tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-45568613652161179202024-03-05T00:48:18.042-08:00To Live is to Think: Thoughts on Philosophy, Culture and PoliticsLord Keyneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06556863604205200159noreply@blogger.comBlogger70125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4556861365216117920.post-63531809694571401832020-03-14T00:58:00.068-07:002022-02-13T07:04:49.551-08:00Chronology of Prehistory<blockquote>
13.7 billion BC – the Big Bang (current age of the universe is 0.0137% of total age of Stelliferous Era):<br />
<blockquote>
1 million–100 trillion years after Big Bang – Stelliferous Era<br />
</blockquote>
4.6–4 billion BC – Hadean Eon<br />
<br />
4.6 billion–541 million BC – Precambrian Eon<br />
<br />
4.54–4.0 billion BC – Earth forms by accretion from the solar nebula<br />
<br />
4.543 billion BC – very large (Mars-sized) planetesimal hits the earth, splitting off material that formed the Moon (see Giant impact hypothesis)<br />
<br />
4.280 billion BC – emergence of life on Earth<br />
<br />
3.900–2.500 billion – prokaryote-like cells appear<br />
<br />
2.800 billion BC – oldest evidence for microbial life on the land<br />
<br />
2.5–1.5 billion BC – time of supercontinent Columbia (Nuna / Hudsonland)<br />
<br />
2.4–2.1 billion BC – Huronian glaciation (300 million year length)<br />
<br />
1.850 billion BC – appearance of eukaryotic cells<br />
<br />
1,500–1,200 million BC – breakup of Columbia (Nuna / Hudsonland)<br />
<br />
1.23 billion BC – supercontinent Rodinia already formed?<br />
<br />
1.1–0.9 billion BC? – formation of supercontinent Rodinia<br />
<br />
900–c. 750 million BC – time of supercontinent Rodinia:<blockquote>900–c.750 million BC – time of supercontinent Rodinia<br />
c. 650–560 million BC – time of supercontinent Pannotia (Vendian supercontinent, Greater Gondwana, Pan-African supercontinent)
</blockquote>
c. 850–635 million BC – Sturtian-Varangian glaciation: glacial conditions may have existed all the way to the equator (“Snowball Earth”):<br />
<blockquote>
2.4–2.1 billion BC – Huronian glaciation (300 million year length)<br />
c. 850–635 million BC – Sturtian-Varangian glaciation (215 million year length):<br />
<blockquote>
c. 717–643 million BC – Sturtian glaciation<br />
c. 715–680 million BC – Sturtian glaciation (Stern et al.)<br />
</blockquote>
650–635 million BC – worldwide Marinoan glaciation in Cryogenian period (Snowball Earth)<br />
450–420 million BC – Andean-Saharan glaciation (30 million year length)<br />
360–260 million BC – late Paleozoic icehouse (Karoo ice age)<br />
260–33.9 million BC – last greenhouse period<br />
c. 170–c. 165 million BC – Jurassic period Ice Age, caused by large-scale volcanic event (North Sea Dome)<br />
33.9 million BC–present – Late Cenozoic Ice Age (Antarctic Glaciation), present icehouse climate<br />
2.58 million–present – Quaternary glaciation (2.58 million year length)<br />
</blockquote>
750 million BC – first protozoa<br />
<br />
750–633 million BC – breakup of supercontinent Rodinia <br />
<br />
720–635 million BC – Cryogenian Period<br />
<br />
650–635 million BC – the Marinoan glaciation, worldwide glaciation during the Cryogenian period, possibly covering the entire planet (Snowball Earth)<br />
<br />
c. 650–560 million BC – time of supercontinent Pannotia (Vendian supercontinent, Greater Gondwana, Pan-African supercontinent)<br />
<br />
635–541 million BC – Ediacaran Period<br />
<br />
633–573 million BC – continental fragments form supercontinent Pannotia<br />
<br />
600 million BC – atmospheric oxygen accumulation causes formation of an ozone layer<br />
<br />
580–542 million BC – Ediacara biota are first large, complex aquatic multicellular organisms<br />
<br />
550–180 million BC – time of supercontinent Gondwana<br />
<br />
541–0 million BC – Phanerozoic Eon<br />
<br />
541 million BC – beginning of Cambrian explosion<br />
<br />
541–485.4 million BC – Cambrian Period (duration of 55.6 million years)<br />
<br />
530 million BC – date of <i>Walking With Monsters</i> “Water Dwellers”:
<blockquote>
418 million BC – date of <i>Walking With Monsters</i> “Water Dwellers”
(Silurian)<br />
360 million BC – date of <i>Walking With Monsters</i> “Water Dwellers”
(Devonian)
</blockquote>
511 million BC – earliest crustaceans<br />
<br />
485.4–443.8 million BC – Ordovician Period<br />
<br />
450–420 million BC – Andean-Saharan glaciation (during the late Ordovician and the Silurian period), known from Arabia, Sahara, West Africa, the south Amazon, and the Andes: center of glaciation migrated from Sahara in the Ordovician
(450–440 Ma) to South America in the Silurian (440–420 Ma)<br />
<br />
443.8–419.2 million BC – Silurian Period<br />
<br />
419.2–358.9 million BC – Devonian Period<br />
<br />
365–363 million BC – time of Hynerpeton early four-limbed vertebrate<br />
<br />
360 million BC – time of Hyneria, a genus of large prehistoric predatory lobe-finned fish about 2.5–3.7 m in total length<br />
<br />
360–260 million BC – late Paleozoic icehouse (Karoo ice age): ice may have come in regular cycles<br />
<br />
358.9–298.9 million BC – Carboniferous Period<br />
<br />
335–175 million BC – time of Pangaea, a supercontinent centred on Equator and surrounded by the superocean Panthalassa<br />
<br />
c.315 million BC – evolution of the first reptiles<br />
<br />
305 million BC – Carboniferous rainforest collapse (CRC), minor extinction
event <br />
<br />
303.4–272.5 million BC – time of Edaphosaurus (late Carboniferous–early
Permian)<br />
<br />
300 million BC – date of <i>Walking With Monsters</i> “Reptile’s Beginnings”
in Kansas, USA:
<blockquote>
280 million BC – date of <i>Walking With Monsters</i> “Reptile’s Beginnings”
in Bromacker, Germany
</blockquote>
298.9–251.9 BC – Permian Period:
<blockquote>
<b>4.6–4.0 billion BC – Hadean eon</b><br />
<b>4–2.5 billion BC – Archean eon</b><br />
<b>2500–541 million BC – Proterozoic eon</b><br />
1600–1400 million BC – Calymmian Period<br />
1400–1200 million BC – Ectasian Period<br />
1200–1000 million BC – Stenian Period<br />
1000–720 million BC – Tonian Period<br />
720–635 million BC – Cryogenian Period<br />
635–541 million BC – Ediacaran Period<br />
<b>541–0 million BC – Phanerozoic Eon</b>
541–485.4 million BC – Cambrian Period<br />
485.4–443.8 million BC – Ordovician Period<br />
443.8–419.2 million BC – Silurian Period<br />
419.2–358.9 million BC – Devonian Period<br />
358.9–298.9 million BC – Carboniferous Period<br />
298.9–251.9 BC – Permian Period<br />
251.902–201.3 million BC – Triassic Period<br />
<b>251.902–66 million BC – Mesozoic Era</b>
201.3–145 million BC – Jurassic Period<br />
145–66 million BC – Cretaceous Period<br />
<b>66–0 million BC – Cenozoic Era</b><br />
66–23.03 million BC – Paleogene Period:
<blockquote>
66–56 million BC – Paleocene epoch<br />
56–34 million BC – Eocene Epoch<br />
33.9–23 million BC – Oligocene epoch<br />
</blockquote>
23.03–2.58 million BC – Neogene Period<br />
2.58–0 million BC – Quaternary Period<br />
<blockquote>
2,588,000–9,700 BC – the Pleistocene epoch<br />
9,700 BC–present – Holocene epoch<br />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
295–272 million BC – time of Dimetrodon<br />
<br />
280–240 million BC – East Asia collides with West Eurasia (still attached to
Pangaea)<br />
<br />
265.0–252.3 million BC – time of Inostrancevia (Gorgonopsidae)<br />
<br />
265–254 million BC – time of Scutosaurus (in Russia)<br />
<br />
260–33.9 million BC – last greenhouse period from late Permian Period to middle of the Cenozoic Era (lasted 226.1 million years):<blockquote>2.4–2.1 billion BC – Huronian icehouse (300 million year length)<br />
2,100–720 million BC – greenhouse period (lasted 1.38 billion years)<br />
720–635 million BC – Cryogenian icehouse (lasted 85 million years)<br />
635–450 million BC – greenhouse period (lasted 185 million years)<br />
450–420 million BC – Andean-Saharan glaciation (lasted 30 million years)<br />
420–360 million BC – greenhouse period (lasted 60 million years)<br />
360–260 million BC – Late Paleozoic Ice Age (Karoo ice age; lasted 100 million years)<br />
260–33.9 million BC – greenhouse period (lasted 226.1 million years):<blockquote>c. 170–c. 165 million BC – Jurassic Ice Age<br />
94–82 million BC – Cretaceous Greenhouse<br />
58–50 million BC – Eocene hothouse</blockquote>33.9 million BC–2021 – Late Cenozoic Ice Age (33.9 million years)</blockquote>260–250 million BC – no ice caps during the late Permian; this possibly causes stagnant oceans and anoxic water<br />
<br />
260–254 million BC – time of the Gorgonops, an extinct genus of therapsid, the dominant predators of their time<br />
<br />
256–255 million BC – time of Euchambersia, genus of therocephalian therapsid in what is now South Africa<br />
<br />
255–250 million BC – time of Lystrosaurus<br />
<br />
252–250 million BC – time of Proterosuchus<br />
<br />
c. 252–c. 251 million BC – 0.5–1 million years of volcanic eruptions (the Siberian Traps)<br />
<br />
c. 251.941–251.880 million BC – Permian–Triassic extinction event (End-Permian Extinction / Great Dying) over about 60,000 years (60 ± 48 ka): most severe known extinction event, with up to 96% of all marine species and 70% of terrestrial
vertebrate species becoming extinct; nearly all the trees died<br />
<br />
251.9–201.3 million BC – Triassic Period (duration of 50.6 millions years)<br />
<br />
250 million BC – Pangaea has a large central desert<br />
<br />
250 million BC – date of <i>Walking With Monsters</i> “Clash of Titans”:
<blockquote>
248 million BC – date of <i>Walking With Monsters</i> “Clash of Titans”
(Triassic, Antarctica)
</blockquote>
250–150 million BC – Pangaea forms one super continent with one gargantuan
ocean<br />
<br />
240–220 million BC – break-up of Eurasia from Pangaea<br />
<br />
233 million BC – huge volcanic eruptions on what becomes the west coast of Canada eject carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour into atmosphere: this leads to massive global warming<br />
<br />
c. 230 million BC – Carnian Pluvial Event (CPE): mass extinction of dominant tetrapods; shift to humid, rainy global climate<br />
<br />
221–203 million – time of the Postosuchus<br />
<br />
221–216 million BC – time of Placerias<br />
<br />
220 million BC – date of <i>Walking with Dinosaurs</i> “New Blood” (Late
Triassic, Arizona)<br />
<br />
214–204 million BC – time of the Plateosaurus (Late Triassic)<br />
<br />
201.3 million BC – Triassic–Jurassic extinction, major extinction events of the Phanerozoic eon: 23–34% of marine genera disappeared; all archosaurs other than crocodylomorphs (Sphenosuchia and Crocodyliformes) and Avemetatarsalia (pterosaurs and dinosaurs) died<br />
<br />
201.3–145 million BC – Jurassic Period (duration of 56.3 million years)<br />
<br />
200–170 million BC – break-up of Pangaea into North and South America; east Eurasia and Europe break from Pangaea<br />
<br />
170 million BC – Gondwana separated from Pangaea; <br />
<br />
c. 170–c. 165 million BC – Jurassic period Ice Age, caused by large-scale volcanic event (North Sea Dome)<br />
<br />
166–155 million BC – time of Liopleurodon (temporal range: Middle-Late
Jurassic)<br />
<br />
165–160 million BC – time of marine Ophthalmosaurus (ichthyosaur)<br />
<br />
156.3–146.8 million BC – time of the Brontosaurus in North America<br />
<br />
155–145 million BC – time of the Allosaurus <br />
<br />
155.7–147 million BC – time of the marine Pliosaurus<br />
<br />
154–152 million BC – time of Diplodocus (mid-western North America at the end
of the Jurassic period)<br />
<br />
154–144 million BC – time of the Stegosaurus (in the western United States and
Portugal?)<br />
<br />
154–153 million BC – time of the Brachiosaurus (living in North America in
Late Jurassic) <br />
<br />
154 million BC – date of <i>Planet Dinosaur</i> “Feathered Dragons” in Late
Jurassic Beijing, China, Asia, Mongolia, Asia, and Jilin, China, Asia<br />
<br />
152 million – Pangaea broken up into North and South America for 20 million
years (since 170 million BC); climate wetter<br />
<br />
152 million – date of <i>Walking with Dinosaurs</i> “Time of the Titans” in
Late Jurassic Colorado, Pangaea<br />
<br />
150 million BC – date of <i>Planet Dinosaur</i> “Fight for Life” in Late
Jurassic Svalbard, Europe and Oklahoma, USA, North America<br />
<br />
149 million BC – date of <i>Walking with Dinosaurs</i> “Cruel Sea” in Late
Jurassic Oxfordshire and Tethys sea<br />
<br />
145–66 million BC – Cretaceous Period (duration of 79 million years)<br />
<br />
c. 142.5 million BC – asteriod hits future Gosses Bluff (southern Northern Territory, Australia) (± 0.8 million years ago), close to the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary<br />
<br />
140–105 million BC – Africa separates from South America<br />
<br />
127 million BC – date of <i>Walking with Dinosaurs</i> “Giant of the Skies” in
Early Cretaceous Brazil, North America, Europe and Cantabria<br />
<br />
124.6 million BC – time of Yutyrannus found in northeastern China, a feathered proceratosaurid tyrannosauroid dinosaur<br />
<br />
120–100 million BC – time of Kronosaurus, a short-necked pliosaur with length of 9-10.9 meters: fossil material from Australia and Colombia<br />
<br />
120–110 million BC – time of the Koolasuchus (brachyopoid temnospondyl), found
in Victoria, Australia<br />
<br />
120–80 million BC – Cretaceous Thermal Maximum: average land temperatures
about 6 degrees C higher than today, and sea surface temperatures about 9
degrees C higher<br />
<br />
118–112 million BC – cold snap during the Cretaceous Period<br />
<br />
118–110 million BC – time of the Leaellynasaura (first discovered in Dinosaur
Cove, Australia)<br />
<br />
112.03–93.5 million BC – time of Spinosaurus in North Africa<br />
<br />
110 million BC – rising warming of Cretaceous Thermal Maximum<br />
<br />
106 million BC – date of <i>Walking with Dinosaurs</i> “Spirits of the Ice Forest” in early Cretaceous Antarctica<br />
<br />
105 million BC – Australia connected to Antarctica<br />
<br />
105–80 million BC – high sea levels: many areas of the continents underwater<br />
<br />
105–103 million BC – time of Muttaburrasaurus (northeastern Australia)<br />
<br />
101–66 million BC – time of the Mosasaurs (38 genera in total; largest known species up to 17 meters):
<blockquote>
166–155 million BC – time of Liopleurodon (temporal range: Middle-Late Jurassic; largest species up to 10 meters)
</blockquote>
c. 100.5 million–66 million – time of Hațeg Island in Europe, an island in the Tethys Sea<br />
<br />
95 million BC – date of <i>Planet Dinosaur</i> “Lost World” (episode 1), set in Egypt and North Africa<br />
<br />
95–80 million BC – time of Gigantoraptor in Asia<br />
<br />
95 million BC – date of <i>Planet Dinosaur</i> “New Giants” in Argentina, South America and Egypt, North Africa<br />
<br />
c. 95 million BC – time of the Australovenator (megaraptorid theropod), Australia<br />
<br />
94–82 million BC – Cretaceous Hot Greenhouse climate<br />
<br />
c. 93.9–89.8 million BC – Turonian ICS' geologic timescale<br />
<br />
92–91 million BC – time of Nothronychus (theropod dinosaur in the group Therizinosauria) in North America<br />
<br />
90 million BC – peak of the Cretaceous Thermal Maximum (CTM): much of Eurasia and Americas underwater<br />
<br />
85 million BC – date of <i>Planet Dinosaur</i> “The Great Survivors”:
<blockquote>
65 million BC – Late Cretaceous on Hațeg Island (Romania)<br />
92 million BC – Late Cretaceous, Zuni Basin, USA, North America<br />
85 million BC – Late Cretaceous Mongolia, Asia
</blockquote>
80 million BC – late Cretaceous period sea levels were 550 feet (170 m) higher than today<br />
<br />
77–74 million BC – time of Daspletosaurus torosus in Alberta, and Daspletosaurus horneri in Montana (Daspletosaurus is genus of tyrannosaurid dinosaur)<br />
<br />
76.5–75.5 million BC – time of Centrosaurus (herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaurs) in Canada<br />
<br />
