraeus 27 April, Smyrna, Troy, Inra (3 May 1895), Smyrna (8 May), Catania, Aci Reale (13 May 1895), Palermo, Trapani, Calatafimi, Palermo, Naples, Rome, Casale, Avvocato Negri, Varallo, Basel, London (early June)
3 April 1895 – opening of the libel trial of the Marquess of Queensberry
5 April 1895 – Oscar Wilde arrested at the Cadogan Hotel in London
17 April 1895 – Treaty of Shimonoseki between the Empire of Japan and the Qing Empire; Taiwan ceded to Japan as well as the Liaodong Peninsula (which was subsequently acquired by Russia)
23 April 1895 – Tripartite Intervention or Triple Intervention, diplomatic intervention by Russia, Germany, and France which forced Japan to withdraw from the Liaodong Peninsula
4 May 1895 – performances of The Story of Waterloo and Don Quixote at the Lyceum
25 May 1895 – announcement of Henry Irving’s knighthood
25 May 1895 – Oscar Wilde convicted and sentenced to two years hard labour
June 1895 – Engels, Laura Marx and Eleanor take a holiday in Eastbourne
21 June 1895 – Lord Rosebery resigns as British Prime Minister
25 June 1895–11 July 1902 – Marquess of Salisbury (Robert Gascoyne-Cecil) is UK Prime Minister (Tory):Secretary of State for the Home Department (Home Secretary)29 June 1895 – death of Thomas Henry Huxley in Eastbourne, Sussex of a heart attack
29 June 1895–12 November 1900 – Sir Matthew White Ridley, Bt
12 November 1900–11 August 1902 – Charles Ritchie
11 August 1902–5 December 1905 – Aretas Akers-Douglas
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
29 June 1895–12 November 1900 – Robert Gascoyne-Cecil (Marquess of Salisbury)
12 November 1900–11 July 1902 – Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice (Marquess of Lansdowne)
Secretary of State for the Colonies
29 June 1895–16 September 1903 – Joseph Chamberlain
Secretary of State for War
4 July 1895–12 November 1900 – Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice (Marquess of Lansdowne)
12 November 1900–6 October 1903 – St John Brodrick
6 October 1903–4 December 1905 – H. O. Arnold-Forster
Governors-General and Viceroys of India
11 October 1894–6 January 1899 – Earl of Elgin
6 January 1899–18 November 1905 – Lord Curzon of Kedleston
First Lord of the Admiralty
1895–1900 – George Goschen
1900–1905 – William Palmer (Earl of Selborne)
Chancellors of the Exchequer
29 June 1895–11 August 1902 – Sir Michael Hicks Beach
11 August 1902–9 October 1903 – Charles Ritchie
Leader of the House of Commons
29 June 1895–4 December 1905 – Arthur Balfour
Commander-in-Chief of the Forces
5 July 1856–1 November 1895 – Prince George (Duke of Cambridge)
1 November 1895–3 January 1901 – Garnet Wolseley (1st Viscount Wolseley)
July 1895 – Mark Twain begins his around-the-world lecture tour:July–August 1895 – Twain in north America, British Columbia, Canada1 July 1895 – Eleanor and Edward Aveling start a holiday in Orpington in Kent
23 August 1895 – Twain sails from Vancouver
September 1895 – Fiji
15 September–31 October 1895 – Twain in Australia
5 November–13 December 1895 – Twain in New Zealand
17 December 1895–1 January 1896 – Twain in Australia
18 January–4 April 1896 – Twain in Sri Lanka, India, Mauritius
4 April 1896 – Twain sails from Colombo
May 1896 – Twain arrives in Durban
May–14 July 1896 – Twain in South Africa
31 July 1896 – Twain returns to England
13 July–7 August 1895 – the United Kingdom general election of 1895, won by the Conservatives in alliance with the Liberal Unionist Party:Party | Leader | Elected18 July 1895 – Henry Irving knighted at Windsor Castle
Conservative | Lord Salisbury | 340
Liberal Unionist | Joseph Chamberlain | 71
Liberal | Lord Rosebery | 177
Irish Parliamentary | Redmond and Dillon | 82
c. 21 July 1895 – Eleanor Marx learns that Frederick Lewis Demuth (1851−1929) is the son of Karl Marx
c. August 1895 – Samuel Butler in San Gottardo at Wassen, Hospenthal, Bellinzona in Switzerland
5 August 1895 – Friedrich Engels dies
10 August 1895 – funeral of Friedrich Engels
27 August 1895 – Friedrich Engels’ ashes scattered at sea off Eastbourne
16 September 1895–May 1896 – Henry Irving’s 5th American tour; opened in Montreal with Faust, and includes New Orleans, Philadelphia, Chicago
October 1895 – Bertrand Russell receives a 5-year fellowship from Trinity College, Cambridge
October 1895–October 1901 – Bertrand Russell holds a 5-year fellowship at Trinity College, Cambridge
November 1895 – publication of Rudyard Kipling’s The Second Jungle Book
November–December 1895 – Churchill visits America and Cuba
14 December 1895 – Eleanor Marx and Edward Aveling move into a new house in Sydenham
29 December 1895–2 January 1896 – the Jameson Raid, a failed raid on Paul Kruger’s Transvaal Republic by British colonial statesman Leander Starr Jameson and his troops
1896
1896 – Édouard Naville excavates Oxyrhynchus
1896 – Henryk Sienkiewicz’s Quo Vadis: A Narrative of the Time of Nero originally published in Poland in Polish
1896 – Franz Boas is appointed lecturer at Columbia University (lecturer and then professor from 1896–1936)
12 January 1896 – Cecil Rhodes resigns as Prime Minister of Cape Colony
13 January 1896–13 October 1898 – Sir John Gordon Sprigg is prime minister of Cape Colony
March 1896–October 1897 – Second Matabele War between the British South Africa Company and Ndebele (Matabele) people
10 March 1896 – Hall Caine purchased Greeba Castle near Peel, the Isle of Man
12 March 1896–November 1899 – the Anglo-Egyptian invasion of Sudan:12 March 1896 – the British cabinet orders an advance on Dongola17 March 1896 – Bram Stoker writes geographical notes on his novel’s ending “between Straska & Isvorol”
4 June 1896 – Egyptian army of 9,000 men mobilised by Kitchener
7 June 1896 – the battle of Ferkeh
July–August 1896 – cholera outbreak in the Egyptian camp kills over 900 men
September 1896 – capture of Dongola
7 August 1896 – capture of Abu Hamed
31 October 1897 – Kitchener extends the railway to Abu Hamed
January 1898 – British reinforcements under Major General William F. Gatacre arrive in Sudan
8 April 1898 – the battle of Atbara, Anglo-Egyptian forces defeat 15,000 Sudanese on the banks of the River Atbara
28 August 1898 – the final advance on Omdurman begins
2 September 1898 – battle of Omdurman between Kitchener and the army of Abdullah al-Taashi
12 July 1898 – the French reach Fashoda
18 September 1898 – Kitchener reaches Fashoda
24 November 1899 – Colonel Sir Reginald Wingate defeats the Khalifah and his 5,000 followers southwest of Kosti
April–May 1896 – Samuel Butler in Basel, Casale, Florence, Cortona, Rome, Frosinone, Naples, Pompeii, Salerno, Roggio, Etna, Messina, Aci Reale, Siracusa, Catania, Palermo, Calatafimi, Messina, Reggio, Salerno, Rome, Pisa, Genoa, Casale-Monferrato, Lucerne, Lugano, Porlezza, San Salvatore, Luino, Locarno, Lucerno, Basel
6–15 April 1896 – the 1896 Summer Olympics, the first international Olympic Games held in modern history, organised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), held in Athens, Greece
May 1896 – Henry Irving returns to England from his 5th American tour
26 May 1896 – Tsar Nicholas II’s formal coronation in Uspensky Cathedral within the Kremlin
8 June 1896 – Eleanor Marx, Edward Aveling and Karl Liebknecht (1871–1919) visit Marx’s old houses in London
c. July 1896–31 August 1931 – Hall Caine lives in Greeba Castle near Peel, the Isle of Man
c. July 1896 – Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk’s “Zum Abschluss des Marxschen Systems” (“On the Closure of the Marxist System”; “Karl Marx and the Close of His System”) is published in Otto von Boenigk (ed.), Staatswissenschaftliche Arbeiten (Berlin, 1896)
July 1896 – Mark Twain sails back to England from his world tour
July 1896 – Bram Stoker takes a holiday in the village of Cruden Bay
7–11 July 1896 – US Democratic National Convention of 1896, held at the Chicago Coliseum
9 July 1896 – William Jennings Bryan delivered his “Cross of Gold” speech at the US Democratic National Convention in Chicago
26 July–1 August 1896 – International Socialist Workers and Trade Union Congress, held in London, the 4th congress of the Second International
16 August 1896 – gold was discovered in the Klondike region of the Yukon in north-western Canada by local miners
August 1896–1899 – the Klondike Gold Rush, a migration of about 100,000 prospectors to the Klondike region of the Yukon in north-western Canada after gold was discovered there by local miners on 16 August 1896; when the news reached Seattle and San Francisco in 1897, there was a gold stampede from 1897–1898
29 August 1896 – Rudyard Kipling and his wife return to England from the US
September 1896 – Samuel Butler and Henry Festing Jones in Wassen and Basel
14 September 1896 – Laurence Waddell leaves Darjeeling to travel to Sandook-phu and Yampoong (22 September 1896)
22 September 1896 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of Cymbeline at the Lyceum theatre
1 October 1896 – Winston Churchill arrives in Bombay, India and travels with his regiment to Bangalore
3 November 1896 – United States presidential election of 1896; William McKinley (Republican candidate) defeated William Jennings Bryan (Democrat candidate)
19 December 1896 – opening night of Henry Irving’s Richard III at the Lyceum; Irving injuries himself after the play and Lyceum closes until 25 January 1897
1897
1897–1898 – Theodore Roosevelt is Assistant Secretary of the US Navy
1897 – Henry Labouchère surrenders editorship of Truth to Horace Voules, but remains sole owner
January 1897 – foundation of Dawson City by Joseph Ladue; the town was the centre of the Klondike Gold Rush
7 January 1897 – Lady Scott and co-defendants found guilty of publishing “false malicious and defamatory libels” about Frank Russell
February 1897 – Lenin sentenced to 3 years exile in eastern Siberia
February 1897–February 1900 – Lenin in Siberia
