Chronology of the 14th Century

1295 – Marco Polo returns to Venice during the war with Republic of Genoa

26 March 1296–1 May 1328 – First War of Scottish Independence

May–11 September 1297 – Scottish uprising led by William Wallace

11 September 1297 – battle of Stirling Bridge: Andrew Moray and William Wallace defeat the English forces of John de Warenne (6th Earl of Surrey) and Hugh de Cressingham near Stirling, on the River Forth

November 1297 – William Wallace leads a large-scale raid into northern England, through Northumberland and Cumberland

27 July 1298–1 May 1308 – Albert I is King of the Romans

summer 1299–May 1300 – Mongol invasion of Syria and Palestine under Ghazan:

December 23/24 1299 – defeat of the Mamluks in the Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar (3rd Battle of Homs)
c. 30 December 1299–6 January 1300 – capture of Damascus
February 1300 – retreat of Ghazan from Palestine

August 1299 – Marco Polo released from captivity and returns home to Venice

13 May 1301–16 July 1342 – Charles I is King of Hungary and Croatia (Capetian House of Anjou)

5 August 1305 – John de Menteith (a Scottish knight loyal to Edward) turns over William Wallace to English soldiers at Robroyston near Glasgow

23 August 1305 – execution of William Wallace at the Elms at Smithfield, London

1307–1323 – Bernard Gui is Inquisitor of Toulouse against the Albigenses at the behest of Pope Clement V and Pope John XXII:

26 August 1323–20 July 1324 – Bernardo Guido is Bishop of Diocese of Tui-Vigo
1324–30 December 1331 – Bernard Gui is bishop of Lodeve

1308–1330 – Frederick I the Fair is Duke of Austria and Styria:

House of Habsburg
1278–1282 – Rudolf I
1282–1308 – Albert I
1282–1283 – Rudolf II the Debonair
1298–1307 – Rudolf III the Good
1308–1330 – Frederick I the Fair

8 July 1307–20 January 1327 – Edward II (Edward of Caernarfon) is king of England:

House of Anjou
3 September 1189–6 April 1199 – Richard I (Richard the Lionheart)
27 May 1199–19 October 1216 – John (John Lackland)
House of Plantagenet
28 October 1216–16 November 1272 – Henry III (Henry of Winchester)
20 November 1272–7 July 1307 – Edward I Longshanks
8 July 1307–20 January 1327 – Edward II
25 January 1327–21 June 1377 – Edward III
22 June 1377–29 September 1399 – Richard II
House of Lancaster
30 September 1399–20 March 1413 – Henry IV

c. 1310–1351/1352 – Basarab I is first voivode ruler of Wallachia

29 June 1312–24 August 1313 – Henry VII is Holy Roman Emperor (House of Luxembourg)

October 1314–11 October 1347 – Louis IV, the Bavarian is Holy Roman Emperor (House of Wittelsbach)

1316-1 December 1335 –

8–9 January 1324 – death of Marco Polo in Venice

1324–30 December 1331 – Bernard Gui is bishop of Lodeve

November–December 1327 – fictional date of Umberto Eco’s novel The Name of the Rose (Il nome della rosa) set in a northern Italian monastery inspired by Sacra di San Michele (Saint Michael’s Abbey), Susa Valley, Piedmont

1328–15 June 1341 – Andronikos III Palaiologos is Byzantine emperor:

Palaiologos Emperors
15 August 1261–11 December 1282 – Michael VIII Palaiologos
11 December 1282–24 May 1328 – Andronikos II Palaiologos
1328–15 June 1341 – Andronikos III Palaiologos
15 June 1341–12 August 1376 – John V Palaiologos
1 July 1379–14 April 1390 – John V Palaiologos

1330
13 January 1330–16 August 1358 – Albert II is Duke of Austria and Styria:

1295–1335 – Henry VI (Gorizia-Tyrol) is Duke of Carinthia
12 December 1298 – Albert II born at Habsburg Castle in Swabia
1313–1317 – Albert II is Bishop of Passau
13 January 1330–16 August 1358 – Albert II is Duke of Austria and Styria
2 April 1335–16 August 1358 – Albert II is Duke of Carinthia