75 million BC – date of <i>Planet Dinosaur</i> “Last Killers” in Alaska, North America and Madagascar, Africa<br />
<br />
73–66 million BC – time of Edmontosaurus (hadrosaurid = duck-billed dinosaur)
in north America<br />
<br />
71–66 million BC – time of Magyarosaurus in Romania<br />
<br />
70–66 million BC – time of Majungasaurus in Madagascar<br />
<br />
68–66 million BC – time of Tyrannosaurus (western North America in Late Cretaceous) <br />
<br />
66 million BC – much of southern Eurasia and Europe still underwater<br />
<br />
66 million BC – time of Hatzegopteryx (azhdarchid pterosaur) on Hațeg Island (Romania)<br />
<br />
c. 66 million BC – Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event (the Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) extinction), sudden mass extinction of three-quarters of the plant and animal species on Earth<br />
<br />
65.5 million BC – date of <i>Walking with Dinosaurs</i> “Death of a Dynasty,” in Cretaceous Montana<br />
<br />
66–23.03 million BC – Paleogene Period:
<blockquote>
<b>66–0 million BC – Cenozoic Era</b><br />
66–23.03 million BC – Paleogene Period:<br />
<blockquote>
66–56 million BC – Paleocene epoch<br />
56–34 million BC – Eocene Epoch<br />
33.9–23 million BC – Oligocene epoch<br />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
58–50 million BC – long-term warming trend from the Late Paleocene through the early Eocene<br />
<br />
56–34 million BC – Eocene Epoch<br />
<br />
55.5 million BC – Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) (Eocene thermal maximum 1, ETM1; Initial Eocene/Late Paleocene Thermal Maximum), 5–8 °C global average temperature rise<br />
<br />
53.7 million BC – Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (ETM-2) (H-1 or the Elmo = Eocene Layer of Mysterious Origin) event: transient period of global warming as the second major hyperthermal that punctuated the long-term warming trend <br />
<br />
50 million BC – much of North America, South America, Europe, Eurasia, and Antarctica underwater<br />
<br />
50–40 million BC – India colludes with Asia<br />
<br />
50–40 million BC – Himalayas begin to form<br />
<br />
49 million BC – date of <i>Walking with Beasts</i> “New Dawn” in Early Eocene (Germany) <br />
<br />
47.8–41.3 million BC – time of Ambulocetus (“walking whale”)<br />
<br />
41.3–33.9 million BC – time of Basilosaurus (Late Eocene)<br />
<br />
36 million BC – date of <i>Walking with Beasts</i> “Whale Killer” in Late Eocene North Africa, Pakistan, Tethys Sea<br />
<br />
34–23 million BC – time of the Paraceratherium<br />
<br />
33.9–23 million BC – Oligocene epoch<br />
<br />
33.9 million BC–present – Late Cenozoic Ice Age (Antarctic Glaciation), present icehouse climate<br />
<br />
25 million BC – date of <i>Walking with Beasts</i> “Land of Giants” in Late Oligocene Mongolia<br />
<br />
c. 23–3.6 million BC – time of Megalodon<br />
<br />
20,000,000–13,000,000 BC – time of Phorusrhacos (Terror Bird), large, flightless bird, top predator in North America and then after migration to South America<br />
<br />
14 million BC – Antarctica freezes over<br />
<br />
5.3–2.6 million BC – extension of Arctic ice<br />
<br />
5,000,000–8,000 BC – time of Megatherium in South America<br />
<br />
3.2 million BC – date of <i>Walking with Beasts</i> “Next of Kin” in Late Pliocene Ethiopia<br />
<br />
2.6 million BC – Arctic ice cap forms<br />
<br />
2.58–0 million years ago – Quaternary period:
<blockquote>
2,588,000–9,700 BC – the Pleistocene epoch<br />
9,700 BC–present – Holocene epoch<br />
</blockquote>
2.58 million–present – Quaternary glaciation (Pleistocene glaciation): alternating series of glacial and interglacial periods during Quaternary period; since Earth still has ice sheets, geologists consider the Quaternary glaciation to be
ongoing: Earth now experiencing an interglacial period:
<blockquote>
cause of Quaternary glaciation: fall in CO2 levels in atmosphere owing to the weathering of Himalayas<br />
(1) 2.58–1 million BC – ice advances and retreats in glacial–interglacial period roughly every 41,000 years (following changes in tilt of Earth’s axis)<br />
(2) 1 million–c. 9,700 BC – ice advances and retreats in 100,000-year cycle<br />
(3) 128,000–112,000 BC – ice retreats during the Eemian interglacial<br />
(4) c. 113,000–c. 9,700 BC – Last Glacial Period (LGP)<br />
(5) c. 27,000–18,000 BC – Last Glacial Maximum (when the ice sheets were at their greatest extension)<br />
(6) c. 14,000–c. 13,000 BC – the Oldest Dryas, a cold period<br />
(7) 10,900–9,700 BC – mini ice age the Younger Dryas causes sharp decline in temperatures over much of the northern hemisphere<br />
(8) 250 BC–AD 400 – Roman Warm Period<br />
</blockquote>
2.5 million–8,000 BC – time of Smilodon (saber-toothed cat / saber-toothed tiger), living in the Americas during the Pleistocene epoch<br />
<br />
2,000,000–c. 8,000 BC – time of Doedicurus (glyptodont) in South America<br />
<br />
1 million BC – date of <i>Walking with Beasts</i> “Sabre Tooth” in early Pleistocene Paraguay<br />
<br />
c. 600,000–370,000 years ago – time of the steppe mammoth, which populated northern Eurasia<br />
<br />
c.400,000–8,000 BC – time of the Woolly mammoth<br />
<br />
c. 250,000–c. 37,000 BC – time of the Neanderthals<br />
<br />
130,000–114,000 years ago – Eemian interglacial<br />
<br />
c. 113,000–c. 9,700 BC – Last Glacial Period (LGP) from the end of the Eemian to the end of the Younger Dryas: part of larger cycles of glacial and interglacial periods known as the Quaternary glaciation<br />
<br />
113,000–9,700 BC – the Würm glaciation, last glacial period of the Alpine region of Europe<br />
<br />
108,000–9,700 BC – last Ice Age<br />
<br />
c. 73,000 BC (± 900 years) – Lake Toba supervolcanic eruption (in Sumatra, Indonesia), largest known explosive eruption on Earth in the last 25 million years<br />
<br />
70,000 years ago – cold, dry low point; most of northern Europe and Canada were covered by thick ice sheets<br />
<br />
c. 65,000 BC – humans occupying Madjedbebe in Australia<br />
<br />
c. 48,000–28,000 BC – the time of the Mousterian Pluvial in North Africa, with a wet and rainy climate<br />
<br />
60,000 years ago – humans settle New Guinea<br />
<br />
28,000 BC – date of <i>Walking with Beasts</i> “Mammoth Journey” in Late Pleistocene Belgium<br />
<br />
28,000 BC – East Asia was reached by Homo sapiens<br />
<br />
28,000–13,000 BC – last cool phase of the Ice age; humans withdraw from north Eurasia to more southerly areas<br />
<br />
c. 27,000–18,000 BC – Last Glacial Maximum (when the ice sheets were at their greatest extension) <br />
<br />
26,000 BC – last group of Neanderthals disappear from southern Spain<br />
<br />
c. 24,500 BC – ice sheets at their greatest extension during Last Glacial Maximum<br />
<br />
c. 18,000–17,000 BC – deglaciation began in the Northern Hemisphere gradually<br />
<br />
7,000–3,000 BC – Holocene Climate Optimum (HCO)<br />
<br />
1,560 BC – eruption of Santorini volcano destroys Minoans on Crete<br />
<br />
250 BC–AD 400 – Roman Warm Period (Roman Climatic Optimum), unusually warm weather in Europe and the North Atlantic (not global?)<br />
<br />
c. 950–c. 1250 – Medieval Warm Period (MWP)</blockquote>
Lord Keyneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06556863604205200159noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4556861365216117920.post-27124090059158351872019-08-06T23:02:00.001-07:002019-08-06T23:39:32.761-07:00Chronology from 1970–1990<blockquote>5 November 1968 – the United States presidential election of 1968. Richard Nixon and Spiro Agnew (Republican) defeat Vice President Hubert Humphrey (Democratic). The results:<blockquote><b>Candidate | Electoral Votes</b><br />
Richard Nixon | 301<br />
Hubert Humphrey | 191<br />
George Wallace | 46.</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1969</b><br />
1969–1971 – Ernst Badian is State professor of classics at University of New York, Buffalo<br />
<br />
20 January 1969 – Richard Nixon inaugurated as US president. Nixon’s cabinet appointments:<blockquote><b>Vice President</b><br />
20 January 1969–10 October 1973 – Spiro Agnew<br />
6 December 1973–9 August 1974 – Gerald Ford<br />
<b>White House Chief of Staff</b><br />
20 January 1969–30 April 1973 – Harry R. Haldeman<br />
4 May 1973–21 September 1974 – Alexander Haig<br />
21 September 1974–20 November 1975 – Donald Rumsfeld<br />
20 November 1975–20 January 1977 – Dick Cheney<br />
<b>White House Domestic Affairs Advisor</b><br />
4 November 1969–30 April 1973 – John Ehrlichman<br />
1 May 1973–8 January 1974 – Melvin Laird<br />
<b>White House Adviser and Speechwriter</b><br />
Patrick Buchanan<br />
<b>White House Counsel</b><br />
20 January 1969–4 November 1969 – John Ehrlichman<br />
6 November 1969–9 July 1970 – Charles Colson<br />
9 July 1970–30 April 1973 – John Dean<br />
30 April 1973–9 August 1974 – Leonard Garment<br />
<b>National Security Advisor</b><br />
20 January 20 1969–3 November 1975 – Henry Kissinger<br />
3 November 1975–20 January 1977 – Brent Scowcroft<br />
<b>US Secretary of State</b><br />
22 January 1969–3 September 1973 – William P. Rogers<br />
22 September 1973–20 January 1977 – Henry Kissinger<br />
<b>US Secretary of the Treasury</b><br />
22 January 1969–11 February 1971 – David M. Kennedy<br />
11 February 1971–12 June 1972 – John Connally<br />
12 June 1972–8 May 1974 – George P. Shultz<br />
9 May 1974–20 January 1977 – William E. Simon<br />
<b>Secretary of Defense</b><br />
22 January 1969–29 January 1973 – Melvin Laird<br />
30 January 1973–24 May 1973 – Elliot Richardson<br />
2 July 1973–19 November 1975 – James R. Schlesinger<br />
20 November 1975–20 January 1977 – Donald Rumsfeld<br />
<b>US Attorney General</b><br />
21 January 1969–1 March 1972 – John N. Mitchell<br />
12 June 1972–30 April 1973 – Richard Kleindienst<br />
25 May 1973–20 October 1973 – Elliot Richardson (resigned)<br />
4 January 1974–2 February 1975 – William B. Saxbe<br />
2 February 1975–20 January 1977 – Edward H. Levi<br />
<b>Chair of the Federal Reserve</b><br />
2 April 1951–1 February 1970 – William M. Martin<br />
1 February 1970–31 January 1978 – Arthur F. Burns<br />
<b>Director of Central Intelligence</b><br />
30 June 1966–2 February 1973 – Richard Helms<br />
2 February 1973–2 July 1973 – James R. Schlesinger<br />
2 July 1973–4 September 1973 – Vernon A. Walters (acting)<br />
4 September 1973–30 January 1976 – William Colby<br />
30 January 1976–20 January 1977 – George H. W. Bush<br />
<b>Director of FBI</b><br />
1 July 1935–2 May 1972 – J. Edgar Hoover<br />
3 May 1972–27 April 1973 – L. Patrick Gray<br />
30 April 1973–9 July 1973 – William Ruckelshaus<br />
9 July 1973–15 February 1978 – Clarence M. Kelley</BLOCKQUOTE>20 January 1969–9 August 1974 – Richard Nixon is US president<br />
<br />
23 February–2 March 1969 – Richard Nixon’s state visit to Europe:<blockquote>23–24 February 1969 – Brussels, Belgium to the 23rd meeting of North Atlantic Council<br />
24–26 February 1969 – informal visit to London, United Kingdom <br />
26–27 February 1969 – West Berlin and Bonn, West Germany; address to the Bundestag<br />
27–28 February 1969 – Rome, Italy<br />
28 February–2 March 1969 – Paris, France; meeting with President Charles de Gaulle<br />
2 March 1969 – Vatican City; audience with Pope Paul VI</BLOCKQUOTE>2–15 March 1969 – the Sino-Soviet border conflict of 1969: Chinese and Soviet troops fight on Zhenbao (Damansky) Island on the Ussuri (Wusuli) River<br />
<br />
5 March 1969 – Arthur Kinsella (New Zealand Minister of Education) formally opens the Burns Building (Arts Building), University of Otago<br />
<br />
19 April 1969–21 June 1969 – UK broadcast date of “The War Games,” a serial of British science fiction television series <i>Doctor Who</i> starring Patrick Troughton<br />
<br />
28 April 1969 – President Charles de Gaulle resigns the presidency at noon<br />
<br />
20 July 1969 – 20:18 UTC, Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin land the lunar module <i>Eagle</i> on the moon at the Sea of Tranquility, as part of the United States Apollo 11 first manned mission to land on the Moon<br />
<br />
26 July–3 August 1969 – Richard Nixon’s state visits to Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, South Vietnam, India, Pakistan, Romania, and the UK:<blockquote>26–27 July 1969 – visit to Manila, Philippines to meet with President Ferdinand Marcos<br />
27–28 July 1969 – visit to Jakarta, Indonesia, to meet with President Suharto<br />
28–30 July 1969 – visit to Bangkok, Thailand<br />
30 July 1969 – visit to Saigon, South Vietnam to meet with President Nguyen Van Thieu<br />
31 July–1 August 1969 – visit to New Delhi, India<br />
1–2 August 1969 – visit to Lahore, Pakistan<br />
2–3 August 1969 – Richard Nixon visits Bucharest, Romania, to meet with President Nicolae Ceaușescu<br />
3 August 1969 – Richard Nixon meets Prime Minister Harold Wilson in Britain</BLOCKQUOTE>August 1969 – the Sino-Soviet border conflict of 1969 along the western section of the Sino-Soviet border in Xinjiang; the Tasiti incident; the Bacha Dao incident; the Tielieketi Incident<br />
<br />
8 September 1969 – Richard Nixon visits Mexico for the dedication of Amistad Dam with President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz<br />
<br />
October 1969 – Karl Popper retires as professor of logic and scientific method at the University of London<br />
<br />
December 1969–1977 – Friedrich Hayek is professor at the University of Salzburg, Austria<br />
<br />
<b>1970</b><br />
1970–4 September 1989 – Ronald Syme is Fellow of Wolfson College, Oxford<br />
<br />
3 January 1970–8 June 1974 – period of <i>Doctor Who</i> with Jon Pertwee as the Third Doctor<br />
<br />
3 January 1970–20 June 1970 – broadcast dates of Season 7 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Jon Pertwee:<blockquote>3, 10, 17, 24 January 1970 – “Spearhead from Space”<br />
31 January 1970; 7, 14, 21, 28 February 1970; 7, 14 March 1970 – “Doctor Who and the Silurians”<br />
21, 28 March 1970; 4, 11, 18, 25 April 1970; 2 May 1970 – “The Ambassadors of Death”<br />
9, 16, 23, 30 May 1970; 6, 13, 20 June 1970 – “Inferno”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
1971 – “The Invasion”<br />
1972–October 1973? – the Third Doctor’s exile on Earth<br />
1972 – “Spearhead from Space”<br />
1972 – “Doctor Who and the Silurians”<br />
1972 – “The Ambassadors of Death”<br />
c. 23 July 1972 – “Inferno”<br />
summer 1972 – “Terror of the Autons”<br />
winter 1972 – “The Claws of Axos” </BLOCKQUOTE>2 February 1970 – death of Bertrand Russell in Penrhyndeudraeth, Wales<br />
<br />
15 March 1970 – the first operational Soviet SAM site in Egypt completed<br />
<br />
9 May 1970–20 June 1970 – UK broadcast date of “Inferno,” a serial of British science fiction television series <i>Doctor Who</i> starring Jon Pertwee<br />
<br />
c. 15 March 1970 – Don Whillans while at the base camp of Machapuchare (near the south base camp of Annapurna I) on Chris Bonington’s Annapurna South Face expedition claims to see a yeti<br />
<br />
18 June 1970 – the United Kingdom general election of 1970. The Conservatives under Edward Heath won:<blockquote><b>Party | Candidate | Seats</b><br />
Conservative | Edward Heath | 330 <br />
Labour | Harold Wilson | 288 <br />
Liberal | Jeremy Thorpe | 6 <br />
SNP | William Wolfe | 1. </BLOCKQUOTE>19 June 1970–4 March 1974 – Edward Heath is British Prime Minister. Prime Ministers:<blockquote><b>Labour</b><br />
16 October 1964–19 June 1970 – Harold Wilson<br />
<b>Conservative</b><br />
19 June 1970–4 March 1974 – Edward Heath <br />
<b>Labour</b><br />
4 March 1974 – 5 April 1976 – Harold Wilson<br />
5 April 1976 – 4 May 1979 – James Callaghan<br />
<b>Conservative</b><br />
4 May 1979–28 November 1990 – Margaret Thatcher.</BLOCKQUOTE>August 1970 – Senator Ted Kennedy introduces a bipartisan bill for universal national health insurance<br />
<br />
7 August 1970 – a cease-fire agreement between Israel and Egypt; Egypt begins to move SAM batteries into the zone <br />
<br />
<b>1971</b><br />