c. May 1897 – an English translation of Henryk Sienkiewicz’s Quo Vadis: A Narrative of the Time of Nero by Jeremiah Curtin is published
18 May 1897 – Oscar Wilde released from prison
26 May 1897 – publication of Bram Stoker’s Dracula
5 April–8 May 1897 – the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 (or the Thirty Days’ War), a war between Greece and the Ottoman Empire, caused by the status of the Ottoman province of Crete; there was a decisive Ottoman military victory
16 April–May 1897 – Samuel Butler and Henry Festing Jones in Sicily; in Girgenti and Selinunte; they return via Casale, San Pietro, Bellinzona, Wassen
8 June 1897 – Edward Aveling secretly married the actress Eva Frye
14 June 1897 – death at sea of the gold mining magnate Barney Barnato (21 February 1851–14 June 1897), rival of Cecil Rhodes
22 June 1897 – Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee procession
July 1897 – Keynes undergoes Eton College Scholarship Examinations
August 1897 – Bram Stoker takes a holiday in the village of Cruden Bay
after 22 August 1897 – Edward Aveling abandons Eleanor Marx, but returns some days later
c. September 1897 – Edward Aveling and Eleanor Marx travel to Paris to see Laura Marx
September 1897 – John Maynard Keynes began study at Eton; educated at Eton from 1897–1902
16 September 1897 – Winston Churchill present on a cavalry patrol in India which is ambushed in the Mamund Valley
25 September 1897 – Rudyard Kipling and his family move to Rottingdean, East Sussex
October 1897–May 1899 – Mark Twain lives in Europe, in England and Austria
November 1897 – Mark Twain’s Following the Equator: A Journey around the World is published
November 1897 – Samuel Butler published The Authoress of the Odyssey
December 1897 – Edward Aveling ill with the flu
15 December 1897 – Charles Paine Pauli dines at Clifford’s Inn with Samuel Butler for the last time
29 December 1897 – death of Charles Paine Pauli
1898
c. 1898 – fictional date of events of Jules Verne’s Le Château des Carpathes (The Carpathian Castle)
January 1898 – H. G. Wells’ The War of the Worlds first published; first published as a serial in Pearson’s Magazine April to December 1897
January 1898 – Edward Aveling asks Ellen Terry for a loan
1 January 1898 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of Peter the Great at the Lyceum theatre
13 January 1898 – Émile Zola publishes an open letter to President Félix Faure in L’Aurore with the headline “J’Accuse ...!” on the Dreyfus Affair
9 February 1898 – Edward Aveling has surgery at University College Hospital
c. 18 February 1898 – Edward Aveling and Eleanor Marx travel to Margate
18 February 1898 – disastrous fire at the Lyceum storage area
27 March 1898 – Edward Aveling and Eleanor Marx return to their house in Sydenham
31 March 1898 – death of Eleanor Marx Aveling
2 April 1898 – inquest on the death of Eleanor Marx Aveling
5 April 1898 – funeral of Eleanor Marx Aveling
6 April–May 1898 – Samuel Butler and Henry Festing Jones in Sicily; they go to Basel, Casale-Monferrato, Varallo, Casale, Camino, Avvocato Negri, Florence, Naples, Salerno, Messina, Taormina, Trapani, Messina, Naples, Rome, Genoa, Turin, Casale-Monferrato, Basel
25 April–12 August 1898 – Spanish–American War
19 May 1898 – death of William Ewart Gladstone at Hawarden Castle, Hawarden, at the age of 88
June 1898 – Winston Churchill leaves India
July 1898 – Winston Churchill arrives in London from India
30 July 1898 – death of Otto von Bismarck
1898 – publication of Marx’s Value, Price and Profit (a series of lectures Marx delivered in 1865)
summer 1898 – Henry Irving begins his relationship with Elizabeth Aria
25 August 1898 – Turkish mob massacres hundreds of Cretan Greeks, the British Consul and 17 British soldiers; Turkish forces were expelled from the island by the Great Powers in November 1898
2 August 1898 – Winston Churchill arrives in Cairo
2 August 1898 – death of Edward Aveling
2 September 1898 – Battle of Omdurman, with Winston Churchill present in the army of Sir Herbert Kitchener
16–27 September 1898 – Samuel Butler goes to Amsterdam to a Rembrandt exhibition, Haarlem, the Hague
12 October 1898 – death of William J. M. Larnach in a committee room at the New Zealand Parliament
13 October 1898 – Henry Irving stricken at Glasgow with pleurisy and pneumonia while playing Madame Sans Gene
31 October 1898 – Herbert Kitchener made Baron Kitchener of Khartoum and Aspall in the County of Suffolk
November 1898 – Turkish forces expelled from Crete by the Great Powers in November 1898; an autonomous Cretan State established
10 December 1898 – the Treaty of Paris of 1898 between Spain and the US; the US gained Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines; the Treaty became effective on 11 April 1899
1899
1899–1936 – Franz Boas is first Professor of Anthropology at Columbia University (he became professor emeritus in 1937)
1899 – the New Zealand government Immigration Restriction Act 1899 prohibited the entry of migrants lacking British or Irish heritage by means of an educational test (it became law in 1900)
c. January 1899 – Laurence Waddell publishes Among the Himalayas
1 January 1899–31 December 1900 – Theodore Roosevelt 33rd Governor of New York State
25 February 1899 – death of Paul Reuter at Villa Reuter in Nice, France
March–late May 1899 – Samuel Butler and Henry Festing Jones in Italy; they go to Basel, Lucerne, Fluelen, Casale-Monferrato, Varallo-Sesia, Genoa, Pisa, Siena, Florence, Forli, Ravenna, Padua, Venice, Verona, Bergamo, Milan, Turin, Sammichele, Mont Cenis, Paris
March 1899 – Winston Churchill departs India
18 May–29 July 1899 – Hague Convention of 1899
31 March 1899 – Henry Irving surrenders the lease of Lyceum theatre to a syndicate
October 1899–May 1900 – Henry Irving’s 6th American tour
11 October 1899–31 May 1902 – the Second Boer War between Britain and the Boer Republic of Transvaal and the Orange Free State:October–December 1899 – the first Boer offensive phase of the Boer war13 October 1899–1903 – Montague Summers at Trinity College, Oxford
14 October 1899–15 February 1900 – siege of Kimberley, Cape Colony during the Second Boer War by the Orange Free State and the Transvaal
January–September 1900 – 2nd British offensive phase of the Boer war
September 1900 – May 1902 – the 3rd Guerrilla war phase of the Boer war
27 February 1902 – execution of Harry “Breaker” Harbord Morant and Peter Handcock in Pretoria
14 October 1899 – Winston Churchill leaves England for South Africa to report on the Anglo-Boer War as correspondent for the Morning Post
15 November–12 December 1899 – capture and imprisonment of Winston Churchill; imprisoned in a POW camp in Pretoria
December 1899 – Kitchener arrives in South Africa on the RMS Dunottar Castle
1900
1900 – Sir Henry Rider Haggard buys the Cliff Grange property at Kessingland
January 1900 – Benedetto Croce’s Materialismo Storico ed Economia Marxistica is published
13 January 1900–20 March 1901 – serialisation of the Icelandic translation of Dracula by Valdimar Ásmundsson in Fjallkonan
20 January 1900 – death of John Ruskin
February 1900 – Samuel Butler and Henry Festing Jones in Harwich
23 March 1900–1903 – Arthur Evans’ excavations on Knossus
April–12 June 1900 – Samuel Butler meets Henry Festing Jones in Genoa; Butler goes to Basel, Genoa, Casale, Pisa, Rome, Segni, Salerno, Paestum, Reggio, Messina, Taormina, Siracusa (2 May 1900), Malta, Siracusa, Palermo, Calatafimi, Albergo Centrale, Trapani, Palermo, Naples, Rome (20 May), Siena, Sammichele, Casale-Monferrato, Basel, London (12 June)
4–6 July 1900 – US Democratic National Convention of 1900, held at Convention Hall in Kansas City, Missouri; William Jennings Bryan gave a speech called “Imperialism”
29 July 1900 – Lenin left Russia for Western Europe
25 August 1900 – death of Friedrich Nietzsche
September 1900 – Samuel Butler in Wassen
October 1900 – Mark Twain returns to America
October 1900 – Samuel Butler’s translation of the Odyssey published
November 1900–April 1901 – Samuel Butler writes Erewhon Revisited
22 November 1900 – death of Arthur Sullivan
30 November 1900 – death of Oscar Wilde
1901
1901 – Laurence Waddell moved to North-West Frontier Province of India
1 January 1901 – proclamation of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act (UK) in Centennial Park, Sydney:5 July 1900 – the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act (UK) passed (given Royal Assent by Queen Victoria on 9 July 1900)22 January 1901 – death of Queen Victoria
1 January 1901–24 September 1903 – Sir Edmund Barton (1849–1920) first Prime Minister of Australia (Protectionist Party)
29–30 March 1901 – first national elections in the Commonwealth of Australia after Federation
9 May 1901 – first Australian Parliament was opened in Melbourne by Prince George (King George V)
9 May 1901–9 May 1927 – the Parliament meets in Parliament House, Melbourne
17 November 1901 – the Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901 that allowed mass deportation of nearly all the Pacific Islanders (“Kanakas”) working in the Queensland sugar industry
23 December 1901 – the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 of the Parliament of Australia
24 September 1903–27 April 1904 – Alfred Deakin is Prime Minister (Protectionist Party)
12 March 1913 – Canberra officially named
9 May 1927 – Australian Commonwealth parliament moves to Canberra
22 January 1901–6 May 1910 – reign of Edward VII
March–September 1901 – Theodore Roosevelt is Vice President of the United States under William McKinley (president from 4 March 1897–14 September 1901)
April–24 June 1901 – Samuel Butler travels to Basel, Casale-Monferrato, Pisa (where he joins Henry Festing Jones in May), Rome, Naples, Palermo, Trapani, Palermo, Catania, Taormina, Aci Reale, Messina, Naples, Rome, Ancona, Pesaro, Rimini, Bologna, Parma, Piacenza, Casale-Monferrato, London
summer 1901 – Bram Stoker attends the Wagner Cycle at Bayreuth?