25 September 1379 – Treaty of Neuberg between Albert III and his brother Leopold III: division of the Habsburg hereditary lands into Albertinian and Leopoldian line

Inner Austria: Styria, Carinthia and Carniola
7 July 1379–9 July 1386 – Leopold III
July 1386–15 July 1406 – William
July 1406–10 June 1424 – Ernest the Iron
10 June 1424–19 August 1493 – Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor from 19 March 1452)
10 June 1424–2 December 1463 – Albert VI (brother of Emperor Frederick III)
1436 – Frederick III makes a pilgrimage to the Holy Land
2 February 1440 – prince-electors convened at Frankfurt and elected Frederick III King of the Romans

Archduchy of Austria: Lower Austria and most of Upper Austria
Albertinian Line
25 September 1379–29 August 1395 – Albert III is Duke of Austria
29 August 1395–14 September 1404 – Albert IV is Duke of Austria
14 September 1404–27 October 1439 – Albert V the Magnanimous
22 February 1440 – birth of Ladislaus the Posthumous (son of Albert V)
1440–23 November 1457 – Ladislaus the Posthumous

Further Austria/Anterior Austria: Swabian duchy of south-western Germany, Alsace region west of the Rhine, Vorarlberg
1406–24 June 1439 – Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets
24 June 1439–16 March 1490 – Sigismund, Archduke of Austria (renounced rule in 1490)
1439–1446 – Frederick III is regent for Sigismund
16 March 1490–12 January 1519 – Maximilian I (Holy Roman Emperor) succeeds Sigismund in all territories

Austria Proper
1440–23 November 1457 – Ladislaus the Posthumous
23 November 1457–19 August 1493 – Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor) is ruler of Lower Austria
23 November 1457–2 December 1463 – Albert VI is Archduke of Austria
2 December 1463 – death of Albert VI, Archduke of Austria
2 December 1463–19 August 1493 – Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor) is sole ruler of Austrian lands
29 January–1 June 1485 – the siege of Vienna during the Austrian–Hungarian War between Frederick III and Matthias Corvinus
1 June 1485 – the fall of Vienna to Matthias Corvinus
June 1485–1490 – Vienna is the capital of the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus
6 April 1490 – death of Matthias Corvinus in Vienna

1331
30 December 1331 – death of Bernard Gui at the castle of Lauroux, Hérault department, south France

1333
April 1333–5 November 1370 – Casimir III the Great (30 April 1310–5 November 1370) is King of Poland

December 1335 – disintegration of the Ilkhanate after the death of Abu Sa’id Bahadur Khan

December 1335–1336 – Arpa Ke’un is Ilkhan during the disintegration of the Mongol state in Persia

12 April 1336–1337 – Musa Khan is Ilkhan after being installed by the governor of Baghdad, ’Ali Padsah

September 1343 – the crisis of Tana: a Venetian noble kills a Tatar merchant, followed by pillaging and massacre of Italians in Tana

1344
February 1344 – first siege of Feodosia (Caffa) by the Mongols

1345
by 1345–1358 – Amir Qazaghan is effective ruler of the western part of the Chagatai Khanate

summer 1345 – second siege of Feodosia (Caffa) by the Mongols

1346
11 July 1346–29 November 1378 – Charles IV is Holy Roman Emperor (House of Luxembourg)

1245/1250–29 June 1312 – Great Interregnum with no formal emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
House of Luxembourg
29 June 1312–24 August 1313 – Henry VII is Holy Roman Emperor
House of Wittelsbach
October 1314–11 October 1347 – Louis IV, the Bavarian is Holy Roman Emperor
House of Luxembourg
11 July 1346–29 November 1378 – Charles IV
1411–1437 – Sigismund is King of Germany
31 May 1433–9 December 1437 – Sigismund

winter 1346–1347 – third siege of Feodosia (Caffa) by the Mongols under the command of Janibeg

1347
c. 1347 – Chagatai Khanate splits into the Western Chagatai Khanate and the Eastern Chagatai Khanate (Moghulistan)

c. 1347–1363 – Tughlugh Timur is Khan of the Eastern Chagatai Khanate (Moghulistan), raised up by the Dughlat amir Bulaji

spring 1347 – plague strikes Caffa

July 1347–1353 – the Black Death (Great Plague or the Black Plague) kills an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis; it peaks in Europe from 1347 to 1351