1971 – Gore Vidal buys the “La Rondinaia” (“Swallow’s Nest”), a villa in Ravello on the Amalfi coast, Italy, built by Lord Grimthorpe<br />
<br />
2 January 1971–19 June 1971 – broadcast dates of Season 8 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Jon Pertwee:<blockquote>2, 9, 16, 23 January 1971 – “Terror of the Autons”<br />
30 January 1971; 6, 13, 20, 27 February 1971; 6 March 1971 – “The Mind of Evil”<br />
13, 20, 27 March 1971; 3 April 1971 – “The Claws of Axos”<br />
10, 17, 24 April 1971; 1, 8, 15 May 1971 – “Colony in Space”<br />
22, 29 May 1971; 5, 12, 19 June 1971 – “The Dæmons”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
mid-1972 – “Inferno”<br />
late 1972–1973/1974 – Jo Grant is Doctor’s companion<br />
late 1972 – “Terror of the Autons”<br />
late 1972 – “The Mind of Evil”<br />
winter 1972–1973 – “The Claws of Axos”<br />
c. March 1973 – “Colony in Space”<br />
2 March 2,472 AD – “Colony in Space,” set on Uxarieus<br />
April/May 1973 – “The Dæmons” </BLOCKQUOTE>14 January 1971 – death of Helen Cushing<br />
<br />
18 February 1971 – opening of the play <i>Captain Brassbound’s Conversion</i> at the Cambridge Theatre, London, starring Ingrid Bergman, Joss Ackland, Kenneth Williams<br />
<br />
10 April–15 May 1971 – UK broadcast date of “Colony in Space,” a serial of British science fiction television series <i>Doctor Who</i> starring Jon Pertwee<br />
<br />
22 May–19 June 1971 – UK broadcast date of “The Daemons,” a serial of British science fiction television series <i>Doctor Who</i> starring Jon Pertwee<br />
<br />
13 August 1971 – Richard Nixon ends Bretton Woods by suspending the convertibility of the dollar into gold; he freezes wages and prices for 90 days to combat inflation and imposes an import surcharge of 10 percent<br />
<br />
autumn 1971 – Gore Vidal first visits “La Rondinaia” (“Swallow’s Nest”), a villa in Ravello on the Amalfi coast, Italy, built by Lord Grimthorpe<br />
<br />
30 September 1971 – foundation of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) by the Protestant fundamentalist leader Ian Paisley at the height of the Troubles<br />
<br />
28 October 1971 – royal assent given to the Immigration Act 1971<br />
<br />
November 1971–2 September 1973 – J. R. R. Tolkien lives near High Street, Oxford<br />
<br />
<b>1972</b><br />
1 January 1972–24 June 1972 – broadcast dates of Season 9 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Jon Pertwee:<blockquote>1, 8, 15, 22 January 1972 – “Day of the Daleks”<br />
29 January 1972; 5, 12, 19 February 1972 – “The Curse of Peladon”<br />
26 February 1972; 4, 11, 18, 25 March 1972; 1 April 1972 – “The Sea Devils”<br />
8, 15, 22, 29 April 1972; 6, 13 May 1972 – “The Mutants”<br />
20, 27 May 1972; 3, 10, 17, 24 June 1972 – “The Time Monster”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
12–14 September 1973 – “Day of the Daleks” at Auderly House<br />
c. 2173 / 22nd century – “Day of the Daleks” in an alternative earth<br />
3150–4000 – Galactic Federation<br />
3885 AD – “The Curse of Peladon” set on Peladon<br />
September 1973 – “The Sea Devils” set in Fortress Island and HMS Seaspite, south coast of England<br />
2,973 AD – “The Mutants,” set on Solos Earth Empire<br />
c. 29 September 1973 – “The Time Monster” set in Wootton<br />
c. 1500 BC – “The Time Monster” in Atlantis</BLOCKQUOTE>21–28 February 1972 – US President Richard Nixon’s 1972 visit to China<br />
<br />
15 May 1972 – George Wallace is shot five times by Arthur Bremer while campaigning at the Laurel Shopping Center in Laurel, Maryland<br />
<br />
June 1972 – Gore Vidal moves into “La Rondinaia” (“Swallow’s Nest”), a villa in Ravello on the Amalfi coast, Italy, built by Lord Grimthorpe<br />
<br />
June 1972–August 2004 – Gore Vidal lives in “La Rondinaia” (“Swallow’s Nest”), a villa in Ravello on the Amalfi coast, Italy<br />
<br />
June 1972–December 1974 – spike in US inflation from (1) an explosion in commodity prices from 1972; (2) wage–price spirals, and (3) the first oil shock<br />
<br />
17 June 1972 – Virgilio González, Bernard Barker, James McCord, Eugenio Martínez, and Frank Sturgis arrested at the Watergate Complex in the DNC office<br />
<br />
June 1972–January 1973 – secret meetings between Bob Woodward and “Deep Throat” (W. Mark Felt, deputy director of the FBI) take place at an underground parking garage in Rosslyn<br />
<br />
23 June 1972 – Nixon orders that administration officials should make Richard Helms (Director of the CIA) and Vernon A. Walters (Deputy Director) request that L. Patrick Gray (Acting Director of the FBI) end the FBI’s investigation into the Watergate break-in on the grounds of national security; the tape of this is latter known as the “smoking gun” tape<br />
<br />
4 August 1972 – Idi Amin (President of Uganda) orders the expulsion of Asian minorities<br />
<br />
21–23 August 1972 – the 1972 US Republican National Convention, held at the Miami Beach Convention Center in Miami Beach, Florida<br />
<br />
1 November 1972 – death of Ezra Pound in Civil Hospital of Venice<br />
<br />
6 November 1972 – premiere of the play <i>My Fat Friend</i> at the Theatre Royal, Brighton, written by Charles Laurence, starring Jennie Linden, Kenneth Williams, John Inman; transferred to the Rex Theatre in Wilmslow, and 6 December opened in West End at the Globe Theatre in London<br />
<br />
7 November 1972 – the United States presidential election of 1972, between Republican incumbent President Richard Nixon and Senator George McGovern of South Dakota (Democrat). The results:<blockquote><b>Candidate | Electoral Votes</b><br />
Richard Nixon | 520 <br />
George McGovern | 17.</BLOCKQUOTE>30 December 1972–23 June 1973 – broadcast dates of Season 10 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Jon Pertwee:<blockquote>30 December 1972, 6, 13, 20 January 1973 – “The Three Doctors”<br />
27 January 1973; 3, 10, 17 February 1973 – “Carnival of Monsters”<br />
24 February 1973; 3, 10, 17, 24, 31 March 1973 – “Frontier in Space”<br />
7, 14, 21, 28 April 1973; 5, 12 May 1973 – “Planet of the Daleks”<br />
19, 26 May 1973; 2, 9, 16, 23 June 1973 – “The Green Death”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
October 1973? – “The Three Doctors”<br />
4 June 1926 – <i>SS Bernice</i> disappears in the Indian Ocean<br />
late 1973 – “Carnival of Monsters”<br />
3073 AD? – “Carnival of Monsters” set on Inter Minor in the Acteon Galaxy, or Acteon Group<br />
2,540 AD – “Frontier in Space,” set on Earth, the Moon, Draconia, and Ogron planet <br />
c. 2,540 AD – “Planet of the Daleks,” set on Spiridon<br />
1973/1974 – “The Green Death” in London and Llanfairfach, Wales</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1973</b><br />
1 January 1973 – the UK enters the European Communities (EC) (or “Common Market”)<br />
<br />
7 April–12 May 1973 – broadcast date of “Planet of the Daleks,” a serial of British science fiction television series <i>Doctor Who</i> starring Jon Pertwee<br />
<br />
9 April 1973 – death of Warren Lewis in the Kilns, Oxford<br />
<br />
30 April 1973 – Nixon fires John Ehrlichman and John Dean; H. R. Haldeman resigns<br />
<br />
2 September 1973 – death of J. R. R. Tolkien<br />
<br />
October 1973–March 1974 – first oil shock: Middle Eastern producers of oil institute an embargo on oil exports<br />
<br />
6–25 October 1973 – the Yom Kippur War, between a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria against Israel; fighting mostly takes place in the Sinai and the Golan Heights (territories occupied by Israel since the Six-Day War of 1967)<br />
<br />
10 October 1973 – Vice President Agnew resigns amid allegations of bribery, tax evasion and money laundering from his time as governor of Maryland<br />
<br />
10 October 1973 – death of Ludwig von Mises at the age of 92 in New York<br />
<br />
20 October 1973 – the Saturday Night Massacre: Richard Nixon fires independent special prosecutor Archibald Cox and resignations of Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus<br />
<br />
15 December 1973–8 June 1974 – broadcast dates of Season 11 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Jon Pertwee:<blockquote>15, 22, 29 December 1973, 5 January 1974 – “The Time Warrior”<br />
12, 19, 26 January 1974, 2, 9, 16 February 1974 – “Invasion of the Dinosaurs”<br />
23 February 1974; 2, 9, 16 March 1974 – “Death to the Daleks”<br />
23, 30 March 1974; 6, 13, 20, 27 April 1974 – “The Monster of Peladon”<br />
4, 11, 18, 25 May 1974; 1, 8 June 1974 – “Planet of the Spiders” <br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
1189–1192 – “Time Warrior”?<br />
13th century – “Time Warrior”?<br />
c. March 1974 / 1975 – “Invasion of the Dinosaurs” in London<br />
2500–2600? AD – “Death to the Daleks” set on Exxilon<br />
3935 AD – “The Monster of Peladon” set on Peladon, 50 years after Doctor’s last visit<br />
c. March 1974 / 1976 – “Planet of the Spiders” in London<br />
6433 AD? – “Planet of the Spiders” on Metebelis III<br />
3 April 1974? – regeneration of Third Doctor<br />
4–5 April 1974? – “Robot”</BLOCKQUOTE>20 December 1973 – UK release date of the film <i>The Golden Voyage of Sinbad</i>, directed by Gordon Hessler, starring John Phillip Law, Tom Baker, Takis Emmanuel<br />
<br />
<b>1974</b><br />
1974–1987 – Ludwig Lachmann travels to New York City each year and collaborates on research with Israel Kirzner <br />
<br />
15 February 1974 – Tom Baker announced as the Fourth Doctor<br />
<br />
23 February 1974 – the MP Enoch Powell announces his resignation from the Conservative Party<br />
<br />
4 May 1974–8 June 1974 – broadcast date of “Planet of the Spiders,” the final serial of British science fiction television series <i>Doctor Who</i> with Jon Pertwee<br />
<br />
9 May 1974 – the US House Judiciary Committee opens impeachment hearings against the President Nixon, televised on the major networks<br />
<br />
1 July 1974 – death of Juan Perón<br />
<br />
24 July 1974 – the US Supreme Court rules unanimously that the full White House tapes must be released<br />
<br />
5 August 1974 – Nixon’s “smoking gun” White House tape is made public<br />
<br />
9 August 1974 – the resignation of Richard Nixon as US president, after an address to the nation on television the previous evening<br />
<br />
8 September 1974 – Gerald Ford’s presidential pardon of Richard Nixon<br />
<br />
9 October 1974 – announcement of the award of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics to Friedrich Hayek and the Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal<br />
<br />
10 October 1974 – the UK general election of October 1974 to elect 635 members of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom:<blockquote><b>Party | Leader | MPs</b><br />
Labour | Harold Wilson | 319<br />
Conservative | Edward Heath | 277<br />
Liberal | Jeremy Thorpe | 13<br />
SNP | William Wolfe | 11<br />
UUP | Harry West | 6<br />
Plaid Cymru | Gwynfor Evans | 3<br />
DUP | Ian Paisley | 1<br />
National Front | John Kingsley Read | 0.</BLOCKQUOTE>10 October 1974 – Harold Wilson re-elected as Labour PM:<blockquote><b>UK Prime Ministers</b><br />
16 October 1964–19 June 1970 – Harold Wilson (Labour)<br />
19 June 1970–4 March 1974 – Edward Heath (Conservative)<br />
4 March 1974–5 April 1976 – Harold Wilson (Labour)<br />
5 April 1976–4 May 1979 – James Callaghan (Labour)</BLOCKQUOTE>10 October 1974–11 June 1987 – Enoch Powell returns to Parliament as Ulster Unionist MP for South Down, Northern Ireland<br />
<br />
10 October 1974–11 June 1987 – Enoch Powell is MP for South Down, Northern Ireland<br />
<br />
28 December 1974–10 May 1975 – broadcast dates of Season 12 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Tom Baker: <blockquote>28 December 1974; 4, 11, 18 January 1975 – “Robot”<br />
25 January 1975; 1, 8, 15 February 1975 – “The Ark in Space”<br />
22 February 1975; 1 March 1975 – “The Sontaran Experiment”<br />
8, 15, 22, 29 March 1975; 5, 12 April 1975 – “Genesis of the Daleks”<br />
19, 26 April 1975; 3, 10 May 1975 – “Revenge of the Cybermen”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
3 April 1976 (1974/1980)? – regeneration of Third Doctor<br />
4–5 April 1976 (1974) – “Robot”<br />
16087 AD – “The Ark in Space” on Nerva Beacon<br />
16087 AD – “The Sontaran Experiment” set on Earth<br />
c. 4000 BC (or 400 AD) – “Genesis of the Daleks” set on Skaro<br />
c. 2900–3000 AD (or 2875/ 2890 AD) – “Revenge of the Cybermen” on Nerva Beacon<br />
and Voga</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1975</b><br />
1975–1987 – Ludwig Lachmann (as visiting professor) organises the Austrian Economics Seminar at New York University each winter semester<br />
<br />
13 April 1975–13 October 1990 – the Lebanese Civil War<br />
<br />
1 May 1975 – relocation of the University of Canterbury to the Christchurch suburb of Ilam completed<br />
<br />
5 June 1975 – United Kingdom European Communities referendum of 1975, a referendum held on support for UK membership of the European Communities (EC) (or “Common Market”); it had entered on 1 January 1973 under Edward Heath<br />
<br />
30 August 1975–6 March 1976 – broadcast dates of Season 13 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Tom Baker:<blockquote>30 August 1975; 6, 13, 20 September 1975 – “Terror of the Zygons”<br />
27 September 1975; 4, 11, 18 October 1975 – “Planet of Evil”<br />
25 October 1975; 1, 8, 15 November 1975 – “Pyramids of Mars”<br />
22, 29 November 1975; 6, 13 December 1975 – “The Android Invasion”<br />
3, 10, 17, 24 January 1976 – “The Brain of Morbius”<br />
31 January 1976; 7, 14, 21, 28 February 1976; 6 March 1976 – “The Seeds of Doom”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
spring/summer 1976? (or January 1976) – “Terror of the Zygons” set in Tulloch Moor and Westminster<br />
37166 AD – “Planet of Evil” on Zeta Minor<br />
5089 BC – Sutekh cornered by fellow Osirans on Earth in Egypt<br />
spring/summer 1911 – “Pyramids of Mars” set in England and Mars<br />
8911 AD – Sutekh the Osiran dies of old age in a time corridor<br />
June 1976 – “The Android Invasion” on Oseidon and Devesham<br />
4723 AD? – “The Brain of Morbius” set on Karn<br />
autumn 1976 – “The Seeds of Doom” in Antarctica and England</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1976</b><br />
21 March–4 April 1976 – filming of <i>Star Wars</i> in Tunisia<br />
<br />
7 April–13–18 May 1976 – filming of <i>Star Wars</i> in Elstree Studios, England <br />
<br />
13–18 May–16 July 1976 – filming of <i>Star Wars</i> in Shepperton Studios, England<br />
<br />
September 1976 – Luigi Pasinetti returns to the Università Cattolica Milano<br />
<br />
4 September 1976–2 April 1977 – broadcast dates of Season 14 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Tom Baker: <blockquote>4, 11, 18, 25 September 1976 – “The Masque of Mandragora”<br />
2, 9, 16, 23 October 1976 – “The Hand of Fear”<br />
30 October 1976; 6, 13, 20 November 1976 – “The Deadly Assassin”<br />
1, 8, 15, 22 January 1977 – “The Face of Evil”<br />
29 January 1977; 5, 12, 19 February 1977 – “The Robots of Death”<br />
26 February 1977; 5, 12, 19, 26 March 1977; 2 April 1977 – “The Talons of Weng-Chiang”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
1492 – “The Masque of Mandragora” set in San Martino, Italy and Mandragora Helix<br />
late 1976 – “The Hand of Fear” in England and Kastria<br />
late 1976 – Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart retires<br />
? – “The Deadly Assassin”<br />
20,000 AD? – “The Face of Evil” on unnamed planet and inside Xoanon<br />
2865 AD? – “The Robots of Death” set in Storm Mine 4<br />
1889 – “The Talons of Weng-Chiang” set in London</BLOCKQUOTE>2 November 1976 – the United States presidential election of 1976 between Jimmy Carter with Walter Mondale and President Gerald Ford with Bob Dole (the U.S. Senator from Kansas). The results:<blockquote><b>Candidate | Electoral vote</b><br />
Jimmy Carter | 297<br />
Gerald Ford | 240.</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1977</b><br />
March 1977 – filming of <i>Star Wars</i> at the Mayan Tikal city in Guatemala<br />