22 July 1901 – première of Richard Wagner’s play Der fliegende Holländer (The Flying Dutchman) at Bayreuth
August 1901 – Icelandic translation of Dracula as a novel by Valdimar Ásmundsson published
August 1901–April 1902 – Arthur Conan Doyle’s novel The Hound of the Baskervilles serialised in The Strand Magazine
September 1901 – Samuel Butler in Basel and Wassen
14 September 1901–4 March 1909 – Theodore Roosevelt is 26th President of the United States
c. October 1901–1902 – Bertrand Russell lectures on symbolic logic at Cambridge
11 October 1901 – Samuel Butler publishes Erewhon Revisited
1902
28 March–19 May 1902 – Samuel Butler travels to Paris, Casale-Monferrato, Rome, Naples, Palermo (12 April), Naples (11 May), Calis, London (19 May)
April 1902–April 1903 – Lenin moved to London
18 June 1902 – death of Samuel Butler at a nursing home in St John’s Wood Road, London
21 June 1902 – Samuel Butler’s funeral near Woking; his ashes buried at Woking
19 July 1902 – Henry Irving’s farewell performance at the Lyceum
14 August 1902–1903 – Julius Kaerst associate professor at the University of Leipzig
2 September 1902 – Rudyard Kipling and his family move to a home called Bateman’s, in Burwash, East Sussex, England
December 1902–7 November 1913 – Alfred Russel Wallace moves to a small house called the Old Orchard at Parkstone in Dorset
1903
1903 – the posthumous publication of Samuel Butler’s The Way of All Flesh
April 1903 – Lenin and his wife left London for Switzerland
30 April 1903 – début of Henry Irving’s production of Dante at the Theatre Royal
17 July 1903 – death of James McNeill Whistler in London
October 1903–March 1904 – Henry Irving’s 8th American tour
17 December 1903 – the first airplane flight near at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina of the Wright Flyer, the first powered, heavier-than-air machine, by the Wright brothers
winter 1903/1904–14 January 1929 – Julius Kaerst is chair of history at the University of Würzburg
1904
8–9 February 1904 – Japanese fleet under Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō attacks Russian fleet at Port Arthur, Korea
8 February 1904–5 September 1905 – Russo-Japanese War between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea; Russian defeat
8 November 1904 – United States presidential election of 1904; Theodore Roosevelt (who succeeded McKinley in September 1901) elected in his own right
winter 1904 – Henry Irving’s final provincial tour
1905
22 January 1905 – unarmed demonstrators in St Petersburg, Russia led by Father Georgy Gapon fired on by soldiers as they marched to the Winter Palace to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II
22 January 1905–16 June 1907 – Russian Revolution of 1905
13 October 1905 – death of Sir Henry Irving
20 October 1905 – public funeral of Sir Henry Irving
16 December 1905 – Francis Marion Crawford’s short story “For the Blood is the Life” in Collier’s
1906
1906 – Bram Stoker suffers a stroke
1907
1907 – the 1907 New Zealand Chinese Immigrants Amendment Act
1907 – Bram Stoker moves to 4 Durham Place from 18 St Leonard’s Terrace
November 1906 – The Vicar of Wakefield opens at the Prince of Wales Theatre; Stoker is business manager
1908
9 June 1908 – King Edward VII of England meets Tsar Nicholas II of Russia on the Russian Imperial Yacht Standart in the Bay of Reval
July 1908 – the Young Turk Revolution of the Ottoman Empire; this restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and created multi-party politics in the Ottoman parliament
5 October 1908 – de jure independence of Bulgaria from the Ottoman Empire proclaimed in Tarnovo by Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria (who then took the title of “Tsar”)
6 October 1908 – Austria-Hungaria publishes the annexation of Bosnia Herzegovina proclamation
1909
1909 – Arthur Conan Doyle moves to Windlesham Manor, Crowborough, East Sussex
7–19 April 1909 – the Great Powers sign amendments to the Treaty of Berlin (of 1878) to settle the Bosnia Herzegovina crisis
9 April 1909 – Francis Marion Crawford dies at Sorrento on Good Friday at Villa Crawford of a heart attack
24 June 1909 – Bram Stoker signs the contract for The Lady of the Shroud with William Heinemann
July 1909 – Bram Stoker published The Lady of the Shroud
1910
6 May 1910 – death of Edward VII
1911
1911 – Bram Stoker moves to No. 26 St George’s Square, Pimlico
3 March–12 June 1911 – Bram Stoker writes The Lair of the White Worm
November 1911 – Bram Stoker published The Lair of the White Worm
25 November 1911 – Laura Marx and her husband Paul Lafargue commit suicide
1912
14–15 April 1912 – night of the sinking of the RMS Titanic; Titanic sank at 2.20 am on 15 April
20 April 1912 – death of Bram Stoker at No. 26 St George’s Square, Pimlico, London
8 October 1912–30 May 1913 – First Balkan War between the Balkan League (Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro) and the Ottoman Empire
5 November 1912 – United States presidential election of 1912; the candidates were President William Howard Taft (Republican Party); Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive Party / “Bull Moose Party”); Woodrow Wilson (Democrat Party)
1913
29 June–10 August 1913 – Second Balkan War between Bulgaria and Serbia, Greece and Romania; it ends in defeat for Bulgaria
10 August 1913 – Treaty of Bucharest
1913–1914 – Roosevelt–Rondon-Cheerie-Jodi O’Rodio Scientific Expedition, led by Theodore Roosevelt and Cândido Rondon, to the Rio Roosevelt in a remote area of the Brazilian Amazon basin
1914
April 1914 – publication of the short story collection Dracula’s Guest; Florence moves to 4 Kinnerton Studios, Knightsbridge
Monday, September 11, 2017
Chronology of 1850–1900
Friday, July 7, 2017
Chronology of the 15th Century
9 April 1370–14 February 1405 – Timur (Tamerlane) is amir of Transoxania (amir of the Timurid Empire)
7 December 1383–1388 – Wenceslaus is Duke of Luxembourg:1388–18 January 1411 – Jobst of Moravia (House of Luxembourg)31 March 1387–9 December 1437 – Sigismund of Luxembourg is king of Hungary and Croatia:
1411–1443 – Elizabeth of GörlitzHouse of Luxembourg1389–April 1395 – the Tokhtamysh–Timur war between Tokhtamysh (khan of the Golden Horde) and Timur
1378–1388 – Sigismund is Prince-elector of Brandenburg
1411–1415 – Sigismund is Prince-elector of Brandenburg
31 March 1387–9 December 1437 – Sigismund is King of Hungary and Croatia
c. August 1419–9 December 1437 – Sigismund is king of Bohemia
21 July 1411–9 December 1437 – Sigismund is king of Germany
31 May 1433–9 December 1437 – Sigismund is Holy Roman Emperor
21 January 1390–20 June 1399 – Al-Malik az-Zahir (second reign; Sayf ad-Din Barquq) is Mamluk Sultan
16 February 1391–21 July 1425 – Manuel II Palaiologos is Byzantine Emperor
18 June 1391 – battle of the Kondurcha River in the Bulgar Ulus of the Golden Horde between Tokhtamysh and Timur
4 August 1392–27 October 1430 – Vytautas the Great is Grand Duke of Lithuania
15 April 1395 – battle of the Terek River between Tokhtamysh and Timur at the Terek River, North Caucasus
1397
January 1397–31 January 1418 – Mircea I the Old (second reign; Basarab) is Voivode of Wallachia:c. October 1394–January 1397 – Vlad the Usurper (Iron Vlad)1398
January 1397–31 January 1418 – Mircea I the Old (second reign; Basarab)
31 January 1418–August 1420 – sole reign of Mihail I
September–17 December 1398 – Timur’s invasion of the Delhi Sultanate under Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq
1399
1399–1407 – Shadi Beg is Khan of the Golden HordeKhans of the Golden Horde
1378–1397 – Tokhtamysh Khan
1397–1399 – Temur Qutlugh
1399–1407 – Shadi Beg
1407–1410 – Pulad Khan ibn Shadi Beg
1410–1412 – Temur Khan ibn Temur Qutlugh1400s 1400
1400 – Timur invades Christian Armenia and Georgia
29 June 1400–1 January 1432 – Alexandru I the Good is Voivode of Moldavia:Voivode of Moldavia1401
29 June 1400–1 January 1432 – Alexandru I the Good
1 January 1432–October 1433 – Iliaș I
October 1433–4 August 1435 – Ștefan II
4 August 1435–May 1443 – Iliaș I
4 August 1435–13 July 1447 – Ștefan II
May 1444–1445 – Petru III
8 February 1455–25 March 1455 – Alexandru II
25 March 1455–12 April 1457 – Petru IV Aron
12 April 1457–2 July 1504 – Ștefan III the Great
June 1401 – Timur invades Baghdad:9 April 1370–14 February 1405 – Timur (Tamerlane) is Amir of the Timurid Empire1402
spring 1402–28 July 1402 – Timur’s invasion of Anatolia
12 July 1402 – Ming Dynasty prince Zhu Di occupies the Ming capital, Nanjing; the Jianwen Emperor is lost or killed, and Zhu Di takes the throne as the Yongle Emperor
17 July 1402–12 August 1424 – Yung-lo (the Yongle Emperor) is third emperor of the Ming dynasty
28 July 1402 – Battle of Ankara: Bayezid captured by Timur and the Ottoman army was defeated
20 July 1402–5 July 1413 – Ottoman Interregnum, civil war in the Ottoman Empire between Mehmed Çelebi, İsa Çelebi, Musa Çelebi, and Süleyman Çelebi and Mustafa Çelebi; Mehmed Çelebi becomes Sultan Mehmed I in July 1413
after July 1402 – death of Sultan Mahmud, Khan of the Western Chagatai Khanate:1369/1370 – Timur becomes amir of TransoxaniaDecember 1402 – Timur captures Smyrna from the Knights of Rhodes
Khan of the Western Chagatai Khanate
1364–1370 – Khabul Shah (executed by Timur)
1370–1384 – Soyurghatmïsh Khan (died 1384)
1384–after July 1402 – Sultan Mahmud
1403
January/February 1403 – Treaty of Gallipoli between Süleyman Çelebi and the Byzantine Empire, the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Knights Hospitaller, and the Duchy of Naxos
8 March 1403 – death of Bayezid I in captivity at the court of Timur
April 1403–28 April 1421 – Balša III Stracimirović is last ruler of Zeta
1404
1404–1420 – Dobruja controlled by Wallachia
26 October 1404–1428 – Jacopo Gattilusio is Lord of Lesbos:Lord of Lesbos1405
1384–26 October 1403/1404 – Francesco II Gattilusio
26 October 1404–1428 – Jacopo Gattilusio
1428–30 June 1455 – Dorino Gattilusiov
18 February 1405 – death of Timur (Tamerlane) at Farab
18 February 1405–13 May 1409 – Khalil Sultan is Timurid ruler of Transoxiana (grandson of Timur)
February 1405–13 March 1447 – Shah Rukh is ruler of the Timurid Empire
November 1405–23 May 1412 – Al-Malik an-Nasir (second reign) is Mamluk Sultan:List of Circassian Mamluk Sultans1406
21 January 1390–20 June 1399 – Al-Malik az-Zahir (second reign; Sayf ad-Din Barquq)
20 June 1399–20 September 1405 – Al-Malik an-Nasir
20 September 1405–November 1405 – Al-Malik al-Mansur
November 1405–23 May 1412 – Al-Malik an-Nasir (second reign)
23 May–6 November 1412 – Al-Malik al-Adil (Arab Abbasid caliph in Cairo)
6 November 1412–13 January 1421 – Al-Malik al-Mu’ayyad
13 January–29 August 1421 – Al-Malik al-Muzaffar
29 August–30 November 1421 – Al-Malik az-Zahir
30 November 1421–1 April 1422 – Al-Malik as-Salih
1 April 1422–7 June 1438 – Al-Malik al-Ashraf
7 June–9 September 1438 – Al-Malik al-Aziz
9 September 1438–1 February 1453 – Al-Malik az-Zahir
1 February–15 March 1453 – Al-Malik al-Mansur
15 March 1453–26 February 1461 – Al-Malik al-Ashraf
c. 1406? – birth of John Hunyadi in the Hátszeg region
1406–10 June 1424 – Ernest is Duke of the Inner Austrian duchies of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola:Inner Austria17 March 1406 – death of Ibn Khaldun in Cairo
10 June 1424–2 December 1463 – Albert VI is Duke of Inner Austria
Archduke of Austria
23 November 1457–2 December 1463 – Albert VI
4 April 1406–21 February 1437 – James I is King of Scots:Stewart11 May 1406–2 December 1407 – Ming–Hồ War between Ming Empire of China and northern Vietnam ruled by the Hồ dynasty
21 February 1437–3 August 1460 – James II
3 August 1460–11 June 1488 – James III
11 June 1488–9 September 1513 – James IV
c. August 1406–c. October 1420 – construction of the Forbidden City
30 November 1406–4 July 1415 – Gregory XII is Pope:14 November 1417–20 February 1431 – Pope Martin V25 December 1406–20 July 1454 – John II is King of Castile and León