October 1347 – the Black Death reaches Sicily

1348
1348–1358 – Bayan Qulï is Khan of the Western Chagatai Khanate

June 1348 – the Black Death reaches France, Spain, Portugal and England

c. 1352–November 1364 – Nicholas Alexander is Voivode of Wallachia

1354–1380 – Manuel Kantakouzenos (restored) is Despot of the Morea:

Despots of the Morea
1354–1380 – Manuel Kantakouzenos (restored)
1380–1383 – Matthew Kantakouzenos
1383 – Demetrios I Kantakouzenos
1383–1407 – Theodore I Palaiologos
1407–1443 – Theodore II Palaiologos
1428–1449 – Constantine Palaiologos (from 1449 emperor)
1428–1460 – Thomas Palaiologos
1449–1460 – Demetrios II Palaiologos

1358
1358 – assassination of Amir Qazaghan (effective ruler of the western part of the Chagatai Khanate):

Amir and Ruler of the Qara’unas of the Western Chagatai Khanate
by 1345–1358 – Amir Qazaghan
1358–1359 – amir Abdullah
1359 – Buyan Suldus is appointed as emir of the Ulus
c. 1359–1369/1370 – amir Husayn
c. March 1360 – Tughlugh Timur invades the Western Chagatai Khanate

27 June 1358 – Treaty of Zadar forces Venice to yield all claims to Dalmatia, and Dubrovnik accepts hegemony of King Louis I of Hungary:

1399 – Dubrovnik acquires the area between Ragusa and Pelješac (Primorje / Dubrovačko primorje) with Slano
1403–1404 – Bosnian–Ragusan War
1419–1426 – Dubrovnik acquires Konavle region, south of Astarea (Župa dubrovačka)
1458 – Republic of Ragusa signs treaty with the Ottoman Empire to be a tributary of the sultan
1481 – Dubrovnik accepts Ottoman protection

1360
1360–1393 – Bagrat V is king of Georgia

c. March 1360 – Tughlugh Timur invades the Western Chagatai Khanate

c. spring/summer 1360 – Tughlugh Timur appoints Timur (Tamerlane) as ruler of Hajji Beg’s former territories (Transoxania) around Kesh

c. 1360/1361 – Hajji Beg ousts Timur (Tamerlane)

1361
March/April 1361 – Tughlugh Timur invades the Western Chagatai Khanate and executes Amir Bayazid and Buyan Suldus

spring 1361? – Hajji Beg Barlas (leader of the Barlas tribe) is killed in Khurasan

spring 1361? – Timur (Tamerlane) given the area of Kesh (as chief of the Berlas) and commander of a tumen

spring/summer 1361 – amir Husayn is defeated by Tughlugh Timur

spring/summer 1361 – Tughlugh Timur appoints his son Ilyas Khoja as viceroy of Transoxiana:

1361–1363 – Ilyas Khoja is viceroy of Transoxiana
spring 1361 – Hajji Beg Barlas (leader of the Barlas tribe) is killed in Khurasan
1363 – death of Tughlugh Timur
1365 – Ilyas Khoja invades Transoxiana
May 1365 – Ilyas Khoja defeats Amir Husayn and Timur
summer 1365 – Ilyas Khoja besieges Samarkand

summer 1361? – Timur (Tamerlane) flees to Amir Husayn near Khiva in Khorasan

summer 1361–1364 – Timur in exile

1363
1363 – Adil-Sultan is puppet Khan of the Western Chagatai Khanate under the Tribal Confederation of Amir Husayn and Amir Timur

1364
1364? – Timur (Tamerlane) is wounded in a campaign in Sistan

12 May 1364 – issue of royal charter of foundation for Jagiellonian University (University of Kraków) in Kraków, Poland

1364? – Amir Husayn and Amir Timur invade Balkh

1364–1370 – Khabul Shah is Khan of Western Chagatai Khanate (controlled by amir Husayn)