<br />
17 April 1977–1 March 1982 – broadcast dates of <i>In Search of...</i>, narrated by Rod Serling and Leonard Nimoy, and created by Alan Landsburg<br />
<br />
25 May 1977 – US release date of <i>Star Wars: Episode IV: A New Hope</i> directed by George Lucas<br />
<br />
3 September 1977–11 March 1978 – broadcast dates of Season 15 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Tom Baker:<blockquote>3, 10, 17, 24 September 1977 – “Horror of Fang Rock”<br />
1, 8, 15, 22 October 1977 – “The Invisible Enemy”<br />
29 October 1977; 5, 12, 19 November 1977 – “Image of the Fendahl”<br />
26 November 1977; 3, 10, 17 December 1977 – “The Sun Makers”<br />
7, 14, 21, 28 January 1978 – “Underworld”<br />
4, 11, 18, 25 February 1978; 4, 11 March 1978 – “The Invasion of Time”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
1902 – “Horror of Fang Rock,” set near Worthing<br />
3150–4000 – Galactic Federation<br />
c. 4100–4200 – Second Great and Bountiful Human Empire<br />
5,000 AD – “The Invisible Enemy” set on Titan Base, Bi-Al Foundation<br />
1977 – “Image of the Fendahl” set in Fetch Priory, Fetchborough<br />
3,000,000 AD? – “The Sun Makers” set on Megropolis One, Pluto<br />
? – “Underworld” set at edge of the cosmos on the <i>R1C</i><br />
? – “The Invasion of Time” set on Gallifrey</BLOCKQUOTE>26 September 1977 – live action filming of the BBC series <i>Blake’s 7</i> begins at Ealing film studios (continues until 15 March 1978)<br />
<br />
5 November 1977 – death of René Goscinny<br />
<br />
<b>1978</b><br />
1978 – release date of the documentary <i>Manbeast! Myth or Monster?</i>, directed by Nicholas Webster, with Peter Byrne<br />
<br />
2 January 1978–21 December 1981 – broadcast dates of <i>Blake’s 7</i>, a BBC British science fiction television series<br />
<br />
2 January–27 March 1978 – broadcast dates of Series 1 of the TV series <i>Blake’s 7</i>:<blockquote>Series 1:<br />
2 January 1978 – “The Way Back”<br />
9 January 1978 – “Space Fall”<br />
16 January 1978 – “Cygnus Alpha”<br />
23 January 1978 – “Time Squad”<br />
30 January 1978 – “The Web”<br />
6 February 1978 – “Seek-Locate-Destroy”<br />
13 February 1978 – “Mission to Destiny”<br />
20 February 1978 – “Duel”<br />
27 February 1978 – “Project Avalon”<br />
6 March 1978 – “Breakdown”<br />
13 March 1978 – “Bounty”<br />
20 March 1978 – “Deliverance”<br />
27 March 1978 – “Orac.”</BLOCKQUOTE>2 September 1978–24 February 1979 – broadcast dates of Season 16 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Tom Baker: <blockquote>2, 9, 16, 23 September 1978 – “The Ribos Operation”<br />
30 September 1978; 7, 14, 21 October 1978 – “The Pirate Planet”<br />
28 October 1978; 4, 11, 18 November 1978 – “The Stones of Blood”<br />
25 November 1978; 2, 9, 16 December 1978 – “The Androids of Tara”<br />
23, 30 December 1978; 6, 13 January 1979 – “The Power of Kroll”<br />
20, 27 January 1979; 3, 10, 17, 24 February 1979 – “The Armageddon Factor”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
3773 AD? (or far future) – “The Ribos Operation”<br />
1978 – “The Pirate Planet” on Zanak and Calufrax<br />
late 1978 – “The Stones of Blood” in Boscombe Moor, Cornwall<br />
2378 AD – “The Androids of Tara” on Tara<br />
5000–5100 AD – “The Power of Kroll” on Delta III<br />
1979? – “The Armageddon Factor” on Atrios, Zeos, the third planet</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1979</b><br />
9 January–3 April 1979 – broadcast dates of Series 2 of <i>Blake’s 7</i>:<blockquote>9 January 1979 – “Redemption”<br />
16 January 1979 – “Shadow”<br />
23 January 1979 – “Weapon”<br />
30 January 1979 – “Horizon”<br />
6 February 1979 – “Pressure Point”<br />
13 February 1979 – “Trial”<br />
20 February 1979 – “Killer”<br />
27 February 1979 – “Hostage”<br />
6 March 1979 – “Countdown”<br />
13 March 1979 – “Voice from the Past”<br />
20 March 1979 – “Gambit”<br />
27 March 1979 – “The Keeper”<br />
3 April 1979 – “Star One.” </BLOCKQUOTE>3 May 1979 – the UK general election of 1979:<blockquote><b>Party | Leader | Seats</b><br />
Conservative | Margaret Thatcher | 339<br />
Labour | James Callaghan | 269 <br />
Liberal | David Steel | 11<br />
SNP | William Wolfe | 2<br />
UUP | Harry West | 5<br />
National Front | John Tyndall | 0<br />
Plaid Cymru | Gwynfor Evans | 2<br />
DUP | Ian Paisley | 3.</BLOCKQUOTE>1 September 1979–12 January 1980 – broadcast dates of Season 17 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Tom Baker: <blockquote>1, 8, 15, 22 September 1979 – “Destiny of the Daleks”<br />
29 September 1979; 6, 13, 20 October 1979 – “City of Death”<br />
27 October 1979; 3, 10, 17 November 1979 – “The Creature from the Pit”<br />
24 November 1979; 1, 8, 15 December 1979 – “Nightmare of Eden”<br />
22, 29 December 1979; 5, 12 January 1980 – “The Horns of Nimon”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
c. 4949 (or 4500/5440 AD) – “Destiny of the Daleks” set on Skaro<br />
c. 4949–c. 5039 AD – last years of the Dalek-Movellan War<br />
May/June 1979 – “City of Death” in Paris<br />
1505 – “City of Death” in Florence <br />
1979? – “The Creature from the Pit” on Chloris<br />
2116 AD – “Nightmare of Eden” set on the <i>Empress</i> <br />
? – “The Horns of Nimon” on Skonnos</BLOCKQUOTE>22 November 1979 – broadcast date of “In Search of... The Abominable Snowman,” narrated by Leonard Nimoy<br />
<br />
<b>1980</b><br />
7 January–31 March 1980 – broadcast dates of Series 3 of the TV series <i>Blake’s 7</i>:<blockquote>7 January 1980 – “Aftermath”<br />
14 January 1980 – “Powerplay”<br />
21 January 1980 – “Volcano”<br />
28 January 1980 – “Dawn of the Gods”<br />
4 February 1980 – “The Harvest of Kairos”<br />
11 February 1980 – “City at the Edge of the World”<br />
18 February 1980 – “Children of Auron”<br />
25 February 1980 – “Rumours of Death”<br />
3 March 1980 – “Sarcophagus”<br />
10 March 1980 – “Ultraworld”<br />
17 March 1980 – “Moloch”<br />
24 March 1980 – “Death-Watch”<br />
31 March 1980 – “Terminal.”</BLOCKQUOTE>30 August 1980–21 March 1981 – broadcast dates of Season 18 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Tom Baker: <blockquote>30 August 1980; 6, 13, 20 September 1980 – “The Leisure Hive”<br />
27 September 1980; 4, 11, 18 October 1980 – “Meglos”<br />
25 October 1980; 1, 8, 15 November 1980 – “Full Circle”<br />
22, 29 November 1980; 6, 13 December 1980 – “State of Decay”<br />
3, 10, 17, 24 January 1981 – “Warriors’ Gate”<br />
31 January 1981; 7, 14, 21 February 1981 – “The Keeper of Traken”<br />
28 February 1981; 7, 14, 21 March 1981 – “Logopolis”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
October 1980 – “The Five Doctors” with the 4th Doctor at Cambridge<br />
late 1980 – “The Leisure Hive” on Brighton Beach<br />
2290 AD – “The Leisure Hive” set on Argolis<br />
late 1980 – “Meglos” set on Zolfa-Thura and Tigella <br />
c. 2400–c. 3000 – period of the Earth Empire<br />
3150–4000 – Galactic Federation<br />
2127 AD (or 2180) AD – the <i>Hydrax</i> pulled through a CVE into E-Space with the Great Vampire<br />
3127 AD – “State of Decay” set in E-Space <br />
3127 AD? – “Full Circle”<br />
1981 – “The Keeper of Traken” on Traken<br />
28 February 1981 – “Logopolis” set in London, Pharos Project, Sussex</BLOCKQUOTE>4 November 1980 – the United States presidential election of 1980 between the Democratic incumbent President Jimmy Carter (with Vice President Walter Mondale from Minnesota) and the Republican Ronald Reagan (former Governor from California) with George H. W. Bush. The results:<blockquote><b>Candidate | Electoral vote</b><br />
Ronald Reagan | 489<br />
Jimmy Carter | 49.</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1981</b><br />
1981 – Stephen Jay Gould publishes <i>The Mismeasure of Man</i><br />
<br />
20 January 1981 – inauguration of Ronald Reagan as US president<br />
<br />
20 January 1981–20 January 1989 – Ronald Reagan is US president<br />
<br />
30 March 1981 – release date of the film <i>Chariots of Fire</i>, directed by Hugh Hudson<br />
<br />
12 June 1981 – US release date of the film <i>Raiders of the Lost Ark</i>, directed by Steven Spielberg, and starring Harrison Ford, Karen Allen, John Rhys-Davies, and Denholm Elliott<br />
<br />
19 June 1981 – release date of the film <i>The Cannonball Run</i>, directed by Hal Needham, and starring Burt Reynolds, Jackie Chan, and Roger Moore<br />
<br />
24 June 1981 – release date of the film <i>For Your Eyes Only</i>, directed by John Glen<br />
<br />
10 July 1981 – US release date of the film <i>Escape from New York</i>, directed by John Carpenter, starring Kurt Russell, Lee Van Cleef, Ernest Borgnine, Donald Pleasence<br />
<br />
21 August 1981 – release date of the film <i>An American Werewolf in London</i>, directed by John Landis, and starring David Naughton, Jenny Agutter and Griffin Dunne<br />
<br />
28 September–21 December 1981 – broadcast dates of Series 4 of <i>Blake’s 7</i>, a BBC British science fiction television series<br />
<br />
6 November 1981 – US release date of the film <i>Time Bandits</i>, directed by Terry Gilliam and starring Sean Connery, John Cleese, Ian Holm, Michael Palin, and Peter Vaughn<br />
<br />
<b>1982</b><br />
4 January 1982–30 March 1982 – broadcast dates of Season 19 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Tom Baker:<blockquote>4, 5, 11, 12 January 1982 – “Castrovalva”<br />
18, 19, 25, 26 January 1982 – “Four to Doomsday”<br />
1, 2, 8, 9 February 1982 – “Kinda”<br />
15, 16, 22, 23 February 1982 – “The Visitation”<br />
1, 2 March 1982 – “Black Orchid”<br />
8, 9, 15, 16 March 1982 – “Earthshock”<br />
22, 23, 29, 30 March 1982 – “Time-Flight”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
1981 – “Logopolis” set in London, Pharos Project, Sussex<br />
13.8 billion years ago – “Castrovalva” at the Big Bang<br />
? – “Castrovalva” set on Castrovalva in Andromeda Galaxy in Phylox series <br />
1981 – “Four to Doomsday” set on Monarch’s ship <br />
3150–4000 – Galactic Federation<br />
c. 3850 AD – “Kinda” set on planet Deva Loka<br />
August–September 1666 – “The Visitation” set in area near Heathrow Airport and London<br />
11 June 1925 – 3 pm: “Black Orchid” set at Cranleigh Hall <br />
2526 AD – “Earthshock” set on Earth and in solar system on Briggs’ freighter <br />
1982 – “Time-Flight” set in Heathrow Airport<br />
201.3–145 million years ago – Jurassic period<br />
140,000,000 BC (140 million years ago) – “Time-Flight” set in ancient Britain near Heathrow Airport</BLOCKQUOTE>7 April 1982 – foundation of the far-right British National Party (BNP) at a press conference in Victoria by John Tyndall<br />
<br />
4 June 1982 – US release date of the film <i>Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan</i>, directed by Nicholas Meyer<br />
<br />
6 June 1982–June 1985 – the 1982 Lebanon War (First Lebanon War), a war between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in Lebanon<br />
<br />
11 June 1982 – US release date of the film <i>E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial</i>, directed by Steven Spielberg<br />
<br />
14 June–21 August 1982 – Israeli forces lay siege to Beirut <br />
<br />
25 June 1982 – US release date of the film <i>Blade Runner</i>, directed by Ridley Scott, and starring Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, and Sean Young<br />
<br />
July 1982 – Stephen Jay Gould diagnosed with peritoneal mesothelioma, a form of cancer<br />
<br />
12 August 1982 – President Ronald Reagan calls Menachem Begin and insists that attacks on Beirut be halted<br />
<br />
17 December 1982 – US release date of the film <i>Tootsie</i>, directed by Sydney Pollack, and starring Dustin Hoffman and Bill Murray<br />
<br />
17 December 1982 – US release date of the film <i>The Dark Crystal</i>, directed by Jim Henson and Frank Oz<br />
<br />
<b>1983</b><br />
18 April–26 August 1983 – principal filming of <i>Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom</i>:<blockquote>18 April–May 1983 – filming begins in Kandy, Sri Lanka<br />
5 May 1983 – filming moves to Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire, England <br />
26 August – principal photography finishes</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1984</b><br />
5 January 1984–16 March 1984 – broadcast dates of Season 21 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Peter Davison:<blockquote>5, 6, 12, 13 January 1984 – “Warriors of the Deep”<br />
19, 20 January 1984 – “The Awakening”<br />
26, 27 January 1984; 2, 3 February 1984 – “Frontios”<br />
8, 15 February 1984 – “Resurrection of the Daleks”<br />
23, 24 February 1984; 1, 2 March 1984 – “Planet of Fire”<br />
8, 9, 15, 16 March 1984 – “The Caves of Androzani”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
2084 AD – “Warriors of the Deep” set on Sea Base 4<br />
1984 – “The Awakening” set in Little Hodcombe<br />
10,000,040 AD – “Frontios”<br />
1984 – “Resurrection of the Daleks” set in London docklands<br />
c. 5039 AD – “Resurrection of the Daleks” set in Prison Station<br />
9 May 1984 – “Planet of Fire” set in Lanzarote and Sarn<br />
5000–5100 AD – “The Caves of Androzani” set on Androzani Minor and Major</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1984</b><br />
22 March–30 March 1984 – broadcast dates of Season 21 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Colin Baker:<blockquote>22, 23, 29, 30 March 1984 – “The Twin Dilemma”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
2310 AD – “The Twin Dilemma” set on Titan III and Jaconda</BLOCKQUOTE>6 November 1984 – 1984 United States presidential election:<blockquote>Candidate | Party | % | Electoral<br />
vote<br />
Ronald Wilson Reagan | Republican | 58.77% | 525<br />
Walter Mondale | Democratic | 40.56% | 13<br />
David Bergland | Libertarian | 0.25% | 0</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1985</b><br />
5 January–30 March 1985 – – broadcast dates of Season 22 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Colin Baker:<blockquote>5, 12 January 1985 – “Attack of the Cybermen”<br />
19, 26 January 1985 – “Vengeance on Varos”<br />
2, 9 February 1985 – “The Mark of the Rani”<br />
16, 23 February 1985; 2 March 1985 – “The Two Doctors”<br />
9, 16 March 1985 – “Timelash”<br />
23, 30 March 1985 – “Revelation of the Daleks”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
1985 – “Attack of the Cybermen” in London<br />
2530 AD (or 2495) – “Attack of the Cybermen” on Telos<br />
late 2200s – “Vengeance on Varos” on Varos<br />
1822? – “The Mark of the Rani” in Killingworth<br />
summer 1985? – “The Two Doctors” set in Space Station Camera and Seville<br />
1885 – “Timelash” in Karfel and Scotland<br />
c. 4100–4200 – Second Great and Bountiful Human Empire<br />
4610 AD? (post 3700–3800 AD) – “Revelation of the Daleks” on Tranquil Repose, Necros</BLOCKQUOTE>spring 1985 – David Horowitz publishes an article for <i>The Washington Post Magazine</i> entitled “Lefties for Reagan”<br />
<br />
29 September 1985–21 May 1992 – broadcast dates of US TV series <i>MacGyver</i><br />
<br />
10 October 1985 – death of Orson Welles in his Hollywood house<br />
<br />
15 November 1985 – signing of the Anglo-Irish Agreement at Hillsborough Castle by Margaret Thatcher and the Irish Taoiseach, Garret FitzGerald<br />
<br />
<b>1986</b><br />
1986 – David Horowitz publishes “Why I Am No Longer a Leftist” in <i>The Village Voice</i><br />
<br />
6 September–6 December 1986 – broadcast dates of Season 23 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Colin Baker:<blockquote>6, 13, 20, 27 September 1986 – “The Mysterious Planet”<br />
4, 11, 18, 25 October 1986 – “Mindwarp”<br />
1, 8, 15, 22 November 1986 – “Terror of the Vervoids”<br />
29 November 1986; 6 December 1986 – “The Ultimate Foe”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
2,000,000 AD – “The Mysterious Planet” on Earth<br />
2379 AD – “Mindwarp” on Thoros-Beta<br />
c. 2400–c. 3000 – period of the Earth Empire<br />
2986 AD – “Terror of the Vervoids” on The Hyperion III <br />
? – “The Ultimate Foe”</BLOCKQUOTE>9 October 1986 – launch date of Fox Broadcasting Company<br />