3 March 1431–23 February 1447 – Eugene IV is Pope
6 March 1447–24 March 1455 – Nicholas V is Pope
1407
23 November 1407 – Louis I (Duke of Orléans) assassinated in the streets of Paris, by the orders of the Duke of Burgundy John the Fearless
23 November 1407–21 September 1435 – Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War between two cadet branches of the French royal family, the House of Orléans (Armagnac faction) and the House of Burgundy (Burgundian faction)
1408
12 December 1408 – Sigismund founds the Order of the Dragon
1409
30 June 1409 – the battle of Sanluri in Sardinia between the Giudicato of Arborea and the Catalan-Sicilian army of King Martin I of Sicily
1410s 1410
1410–1720s – Greenland largely cut off by ice
15 June 1410 – battle of Kosmidion between Musa Çelebi and Süleyman Çelebi at Kosmidion just outside the land walls of Constantinople; allies of Musa (including Vuk Lazarević) desert him and joined Süleyman; victory for Süleyman Çelebi
15 July 1410 – battle of Grunwald (battle of Tannenberg): Polish and Lithuanian forces under cousins Jogaila and Vytautas the Great defeat the Teutonic Knights
10 September 1410 – Sigismund first elected as King of the Romans
1411
21 July 1411–9 December 1437 – Sigismund is King of the Romans:31 March 1387–9 December 1437 – Sigismund of Luxembourg is King of Hungary and CroatiaFebruary 1411 – Musa Çelebi attacks Edirne and defeats Süleyman
21 July 1411–9 December 1437 – Sigismund is King of the Romans/King of Germany
31 May 1433–9 December 1437 – Sigismund is Holy Roman Emperor
17 February 1411 – murder of Süleyman Çelebi when fleeing to Byzantine terrirtory
August–September 1411 – siege of Constantinople by Musa Çelebi
1412
6 January 1412 – birth of Joan of Arc in Domrémy, Duchy of Bar
16 January 1412 – the Medici family made official bankers of the Papacy
1413
21 March 1413–31 August 1422 – Henry V (Henry of Monmouth) is king of England
5 July 1413 – battle of Çamurlu between Musa Çelebi and Mehmed Çelebi (sons of Bayezid I) in Çamurlu, near modern day Samokov, Bulgaria
5 July 1413–26 May 1421 – Mehmed I (Mehmed Çelebi) is Ottoman Sultan
2 October 1413 – Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania sign the Union of Horodło
1414
7 January 1414–March 1422 – Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg is 28th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights
28 May 1414–20 May 1421 – Khizr Khan is Sultan of Delhi, first sultan of the Sayyid dynasty
16 November 1414–22 April 1418 – Council of Constance held in Constance, Germany, an ecumenical council ends the Western Schism by deposing or accepting the resignation of the remaining papal claimants and by electing Pope Martin V
1415
6 July 1415 – execution of Jan Hus in Konstanz, Bishopric of Constance in the Holy Roman Empire
25 October 1415 – battle of Agincourt, great English victory in the Hundred Years’ War near Azincourt in the County of Saint-Pol, in northern France
1416
2 April 1416–27 June 1458 – Alfonso the Magnanimous is king of Aragon:2 April 1416–27 June 1458 – king of Aragon31 January 1418–August 1420 – sole reign of Mihail I (Basarab) is Voivode of Wallachia:
1442 – re-unification of Sicily with the Kingdom of Naples
2 June 1442–27 June 1458 – king of Naples and Sicily
1458 – Sicily split from Naplesc. 1383–1386 – Dan I (Dănești)1419
23 September 1386–1418 – the two reigns of Mircea I the Old as Voivode of Wallachia
23 September 1386–1395 – Mircea I the Old (first reign; Basarab)
c. October 1394–January 1397 – Vlad the Usurper (Iron Vlad; Dănești)
January 1397–31 January 1418 – Mircea I the Old (second reign; Basarab)
1408–1420 – Mihail I (Basarab)
31 January 1418–August 1420 – sole reign of Mihail I
before 12 February 1419 – Voyk (father of John Hunyadi) died before this date
16 August 1419 – death of Wenceslaus IV (king of Bohemia from 29 November 1378–16 August 1419)
10 September 1419–15 June 1467 – Philip III the Good is Duke of Burgundy (cadet line of the Valois dynasty):Duke of Burgundy1420s
27 April 1404–10 September 1419 – John the Fearless (Valois-Burgundy)
15 June 1467–5 January 1477 – Charles the Bold (Valois)
5 January 1477–27 March 1482 – Mary is Duchess of Burgundy
27 March 1482–25 September 1506 – Philip the Handsome (Habsburg) is Lord of the Netherlands and Duke of Burgundy
1420 – the King of Aragon purchases most of Sardinia from the Arborea Judicatus
summer 1420 – Mihail I killed on the battlefield
summer 1420–1421 – first reign of Dan II of Wallachia:1421–1423 – second reign of Dan II1421
1423–1424 – third reign of Dan II
1426–1427 – fourth reign of Dan II
1427–1431 – fifth reign of Dan II
12 March 1421 – Vienna pogrom in Erdberg
26 May 1421–August 1444 – first reign of Murad II (son of Mehmed I)
28 October 1420 – Beijing formally designated the principal capital of the Chinese empire
October 1420–1644 – Forbidden City seat of the Ming Dynasty
1422
21 October 1422–22 July 1461 – Charles VII the Victorious is king of France16 September 1380–21 October 1422 – Charles VI the Beloved (Valois)1425
21 October 1422–19 October 1453 – Henry VI of England (Lancaster)
Valois
21 October 1422–22 July 1461 – Charles VII the Victorious
22 July 1461–30 August 1483 – Louis XI the Prudent
30 August 1483–7 April 1498 – Charles VIII the Affable
21 July 1425–31 October 1448 – John VIII Palaiologos (eldest son of Manuel II Palaiologos) is Byzantine Emperor:Byzantine Emperor1428
15 June 1341–12 August 1376 – John V Palaiologos (first reign)
1 July 1379–14 April 1390 – John V Palaiologos (second reign)
17 September 1390–16 February 1391 – John V Palaiologos (third reign)
16 February 1391–21 July 1425 – Manuel II Palaiologos
21 July 1425–31 October 1448 – John VIII Palaiologos (eldest son of Manuel II Palaiologos)
6 January 1449–29 May 1453 – Constantine XI Dragases Palaiologos (son of Manuel II Palaiologos)
between 1428–1431 – birth of Vlad the Impaler in Sighișoara
1430s 1430
October 1430–1 August 1432 – Švitrigaila is Grand Duke of Lithuania:Grand Duke of Lithuania1431
House of Gediminas
4 August 1392–27 October 1430 – Vytautas the Great
October 1430–1 August 1432 – Švitrigaila
1432–20 March 1440 – Sigismund Kęstutaitis
House of Jagiellon
29 June 1440–7 June 1492 – Casimir IV Jagiellon
30 July 1492–19 August 1506 – Alexander Jagiellon
February/March 1431–c. September 1436 – Alexander I Aldea (1397–1436) is Voivode of Wallachia
1432
1 June 1432 – battle of San Romano: Florence defeats Siena
29 June 1432–28 July 1458 – John II of Cyprus is king of Cyprus:Kings of Cyprus1433
House of Lusignan
9 September 1398–29 June 1432 – Janus of Cyprus
29 June 1432–28 July 1458 – John II of Cyprus
28 July 1458–1464 – Charlotte (Queen of Cyprus)
1463–10 July 1473 – James II of Cyprus
10 July 1473 – 26 August 1474 – James III of Cyprus
26 August 1474–26 February 1489 – Catherine Cornaro (the last monarch of the Kingdom of Cyprus)
February 1489 – Catherine cedes control of Cyprus to the Doge of Venice
31 May 1433 – coronation of Sigismund as Holy Roman Emperor in Rome
late 1433 – John Hunyadi joins the entourage of Sigismund as court knight
1434
5 September 1434–1 August 1464 – Cosimo di Giovanni de’ Medici (the Elder) is Lord of Florence
1435
1435 – Count John IV of Katzenelnbogen orders Riesling grape variety to be grown in Rüsselsheim
21 September 1435 – Treaty of Arras between Charles VII of France and Philip III of Burgundy ends the English-Burgundian alliance
1436
after 25 June 1436 – death of Alexander I Aldea
5 July 1436 – Hussite Wars in Bohemia end; Sigismund accepted as king
c. September 1436–c. March 1442 – reign of Vlad II Dracul as Voivode of Wallachia
c. December 1436 – death of Alexander I Aldea?
1437
spring 1437 – Murad II on campaign against the bey of Karaman
April 1437–February 1438 – peasant rebellion in north-west Transylvania
9 December 1437 – death of Sigismund, king of Hungary:Kings of Hungary18 December 1437–27 October 1439 – Albert the Magnanimous (House of Habsburg) is King of Hungary and Croatia:
House of Luxembourg
1387–1437 – Sigismund
House of Habsburg
1437–1439 – Albert the Magnanimous
1440–1457 – Ladislaus V the Posthumous
House of Jagiellon
1440–1444 – Vladislaus I
6 June 1446 – January 1453 – Regent John Hunyadi
House of Hunyadi
1458–1490 – Matthias IHouse of Habsburg1438
14 September 1404–27 October 1439 – Albert the Magnanimous is Duke of Austria
18 March 1438–27 October 1439 – Albert the Magnanimous is King-elect of Germany
6 May 1438–27 October 1439 – Albert the Magnanimous King of Bohemia
1 January 1438 – coronation of Albert the Magnanimous as King of Hungary and Croatia in Székesfehérvár
8 January 1438 – the first session of the Council of Ferrara in the church of St George under the presidency of Cardinal Nicolo Albergati
August 1438 – Murad II’s raid into Transylvania
1439
September 1439–1445 – John Hunyadi is Ban of Severin
27 October 1439 – death of Albert the Magnanimous at Neszmély and was buried at Székesfehérvár
1440s 1440
8 March 1440 – Hungarian lords elect Vladislaus king
8 March 1440–10 November 1444 – Vladislaus (Władysław) III of Poland is King of Hungary and Croatia
15 May 1440/1444–23 November 1457 – Ladislaus the Posthumous King of Hungary and Croatia
29 June 1440 – Hungarian Diet declares Ladislaus’ coronation invalid
17 July 1440 – Archbishop Dénes Szécsi crowns Vladislaus (Władysław) III king of Hungary
17 July 1440–10 November 1444 – Vladislaus (Władysław) III of Poland is King of Hungary and Croatia
1441
February 1441 – John Hunyadi appointed Voivode of Transylvania
February 1441–1446 – John Hunyadi is voivode of Transylvania:Voivodes of Transylvania1442
1441–1446 – John Hunyadi
1446–1448 – Emeric Bebek
1449–1458 – John Rozgonyi (first rule)
1459–1461 – Ladislaus Kanizsai
1459–1460 – John Rozgonyi
1459–1460 – Sebastian Rozgonyi
1461 – Nicholas Kanizsai
1462–1465 – Nicholas Újlaki, with John Pongrác of Dengeleg
1465–1467 – Bertold Ellerbach of Monyorókerék, Count Sigismund Szentgyörgyi
1468–1474 – Nicholas Csupor of Monoszló
1468–1472 – John Pongrác of Dengeleg
22 March 1442 – Ottoman forces were annihilated at Gyulafehérvár in Transylvania by John Hunyadi
c. March 1442 – Vlad II Dracul leaves Wallachia
July/August 1442 – Vlad Dracula arrives in Edirne but is imprisoned and taken to the castle of Gallipoli
August 1442 – Murad II sends Hadım Şehabeddin (Beylerbey/governor of Rumelia) to annex Wallachia
August 1442–c. September 1443 – Basarab II (Dănești) is Voivode of Wallachia
2 September 1442 – Ottoman forces defeated at the Ialomița River
1443
September 1443–January 1444 – Long Campaign of John Hunyadi
c. September 1443–November 1447 – second reign of Vlad II Dracul
October 1443–November 1444 – the crusade of Varna (called by Pope Eugene IV on 1 January 1443) led by King Władysław III of Poland, John Hunyadi (Voivode of Transylvania), and Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy
November 1443 – Battle of Nish; Skanderbeg deserted the Ottoman army
28 November 1443 – Skanderbeg takes Krujë with a forged letter from Sultan Murad; wars of Skanderbeg:December 1443–January 1444 – Skanderbeg seizes Petrela, Prezë, Guri i Bardhë, Svetigrad, Modrič?1444
2 March 1444 – Skanderbeg summons Albanian princes in Lezhë (controlled by Venice) and they forms League of Lezhë
29 June 1444 – in the Plain of Torvioll Albanian armies under Skanderbeg face Ottoman army under Ali Pasha
10 October 1445 – Ottoman defeat at Ohrid
27 September 1446 – Ottoman defeat in the Battle of Otonetë
1447–1448 – Albanian–Venetian War
14 May 1448 – Ottoman army led by Sultan Murad II and his son Mehmed lays siege to the castle of Svetigrad
June 1450 – two years after Ottoman capture of Svetigrad, Turks lays siege to Krujë
2 September 1457 – Skanderbeg attacks Ottoman forces at Ujebardha and defeated them
August 1461 – Skanderbeg lands in Apulia with 1,000 cavalry and 2,000 infantry
27 November 1463 – George Kastriot (Skanderbeg) declares war on Ottomans and attacks Ohrid