November 1364–1377 – Vladislav I is Voivode of Wallachia

winter 1364–1365 – Timur (Tamerlane) winters in Kesh

1365
spring 1365 – Ilyas Khoja invades Transoxiana

May 1365 – Ilyas Khoja defeats Amir Husayn and Timur at the battle of the Mire near Tashkent; Timer flees across the Amu-Darya to Balkh

summer 1365 – Ilyas Khoja besieges Samarkand

1366
spring 1366 - Timur and Husayn defeat the Sarbadar ruler of Samarkand; they take Samarkand

1366-1368 - Timur in exile; he invades the Ulus Chaghatay periodically against Amir Husayn

1367
winter 1367 - Timur in Qarshi near Kesh; he sends Hajji Mahmudshah Yasa'uri to govern Bukhara and collect its taxes

summer 1367 - Timur returns to Transoxiana and takes Qarshi

1367 - Timur retreats north to Tashkent

1368
1368-1392 - Qamar-ud-din Khan Dughlat is Khan of the Eastern Chagatai Khanate (Moghulistan)

1368 - Timur and Amir Husayn make peace; Timur returns to Kish

summer 1368 - Amir Husayn and Amir Timur campaign on the southern edge of the Ulus

late 1368 - Amir Husayn and Amir Timur went together to Balkh, and begin to build fortifications

1369
spring 1369? – Timur attacks Husayn, amir at Balkh

April 1369? – Timur becomes amir of Transoxania

1370
spring 1370? – Timur attacks Husayn, amir at Balkh

9 April 1370 – Timur officially becomes amir of Transoxania in a meeting of members of the Ulus Chagatai

9 April 1370–1384 – Suurgatmish is puppet Khan of the Western Chagatai Khanate

1372
1372/1373 – Timur attacks the Sufi dynasty of Khorezm

1380
1380 – Timur invades Khorasan

16 September 1380–21 October 1422 – Charles VI the Beloved is King of France:

House of Valois (1328–1589)
16 September 1380–21 October 1422 – Charles VI the Beloved
21 October 1422–22 July 1461 – Charles VII
22 July 1461–30 August 1483 – Louis XI

1382
1382–1410 – Ahmad Jalayir is Jalayirid (Mongol dynasty) is ruler of Iraq

1383
c. 1383–1386 – Dan I (Dănești) is Voivode of Wallachia

1383 – Timur conquers Herat

1384
1384–26 October 1403/1404 – Francesco II Gattilusio is Lord of Lesbos:

Lord of Lesbos
1384–26 October 1403/1404 – Francesco II Gattilusio
26 October 1404–1428 – Jacopo Gattilusio
1428–30 June 1455 – Dorino Gattilusio

1384

1385

1386
24 February 1386–6 August 1414 – Ladislaus the Magnanimous is king of Naples is King of Naples:

Kings of Naples
Anjou
24 February 1386–6 August 1414 – Ladislaus the Magnanimous is king of Naples
6 August 1414–2 February 1435 – Joanna II is queen of Naples
Bourbon
c. 1416 – James II (Count of La Marche)
Valois-Anjou
2 February 1435–2 June 1442 – René of Anjou is king of Naples

23 September 1386–1418 – the two reigns of Mircea I the Old as Voivode of Wallachia

23 September 1386–1395 – Mircea I the Old (first reign; Basarab) is Voivode of Wallachia

21 November 1386 – Timur captures Tbilisi (Georgia)

1387
1387–1437 – Sigismund is King of Hungary (House of Luxembourg)

spring 1387 – Timur invades Georgia

1388
1388–1394 – Nerio I Acciaioli is Duke of Athens:

Duchy of Athens
Florentine Acciaioli
1394–1395 – Antonio I Acciaioli
1395–1402 – Venetian control

1390
1390–1391 – John V Palaiologos or Palaeologus is Byzantine Emperor:

Byzantine Emperors
1391–1425 – Manuel II Palaiologos
1425–1448 – John VIII Palaiologos
1449–29 May 1453 – reign of Constantine XI Dragases Palaiologos / Palaeologus (son of Manuel II)

February 1390–June 1399 – Barquq is Sultan of Egypt and Syria:

Sultan of Egypt and Syria
July 1399–1405 – An-Nasir Faraj (first reign)
1405–c. May 1412 – An-Nasir Faraj (second reign)
7 May 1412–6 November 1412 – Al-Musta'in (Abbasid caliph) is Sultan of Egypt
6 November 1412–1421 – Shaykh al-Muayyad

1393
29 August 1393 – Timur arrives at Baghdad after an 8 day march from Fars; Ahmad Jalayir (Jalayirid ruler) flees to Syria

1394
1394–1397 – Vlad I the Usurper (Dănești) is Voivode of Wallachia

1394 – Sultan Ahmad (Jalayirid ruler) retakes Baghdad

1395
5 September 1395–3 September 1402 – Gian Galeazzo Visconti is Duke of Milan:

Dukes of Milan
House of Visconti
3 September 1402–16 May 1412 – Giovanni Maria Visconti
16 May 1412–13 August 1447 – Filippo Maria Visconti

1397
1397 – Shah Rukh appointed as governor of Khorasan with capital at Herat

1397–31 January 1418 – Mircea I the Old (second reign; Basarab) is Voivode of Wallachia

1398
September 1398–March 1399 – Timur's invasion of India:

30 September 1398 – Timur crosses the Indus River
October 1398 – Timur advances and captures Multan
11 December 1398 Timur reaches Delhi
12 December 1398 – first battle of Delhi
18 December 1398 – second battle of Delhi
20 December 1398 – Delhi surrendered to Timur
31 December 1398 – Timur leaves Delhi
1 January 1399 – Timur leaves Delhi and goes through Firuzabad
9 January 1399 – Timur storms Meerut
16 January 1399 – Timur captures Kangra
26 January–24 February 1399 – Timur ravages territory between Haridwar and Jamuna
3 March 1399 – Timur crosses the river Chenab
1 May 1399 – Timur reaches the Oxus

1399
1399–1408 – Shams-i-Jahan is Khan of the Eastern Chagatai Khanate (Moghulistan)

1400
1 January 1399 – Timur leaves Delhi and goes through Firuzabad

9 January 1399 – Timur storms Meerut

16 January 1399 – Timur captures Kangra

26 January–24 February 1399 – Timur ravages territory between Haridwar and Jamuna

3 March 1399 – Timur crosses the river Chenab

1 May 1399 – Timur reaches the Oxus

September 1399 – Timur leaves Samarqand for his Seven Year Campaign in the West

winter 1399–1400 – Timur in Qarabagh

1400
spring–summer 1400 – Timur invades and devastates Georgia

August 1400 – Timur sacks Sivas

autmun 1400–spring 1401 – Timur's attack on Mamluk Syria

7 October 1400 – Timur captures the Syrian castle at Behesna

11 November 1400 – Timur sacks Aleppo

20 December 1400 – Timur leaves Baalbek

1401
19 January 1401 – Mamluk army routed by Timur near Damascus

23 January 1401 – Damascus submits to Timur

January–February 1401 – siege of the citadel of Damascus by Timur

May–9 July 1401 – siege of Baghdad by Timur

1402
20 July 1402 – Battle of Ankara: Bayezid captured by Timur and the Ottoman army was defeated

1403
8 March 1403 – death of Bayezid I in captivity at the court of Timur

August 1403 – Timur captures the fortress of Birtvisi in Georgia

autumn 1403 – Qara Yusuf driven out of Baghdad by Aba Bakr (grandson of Tlmur)

1404
1404–1420 – Dobruja controlled by Wallachia

1405
18 February 1405 – death of Timur on the farther side of the Syr Darya at Farab

18 February 1405–c. 13 May 1409 – Khalil Sultan is ruler of the Timurid Empire:

Rulers of the Timurid Empire (1370–1512)
18 February 1405–c. 13 May 1409 – Khalil Sultan (Transoxiana)
13 May 1409 – Shah Rukh captures Samarkand
c. May 1409–1411 – Khalil Sultan is govenor of Rayy
May 1409–March 1447 – Ulugh Beg is governor of Transoxiana
c. February 1405–13 March 1447 – Shah Rukh (ruled from Herat)
c. March 1447–27 October 1449 – Ulugh Beg (Mirza Muhammad Tāraghay)
c. March 1447–c. October 1449 – division of Timurid Empire into (1) Transoxiana and (2) Khurasan, Herat, Fars, and Iraq-e-Ajam with multipel rulers in Iran