<br />
<b>1987</b><br />
11 July 1987–21 August 1988 – broadcast date of the TV series <i>Werewolf</i><br />
<br />
17 July 1987 – release date of the film <i>RoboCop</i>, directed by Paul Verhoeven, starring Peter Weller, Nancy Allen, Daniel O’Herlihy, Ronny Cox<br />
<br />
7 September–7 December 1987 – broadcast dates of Season 24 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Sylvester McCoy:<blockquote>7, 14, 21, 28 September 1987 – “Time and the Rani”<br />
5, 12, 19, 26 October 1987 – “Paradise Towers”<br />
2, 9, 16 November 1987 – “Delta and the Bannermen”<br />
23, 30 November 1987; 7 December 1987 – “Dragonfire”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
? – “Time and the Rani” on Lakertya<br />
before 2158 – “Paradise Towers” in Paradise Towers<br />
1959 – “Delta and the Bannermen” in South Wales<br />
post-1959 – “Delta and the Bannermen” in Toll port G715<br />
c. 2,000,000 AD – “Dragonfire” Iceworld, Svartos </BLOCKQUOTE><b>1988</b><br />
15 April 1988 – death of Kenneth Williams in his Osnaburgh Street flat, London<br />
<br />
8 August 1988 – release date of <i>Straight Outta Compton</i>, debut studio album of N.W.A on Ruthless Records label<br />
<br />
6 September 1988–16 February 1993 – broadcast date of <i>Count Duckula</i>, a British animated television series created by British studio Cosgrove Hall Films<br />
<br />
5 October 1988–4 January 1989 – broadcast dates of Season 25 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Sylvester McCoy:<blockquote>5, 12, 19, 26 October 1988 – “Remembrance of the Daleks”<br />
2, 9, 16 November 1988 – “The Happiness Patrol”<br />
23, 30 November 1988; 7 December 1988 – “Silver Nemesis”<br />
14, 21, 28 December 1988; 4 January 1989 – “The Greatest Show in the Galaxy”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
29–30 November 1963 – “Remembrance of the Daleks” in Shoreditch<br />
2300–2400 – “The Happiness Patrol” on Terra Alpha<br />
November 1988 – “Silver Nemesis” in Windsor, England<br />
5089 AD? – “The Greatest Show in the Galaxy”</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1989</b><br />
4 September 1989 – death of Ronald Syme from cancer after collapsing in his room in August in Wolfson College, Oxford<br />
<br />
6 September 1989–6 December 1989 – broadcast dates of Season 26 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Sylvester McCoy:<blockquote>6, 13, 20, 27 September 1989 – “Battlefield”<br />
4, 11, 18 October 1989 – “Ghost Light”<br />
25 October 1989; 1, 8, 15 November 1989 – “The Curse of Fenric”<br />
22, 29 November 1989; 6 December 1989 – “Survival”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
1990s – “Battlefield” at Carbury<br />
1883 – “Ghost Light” in Gabriel Chase, England<br />
1943 – “The Curse of Fenric” at Maiden’s Point<br />
c. 1989 – “Survival” in Perivale and Cheetah World</BLOCKQUOTE>December 1989 – Ice Cube leaves hip hop group N.W.A.<br />
<br />
16–27 December 1989 – the Romanian Revolution, the civil unrest in Romania beginning in Timișoara and spreading throughout the nation, which ends in a show trial and execution of Communist leader Nicolae Ceaușescu and the end of Communist rule<br />
<br />
25 December 1989 – execution of Nicolae Ceaușescu and Elena Ceaușescu<br />
<br />
<center><b>1990s</b></center><b>1990</b><br />
March 1990 – the UK far-right Official National Front disbanded<br />
<br />
2 March 1990 – US release date of the film <i>The Hunt for Red October</i>, directed by John McTiernan<br />
<br />
13 July 1990 – US release date of the film <i>Ghost</i>, directed by Jerry Zucker and starring Patrick Swayze, Demi Moore, Whoopi Goldberg<br />
<br />
30 March 1990 – US release date of the film <i>Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles</i>, directed by Steve Barron<br />
<br />
25 May 1990 – US release date of the film <i>Back to the Future Part III</i>, directed by Robert Zemeckis<br />
<br />
1 June 1990 – US release date of the film <i>Total Recall</i>, directed by Paul Verhoeven, and starring Arnold Schwarzenegger<br />
<br />
29 June 1990 – US release date of the film <i>Die Hard 2</i>, directed by Renny Harlin<br />
<br />
2–4 August 1990 – the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait<br />
<br />
14 August 1990 – release date of <i>100 Miles and Runnin’</i> by N.W.A. <br />
<br />
19 September 1990 – US release date of the film <i>Goodfellas</i>, directed by Martin Scorsese<br />
<br />
9 November 1990 – US release date of the film <i>Dances with Wolves</i>, directed by and starring Kevin Costner<br />
<br />
21 November 1990 – US release date of the film <i>Predator 2</i>, directed by Stephen Hopkins<br />
<br />
28 November 1990 – resignation of Margaret Thatcher as British Prime Minister after a challenge for the leadership of the Conservative Party by Michael Heseltine<br />
<br />
29 November 1990 – the Immigration Act of 1990 is signed into law by George H. W. Bush; this increased total immigration to 700,000 immigrants per year for the fiscal years 1992–1994, and 675,000 per year from 1995<br />
<br />
<b>1991</b><br />
17 January – 28 February 1991 – the Gulf War (or Operation Desert Storm), a war waged by the coalition forces of 35 nations led by the United States against Iraq to liberate Kuwait from Iraqi invasion and annexation:<blockquote>2–4 August 1990 – the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait<br />
2 August 1990–17 January 1991 – Operation Desert Shield<br />
17 January – 28 February 1991 – Operation Desert Storm</BLOCKQUOTE>7 February–29 September 1991 – Jean-Bertrand Aristide is President of Haiti<br />
<br />
28 May 1991 – release date of <i>Niggaz4Life</i>, the second and final studio album by N.W.A.<br />
<br />
10 July 1991–31 December 1999 – Boris Yeltsin is 1st President of Russia<br />
<br />
31 March 1991–12 November 2001 – the Yugoslav Wars, a series of ethnic wars and insurgencies from 1991 to 2001 inside the former Yugoslavia:<blockquote>25 June 1991 – Slovenian declaration of independence <br />
27 June–6 July 1991 – Ten-Day War (or the Slovenian Independence War) between the Slovenian Territorial Defence and the Yugoslav People’s Army (YPA) ended with the Brioni Accords<br />
31 March 1991–12 November 1995 – Croatian War of Independence between Croat forces and the Serb-controlled Yugoslav People’s Army (JNA) ends with Croatian victory<br />
6 April 1992–14 December 1995 – the Bosnian War within Bosnia and Herzegovina between Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina forces and those of the self-proclaimed Bosnian Serb and Bosnian Croat entities<br />
5 March 1998–11 June 1999 – the Kosovo War within Kosovo between Federal Republic of Yugoslavia forces and Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) of Albanians, with air support from the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) from 24 March 1999<br />
24 March–10 June 1999 – NATO bombing of Yugoslavia (Operation Allied Force)<br />
12 June 1999–1 June 2001 – insurgency in the Preševo Valley, a conflict between the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the ethnic Albanian separatists of the Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac (UÇPMB); this ends in Yugoslav victory<br />
22 January–12 November 2001 – an insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia by the ethnic Albanian National Liberation Army (NLA) against the Republic of Macedonia ending with the Ohrid Agreement</BLOCKQUOTE>19–21 August 1991 – the 1991 Soviet coup d’état attempt (or August Coup), an attempt by members of the Soviet Union’s government to take control of the country from Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev<br />
<br />
19–21 August 1991 – Crown Heights riot in Brooklyn, New York City by black residents<br />
<br />
29 September 1991 – the 1991 Haitian coup d’état against President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, led by the Haitian army, and Raoul Cédras (Army General), and Phillipe Biamby (Army Chief of Staff) and Michel François (Chief of the National Police)<br />
<br />
29 September 1991–12 October 1994 – military junta rule in Haiti under Raoul Cédras:<blockquote>29 September 1991 – the 1991 Haitian coup d’état<br />
30 September–8 October 1991 – Raoul Cédras is Leader of the Haitian Military Junta<br />
2 July 1991–10 October 1994 – Raoul Cédras is Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Haiti<br />
8 October 1991–19 June 1992 – Joseph Nérette (Provisional President)<br />
19 June 1992–15 June 1993 – Marc Bazin (Acting President)<br />
12 May 1994–12 October 1994 – Émile Jonassaint (Provisional President)</BLOCKQUOTE>25 December 1991 – Mikhail Gorbachev announces his resignation as President of the Soviet Union; the office was abolished and its functions handed over to Russian President Boris Yeltsin<br />
<br />
26 December 1991 – the Soviet Union was dissolved by declaration number 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union; the declaration acknowledges the independence of the former Soviet republics and creates the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)<br />
<br />
<b>1992</b><br />
23 March 1992 – death of Friedrich Hayek<br />
<br />
3 November 1992 – US presidential election of 1992, with George H. W. Bush (Republican) against Bill Clinton (Democratic, who was Arkansas Governor), and independent Texas businessman Ross Perot:<blockquote><b>Candidate | Electoral Vote | Popular Vote</b><br />
Bill Clinton | 370 | 44,909,806<br />
George H. W. Bush | 168 | 39,104,550<br />
Ross Perot | 0 | 19,743,821.</BLOCKQUOTE>Ross Perot won 18.91% of the popular vote, and may have helped to elect Clinton<br />
<br />
12 November 1992–7 November 1996 – broadcast dates of 3 original series of <i>Absolutely Fabulous</i><br />
<br />
<b>1993</b><br />
<b>20 January 1993–20 January 2001 – Presidency of Bill Clinton</b><blockquote><b>Vice President</b><br />
20 January 1993–20 January 2001 – Al Gore<br />
<br />
<b>White House Staff Secretary</b><br />
20 January 1993–30 June 1995 – John Podesta<br />
<br />
<b>White House Chief of Staff</b><br />
20 January 1993–17 July 1994 – Mack McLarty<br />
17 July 1994–20 January 1997 – Leon Panetta<br />
20 January 1997–20 October 1998 – Erskine Bowles<br />
20 October 1998–20 January 2001 – John Podesta<br />
<br />
<b>Senior Advisors to the President</b><br />
20 January 1993–7 November 1998 – Rahm Emanuel (Political Affairs)<br />
7 June 1993–10 December 1996 – George Stephanopoulos (Strategic Planning Policy)<br />
19 August 1997–20 January 2001 – Sidney Blumenthal (Political Affairs Communications Policy)<br />
<br />
<b>White House Counsel</b><br />
20 January 1993–8 March 1994 – Bernard Nussbaum<br />
8 March 1994–1 October 1994 – Lloyd Cutler<br />
1 October 1994–1 November 1995 – Abner Mikva<br />
1 November 1995–February 1997 – Jack Quinn<br />
February 1997–September 1999 – Chuck Ruff<br />
September 1999–20 January 2001 – Beth Nolan<br />
<br />
<b>National Security Advisor</b><br />
20 January 1993–14 March 1997 – Anthony Lake<br />
14 March 1997–20 January 2001 – Sandy Berger<br />
<br />
<b> US Secretary of State</b><br />
20 January 1993–17 January 1997 – Warren Christopher<br />
23 January 1997–20 January 2001 – Madeleine Albright<br />
<br />
<b>Director of the National Economic Council</b><br />
25 January 1993–11 January 1995 – Robert Rubin<br />
21 February 1995–12 December 1996 – Laura Tyson<br />
12 December 1996–20 January 2001 – Gene Sperling<br />
<br />
<b>US Secretary of the Treasury</b><br />
20 January 1993–22 December 1994 – Lloyd Bentsen <br />
11 January 1995–2 July 1999 – Robert Rubin<br />
2 July 1999–20 January 2001 – Lawrence “Larry” Summers<br />
<br />
<b>Secretary of Defense</b><br />
21 January 1993–3 February 1994 – Les Aspin<br />
3 February 1994–23 January 1997 – William Perry<br />
24 January 1997–20 January 2001 – William Cohen<br />
<br />
<b>Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency</b><br />
November 1991–August 1995 – James R. Clapper<br />
August 1995–February 1996 – Kenneth Minihan<br />
February 1996–July 1999 – Patrick M. Hughes<br />
July 1999–July 2002 – Thomas R. Wilson<br />
<br />
<b>United States Central Command (CENTCOM) Commander</b><br />
9 August 1991–5 August 1994 – General Joseph P. Hoar<br />
5 August 1994–13 August 1997 – General J. H. Binford Peay III<br />
13 August 1997–6 July 2000 – General Anthony Zinni<br />
6 July 2000–7 July 2003 – General Tommy Franks<br />
<br />
<b>Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</b><br />
1 October 1989–30 September 1993 – General Colin Powell<br />
1 October 1993–24 October 1993 – Admiral David E. Jeremiah<br />
25 October 1993–30 September 1997 – General John Shalikashvili<br />
1 October 1997–30 September 2001 – General Henry Shelton<br />
<br />
<b>US Attorney General</b><br />
11 March 1993–20 January 2001 – Janet Reno<br />
<br />
<b>Chair of the Federal Reserve</b><br />
11 August 1987–31 January 2006 – Alan Greenspan<br />
<br />
<b>Director of Central Intelligence</b><br />
5 February 1993–10 January 1995 – R. James Woolsey Jr. <br />
10 May 1995–15 December 1996 – John M. Deutch<br />
16 December 1996–11 July 1997 – George Tenet (acting)<br />
11 July 1997–11 July 2004 – George Tenet</BLOCKQUOTE>20 January 1993 – Bill Clinton inaugurated as the 42nd President of the United States (in office from 20 January 1993–20 January 2001)<br />
<br />
5 February 1993 – Bill Clinton signed the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 <br />
<br />
12 February 1993 – US release date of the film <i>Groundhog Day</i>, directed by Harold Ramis, starring Bill Murray, Andie MacDowell, and Chris Elliott<br />
<br />
28 February–19 April 1993 – the Waco siege, a siege of a compound belonging to the group Branch Davidians by American federal and Texas state law enforcement <br />
<br />
26 February 1993 – US release date of the film <i>Falling Down</i>, directed by Joel Schumacher, and starring Michael Douglas and Robert Duvall<br />
<br />
19 April 1993 – the end of the Waco siege: the FBI launches an assault on the Branch Davidian Mount Carmel Center; in total, 76 people died, including David Koresh<br />
<br />
25 April 1993 – referendum in Russia held on continued privatization and Yeltsin’s economic policy. Yeltsin narrowly wins with funding from George Soros<br />
<br />
7 May 1993 – US release date of the film <i>Dave</i>, directed by Ivan Reitman, and starring Kevin Kline and Sigourney Weaver, and Frank Langella<br />
<br />
11 June 1993 – US release date of the film <i>Jurassic Park</i> directed by Steven Spielberg<br />
<br />
18 June 1993 – US release date of the film <i>Last Action Hero</i>, directed John McTiernan, and starring Arnold Schwarzenegger, Austin O’Brien, and Charles Dance <br />
<br />
26 June 1993 – Bill Clinton orders cruise missile attack on the Iraqi Intelligence Service’s (IIS) principal command and control complex in Baghdad, publicly announced as retaliation for the assassination attempt by the IIS on former President George H. W. Bush while he was visiting Kuwait in April 1993<br />
<br />
July 1993 – the foundation of New Zealand First, a New Zealand nationalist and populist party, by Winston Peters who resigned from the National Party<br />
<br />
16 July 1993 – US release date of the film <i>Free Willy</i> directed by Simon Wincer<br />
<br />
20 July 1993 – suicide of Vincent Walker “Vince” Foster<br />
<br />
23 July 1993 – US release date of the film <i>Coneheads</i>, directed by Steve Barron, and starring Dan Aykroyd, Jane Curtin and Michelle Burke<br />
<br />
6 August 1993 – US release date of the film <i>The Fugitive</i>, directed by Andrew Davis and starring Harrison Ford and Tommy Lee Jones<br />
<br />
10 August 1993 – Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 (or the Deficit Reduction Act of 1993) signed into law by Bill Clinton<br />
<br />
3 September 1993 – foundation of the UK Independence Party (UKIP) as the renamed version of the Anti-Federalist League <br />
<br />
10 September 1993–19 May 2002 – the American science fiction drama X-Files airs on Fox, with 9 seasons and 202 episodes<br />