1466 – Sultan Mehmed II leads 30,000 men into Albania and begins the Second Siege of Krujë
23 April 1467 – Skanderbeg attacks Ottoman forces laying siege to Krujë; siege of Krujë broken
17 January 1468 – Skanderbeg fell ill with malaria and died
2 February 1444 – John Hunyadi returns to Buda
August 1444–September 1446 – first reign of Mehmed II
10 November 1444 – battle of Varna
1445
10 October 1445 – battle of Mokra: Skanderbeg defeats Ottoman forces under Firuz Pasha near mountain Mokra (today in Makedonski Brod, Macedonia)
1446
6 June 1446 – John Hunyadi becomes regent of Hungary
September 1446–3 February 1451 – second reign of Murad II
27 September 1446 – Ottoman defeat in the Battle of Otonetë in Albania
October 1446 – Murad II invades Attica: Constantine XI returns Thebes to the duchy of Athens
10 December 1446 – Sultan Murad II destroys the Hexamilion wall; Murad and Turakhan Beg (Ottoman governor of Thessaly) ravage the Peloponnese Peninsula; despotate of the Morea becomes Ottoman vassal state
1447
13 March 1447 – Shah Rukh dies in winter quarters at Ray
November 1447 – killing of Vlad II Dracul
November 1447–20 August 1456 – Vladislav II is Voivode of Wallachia
December 1447–4 October 1448 – Albanian–Venetian War
December 1447 – Skanderbeg attacks and besieges Dagnum
1448
14 May 1448 – Ottoman army led by Sultan Murad II and his son Mehmed lays siege to the castle of Svetigrad
23 July 1448 – Skanderbeg defeats Venetian forces at the battle of the Drin River
4 October 1448 – peace treaty signed between Skanderbeg and Venice
17 October 1448 – second battle of Kosovo
31 October 1448 – death of John VIII Palaiologos, the Byzantine emperor
1449
6 January 1449–29 May 1453 – Constantine XI Dragases Palaiologos (son of Manuel II Palaiologos) is Byzantine Emperor:Byzantine Emperor
15 June 1341–12 August 1376 – John V Palaiologos (first reign)
1 July 1379–14 April 1390 – John V Palaiologos (second reign)
17 September 1390–16 February 1391 – John V Palaiologos (third reign)
16 February 1391–21 July 1425 – Manuel II Palaiologos
21 July 1425–31 October 1448 – John VIII Palaiologos (eldest son of Manuel II Palaiologos)
6 January 1449–29 May 1453 – Constantine XI Palaiologos (son of Manuel II Palaiologos)1450s 1450
25 March 1450–8 March 1466 – Francesco Sforza is Duke of Milan:Dukes of MilanJune 1450 – two years after Ottoman capture of Svetigrad, Turks lays siege to Krujë
House of Visconti
5 September 1395–3 September 1402 – Gian Galeazzo Visconti
3 September 1402–16 May 1412 – Giovanni Maria Visconti
16 May 1412–13 August 1447 – Filippo Maria Visconti
1447–1450 – Golden Ambrosian Republic
House of Sforza
25 March 1450–8 March 1466 – Francesco Sforza
8 March 1466–26 December 1476 – Galeazzo Maria Sforza
26 December 1476–21 October 1494 – Gian Galeazzo Sforza
21 October 1494–6 September 1499 – Ludovico Sforza
House of Valois-Orléans
6 September 1499–16 June 1512 – Louis XII of France
Sforza
9 January 1513–5 October 1515 – Massimiliano Sforza
Valois-Angoulême
11 October 1515–19 November 1521 – Francis I of France
Sforza
4 April 1522–24 October 1535 – Francesco II Sforza
Habsburg-Spain
11 October 1540–13 September 1598 – Philip II of Spain
1451
3 February 1451–3 May 1481 – Mehmed II (second reign):25 June 1421–1444 – Murad II3 February 1451–3 May 1481 – second reign of Mehmed II:
1444–1446 – Mehmed II (first rule; son of Murad II)
1446–3 February 1451 – Murad II
3 February 1451–3 May 1481 – Mehmed II (second reign)
19 May 1481–25 April 1512 – Bayezid II (son of Mehmed II)
25 April 1512–21 September 1520 – Selim I (son of Bayezid II)
30 September 1520–6/7 September 1566 – Suleiman I (son of Selim I)28 November 1443–17 January 1468 – Skanderbeg’s war against Ottomans1452
1447–1448 – Albanian–Venetian War
May–June 1451 – Mehmed II’s Karaman campaign of 1451
6 April–29 May 1453 – siege of Constantinople
29 May 1453 – fall of Constantinople
4–22 July 1456 – siege of Belgrade by Mehmed II
May 1460 – Mehmed II conquers the Morea
31 May 1460 – Ottoman conquest of Mistra, capital of Despotate of Morea
1460 – Mehmed II conquers Genoese colony of Amasra
15 August 1461 – Mehmed II conquers Trebizond and annexes Black Sea coast
November 1461–August 1462 – Vlad III’s war with the Ottomans
June–July 1462 – Mehmed II’s invasion of Wallachia
September 1462 – conquest of Lesbos by Mehmed II
28 July 1463–25 January 1479 – Ottoman–Venetian War
27 November 1463 – Skanderbeg declares war on Ottomans and attacks Ohrid
July–September 1464 – Ottoman siege of Jajce held by Hungarians fails
June 1466–23 April 1467 – second siege of Krujë, Albania, by Mehmed II
17 January 1468 – death of Skanderbeg
1468 – Mehmed II’s Karaman campaign of 1468
10 July–5 August 1470 – the siege of Negroponte and conquest of Negroponte and Euboea
11 August 1473 – battle of Otlukbeli (or Otluk Beli) in which Mehmed II defeats the Aq Qoyunlu (White Sheep Turkomans) led by Uzun Hasan
June–August 1476 – Sultan Mehmed II invades Moldavia
1478–1479 – Mehmed II leads the siege of Shkodra
25 January 1479 – Treaty of Constantinople signed between Venice and Ottomans
23 May–17 August 1480 – Ottoman siege of Rhodes (under Knights Hospitaller)
11 August 1480–August 1481 – Ottoman occupation of Otranto in Italy
3 May 1481 – death of Sultan Mehmed II
1452 – John Hunyadi is Perpetual Count of Beszterce
16–19 March 1452 – Frederick III is crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Nicholas V in Rome, the last Emperor to be crowned in Rome
19 March 1452–19 August 1493 – Frederick III is Holy Roman Emperor:House of Habsburg1453
1433–1437 – Sigismund is Holy Roman Emperor
2 February 1440–19 August 1493 – Frederick III is King of the Romans
19 March 1452–19 August 1493 – Frederick III is Holy Roman Emperor
16 February 1486–12 January 1519 – Maximilian I is King of the Romans
4 February 1508–12 January 1519 – Maximilian I is Holy Roman Emperor
30 January 1453 – John Hunyadi appointed captain general of the kingdom
6 April–29 May 1453 – the last siege of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror, sultan of the Ottoman Empire
29 May 1453 – fall of Constantinople to Mehmed the Conqueror; death of the last Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos
29 May 1453 – death of Constantine XI Dragases Palaeologus (son of Manuel II)
19 October 1453 – end of the Hundred Years’ War (24 May 1337–19 October 1453) between English House of Plantagenet and French House of Valois
1454
29 September 1454 – Ottoman force defeated at Kruševac
1455
1455–1456 – rule of Francesco II Acciaioli, last Duke of Athens:Duchy of Athens1455–1485 – the Wars of the Roses in England, a civil war between two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet, (1) the House of Lancaster (associated with a red rose), and (2) the House of York (whose symbol was a white rose):
Florentine Acciaioli
1388–1394 – Nerio I Acciaioli
1394–1395 – Antonio I Acciaioli
1395–1402 – Venetian control
1402–1435 – Antonio I Acciaioli (restored)
1435–1439 – Nerio II Acciaioli
1439–1441 – Antonio II Acciaioli
1441–1451 – Nerio II Acciaioli
1451–1454 – Chiara Zorzi (duchess consort)
1451–1454 – Francesco I Acciaioli
1455–1456 – Francesco II AcciaioliHouse of Lancaster1456
30 September 1399–20 March 1413 – Henry IV
20 March 1413–31 August 1422 – Henry V
31 August 1422–4 March 1461 – Henry VI
1455–1485 – the Wars of the Roses
House of York
4 March 1461–3 October 1470 – Edward IV
House of Lancaster
3 October 1470–11 April 1471 – Henry VI
House of York
11 April 1471–9 April 1483 – Edward IV (second reign)
9 April 1483–25 June 1483 – Edward V
26 June 1483–22 August 1485 – Richard III
House of Tudor
22 August 1485–21 April 1509 – Henry VII
21 April 1509–28 January 1547 – Henry VIII
c. May 1456 – Lemnos surrenders to the Ottomans:autumn 1456–1458 – Papal force controls Lemnos4 June 1456 – Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey takes Athens and duchy of Athens; he besieges Duke Francesco II Acciaioli in the Athenian Acropolis (surrendered in June 1458)
1458 – Ottoman conquest of Lemnos
1460–1464 – Demetrius Palaeologus rules Lemnos as an Ottoman vassal
1464 – Lemnos conquered by Venetians
1464–1479 – Venice controls Lemnos
1479 – Venice cedes Lemnos to the Sultan
4–22 July 1456 – siege of Belgrade by Sultan Mehmed II:4 July 1456 – siege of Belgrade begins22 July 1456 – John Hunyadi’s victory at Belgrade
14 July 1456 – Hunyadi arrives at Belgrade with his flotilla on the Danube
21 July 1456 – Mehmed II begins assault on Belgrade
22 July 1456 – John of Capistrano and Hunyadi counterattack and rout Ottoman army
c. August 1456–c. August 1462 – second reign of Vlad III Drăculea
11 August 1456 – death of John Hunyadi at Belgrade
c. 1456 – construction of Poenari Castle
1457
16 March 1457 – Ladislaus V of Hungary has Ladislaus Hunyadi executed
12 April 1457 – Ștefan cel Mare routes Peter Aaron at Doljești
c. 12 April 1457–2 July 1504 – Stephen III of Moldavia (Ștefan cel Mare) rules Moldavia:1504–1517 – Bogdan III The One-Eyed23 November 1457 – death of Ladislaus the Posthumous in Prague
1514 – Moldavia submitted to Ottoman rule
1458
24 January 1458–6 April 1490 – Matthias Corvinus I is king of Hungary
June 1458 – Duke Francesco II Acciaioli surrenders the Athenian Acropolis to the Ottomans
27 June 1458–25 January 1494 – Ferdinand I is king of Naples:Kings of Naples27 June 1458–20 January 1479 – John II of Aragon and Navarre:
Anjou
24 February 1386 – 6 August 1414 – Ladislaus the Magnanimous is king of Naples
6 August 1414 – 2 February 1435 – Joanna II is queen of Naples
Bourbon
c. 1416 – James II (Count of La Marche)
Valois-Anjou
2 February 1435–2 June 1442 – René of Anjou is king of Naples
Trastámara
2 June 1442–27 June 1458 – Alfonso the Magnanimous is king of Naples
27 June 1458–25 January 1494 – Ferdinand I is king of Naples
25 January 1494–23 January 1495 – Alfonso II (abdicated)
23 January 1495–7 September 1496 – Ferdinand II
7 September 1496–1 August 1501 – Frederick I
1501–1504 – union with France
1504–1516 – Ferdinand II of Aragon is King of Naples27 June 1458–20 January 1479 – king of Aragon27 June 1458–19 January 1479 – John II the Great is king of Aragon:
8 September 1425–20 January 1479 – king of Navarre
king of SicilyKings of Aragon19 August 1458–14 August 1464 – Pope Pius II
House of Barcelona 1164–1410
19 May 1396–31 May 1410 – Martin
Trastámara 1412–1516
24 June 1412–2 April 1416 – Ferdinand I the Honest
2 April 1416–27 June 1458 – Alfonso V the Magnanimous
27 June 1458–19 January 1479 – John II the Great
19 January 1479–23 January 1516 – Ferdinand II the Catholic
23 January 1516–12 April 1555 – Joanna I the Mad
Habsburg 1516–1700
23 January 1516 – 16 January 1556 – Charles I the Emperor
1458–September 1462 – Niccolò Gattilusio is the final Lord of Lesbos:Lord of Lesbos1459
1384–26 October 1403/1404 – Francesco II Gattilusio
26 October 1404–1428 – Jacopo Gattilusio
1428–30 June 1455 – Dorino Gattilusio
1455–1458 – Domenico Gattilusio
1458–September 1462 – Niccolò Gattilusio
summer 1459 – Ahmed Bey and Hamza Pasha attack the Morea
1 June 1459–January 1460 – the council of Mantua of 1459, convened by Pope Pius II, who calls for crusade against the Ottomans
26 September 1459 – Pope Pius II calls for a new crusade
1460s 1460
c. 1460 – Antonio Piccolomini builds Castello Piccolomini (Piccolomini castle) in Balsorano, Province of L’Aquila (Abruzzo)
14 January 1460 – Pope Pius II proclaims a crusade against the Ottomans
29 May 1460 – Thomas Palaeologus flees to Corfu and then Italy during Ottoman invasion of Morea:Despots of the MoreaMay 1460 – Mehmed II conquers the Byzantine despotate of the Morea
1354–1380 – Manuel Kantakouzenos (restored)
1380–1383 – Matthew Kantakouzenos
1383 – Demetrios I Kantakouzenos
1383–1407 – Theodore I Palaiologos
1407–1443 – Theodore II Palaiologos
1428–1449 – Constantine Palaiologos (from 1449 emperor)
1428–1460 – Thomas Palaiologos
1449–1460 – Demetrios II Palaiologos.