Transoxiana
27 October 1449–9 May 1450 – Abdal-Latif Mirza
9 May 1450–June 1451 – Abdullah Mirza
June 1451–c. 17 February 1469 – Abu Sa’id Mirza is rule of Transoxiana:

1451–17 February 1469 – Samarkand and Transoxiana
March 1459–17 February 1469 – Herat

Khurasan, Herat, Fars, and Iraq-e-Ajam
c. March 1447–spring 1448 – Ala al-Dawla Mirza (Khorasan and Herat; lived on as minor ruler)
1447–1451 – Sultan Muhammad (Persia and Fars)
1449–1457 – Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza
1457 – Mirza Shah Mahmud
1457–March 1459 – Ibrahim Mirza (Herat)

March 1459–17 February 1469 – sole rule of Abu Sa’id Mirza in Transoxiana and Iran
February 1469 – the sons of Abu Sa’id Mirza divide Transoxiana after his death into Samarkand, Bukhara, Hissar, Balkh, Kabul and Farghana

1406
22 January 1406–9 March 1414 – Al-Musta'in Billah is Abbasid caliph in Cairo:

Abbasid Caliph of Cairo
9 March 1414–23 July 1441 – Al-Mu'tadid II
23 July 1441–29 January 1451 – Al-Mustakfi II
1451–1455 – Al-Qa'im
1455–7 April 1479 – Al-Mustanjid
8 April 1479–27 September 1497 – Al-Mutawakkil II
27 September 1497–1508 – Al-Mustamsik (first reign)
1508–1516 – Al-Mutawakkil III
1516–1517 – Al-Mustamsik
22 January 1517 – Al-Mutawakkil III (second reign)

1406–August 1410 – Ahmad Jalayir is ruler at Baghdad

14 October 1406 – battle of Nakhchivan: Qara Yusuf the ruler of the Kara Koyunlu (Black Sheep Turkomans) defeats Abu Bakr bin Miran Shah (Timurid ruler of Azerbaijan)

1408
20 April 1408 – battle of Sardrud: Qara Yusuf defeats and kills Abu Bakr and his father Miran Shah who attempt to recapture Azerbaijan

1409
13 May 1409 – Shah Rukh captures Samarkand

May 1409–March 1447 – Ulugh Beg is governor of Transoxiana

May 1409–13 March 1447 – Shah Rukh (ruled from Herat) is sole ruler of the Timurid Empire

c. May 1409–1411 – Khalil Sultan is govenor of Rayy

1410
August 1410 – execution of Ahmad Jalayir by Qara Yusuf

c. August 1410–1411 – Shah Walad is Jalayir ruler

1411
29 April 1411 – Shah Muhammad captures Baghdad after months of resistance

29 April 1411–1432 – Shah Muhammad (Kara Koyunlu) is Wali of Baghdad (nominal ruler from c. August 1410)

1412
7 May 1412–6 November 1412 – Al-Musta'in (Abbasid caliph) is Sultan of Egypt

17 November 1420 – death of Qara Yusuf

1429–1431 – Abu Said Busat is ruler of the Kara Koyunlu under the suzerainty of the Timurids

1432
1432 – the Jalayirid state in lower Iraq conquered by the Kara Koyunlu

1433
1433–1445 – Ispend bin Yusuf is Kara Koyunlu ruler of Baghdad


c. 1438–1467 – Jahan Shah is Sultan of Kara Koyunlu (Black Sheep Turks)

1147
13 March 1447 – death of Shah Rukh (ruled from Herat)

c. March 1447–27 October 1449 – Ulugh Beg (Mirza Muhammad Tāraghay)

c. March 1447–c. October 1449 – division of Timurid Empire into (1) Transoxiana and (2) Khurasan, Herat, Fars, and Iraq-e-Ajam with multipel rulers in Iran

27 October 1449–9 May 1450 – Abdal-Latif Mirza is Timurid ruler of Transoxiana