<br />
10 September 1993 – US release date of the film <i>True Romance</i>, directed by Tony Scott, written by Quentin Tarantino, and starring Christian Slater, Patricia Arquette, Dennis Hopper, Val Kilmer, Gary Oldman, Brad Pitt, and Christopher Walken<br />
<br />
22 September 1993 – Bill Clinton makes a speech to Congress about health care reform, and a plan for universal coverage<br />
<br />
8 October 1993 – US release date of the film <i>Demolition Man</i>, directed by Marco Brambilla, and starring Sylvester Stallone and Wesley Snipes<br />
<br />
24 November 1993 – US release date of the film <i>Mrs. Doubtfire</i>, directed by Chris Columbus and starring Robin Williams, Sally Field, Pierce Brosnan, and Harvey Fierstein<br />
<br />
30 November 1993 – Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (Brady Act) signed into law by Bill Clinton; this introduced a 5 day waiting period on gun purchases<br />
<br />
15 December 1993 – US release date of the film <i>Schindler’s List</i> directed by Steven Spielberg, starring Liam Neeson and Ralph Fiennes</BLOCKQUOTE>Lord Keyneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06556863604205200159noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4556861365216117920.post-87430061663388222502019-05-16T05:10:00.000-07:002019-07-12T04:04:15.476-07:00Chronology of the 12th Century<blockquote><b>1100</b><br />
5 December 1100–2 April 1118 – Baldwin I is King of Jerusalem:<blockquote><b>Kings of Jerusalem<br />
House of Boulogne (1099–1118)</b><br />
22 July 1099–18 July 1100 – Godfrey of Bouillon is Defender of the Holy Sepulchre<br />
5 December 1100–2 April 1118 – Baldwin I<br />
<br />
<b>House of Rethel (1118–1153)</b><br />
14 April 1118–21 August 1131 – Baldwin II<br />
1131–1153 – Melisende is Queen of Jerusalem<br />
<br />
<b>House of Anjou (1153–1205)</b><br />
August 1131–13 November 1143 – Fulk<br />
25 December 1143–10 February 1163 – Baldwin III<br />
February 1163–11 July 1174 – Amalric<br />
11 July 1174–16 March 1185 – Baldwin IV<br />
16 March 1185–August 1186 – Baldwin V<br />
1186–25 July 1190 – Sibylla is Queen of Jerusalem<br />
August 1186–summer 1190/May 1192 – Guy of Lusignan<br />
summer 1190/1192–5 April 1205 – Isabella I of Jerusalem</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1101</b><br />
May–August 1101 – crusade of 1101<br />
<br />
June 1101–28 September 1105 – Simon is Count of Sicily<br />
<br />
c. October 1101 – Almoravids begin siege of Valencia<br />
<br />
<b>1102</b><br />
5 May 1102 – Valencia captured by the Almoravids<br />
<br />
<b>1105</b><br />
c. 1 January 1105 – death of Barkiyaruq Sultan of the Seljuk Empire when travelling to Baghdad:<blockquote>November 1092–c. 1 January 1105 – Barkiyaruq Sultan of the Seljuk Empire (proclaimed at Ray)<br />
<br />
<b>Baghdad</b><br />
January 1105 – Malik-Shah II is Seljuq Sultan in Baghdad<br />
1105–18 April 1118 – Muhammad I Tapar is Seljuq Sultan in Baghdad (theoretically the head of dynasty)<br />
18 April 1118 – death of Muhammad I Tapar <br />
April 1118–1131 – Mahmud II (Seljuq sultan of Baghdad)<br />
1131–1134 – Toghrul II<br />
1134–13 September 1152 – Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud<br />
13 September 1152 – death of Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud at Hamadan<br />
13 September 1152–1153 – Malik-Shah III<br />
1153–December 1159/January 1160 – Muhammad II ibn Mahmud<br />
December 1159/January 1160 – death of Muhammad II ibn Mahmud at Hamadan<br />
<br />
<b>Khorasan</b><br />
1096 – Ahmad Sanjar given the province of Khorasan by Muhammad I<br />
1097–1118 – Ahmad Sanjar is ruler of Khorasan<br />
c. April 1118–8 May 1157 – Ahmad Sanjar is Sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire (capital at Merv)<br />
1119 – Ahmad Sanjar defeats Mahmud II at Sawa in northern Jibal<br />
<br />
<b>Hamadan</b><br />
January 1159–October 1160 – Suleiman-Shah<br />
1161–1176 – Arslan-Shah<br />
1176–19 March 1194 – Toghrul III (last sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire)</blockquote>September 1105–26 February 1154 – Roger II is Count of Sicily:<blockquote>July 1127 – Roger II inherits all Hauteville family possessions in the Italian peninsula and overlordship of the Principality of Capua after the death of William II of Apulia <br />
25 December 1130 – the Kingdom of Sicily created by Roger II of Sicily</blockquote><b>1106</b><br />
<br />
<b>1107</b><br />
October 1107 – army of Bohemond of Tarente lands in Dyrrachium to conquer Byzantine Empire<br />
<br />
November 1107–September 1108 – siege of Dyrrhachium by the Normans under Bohemond I of Antioch held by the doux Alexios Komnenos<br />
<br />
<b>1108</b><br />
29 May 1108 – battle of Uclés between Christian forces of Castile and León under Alfonso VI and Muslim Almoravids under Tamim ibn-Yusuf, near Uclés just south of the river Tagus; Alfonso VI defeated<br />
<br />
<b>1109</b><br />
21 April 1109 – death of Anselm of Canterbury, Archbishop of Canterbury<br />
<br />
<b>1110</b><br />
May 1110 – crusaders conquer Beirut<br />
<br />
<b>1111</b><br />
22 February 1111 – death of Roger Borsa (Duke of Apulia and Calabria)<br />
<br />
22 February 1111–July 1127 – William II is Duke of Apulia<br />
<br />
13–29 September 1111 – battle of Shaizar between Crusader army under King Baldwin I of Jerusalem and a Seljuk army led by Mawdud ibn Altuntash of Mosul, at Shaizar, Syria; the result is a tactical draw<br />
<br />
<b>1114</b><br />
November 1114 – William II comes of age and invested with ducky of Apulia by Pope Pascal II at the Council of Ceprano<br />
<br />
<b>1127</b><br />
July 1127 – Roger II inherits all Hauteville family possessions in the Italian peninsula and overlordship of the Principality of Capua after the death of William II of Apulia <br />
<br />
<b>1127</b><br />
1127–14 September 1146 – Imad ad-Din Zengi is Atabeg of Mosul:<blockquote>1128–14 September 1146 – Imad ad-Din Zengi rules Aleppo</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1138</b><br />
April 1138 – armies of the Byzantine emperor and the crusader princes besiege Shaizar<br />
<br />
<b>1144</b><br />
24 December 1144 – Zengi captures the crusader County of Edessa<br />
<br />
<b>1146</b><br />
14 September 1146 – Imad ad-Din Zengi killed by Frankish slave named Yarankash:<blockquote><b>Zengid Rulers</b><br />
<b>Zengid Emir of Mosul and the Jezirah (northern Iraq)</b><br />
14 September 1146–November 1149 – Saif ad-Din Ghazi I<br />
November 1149–6 September 1170 – Qutb ad-Din Mawdud <br />
6 September 1170–1180 – Ghazi II Saif ud-Din<br />
22 January 1171 – Imad ad-Din Zengi II (from Aleppo) captures Mosul<br />
1180–1193 – Izz ad-Din Mas'ud<br />
1193–1211 – Nur ad-Din Arslan Shah I<br />
<br />
<b>Aleppo</b><br />
14 September 1146–15 May 1174 – Nur ad-Din<br />
<br />
<b>Damascus</b><br />
1156–15 May 1174 – Nur ad-Din</blockquote>September 1146–15 May 1174 – Nur ad-Din is Emir of Damascus and Aleppo:<blockquote><b>Aleppo</b><br />
14 September 1146–15 May 1174 – Nur ad-Din<br />
<br />
<b>Damascus</b><br />
1156–15 May 1174 – Nur ad-Din</BLOCKQUOTE>4 March 1152–10 June 1190 – Frederick I Barbarossa is King of Germany:<blockquote>6 April 1147–4 March 1152 – Frederick I Barbarossa is Duke of Swabia<br />
1152–10 June 1190 – Frederick I Barbarossa is King of Burgundy<br />
1155–10 June 1190 – Frederick I Barbarossa is King of Italy<br />
2 January 1155–10 June 1190 – Frederick I Barbarossa is Holy Roman Emperor</BLOCKQUOTE>13 September 1152 – death of Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud at Hamadan:<blockquote><b>Breakup of Seljuk Empire</b><br />
<b>Baghdad</b><br />
19 November 1092–c. 11 November 1094 – Mahmud I of Great Seljuq<br />
c. 11 November 1094 – death of Mahmud I at Baghdad<br />
1105 – Malik-Shah II is Seljuq Sultan in Baghdad<br />
1105–1118 – Muhammad I Tapar is Seljuq Sultan in Baghdad (theoretically the head of dynasty)<br />
1118–1131 – Mahmud II (Seljuq sultan of Baghdad)<br />
1131–1134 – Toghrul II <br />
1134–13 September 1152 – Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud<br />
13 September 1152 – death of Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud at Hamadan<br />
1152–1153 – Malik-Shah III<br />
1153–1159 – Muhammad II ibn Mahmud<br />
<br />
<b>Ray</b><br />
November 1092–1105 – Barkiyaruq Sultan of the Seljuk Empire (proclaimed at Ray)<br />
February 1095? – Barkiyaruq recognised as sultan in Baghdad<br />
<br />
<b>Hamadan</b><br />
January 1159–October 1160 – Suleiman-Shah<br />
1161–1176 – Arslan-Shah<br />
1176–19 March 1194 – Toghrul III (last sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire)<br />
<br />
<b>Khorasan</b><br />
1096 – Ahmad Sanjar given the province of Khorasan by Muhammad I<br />
1097–1118 – Ahmad Sanjar is ruler of Khorasan<br />
1118–8 May 1157 – Ahmad Sanjar is Sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire<br />
<br />
<b>Seljuq Sultan of Damascus</b><br />
1078–1092 – Tutush I (Seljuq emir of Damascus)<br />
c. November 1092–March/April 1094 – Tutush I<br />
March/April 1094 – death of Tutush I after defeat by Sultan Barkiyaruq near Ray<br />
<br />
<b>Ruler of Damascus</b><br />
1095–1104 – Duqaq is Emir of Damascus<br />
1104–1128 – Toghtekin (atabeg of Damascus)<br />
<br />
<b>Ruler of Aleppo</b><br />
1095–10 December 1113 – Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan (Seljuq ruler of Aleppo)<br />
<br />
<b>Seljuq Sultans of Rum</b><br />
c. November 1092–1107 – Kilij Arslan I<br />
1110–1116 – Malik Shah<br />
<br />
19 March 1194 – death of Toghrul III (last sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire)</BLOCKQUOTE>1153–1160 – Muhammad II ibn Mahmud is Seljuk Sultan of Hamadan:<blockquote><b>Seljuk Sultans of Hamadan (1118–1194)</b><br />
1118–1131 – Mahmud II<br />
1131 – Da'ud (in Jibal and Iranian Azerbaijan)<br />
1131–1134 – Tugrul II<br />
1134–1152 – Mas'ud<br />
1152–1153 – Malik Shah III<br />
1153–1160 – Muhammad II<br />
1160–1161 – Suleiman Shah <br />
1161–1174 – Arslan Shah<br />
1174–1194 – Tugrul III</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1160</b><br />
12 March 1160–18 December 1170 – Al-Mustanjid is 32nd Caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad<br />
<br />
23 July 1160–13 September 1171 – Al-Adid is last Caliph of the Fatimid Dynasty in Egypt<br />
<br />
<b>1161</b><br />
<br />
<b>1169</b><br />
26 March 1169–11 September 1171 – Saladin is vizier of Fatimid Egypt; he receives the title of al-Malik al-Nasir (King Protector)<br />
<br />
<b>1170</b><br />
28 November 1170–20 January 1191 – Frederick VI Hohenstaufen is Duke of Swabia<br />
<br />
<b>1171</b><br />
13 September 1171 – death of Al-Adid, the last Caliph of the Fatimid Dynasty in Egypt<br />
<br />
1171–1260 – Ayyubid Sultanate in Egypt and Syria<br />
<br />
17 September 1171 – Abbasid khutba (Friday sermon) pronounced in Fustat and Cairo<br />
<br />
<b>1172</b><br />
1172–1200 – Ala ad-Din Tekish is Shah of the Khwarazmian Empire:<blockquote><b>Shah of the Khwarazmian Empire</b><br />
1127–1156 – Atsiz<br />
1156–1172 – Il-Arslan<br />
1172–1200 – Ala ad-Din Tekish<br />
1200–1220 – Terken Khatun (wife of Ala ad-Din Tekish) as regent<br />
1200–1220 – Muhammad II of Khwarazm<br />
1220–1231 – Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1174</b><br />
15 May 1174 – death of Nur ad-Din in the citadel of Damascus<br />
<br />
1174 – As-Salih Ismail al-Malik is emir of Damascus (died 1181)<br />
<br />
11 July 1174–16 March 1185 – Baldwin IV the Leper is King of Jerusalem<br />
<br />
23 November 1174 – Saladin takes Damascus from the Zengids<br />
<br />
1174? – Saladin assumes the title of sultan in Egypt<br />
<br />
1174–4 March 1193 – Saladin is Sultan of Egypt and Syria <br />
<br />
<b>1182</b><br />
11 May 1182 – Saladin leaves Cairo with half of the Egyptian Ayyubid army for Syria<br />
<br />
21 May 1182 – Saladin camped near Aleppo<br />
<br />
12 June 1182 – Aleppo taken by Saladin<br />
<br />
10 November 1182 – Saladin lays siege to Mosul<br />
<br />
30 December 1182 – Saladin takes Sinjar<br />
<br />
<b>1183</b><br />
<br />
<b>1184</b><br />
1184–2 October 1187 – fictional date of film <i>Kingdom of Heaven</i>, directed and produced by Ridley Scott, starring Orlando Bloom, Eva Green, Ghassan Massoud, Jeremy Irons, David Thewlis, Brendan Gleeson, Iain Glen, Marton Csokas, Liam Neeson<br />
<br />
<b>1185</b><br />
16 March 1185 – death of Baldwin IV the Leper, King of Jerusalem<br />
<br />
16 March 1185–August 1186 – sole reign of Baldwin V as King of Jerusalem<br />
<br />
<b>1186</b><br />
August 1186 – death of Baldwin V (King of Jerusalem) at Acre<br />
<br />
1186–25 July 1190 – Sibylla is Queen of Jerusalem<br />
<br />
August 1186–summer 1190/May 1192 – Guy of Lusignan is King of Jerusalem<br />
<br />
<b>1187</b><br />
3–4 July 1187 – battle of Hattin between the Crusader states led by Guy of Lusignan and the Ayyubid sultan Salah ad-Din (Saladin); Saladin captured or killed the vast majority of the Crusader forces<br />
<br />
4 July 1187–May 1188 – Guy of Lusignan in captivity<br />
<br />
20 September–2 October 1187 – siege of Jerusalem by Saladin; Balian of Ibelin surrenders the city to Saladin; capital of Kingdom of Jerusalem shifts first to Tyre and later to Acre after the Third Crusade<br />
<br />
2 October 1187 – Balian of Ibelin surrenders Jerusalem to Saladin<br />
<br />
<b>1188</b><br />
May 1188 – Guy of Lusignan released from imprisonment in Damascus<br />
<br />
<b>1189</b><br />
1189–1192 – fictional date of the <i>Doctor Who</i> serial “Time Warrior”?<br />
<br />
11 May 1189–2 September 1192 – Third Crusade led by King Richard I of England, King Philip II of France, and Frederick Barbarossa<br />
<br />
3 September 1189–6 April 1199 – Richard I is King of England, Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine and Gascony, Lord of Cyprus, Count of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes, and overlord of Brittany<br />
<br />
13 September 1189 – Richard I crowned king of England in Westminster Abbey<br />
<br />
11 December 1189 – Richard I leaves England; government entrusted to William Longchamp (the Bishop of Ely) as chancellor<br />
<br />
<b>1190</b><br />
10 June 1190 – Emperor Frederick Barbarossa drowns near Silifke Castle in the Saleph river<br />
<br />
July/August 1190 – death of Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem in an epidemic <br />
<br />
autumn 1190 – fictional date of the <i>Doctor Who</i> serial “Robot of Sherwood,” set in Sherwood Forest, Nottingham<br />
<br />
September 1190–April 1191 – King Richard I of England and King Philip II of France occupy Sicily<br />
<br />
<b>1191</b><br />
20 January 1191 – death of Frederick VI of Hohenstaufen (Duke of Swabia) dies of disease, aged 23, at Acre<br />
<br />
8 June 1191 – King Richard I lands at Acre<br />
<br />
October 1191 (or 1192) – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who</i> serial “The Crusade,” set in Jaffa, Palestine<br />
<br />
1191 – fictional date of <i>Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves</i><br />
<br />
<b>1192</b><br />
May 1192 – Guy de Lusignan buys Cyprus from the Templars <br />
<br />
9 October 1192 – King Richard I (ill with scurvy) leaves for England<br />
<br />
<b>1194</b><br />
4 February 1194 – King Richard I released from imprisonment in Trifels Castle by Henry VI (Holy Roman Emperor)<br />
<br />
March–May 1194 – Richard I returns to England<br />
<br />
19 March 1194 – death of Toghrul III (last sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire)<br />
<br />
18 July 1194 – death of Guy of Lusignan in Cyprus<br />
<br />
<b>1199</b><br />
6 April 1199 – death of Richard the Lionheart at Château de Chalus-Chabrol, Châlus, Haute-Vienne, France<br />
<br />
27 May 1199–19 October 1216 – John is King of England<br />
<br />
c. April 1199 – fictional date of <i>Robin Hood</i> (2010 film)<br />
<br />
<b>1202</b><br />
October 1202–April 1204 – Fourth Crusade, called by Pope Innocent III, to reconquer Jerusalem by an invasion through Egypt; the Crusaders sacked Constantinople<br />