1461
July 1461 – fall of Salmeniko Castle, Morea, and its defender Graitzas Palaiologos to the Ottomans
10 July 1461–25 May 1463 – Stephen Tomašević is the last king of Bosnia
August 1461 – Skanderbeg landed in Apulia with an expeditionary force of 1,000 cavalry and 2,000 infantry
November 1461–August 1462 – Vlad III’s war with the Ottomans:4 June 1462 – Ottoman army under Mehmed II crosses the Danube at Nicopolis1462
17 June 1462 – the night attack at Târgoviște between Vlad III and Mehmed II
July 1462 – Radu at Brăila attempts to incite defection of boyars
July 1462 – Matthias Corvinus leaves Buda for Transylvania
July/August – Matthias Corvinus makes peace with Stephen
August/September 1462 – Matthias’ envoy meets with Pope Pius II at Abbadia
c. 30 September 1462 – Matthias Corvinus arrives in Sibiu
November–December 1462 – Matthias Corvinus in Braşov
November 1462 – Vlad visits Matthias Corvinus in Braşov
c.25/26 November 1462 – Dracula arrested at Piatra Craiului
5 April 1462–6 November 1505 – Ivan III is Grand Prince of Moscow:Grand Princes of Moscow4 June 1462 – Ottoman army under Mehmed II crosses the Danube at Nicopolis
19 May 1389–27 February 1425 – Vasily I
27 February 1425–30 March 1434 – Vasily II
31 March 1434–5 June 1434 – Yury of Zvenigorod
5 June 1434–1435 – Vasily Kosoy
1435–1446 – Vasily II
1446–26 March 1447 – Dmitry Shemyaka
27 February 1447–27 March 1462 – Vasily II
5 April 1462–6 November 1505 – Ivan III
6 November 1505–13 December 1533 – Vasily III
17 June 1462 – the night attack at Târgoviște between Vlad III and Mehmed II
July 1462 – Radu at Brăila attempts to incite defection of boyars
July 1462 – Matthias Corvinus leaves Buda for Transylvania
July/August – Matthias Corvinus makes peace with Stephen
August/September 1462 – Matthias’ envoy meets with Pope Pius II at Abbadia
1 September 1462 – Mehmed II met at Assos by a fleet and crosses to Lesbos
September 1462 – conquest of Lesbos by Mehmed II
c. 30 September 1462 – Matthias Corvinus arrives in Sibiu
November–December 1462 – Matthias Corvinus in Braşov
November 1462 – Vlad visits Matthias Corvinus in Braşov
c.25/26 November 1462 – Dracula arrested at Piatra Craiului
1463
1463–1477 – Genoa under the rule of Milan (no doge)
1463 – Antonio Todeschini Piccolomini completes the Castello Piccolomini Celano, Province of L’Aquila (Abruzzo):1392 – Pietro De’ Berardi built the walls of the castle3 April 1463 – Isa-Beg Ishaković (governor of the Morea) takes Venetian Argos by treason
1451 – Leonello Acclozamora builds the main floor and the four towers at the corners
May 1463 – conquest of Bosnia by Mehmed II
28 July 1463 – the Venetian Senate votes for war on the Sultan
28 July 1463–25 January 1479 – Ottoman–Venetian War:November 1462 – Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey (Ottoman commander in central Greece) attacks the Venetian fortress of Lepanto (Nafpaktos)August 1463 – Venice retakes Argos and refortified the Isthmus of Corinth, restoring the Hexamilion wall
1463
3 April 1463 – Isa-Beg Ishaković (governor of the Morea) takes Venetian Argos by treason
28 July 1463 – the Venetian Senate votes for war on the Sultan
August 1463 – Venice retakes Argos and refortified the Isthmus of Corinth, restoring the Hexamilion wall
12 September 1463 – Venice and Matthias Corvinus sign an alliance
23 September–25 December 1463 – siege of Jajce by Matthias Corvinus
19 October 1463 – Venice concludes alliance with the Pope and Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy
20 October 1463 – Venetians suffer major defeat during siege of Acrocorinth and retreat to the Hexamilion and to Nauplia (Nafplion)
16 December 1463 – Matthias Corvinus takes Jajce, capital of Bosnia
1464
April–18 May 1464 – the Venetian admiral Orsato Giustinian attacks Lesbos and lays siege to Mytilene
18 May 1464 – Orsato Giustinian forced to end siege of Mytilene
June 1464 – Orsato Giustinian’s second failed attack on Lesbos
July–September 1464 – Ottoman siege of Jajce held by Hungarians fails
11 July 1464 – death of Orsato Giustinian at Modon
14 August 1464 – death of Pope Pius II at Ancona with a crusading army
summer 1464 – Sigismondo Malatesta is Venetian commander in the Morea
August–October 1464 – Venetian siege of Mistra
1465
early 1465 – Mehmed II sent a peace offer to the Venetian Senate
1466
c. April 1466 – Vettore Cappello captures Imbros, Thasos and Samothrace
June 1466–23 April 1467 – the second siege of Krujë, Albania, by Mehmed II
12 July 1466 – Vettore Cappello lands at Piraeus and attacks Athens
1467
23 April 1467 – Skanderbeg attacked the Ottoman forces laying siege to Krujë.
1468
17 January 1468 – Skanderbeg fell ill with malaria and died
1470
10 July–5 August 1470 – the siege of Negroponte
1479
25 January 1479 – signing of the Treaty of Constantinople between Venice and the Sultan; Venice cedes Shkodra, territories on the Dalmatian coastline, Negroponte (Euboea) and Lemnos; end of the First Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479).
12 September 1463 – Venice and Matthias Corvinus sign an alliance
23 September–25 December 1463 – siege of Jajce by Matthias Corvinus
19 October 1463 – Venice concludes alliance with the Pope and Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy
20 October 1463 – Venetians suffer major defeat during siege of Acrocorinth and retreat to the Hexamilion and to Nauplia (Nafplion)
27 November 1463 – George Kastriot (Skanderbeg) declares war on the Ottomans and attacks Ohrid
2 December 1463 – death of Albert VI, Archduke of Austria
2 December 1463–19 August 1493 – Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor) is sole ruler of Austrian lands:25 September 1379 – Treaty of Neuberg between Albert III and his brother Leopold III: division of the Habsburg hereditary lands into Albertinian and Leopoldian line16 December 1463 – Matthias Corvinus takes Jajce, capital of Bosnia
Inner Austria: Styria, Carinthia and Carniola
7 July 1379–9 July 1386 – Leopold III
July 1386–15 July 1406 – William
July 1406–10 June 1424 – Ernest the Iron
10 June 1424–19 August 1493 – Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor from 19 March 1452)
10 June 1424–2 December 1463 – Albert VI (brother of Emperor Frederick III)
1436 – Frederick III makes a pilgrimage to the Holy Land
2 February 1440 – prince-electors convened at Frankfurt and elected Frederick III King of the Romans
Archduchy of Austria: Lower Austria and most of Upper Austria
Albertinian Line
25 September 1379–29 August 1395 – Albert III is Duke of Austria
29 August 1395–14 September 1404 – Albert IV is Duke of Austria
14 September 1404–27 October 1439 – Albert V the Magnanimous
22 February 1440 – birth of Ladislaus the Posthumous (son of Albert V)
1440–23 November 1457 – Ladislaus the Posthumous
Further Austria/Anterior Austria: Swabian duchy of south-western Germany, Alsace region west of the Rhine, Vorarlberg
1406–24 June 1439 – Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets
1446–1490 – Sigismund, Archduke of Austria
Austria Proper
1440–23 November 1457 – Ladislaus the Posthumous
23 November 1457–19 August 1493 – Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor) is ruler of Lower Austria
23 November 1457–2 December 1463 – Albert VI is Archduke of Austria
2 December 1463 – death of Albert VI, Archduke of Austria
2 December 1463–19 August 1493 – Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor) is sole ruler of Austrian lands
29 January–1 June 1485 – the siege of Vienna during the Austrian–Hungarian War between Frederick III and Matthias Corvinus
1 June 1485 – the fall of Vienna to Matthias Corvinus
June 1485–1490 – Vienna is the capital of the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus
6 April 1490 – death of Matthias Corvinus in Vienna
1464
29 April 1464 – Matthias Corvinus crowned king of Hungary in Székesfehérvár
18 May 1464 – Orsato Giustinian forced to end siege of Mytilene
July–September 1464 – Ottoman siege of Jajce held by Hungarians fails
11 July 1464 – death of Orsato Giustinian at Modon
14 August 1464 – death of Pope Pius II at Ancona with a crusading army
30 August 1464–26 July 1471 – Pope Paul II8 April 1455–6 August 1458 – Callixtus IIIAugust–October 1464 – Venetian siege of Mistra
19 August 1458–15 August 1464 – Pius II
30 August 1464–26 July 1471 – Paul II
1465
24–25/26 January 1465 – Ștefan cel Mare besieges and takes Chilia
12 May 1465 – death of Thomas Palaiologos in exile in Rome
1466
June 1466–23 April 1467 – the second siege of Krujë, Albania, by Mehmed II with an army of 30,000
1467
23 April 1467 – Skanderbeg attacked the Ottoman forces besieging Krujë and ends siege
November–December 1467 – Matthias I Corvinus invades Moldavia and is defeated at the battle of Baia on 15 December
15 December 1467 – the battle of Baia between Stephen the Great and Matthias Corvinus; Corvinus was defeated
1468
17 January 1468 – Skanderbeg fell ill with malaria and died
19 October 1469 – Ferdinand II and Isabella I married in the Palacio de los Vivero in the city of Valladolid
1469
2 December 1469–8 April 1492 – Lorenzo de’ Medici (Lorenzo the Magnificent) rules Florence:Lord of Florence
5 September 1434–1 August 1464 – Cosimo di Giovanni de’ Medici (the Elder)
1 August 1464–2 December 1469 – Piero di Cosimo de’ Medici (the Gouty)
2 December 1469–8 April 1492 – Lorenzo de’ Medici (Lorenzo the Magnificent)
9 April 1492–9 November 1494 – Piero di Lorenzo de’ Medici (Piero the Unfortunate)
November 1494–23 May 1498 – Girolamo Savonarola
Gonfaloniere for life
1502–1512 – Piero Soderini1470s 1470
3 June 1470 – the Ottoman fleet sails out of the Dardanelles
June 1470 – the Ottoman fleet takes Imbros (but not Lemnos and Skyros)
10 July–5 August 1470 – the siege of Negroponte between the forces of Sultan Mehmed II and the garrison of the Venetian colony of Negroponte (Chalcis), the capital of the Venetian possession of Euboea; the Ottomans conquer Negroponte and Euboea
20 August 1470 – the battle of Lipnic between Stephen the Great and the Volga Tatars of the Golden Horde led by Ahmed Khan; Stephen defeats the Tatars
1471
9 August 1471–12 August 1484 – Pope Sixtus IV:8 April 1455–6 August 1458 – Callixtus IIIJuly 1472 – University of Ingolstadt founded by Louis the Rich, the Duke of Bavaria
19 August 1458–15 August 1464 – Pius II
30 August 1464–26 July 1471 – Paul II
9 August 1471–12 August 1484 – Sixtus IV
29 August 1484–25 July 1492 – Innocent VIII
11 August 1492–18 August 1503 – Alexander VI
1473
11 August 1473 – Mehmed II defeats the White Sheep Turkmens at the battle of Otlukbeli at Otlukbeli, Erzincan
1474
1474–5 January 1477 – Burgundian Wars between the Dukes of Burgundy and the Old Swiss Confederacy and its allies
17 March–17 August 1474 – siege of Shkodra
19 March 1474 – Triadano Gritti elected as Captain-General of Venice
28 July 1474 – failure of the first Ottoman attack on Shkodra
15 August 1474 – failure of second Ottoman assault on Shkodra
17 August 1474 – Ottomans retreat from Shkodra
September 1474 – George Merula composes “The War of Shkodra”
1475
10 January 1475 – the battle of Vaslui between Stephen III of Moldavia and the Ottoman governor of Rumelia, Hadım Suleiman Pasha, at Podul Înalt near Vaslui; the Ottomans were defeated
15 January 1475 – Ferdinand II of Aragon becomes jure uxoris King of Castile:1468–23 January 1516 – Ferdinand II of Aragon (king of Sicily)6 June 1475 – Kaffa surrenders to an Ottoman fleet
19 October 1469 – Ferdinand II and Isabella I married in the Palacio de los Vivero in the city of Valladolid
11 December 1474–26 November 1504 – Isabella I of Castile
15 January 1475–26 November 1504 – Ferdinand II of Aragon jure uxoris King of Castile
20 January 1479–23 January 1516 – Ferdinand II, King of Aragon
1504–1516 – Ferdinand II of Aragon is King of Naples
26 November 1504 – death of Isabella I of Castile in in Medina del Campo
26 November 1504–12 April 1555 – Joanna of Castile the Mad (queen of Castile)
12 July–25 September 1506 – Philip I of Castile (King of Castile)
23 January 1516–16 January 1556 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (King of Spain)
July 1475 – Ottomans establish suzerainty over the Crimean Tatars
1476
March 1476 – Vlad III returns to Transylvania
June–August 1476 – Sultan Mehmed II invades Moldavia
26 July 1476 – the battle of Valea Albă (battle of Războieni) at Războieni between Ştefan cel Mare and an Ottoman army under Sultan Mehmed II; Ştefan was defeated and fled north
August 1476 – Sultan Mehmed II is defeated at the battle of Siret River by a coalition force under the command of Vlad III and Stephen Báthory
October 1476–February 1477 – 10,000 Ottoman cavalrymen sent into Friuli: area pillaged
November 1476 – Vlad III the Impaler invades Wallachia from southern Transylvania
8 November 1476 – Vlad III captures the capital of Târgovişte; he meets with Ştefan cel Mare
22 December 1476 – Beatrice of Naples (daughter of Ferdinand I of Naples and Isabella of Clermont) marries Matthias Corvinus
12 December 1476 – Beatrice of Naples is crowned queen of Hungary at Székesfehérvár
December 1476/January 1477 – death of Vlad the Impaler:Princes of Wallachiac. December 1476–c. 11 November 1477 – Basarab III Laiotă the Old
1456–1462 – Vlad III Drăculea
1462–1473 – Radu III the Fair
1473 – Basarab III Laiotă the Old
1473–1474 – Radu III the Fair
1474 – Basarab III Laiotă the Old
1474 – Radu III the Fair
1474 – Basarab III Laiotă the Old
1474–1475 – Radu III the Fair
January 1475–before 8 November 1476 – Basarab III Laiotă the Old
c. 8 November–December 1476 – Vlad III the Impaler
December 1476–November 1477 – Basarab III Laiotă the Old
November 1477–September 1481 – Basarab IV the Younger (Little Impaler)
spring 1481 – Basarab IV the Younger attacks Moldavia
August 1481 – Mircea III
c. August 1481–before c. 16 November 1481 – Vlad IV the Monk
c. November 1481–c. 23 March 1482 – Basarab IV the Younger (Little Impaler)
13 July 1482 – Basarab IV the Younger is killed by boyars in Glogova
summer 1482–November 1495 – Vlad IV the Monk
1495–1508 – Radu IV the Great
1508–1509 – Mihnea I the Bad
1477
5 January 1477 – the battle of Nancy, the final battle of the Burgundian Wars, at Nancy between Charles the Bold (Duke of Burgundy) and René II (Duke of Lorraine) and the Swiss Confederacy; Charles is defeated
May 1477–6 June 1478 – Fourth Siege of Krujë in Albania by the Ottomans
March 1477 – Matthias Corvinus makes an alliance with the Teutonic Knights and the Bishopric of Ermland against Poland
c. March 1477–1488 – the Austrian–Hungarian war between Mathias Corvinus (the king of Hungary) and the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III, the Habsburg Archduch of Austria
summer 1477 – Ottoman siege of the Venetian fortresses of Lepanto and Kruj’e
August 1477 – Matthias Corvinus invades and occupies Lower Austria
19 August 1477 – marriage of Mary of Burgundy and Maximilian I (Holy Roman Emperor) in Ghent, bringing her Flemish and Burgundian lands into the Holy Roman Empire
November 1477 – Ömer bey Turahanoglu crosses the Venetian border and attacks Friuli and raids the Italian plain north of Venice
2 November 1477 – Venetian army under Vettore Saranzo leaves Venice for Friuli to repel Ottoman attack on Venice
c. 11 November 1477 – Basarab III Laiotă the Old defeated
c. 11 November 1477–September 1481 – Basarab IV the Younger (Little Impaler) is prince of Wallachia:December 1476/January 1477–November 1477 – Basarab III Laiotă the OldNovember–December 1477 – fictional date of Peter Tremayne’s Dracula Unborn:
c. 11 November 1477–September 1481 – Basarab IV the Younger (Little Impaler)
May–June 1481 – Basarab IV the Younger attacks Moldavia
June/July 1481 – Stephen the Great invades Wallachia
8 July 1481 – battle of Râmnicul Sărat in which Stephen the Great defeats Basarab IV the Younger
August 1481 – Mircea III
c. August 1481–before c. 16 November 1481 – Vlad IV the Monk
c. November 1481–23 March 1482 – Basarab IV the Younger (Little Impaler) (Dănești) is Voivode of Wallachia
23 March 1482 – Basarab Țepeluș cel Tânăr assassinated by boyars in Glogova, Gorjc. 1455 – birth of Baron Michelino1478
c. 1473 – death of Baron Michelino’s mother in Rome
late November 1477 – Baron Michelino travels from Rome on the Via Praesnestina, to Barletta, Dubrovnik, Mileseva, Studenica, Kalenic, Vidin, ferry across the Danube, to a village in Wallachia before the Arges river
28 November 1477 – Baron Michelino travels to Targoviste crossing the Arges river and Dimbovita river
29 November 1477 – Baron Michelino in Targoviste
30 November 1477 – feast of St Andrew’s Day (Ziua Sfântului Andrei) in Romania
30 November 1477 – Baron Michelino travels to Poenari Castle from Targoviste to the Dimbovita valley, Catatenidin vale, the Arges river, Curtea de Arges, Arefu
December 1477 – Baron Michelino and Irene Bathory leave Poenari Castle for Targoviste
1480 – Baron Michelino in Apulia writes his memoir
26 April 1478 – Pazzi conspiracy on Easter Sunday led by Girolamo Riario, Francesco de’ Pazzi, and Francesco Salviati (the archbishop of Pisa), in which Lorenzo de’ Medici and his brother and co-ruler Giuliano attacked in the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in an attempt to seize control of the Florentine government; Lorenzo de’ Medici becomes sole ruler of Florence
1478–1479 – war of the Pazzi conspiracy (Tuscan war)
14 May 1478–25 April 1479 – Mehmed II leads the siege of Shkodra (Scutari)
18 May 1478–4 November 1485 – Giovanni Mocenigo is Doge of Venice:Doges of Venice6 June 1478 – surrender of Krujë
1413–1423 – Tommaso Mocenigo
1423–1457 – Francesco Foscari
1457–1462 – Pasquale Malipiero
1462–1471 – Cristoforo Moro
1471–1473 – Nicolò Tron
1473–1474 – Nicolò Marcello
1474–1476 – Pietro Mocenigo
5 March 1476–6 May 1478 – Andrea Vendramin
18 May 1478–4 November 1485 – Giovanni Mocenigo
19 November 1485–14 August 1486 – Marco Barbarigo
30 August 1486–20 September 1501 – Agostino Barbarigo
16 June 1478 – Krujë finally under Ottoman control
17 June 1478 – Ottoman conquest of Croia
24 June 1478 – Juan Rejón conquers the Grand Canary island for Isabel and Fernando
July 1478 – Ottoman raid on Friuli
7 August 1478 – Ottoman forces invade Friuli
1 November 1478 – the Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition established Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile
December 1478 – Venice begins peace talks with Mehmed
1479
25 January 1479 – signing of the Treaty of Constantinople between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire; Venice cedes Shkodra, territories on the Dalmatian coastline, Negroponte (Euboea) and Lemnos; end of the First Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479)
August 1479–1493 – Stephen V Báthory of Ecsed is Voivode of Transylvania:Voivodes of Transylvania13 October 1479 – the battle of Breadfield on the Breadfield Zsibód (Şibot) near the Mureş River, in which the Hungarian army was led by Pál Kinizsi, István Báthory, Vuk Branković, and Basarab Laiotă cel Bătrân defeat the Turks
1468–1474 – Nicholas Csupor of Monoszló
1468–1472 – John Pongrác of Dengeleg
1472–1475 – Blaise Magyar
1475–1476 – John Pongrác of Dengeleg
1478–1479 – Peter Geréb of Vingárt
1479–1493 – Stephen V Báthory of Ecsed
1493–1498 – Bartholomew Drágfi of Béltek
1493–1495 – Ladislaus Losonci, Jr.