<br />
12–13 April 1204 – capture of Constantinople <br />
<br />
1207 – fictional date of early scene of the <i>Doctor Who</i> serial “The Bells of Saint John,” set in a monastery in Cumbria<br />
<br />
3–5 March 1215 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who</i> serial “The King’s Demons”</BLOCKQUOTE>Lord Keyneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06556863604205200159noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4556861365216117920.post-607561219150687552019-05-14T01:59:00.000-07:002019-07-10T02:46:46.259-07:00Chronology of the 11th Century<blockquote>April 962 – Alp-Tegin (with his guard of Turkic slave-soldiers and group of Iranian ghazis) defeats a Samanid army at Balkh<br />
<br />
September 963 – death of Alp-Tegin as Samanid governor of Ghazna:<blockquote><b>Samanid Governor of Ghazna / Emir of Ghazna</b><br />
September 963–November 966 – Abu Ishaq Ibrahim of Ghazna<br />
12 November 966–975 – Bilgetegin<br />
974/975–20 April 977 – Böritigin of Ghazni<br />
20 April 977–5 August 997 – Abu Mansur Sabuktigin<br />
5 August 997–998 – Ismail of Ghazni<br />
998–30 April 1030 – Mahmud of Ghazni</BLOCKQUOTE>18 March 978–1013 – Æthelred the Unready is king of England (first reign)<br />
<br />
986–1014 – Sweyn I Forkbeard is king of Denmark<br />
<br />
990–992 – Hasan (or Harun) b. Sulayman (a Karakhanid ruler) attackes the Samanids and captures Isfijab, Ferghana, Ilaq, Samarkand, and the Samanid capital Bukhara, but these are retaken late<br />
<br />
997 – Kara-Khanid conquest of Tashkent<br />
<br />
<b>998</b><br />
March 998–30 April 1030 – Mahmud of Ghazni is Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire:<blockquote><b>Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire (977–1186)</b><br />
Ghaznavids were Persianised Turks<br />
May 1030–August 1030 – Muhammad of Ghazni (first reign)<br />
August 1030–c. 23 December 1040 – Mas'ud I<br />
21 December 1040–April 1041 – Muhammad of Ghazni (second reign)<br />
28 April 1041–winter 1050 – Mawdud of Ghazni</BLOCKQUOTE><b>999</b><br />
February–October 999 – 'Abd al-Malik II is the last Samanid ruler <br />
<br />
23 October 999 – Kara-Khanid conquest of Bukhara and Transoxiana; Kara-Khanid divide Samanid realm with Ghaznavid sultan Mahmud<br />
<br />
<b>1000</b><br />
25 December 1000–15 August 1038 – Saint Stephen I is king of Hungary:<blockquote><b>House of Árpád (c. 895–14 January 1301)</b><br />
15 August 1038–September 1041 – Peter the Venetian<br />
September 1046–December 1060 – Andrew I the White<br />
6 December 1060–11 September 1063 – Béla I the Champion<br />
September 1063–14 March 1074 – Solomon<br />
14 March 1074–25 April 1077 – Géza I Magnus<br />
25 April 1077–29 July 1095 – Saint Ladislaus I<br />
1095–3 February 1116 – Coloman the Learned</BLOCKQUOTE>25 December 1013–3 February 1014 – Sweyn Forkbeard is king of England:<blockquote>18 March 978–1013 – Æthelred the Unready is king of England (first reign)<br />
986–1014 – Sweyn I Forkbeard is king of Denmark<br />
3 February 1014–23 April 1016 – Æthelred the Unready (second reign)</BLOCKQUOTE>18 October 1016–12 November 1035 – Cnut the Great is king of England:<blockquote>1018–12 November 1035 – Cnut the Great is King of Denmark<br />
1028–12 November 1035 – Cnut the Great is King of Norway</BLOCKQUOTE>18 October 1016–12 November 1035 – Cnut the Great is king of England:<blockquote><b>House of Wessex</b><br />
3 February 1014–23 April 1016 – Æthelred the Unready (second reign)<br />
23 April 1016–30 November 1016 – Edmund Ironside<br />
<br />
<b>House of Denmark</b><br />
18 October 1016–12 November 1035 – Cnut the Great<br />
c. 18 October 1016–30 November 1016 – Edmund Ironside is king in Wessex<br />
30 November 1016 – death of Edmund Ironside<br />
12 November 1035–17 March 1040 – Harold Harefoot<br />
17 March 1040–8 June 1042 – Harthacnut<br />
<br />
<b>House of Wessex</b><br />
8 June 1042–5 January 1066 – Edward the Confessor<br />
<br />
<b>House of Godwin</b><br />
6 January 1066–14 October 1066 – Harold Godwinson</BLOCKQUOTE>c. 18 October 1016–30 November 1016 – Edmund Ironside is king in Wessex<br />
<br />
30 November 1016 – death of Edmund Ironside<br />
<br />
1020–June 1045 – Rainulf Drengot (Ranulf) is first Norman count of Aversa:<blockquote>1045 – Asclettin Drengot<br />
1045–1046 – Rodulf Cappello<br />
1045–1048 – Rainulf II Trincanocte<br />
1048–1049 – Herman<br />
1049–1078 – Richard I<br />
<b>Count of Aversa and Prince of Capua</b><br />
1058 – Richard I conquers the Principality of Capua and becomes prince of Capua<br />
1078–1091 – Jordan I<br />
1090/1091–1105/1106 – Richard II<br />
1106–1120 – Robert I<br />
1120 – Richard III<br />
June 1120–19 December 1127 – Jordan II<br />
1127–1156 – Robert II</BLOCKQUOTE>15 December 1025–11 November 1028 – Constantine VIII is Byzantine Emperor<br />
<br />
14 April 1028–5 October 1056 – Henry III is King of Germany (King of the Romans):<blockquote>4 June 1039–5 October 1056 – Henry III is King of Italy<br />
4 June 1039–5 October 1056 – Henry III is King of Burgundy<br />
25 December 1046–5 October 1056 – Henry III is Holy Roman Emperor</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1030</b><br />
1030–17 January 1040 – Mas'ud I is Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire<br />
<br />
1032–21 March 1076 – Robert I the Old is Duke of Burgundy:<blockquote>1004 – Burgundy annexed by the king<br />
<b>House of Capet (1004–1032)</b><br />
<b>House of Burgundy (1032–1361)</b><br />
1032–21 March 1076 – Robert I the Old <br />
21 March 1076–1079 – Hugh I<br />
1079–23 March 1103 – Odo I Borel the Red<br />
23 March 1103–1143 – Hugh II</BLOCKQUOTE>April 1033/1034–21 April 1109 – life of Anselm of Canterbury, the Benedictine monk, abbot, philosopher and theologian, and archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109<br />
<br />
<b>1035</b><br />
1035–25 October 1047 – Magnus the Good (Magnus Olafsson) is king of Norway<br />
<br />
3 July 1035–9 September 1087 – William the Conqueror is Duke of Normandy<br />
<br />
<b>1037</b><br />
1037–4 September 1063 – Tughril is Sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire<br />
<br />
<b>1040</b><br />
23 May 1040 – battle of Dandanaqan between Tughril (and his brother Chaghri Beg) of the Seljuqs and Mas'ud of Ghaznavid Empire; the Seljuq victory ends Ghaznavid domination in the Khorasan <br />
<br />
September 1042–1046 – William I of Hauteville is elected count by the Normans<br />
<br />
1046–25 September 1066 – Harald Sigurdsson (Hardrada) is king of Norway<br />
<br />
1046–10 August 1051 – Drogo of Hauteville is Count of Apulia and Calabria<br />
<br />
August 1051–August 1057 – Humphrey of Hauteville is Count of Apulia and Calabria<br />
<br />
18 June 1053 – battle of Civitate between the Normans led by Humphrey of Hauteville (Count of Apulia) and a Swabian-Italian-Lombard army (organised by Pope Leo IX) led by Gerard (Duke of Lorraine) and Rudolf (Prince of Benevento); the Norman victory led to the capture of Leo IX, and his imprisonment in Benevento<br />
<br />
November 1053–31 December 1105 – Henry IV is King of Germany:<blockquote>November 1053–31 December 1105 – Henry IV is King of Germany<br />
5 October 1056–31 December 1105 – Henry IV is King of Italy and Burgundy<br />
5 October 1056–31 December 1105 – Henry IV is Holy Roman Emperor</BLOCKQUOTE>5 June 1057–22 November 1059 – Isaac I Komnenos Byzantine emperor<br />
<br />
August 1057–23 August 1059 – Robert Guiscard is Count of Apulia and Calabria:<blockquote>23 August 1059–17 July 1085 – Robert Guiscard is duke of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily</blockquote>23 August 1059 – Pope Nicholas II invests Robert Guiscard as duke of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily<br />
<br />
24 November 1059–22 May 1067 – Constantine X Doukas is Byzantine emperor:<blockquote><b>Macedonian Dynasty (867–1056)</b><br />
10 January 976–15 December 1025 – Basil II the Bulgar-Slayer<br />
15 December 1025–15 November 1028 – Constantine VIII the Purple-born<br />
15 November 1028–June 1050 – Zoe the Purple-born<br />
15 November 1028–11 April 1034 – Romanos III Argyros<br />
11 April 1034–10 December 1041 – Michael IV the Paphlagonian<br />
10 December 1041–20 April 1042 – Michael V the Caulker<br />
19 April 1042–after 31 August 1056 – Theodora the Purple-born<br />
11 June 1042–7/8/11 January 1055 – Constantine IX Monomachos<br />
<br />
September 1056–31 August 1057 – Michael VI Bringas Stratiotikos (the Old)<br />
<br />
<b>Komnenid Dynasty (1057–1059)</b><br />
5 June 1057–22 November 1059 – Isaac I Komnenos<br />
<br />
<b>Doukid Dynasty (1059–1081)</b><br />
24 November 1059–22 May 1067 – Constantine X Doukas<br />
22 May 1067–24 March 1078 – Michael VII Doukas<br />
1 January 1068–24 October 1071 – Romanos IV Diogenes<br />
31 March 1078–4 April 1081 – Nikephoros III Botaneiates<br />
<br />
<b>Komnenid Dynasty (1081–1185)</b><br />
4 April 1081–15 August 1118 – Alexios I Komnenos<br />
15 August 1118–8 April 1143 – John II Komnenos<br />
8 April 1143–24 September 1180 – Manuel I Komnenos the Great<br />
24 September 1180–October 1183 – Alexios II Komnenos<br />
1183–11 September 1185 – Andronikos I Komnenos</BLOCKQUOTE>4 August 1060–29 July 1108 – Philip I the Amorous is king of France:<blockquote><b>House of Capet</b><br />
3 July 987–24 October 996 – Hugh Capet<br />
24 October 996–20 July 1031 – Robert II the Pious (the Wise)<br />
20 July 1031–4 August 1060 – Henry I<br />
4 August 1060–29 July 1108 – Philip I the Amorous<br />
29 July 1108–1 August 1137 – Louis VI the Fat<br />
1 August 1137–18 September 1180 – Louis VII the Young<br />
18 September 1180–14 July 1223 – Philip II Augustus</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1061</b><br />
May 1061 – Robert Guiscard and Roger I cross from Reggio and capture Messina in Sicily<br />
<br />
May 1061–1091 – Norman conquest of Sicily:<blockquote>June 1063 – battle of Cerami between the Normans under the command of Roger de Hauteville and a Muslim alliance of Sicilian and Zirid troops<br />
25 December 1130 – the Kingdom of Sicily created by Roger II of Sicily, with the agreement of Pope Innocent II</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1063</b><br />
June 1063 – battle of Cerami between the Normans under the command of Roger de Hauteville and a Muslim alliance of Sicilian and Zirid troops<br />
<br />
4 September 1063–15 December 1072 – Alp Arslan (Heroic Lion; Muhammad bin Dawud Chaghri) is Sultan of the Seljuk Empire:<blockquote>1037–4 September 1063 – Tughril Beg<br />
4 September 1063–15 December 1072 – Alp Arslan<br />
15 December 1072–19 November 1092 – Malik-Shah I<br />
19 November 1092–1094 – Mahmud I <br />
1092–1105 – Barkiyaruq<br />
1105 – Malik-Shah II<br />
1105–1118 – Muhammad I Tapar<br />
1118–1131 – Mahmud II is Seljuq sultan of Baghdad</BLOCKQUOTE>c. December 1063 – battle of Damghan between Qutalmısh and Alp Arslan <br />
<br />
<b>1066</b><br />
5 January 1066 – Edward the Confessor dies at London<br />
<br />
5 January–14 October 1066 – Harold Godwinson is king of England<br />
<br />
20 March 1066 – Halley’s Comet reaches perihelion<br />
<br />
April 1066 – Halley’s Comet appears over France and Britain<br />
<br />
April–May 1066 – the fleet of Tostig raids Sandwich and the old kingdom of Lindsay (northern Lincolnshire)<br />
<br />
August/September 1066 – fictional date of the <i>Doctor Who</i> serial “The Time Meddler,” set in Northumbria, north of the Humber river<br />
<br />
c. 1–7 September 1066 – Hardrada raids Scarborough and slaughters inhabitants<br />
<br />
18 September 1066 – Harald Hardrada of Norway sails his fleet up the Humber Estuary<br />
<br />
20 September 1066 – forces of Hardrada and Tostig defeat the English earls Edwin of Mercia and Morcar of Northumbria at the Battle of Fulford near York<br />
<br />
25 September 1066 – battle of Stamford Bridge: Harold Godwinson defeats Hardrada and Tostig, who were both killed<br />
<br />
1066–28 April 1069 – Magnus II is King of Norway<br />
<br />
14 October 1066 – battle of Hastings between the Norman-French army of William (Duke of Normandy) and an English army under King Harold Godwinson, 7 miles (11 kilometres) northwest of Hastings, East Sussex<br />
<br />
25 December 1066–9 September 1087 – William the Conqueror is king of England<br />
<br />
30 December 1066 – 1066 Granada massacre: a Muslim mob storms the royal palace in Granada, in the Taifa of Granada and crucifies the vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela<br />
<br />
<b>1067</b><br />
1067–22 September 1093 – Olaf III is co-king of Norway<br />
<br />
<b>1070s</b><br />
1070s – the Bayeux Tapestry (commissioned by Bishop Odo) made in England<br />
<br />
26 August 1071 – battle of Manzikert between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Empire near Manzikert; decisive defeat of the Byzantine army and the capture of the Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes<br />
<br />
<b>1072</b><br />
January 1072 – Robert Guiscard invests Roger I as Count of Sicily<br />
<br />
January 1072–22 June 1101 – Roger I is the first Norman Count of Sicily:<blockquote><b>House of Hauteville 1130–1198</b><br />
June 1101–28 September 1105 – Simon<br />
September 1105–26 February 1154 – Roger II is Count of Sicily<br />
July 1127 – Roger II inherits Hauteville possessions and overlordship of the Principality of Capua after death of William II of Apulia<br />
25 December 1130 – the Kingdom of Sicily created by Roger II of Sicily<br />
26 February 1154–7 May 1166 – William I the Bad<br />
<br />
<b>House of Hohenstaufen 1194–1266</b><br />
November 1198–13 December 1250 – Frederick II<br />
22 November 1220–17 July 1245 – Frederick II is Holy Roman Emperor</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1085</b><br />
c. 17 July 1085–22 February 1111 – Roger Borsa is Duke of Apulia and Calabria:<blockquote><b>Duke of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily</b><br />
23 August 1059–17 July 1085 – Robert Guiscard<br />
c. 17 July 1085–22 February 1111 – Roger Borsa<br />
February 1111–July 1127 – William II is Duke of Apulia<br />
September 1105–26 February 1154 – Roger II is Count of Sicily</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1087</b><br />
9 September 1087 – King William I (the Conqueror) dies in Rouen after a fall from his horse<br />
<br />
26 September 1087–2 August 1100 – William II is king of England<br />
<br />
<b>1088</b><br />
spring 1088 – rebellion of Odo of Bayeux and Robert (2nd Earl of Cornwall), half-brothers of William the Conqueror, against King William II<br />
<br />
<b>1089</b><br />
1089–3 March 1111 – Bohemond I is Prince of Taranto<br />
<br />
1089 – the Seljuks capture Samarkand and conquer the Western Kara-Khanid Khanate<br />
<br />
<b>1091</b><br />
February 1091 – Normans take Noto: completion of 30-year-long conquest of Sicily<br />
<br />
29 April 1091 – battle of Levounion: Alexios I Komnenos and his Cuman allies defeat an invading force of Pechenegs <br />
<br />
June/July 1091 – Norman invasion of Malta by forces of Roger I<br />
<br />
<b>1092</b><br />
October 1092–May 1094 – siege of Valencia by El Cid<br />
<br />
19 November 1092 – death of Malik-Shah I after a hunting expedition outside Baghdad:<blockquote><b>Breakup of Seljuk Empire</b><br />
<b>Baghdad</b><br />
19 November 1092–c. 11 November 1094 – Mahmud I of Great Seljuq<br />
c. 11 November 1094 – death of Mahmud I at Baghdad<br />
1105 – Malik-Shah II is Seljuq Sultan in Baghdad<br />
1105–1118 – Muhammad I Tapar is Seljuq Sultan in Baghdad (theoretically the head of dynasty)<br />
1118–1131 – Mahmud II (Seljuq sultan of Baghdad)<br />
1131–1134 – Toghrul II <br />
1134–13 September 1152 – Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud<br />
13 September 1152 – death of Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud at Hamadan<br />
1152–1153 – Malik-Shah III<br />
1153–1159 – Muhammad II ibn Mahmud<br />
<br />
<b>Ray</b><br />