1498–1510 – Count Peter Szentgyörgyi
1510–1526 – John Zápolya
1480s 1480
1480 – rediscovery of Nero’s Golden House on the Oppian hill in Rome
23 May–17 August 1480 – the Ottoman siege of Rhodes, under the rule of the Knights Hospitaller:23 May 1480 – an Ottoman fleet of 160 ships arrives at Rhodes, at the gulf of Trianda, with 70,000 men28 July 1480 – the Ottoman invasion of Italy; a Turkish fleet of 128 ships arrives near Otranto
27 July 1480 – the Turks launch an offensive
17 August 1480 – the Ottoman fleet ends the attempt to capture Rhodes
11 August 1480 – Ottoman army takes Otranto in Italy
11 August 1480–August 1481 – Ottoman occupation of Otranto in Italy:1 May 1481 – the forces of king Ferdinand I of Naples led by his son Alfonso, Duke of Calabria, lay siege to Otranto in Italy1481
August 1481 – Ottoman surrender of Otranto in Italy
September 1481 – Ottomans evacuate Otranto in Italy
1481 – Dubrovnik accepts Ottoman protection:27 June 1358 – Treaty of Zadar forces Venice to yield all claims to Dalmatia, and Dubrovnik accepts hegemony of King Louis I of Hungaryspring 1481 – Basarab IV the Younger attacks Moldavia
1399 – Dubrovnik acquires the area between Ragusa and Pelješac (Primorje / Dubrovačko primorje) with Slano
1403–1404 – Bosnian–Ragusan War
1419–1426 – Dubrovnik acquires Konavle region, south of Astarea (Župa dubrovačka)
1458 – Republic of Ragusa signs treaty with the Ottoman Empire to be a tributary of the sultan
1481 – Dubrovnik accepts Ottoman protection
3 May 1481 – death of Sultan Mehmed II
19 May 1481–25 April 1512 – reign of the Ottoman sultan Bayezid II
8 July 1481 – the battle of Râmnic in which Stephen the Great defeats Basarab IV the Younger
August 1481 – Ottoman surrender of Otranto in Italy
1482
1482 – Ottoman conquest of Duchy of Saint Sava (parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia):Dukes of Saint Savasummer 1482–1495 – Vlad IV Călugărul is Voivode of Wallachia:
1435–1466 – Stjepan Vukčić Kosača
1466–1483 – Vladislav Hercegović1481–1482 – Basarab IV The Younger (Little Impaler)February 1482–2 January 1492 – the Granada War, military campaigns during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, against the Nasrid dynasty’s Emirate of Granada
1482–1495 – Vlad IV the Monk
1495–1508 – Radu IV the Great
1508–1509 – Mihnea I the Bad
July 1482 – the first siege of Hainburg by Matthias I Corvinus
August–September 1482 – the second siege of Hainburg by Matthias I Corvinus
1483
30 August 1483–7 April 1498 – Charles VIII is king of FranceHouse of Valois (1328–1589)1484 – killing of Erazem Lueger by one of his men during the siege of Predjama Castle, Carniola
16 September 1380–21 October 1422 – Charles VI the Beloved
21 October 1422–22 July 1461 – Charles VII
22 July 1461–30 August 1483 – Louis XI
30 August 1483–7 April 1498 – Charles VIII
7 April 1498–1 January 1515 – Louis XII
1 January 1515–31 March 1547 – Francis I
29 January–1 June 1485 – the siege of Vienna during the Austrian–Hungarian War between Frederick III and Matthias Corvinus
1 June 1485 – the fall of Vienna to Matthias Corvinus
1485–1490 – Vienna is the capital of the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus
22 August 1485–21 April 1509 – Henry VII is king of England:House of York
11 April 1471–9 April 1483 – Edward IV (second reign)
9 April 1483–25 June 1483 – Edward V
26 June 1483–22 August 1485 – Richard III
House of Tudor
22 August 1485–21 April 1509 – Henry VII
21 April 1509–28 January 1547 – Henry VIII1490s 1490
6 April 1490 – death of Matthias Corvinus in Vienna
15 July 1490–13 March 1516 – Vladislaus II is king of King of Hungary and Croatia:27 May 1471–13 March 1516 – Vladislaus II is King of Bohemia1491
15 July 1490–13 March 1516 – King of Hungary
April 1491 – the eight-month siege of Granada begins
April 1491–2 January 1492 – the siege of Granada
7 November 1491 – signing of the Peace of Pressburg between the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and King Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary
1492
2 January 1492 – the fall of Granada to the Spanish
31 March 1492 – the Alhambra Decree (the Edict of Expulsion) issued by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain (Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon) ordering the expulsion of practicing Jews from the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon and its territories by 31 July 1492
3 August 1492 – Columbus departs from Castilian Palos de la Frontera at 8 am on a voyage to find a shorter route to India and the Orient with three ships, the Niña (real name Santa Clara), the Pinta, and the Santa Maria
3 August 1492–4 March 1493 – Columbus’ first voyage of discovery, to the Bahamas or Turks and Caicos, Cuba, and Haiti
11 August 1492–18 August 1503 – Pope Alexander VI
23 September 1492–16 June 1501 – reign of John I Albert as Polish king:Jagiellonian Kings of Poland1493
4 March 1386–1 June 1434 – Władysław II Jagiełło
25 July 1434– 10 November 1444 – Władysław III of Poland
25 June 1447–7 June 1492 – Casimir IV Jagiellon
23 September 1492–16 June 1501 – John I Albert
19 August 1493 – death of Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor) in Linz
19 August 1493–12 January 1519 – sole rule of Maximilian I as King of the Romans (16 February 1486–12 January 1519) and Holy Roman Emperor (4 February 1508–12 January 1519)
24 September 1493–August 1494 – Columbus’ second voyage of discovery
1494
16 March 1494 – Maximilian marries Bianca Maria Sforza, a daughter of Galeazzo Maria Sforza, duke of Milan
September 1494–July 1495 – Charles VIII’s invasion of Italy:19 October 1494 – Charles VIII’s army besieges and takes Mordano9 November 1494 – fall of Piero di Lorenzo de’ Medici of Florence and flight of the Medici
17–28 November 1494 – Charles VIII in Florence
31 December 1494 – the army of Charles VIII enters Rome
1 January 1495 – Charles VIII enters Rome
6 January 1495 – the Pope takes refuge at Castel Sant’Angelo
15 January 1495 – general looting of Rome
31 March 1495 – formation of the League of Venice of Milan, Venice, Pope Alexander VI, King Ferdinand and Emperor Maximilian
22 February 1495 – Charles VIII enters Naples
20 May 1495 – Charles VIII leaves Naples for France
6 July 1495 – the battle of Fornovo near Parma between the Holy League and Charles VIII
17–28 November 1494 – Charles VIII in Florence
31 December 1494 – the army of Charles VIII enters Rome
1495
1 January 1495 – Charles VIII enters Rome
6 January 1495 – the Pope takes refuge at Castel Sant’Angelo
15 January 1495 – general looting of Rome
31 March 1495 – formation of the League of Venice of Milan, Venice, Pope Alexander VI, King Ferdinand and Emperor Maximilian
22 February 1495 – Charles VIII enters Naples:Trastámara20 May 1495 – Charles VIII leaves Naples for France
2 June 1442–27 June 1458 – Alfonso the Magnanimous is king of Naples
27 June 1458–25 January 1494 – Ferdinand I is king of Naples
25 January 1494–23 January 1495 – Alfonso II (abdicated)
23 January 1495–7 September 1496 – Ferdinand II
February–May 1495 – French occupation under Charles VIII
7 September 1496–1 August 1501 – Frederick I
1501–1504 – union with France
Trastámara
personal union of the Kingdom of Aragon
1504–1516 – Ferdinand II of Aragon is King of Naples
6 July 1495 – the battle of Fornovo near Parma between the Holy League and Charles VIII
September 1495–April 1508 – reign of Radu IV the Great:1481–1482 – Basarab IV The Younger (Little Impaler)25 October 1495–13 December 1521 – Emmanuel I is king of Portugal:
1482–1495 – Vlad IV the Monk
1495–1508 – Radu IV the Great
1508–1509 – Mihnea I the BadKings of Portugal (House of Aviz 1385–1580)1496
14 August 1433–9 September 1438 – Edward
13 September 1438–11 November 1477 – Alphonso V
11 November 1477–15 November 1477 – John II
15 November 1477–28 August 1481 – Alphonso V
28 August 1481–25 October 1495 – John II
25 October 1495–13 December 1521 – Emmanuel I
18 March 1496 – Maximillian issues an order expelling Jews from Styria, Wiener Neustadt and Neukirchen
7 July 1496 – Ferdinand II returns to Naples after French occupation
August 1496 – Naples back under the control of Ferdinand II
5 December 1496 – King Manuel I of Portugal signs the decree of expulsion of Jews and Muslims (to take effect by October 1497)
1498
30 May 1498 – Columbus leaves the port of Sanlúcar with a fleet of six ships on his third voyage
1499
1499–1504 – the Second Italian War (Louis XII’s Italian War or the War over Naples)
1499–1503 – the Second Ottoman–Venetian War between the Ottomans and Venice for control of territories in the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea and the Adriatic Sea
12, 20, 22, 25 August 1499 – the battle of Zonchio (battle of Sapienza/First Battle of Lepanto) between the Venetians and Ottomans
1500–1510 1500
1504–1516 – Ferdinand II of Aragon is King of Naples
18 April 1506–18 November 1626 – the construction of new St. Peter’s Basilica
20 May 1506 – death of Christopher Columbus in Valladolid, Spain
25 September 1506–25 October 1555 – Charles V is Lord of the Netherlands and Duke of Burgundy:23 January 1516–16 January 1556 – Charles V is King of Spain
12 January 1519–28 April 1521 – Charles V is Archduke of Austria
28 June 1519–27 August 1556 – Charles V is Holy Roman Emperor
26 October 1520 – Charles V is crowned as King of the Germans in Germany
22 February 1530 – Charles V is crowned King of Italy
24 February 1530 – Charles V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Bologna1510s 1510 – Ferdinand of Aragon orders the expulsion of Jews from Naples
1516–22 January 1517 – the Ottoman–Mamluk War of 1516–1517 between Mameluke Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire
24 January 1517 – the Battle of Ridaniya near Cairo between Selim I and Tuman Bay, in which the Mamelukes were defeated
April 1519 – Hernán Cortés (1485–1547) and 700 soldiers land near Tabasco on the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico
28 June 1519–27 August 1556 – Charles V is Holy Roman Emperor
1520s 22 May 1520 – massacre in the Great Temple of the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan
1 July 1520 – the Aztec emperor Moctezuma was killed
13 August 1521 – the Aztec Empire was captured
1521–1524 – Cortés personally governed Mexico
26 June–22 December 1522 – the second siege of Rhodes of 1522, in which Knights of Rhodes are expelled by Ottomans
29 August 1526 – the battle of Mohács between king Louis II of Hungary and Suleiman the Magnificent, fought near Mohács, Kingdom of Hungary
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