November 1092–c. 1 January 1105 – Barkiyaruq Sultan of the Seljuk Empire (proclaimed at Ray)<br />
February 1095 – Barkiyaruq recognised as sultan in Baghdad<br />
<br />
<b>Hamadan</b><br />
January 1159–October 1160 – Suleiman-Shah<br />
1161–1176 – Arslan-Shah<br />
1176–19 March 1194 – Toghrul III (last sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire)<br />
<br />
<b>Khorasan</b><br />
1096 – Ahmad Sanjar given the province of Khorasan by Muhammad I<br />
1097–1118 – Ahmad Sanjar is ruler of Khorasan<br />
1118–8 May 1157 – Ahmad Sanjar is Sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire<br />
<br />
<b>Seljuq Sultan of Damascus</b><br />
1078–1092 – Tutush I (Seljuq emir of Damascus)<br />
c. November 1092–26 February 1095 – Tutush I<br />
26 February 1095 – death of Tutush I after defeat by Sultan Barkiyaruq near Ray<br />
<br />
<b>Ruler of Damascus</b><br />
c. February 1095–8 June 1104 – Duqaq is Emir of Damascus<br />
1104–October 1104 – Tutush II <br />
October 1104 – Irtash<br />
<b>Burid Atabeg of Damascus</b><br />
8 June 1104–12 February 1128 – Toghtekin (founder of the Burid dynasty of Damascus)<br />
February 1128–9 June 1132 – Taj al-Muluk Buri<br />
June 1132–1 February 1135 – Shams-ul-Mulk Isma'il<br />
February 1135–23 June 1139 – Shihab ad-Din Mahmud<br />
1139–1140 – Jemal ad-Din Muhammad<br />
1140–April 1154 – Mujir ad-Din Abaq<br />
<br />
<b>Ruler of Aleppo</b><br />
1095–10 December 1113 – Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan (Seljuq ruler of Aleppo)<br />
<br />
<b>Seljuq Sultans of Rum</b><br />
c. November 1092–1107 – Kilij Arslan I<br />
1110–1116 – Malik Shah<br />
<br />
19 March 1194 – death of Toghrul III (last sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire)</BLOCKQUOTE>November 1092–c. 1 January 1105 – Barkiyaruq Sultan of the Seljuk Empire (proclaimed at Ray)<br />
<br />
19 November 1092–c. 11 November 1094 – Mahmud I of Great Seljuq<br />
<br />
<b>1093</b><br />
winter 1093–1094 – Tutush spends winter in Damascus<br />
<br />
<b>1094</b><br />
1094–28 February 1105 – Raymond IV is Count of Toulouse<br />
<br />
May 1094 – El Cid completes conquest of Valencia, Spain<br />
<br />
May 1094–10 July 1099 – Rodrigo Díal de Vivor (El Cid) is Prince of Valencia<br />
<br />
8 October 1094 – St Mark’s Basilica consecrated in Venice<br />
<br />
c. 11 November 1094 – death of Mahmud I at Baghdad<br />
<br />
<b>1095</b><br />
January 1095 – Tutush gains recognition as sultan from the Abbāsid caliph; Tutush controls Syria, Anatolia, Iraq, and western Persia<br />
<br />
26 February 1095 – battle of Dashlu between Tutush I and Sultan Barkiyaruq near Ray; defeat of Tutush I<br />
<br />
c. 26 February 1095 – death of Tutush I near Ray<br />
<br />
c. February 1095–8 June 1104 – Duqaq is Emir of Damascus:<BLOCKQUOTE><b>Ruler of Damascus</b><br />
c. February 1095–8 June 1104 – Duqaq is Emir of Damascus<br />
1104–October 1104 – Tutush II <br />
October 1104 – Irtash<br />
<br />
<b>Burid Atabeg of Damascus</b><br />
8 June 1104–12 February 1128 – Toghtekin (founder of the Burid dynasty of Damascus)<br />
February 1128–9 June 1132 – Taj al-Muluk Buri<br />
June 1132–1 February 1135 – Shams-ul-Mulk Isma'il<br />
February 1135–23 June 1139 – Shihab ad-Din Mahmud<br />
1139–1140 – Jemal ad-Din Muhammad<br />
1140–April 1154 – Mujir ad-Din Abaq</BLOCKQUOTE>February 1095 – Barkiyaruq recognised as sultan in Baghdad<br />
<br />
18–28 November 1095 – the Council of Clermont, a mixed synod of ecclesiastics and laymen of the Catholic Church, called by Pope Urban II, held at Clermont, Auvergne, Duchy of Aquitaine<br />
<br />
27 November 1095 – Pope Urban’s speech and call for the First Crusade<br />
<br />
<b>1096</b><br />
15 August 1096–15 July 1099 – the First Crusade<br />
<br />
April–October 1096 – the People’s Crusade (Peasants’ Crusade, Paupers’ Crusade), led by Peter the Hermit with forces of Walter Sans Avoir; army destroyed by the Seljuk forces of Kilij Arslan at Civetot, northwestern Anatolia <br />
<br />
c. August 1096 – four main crusader armies leave Europe <br />
<br />
November 1096–April 1097 – armies of Princes gather in Constantinople<br />
<br />
<b>1097</b><br />
21 October 1097–3 June 1098 – siege of Antioch during the First Crusade<br />
<br />
<b>1098</b><br />
1098–1100 – Baldwin I is Count of Edessa<br />
<br />
July 1098–3 March 1111 – Bohemond I is Prince of Antioch<br />
<br />
<b>1099</b><br />
7 June–15 July 1099 – siege of Jerusalem during the First Crusade<br />
<br />
14 July 1099 – night: Crusaders launch a two-pronged assault on the walls of Jerusalem <br />
<br />
22 July 1099–18 July 1100 – Godfrey of Bouillon is Defender of the Holy Sepulchre:<blockquote><b>Kings of Jerusalem<br />
House of Boulogne (1099–1118)</b><br />
22 July 1099–18 July 1100 – Godfrey of Bouillon is Defender of the Holy Sepulchre<br />
5 December 1100–2 April 1118 – Baldwin I<br />
<br />
<b>House of Rethel (1118–1153)</b><br />
14 April 1118–21 August 1131 – Baldwin II<br />
1131–1153 – Melisende is Queen of Jerusalem<br />
<br />
<b>House of Anjou (1153–1205)</b><br />
August 1131–13 November 1143 – Fulk<br />
25 December 1143–10 February 1163 – Baldwin III<br />
February 1163–11 July 1174 – Amalric<br />
11 July 1174–16 March 1185 – Baldwin IV<br />
16 March 1185–August 1186 – Baldwin V<br />
1186–25 July 1190 – Sibylla is Queen of Jerusalem<br />
August 1186–summer 1190/May 1192 – Guy of Lusignan<br />
summer 1190/1192–5 April 1205 – Isabella I of Jerusalem</BLOCKQUOTE>12 August 1099 – battle of Ascalon after the capture of Jerusalem: a crusader army led by Godfrey of Bouillon defeats a Fatimid army<br />
<br />
<b>1101</b><br />
May–August 1101 – crusade of 1101<br />
<br />
June 1101–28 September 1105 – Simon is Count of Sicily<br />
<br />
c. October 1101 – Almoravids begin siege of Valencia<br />
<br />
<b>1102</b><br />
5 May 1102 – Valencia captured by the Almoravids<br />
<br />
<b>1105</b><br />
c. 1 January 1105 – Barkiyaruq Sultan of the Seljuk Empire in in Borujerd<br />
<br />
September 1105–26 February 1154 – Roger II is Count of Sicily:<blockquote>July 1127 – Roger II inherits all Hauteville family possessions in the Italian peninsula and overlordship of the Principality of Capua after the death of William II of Apulia <br />
25 December 1130 – the Kingdom of Sicily created by Roger II of Sicily</blockquote>1111–July 1127 – William II is Duke of Apulia<br />
<br />
July 1127 – Roger II inherits all Hauteville family possessions in the Italian peninsula and overlordship of the Principality of Capua after the death of William II of Apulia <br />
<br />
1207 – fictional date of early scene of the <i>Doctor Who</i> serial “The Bells of Saint John,” set in Cumbria</blockquote>Lord Keyneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06556863604205200159noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4556861365216117920.post-34072753668255913362019-01-21T21:45:00.003-08:002019-08-04T01:30:37.300-07:00Chronology of the 14th Century<blockquote>1295 – Marco Polo returns to Venice during the war with Republic of Genoa<br />
<br />
26 March 1296–1 May 1328 – First War of Scottish Independence<br />
<br />
May–11 September 1297 – Scottish uprising led by William Wallace<br />
<br />
11 September 1297 – battle of Stirling Bridge: Andrew Moray and William Wallace defeat the English forces of John de Warenne (6th Earl of Surrey) and Hugh de Cressingham near Stirling, on the River Forth<br />
<br />
November 1297 – William Wallace leads a large-scale raid into northern England, through Northumberland and Cumberland<br />
<br />
27 July 1298–1 May 1308 – Albert I is King of the Romans<br />
<br />
summer 1299–May 1300 – Mongol invasion of Syria and Palestine under Ghazan:<blockquote>December 23/24 1299 – defeat of the Mamluks in the Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar (3rd Battle of Homs)<br />
c. 30 December 1299–6 January 1300 – capture of Damascus<br />
February 1300 – retreat of Ghazan from Palestine</blockquote>August 1299 – Marco Polo released from captivity and returns home to Venice<br />
<br />
13 May 1301–16 July 1342 – Charles I is King of Hungary and Croatia (Capetian House of Anjou)<br />
<br />
5 August 1305 – John de Menteith (a Scottish knight loyal to Edward) turns over William Wallace to English soldiers at Robroyston near Glasgow<br />
<br />
23 August 1305 – execution of William Wallace at the Elms at Smithfield, London<br />
<br />
1307–1323 – Bernard Gui is Inquisitor of Toulouse against the Albigenses at the behest of Pope Clement V and Pope John XXII:<blockquote>26 August 1323–20 July 1324 – Bernardo Guido is Bishop of Diocese of Tui-Vigo<br />
1324–30 December 1331 – Bernard Gui is bishop of Lodeve</blockquote>1308–1330 – Frederick I the Fair is Duke of Austria and Styria:<blockquote><b>House of Habsburg</b><br />
1278–1282 – Rudolf I<br />
1282–1308 – Albert I<br />
1282–1283 – Rudolf II the Debonair<br />
1298–1307 – Rudolf III the Good<br />
1308–1330 – Frederick I the Fair</BLOCKQUOTE>8 July 1307–20 January 1327 – Edward II (Edward of Caernarfon) is king of England:<blockquote><b>House of Anjou</b><br />
3 September 1189–6 April 1199 – Richard I (Richard the Lionheart)<br />
27 May 1199–19 October 1216 – John (John Lackland)<br />
<b>House of Plantagenet</b><br />
28 October 1216–16 November 1272 – Henry III (Henry of Winchester)<br />
20 November 1272–7 July 1307 – Edward I Longshanks<br />
8 July 1307–20 January 1327 – Edward II<br />
25 January 1327–21 June 1377 – Edward III<br />
22 June 1377–29 September 1399 – Richard II<br />
<b>House of Lancaster</b><br />
30 September 1399–20 March 1413 – Henry IV</BLOCKQUOTE>c. 1310–1351/1352 – Basarab I is first voivode ruler of Wallachia<br />
<br />
29 June 1312–24 August 1313 – Henry VII is Holy Roman Emperor (House of Luxembourg)<br />
<br />
October 1314–11 October 1347 – Louis IV, the Bavarian is Holy Roman Emperor (House of Wittelsbach)<br />
<br />
1316-1 December 1335 – <br />
<br />
8–9 January 1324 – death of Marco Polo in Venice<br />
<br />
1324–30 December 1331 – Bernard Gui is bishop of Lodeve<br />
<br />
November–December 1327 – fictional date of Umberto Eco’s novel <i>The Name of the Rose</i> (<i>Il nome della rosa</i>) set in a northern Italian monastery inspired by Sacra di San Michele (Saint Michael’s Abbey), Susa Valley, Piedmont<br />
<br />
1328–15 June 1341 – Andronikos III Palaiologos is Byzantine emperor:<blockquote><b>Palaiologos Emperors</b><br />
15 August 1261–11 December 1282 – Michael VIII Palaiologos<br />
11 December 1282–24 May 1328 – Andronikos II Palaiologos<br />
1328–15 June 1341 – Andronikos III Palaiologos<br />
15 June 1341–12 August 1376 – John V Palaiologos<br />
1 July 1379–14 April 1390 – John V Palaiologos</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1330</b><br />
13 January 1330–16 August 1358 – Albert II is Duke of Austria and Styria:<blockquote>1295–1335 – Henry VI (Gorizia-Tyrol) is Duke of Carinthia<br />
12 December 1298 – Albert II born at Habsburg Castle in Swabia<br />
1313–1317 – Albert II is Bishop of Passau<br />
13 January 1330–16 August 1358 – Albert II is Duke of Austria and Styria<br />
2 April 1335–16 August 1358 – Albert II is Duke of Carinthia<br />
<br />
25 September 1379 – Treaty of Neuberg between Albert III and his brother Leopold III: division of the Habsburg hereditary lands into Albertinian and Leopoldian line<br />
<br />
<b>Inner Austria: Styria, Carinthia and Carniola</b><br />
7 July 1379–9 July 1386 – Leopold III<br />
July 1386–15 July 1406 – William<br />
July 1406–10 June 1424 – Ernest the Iron<br />
10 June 1424–19 August 1493 – Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor from 19 March 1452)<br />
10 June 1424–2 December 1463 – Albert VI (brother of Emperor Frederick III)<br />
1436 – Frederick III makes a pilgrimage to the Holy Land<br />
2 February 1440 – prince-electors convened at Frankfurt and elected Frederick III King of the Romans <br />
<br />
<b>Archduchy of Austria: Lower Austria and most of Upper Austria</b><br />
<b>Albertinian Line</b><br />
25 September 1379–29 August 1395 – Albert III is Duke of Austria<br />
29 August 1395–14 September 1404 – Albert IV is Duke of Austria<br />
14 September 1404–27 October 1439 – Albert V the Magnanimous<br />
22 February 1440 – birth of Ladislaus the Posthumous (son of Albert V)<br />
1440–23 November 1457 – Ladislaus the Posthumous<br />
<br />
<b>Further Austria/Anterior Austria: Swabian duchy of south-western Germany, Alsace region west of the Rhine, Vorarlberg</b><br />
1406–24 June 1439 – Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets<br />
24 June 1439–16 March 1490 – Sigismund, Archduke of Austria (renounced rule in 1490)<br />
1439–1446 – Frederick III is regent for Sigismund<br />
16 March 1490–12 January 1519 – Maximilian I (Holy Roman Emperor) succeeds Sigismund in all territories<br />
<br />
<b>Austria Proper</b><br />
1440–23 November 1457 – Ladislaus the Posthumous<br />
23 November 1457–19 August 1493 – Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor) is ruler of Lower Austria<br />
23 November 1457–2 December 1463 – Albert VI is Archduke of Austria<br />
2 December 1463 – death of Albert VI, Archduke of Austria<br />
2 December 1463–19 August 1493 – Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor) is sole ruler of Austrian lands<br />
29 January–1 June 1485 – the siege of Vienna during the Austrian–Hungarian War between Frederick III and Matthias Corvinus<br />
1 June 1485 – the fall of Vienna to Matthias Corvinus<br />
June 1485–1490 – Vienna is the capital of the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus<br />
6 April 1490 – death of Matthias Corvinus in Vienna</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1331</b><br />
30 December 1331 – death of Bernard Gui at the castle of Lauroux, Hérault department, south France<br />
<br />
<b>1333</b><br />
April 1333–5 November 1370 – Casimir III the Great (30 April 1310–5 November 1370) is King of Poland<br />
<br />
December 1335 – disintegration of the Ilkhanate after the death of Abu Sa’id Bahadur Khan<br />
<br />
December 1335–1336 – Arpa Ke’un is Ilkhan during the disintegration of the Mongol state in Persia<br />
<br />
12 April 1336–1337 – Musa Khan is Ilkhan after being installed by the governor of Baghdad, ’Ali Padsah <br />
<br />
September 1343 – the crisis of Tana: a Venetian noble kills a Tatar merchant, followed by pillaging and massacre of Italians in Tana<br />
<br />
<b>1344</b><br />
February 1344 – first siege of Feodosia (Caffa) by the Mongols<br />
<br />
<b>1345</b><br />
by 1345–1358 – Amir Qazaghan is effective ruler of the western part of the Chagatai Khanate<br />
<br />
summer 1345 – second siege of Feodosia (Caffa) by the Mongols<br />
<br />
<b>1346</b><br />
11 July 1346–29 November 1378 – Charles IV is Holy Roman Emperor (House of Luxembourg)<blockquote>1245/1250–29 June 1312 – Great Interregnum with no formal emperor of the Holy Roman Empire<br />
<b>House of Luxembourg</b><br />
29 June 1312–24 August 1313 – Henry VII is Holy Roman Emperor<br />
<b>House of Wittelsbach</b><br />
October 1314–11 October 1347 – Louis IV, the Bavarian is Holy Roman Emperor<br />
<b>House of Luxembourg</b><br />
11 July 1346–29 November 1378 – Charles IV<br />
1411–1437 – Sigismund is King of Germany<br />
31 May 1433–9 December 1437 – Sigismund</BLOCKQUOTE>winter 1346–1347 – third siege of Feodosia (Caffa) by the Mongols under the command of Janibeg<br />
<br />
<b>1347</b><br />
c. 1347 – Chagatai Khanate splits into the Western Chagatai Khanate and the Eastern Chagatai Khanate (Moghulistan)<br />
<br />
c. 1347–1363 – Tughlugh Timur is Khan of the Eastern Chagatai Khanate (Moghulistan), raised up by the Dughlat amir Bulaji<br />
<br />
spring 1347 – plague strikes Caffa<br />
<br />
July 1347–1353 – the Black Death (Great Plague or the Black Plague) kills an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia, caused by the bacterium <i>Yersinia pestis</i>; it peaks in Europe from 1347 to 1351<br />
<br />
October 1347 – the Black Death reaches Sicily <br />
<br />
<b>1348</b><br />
1348–1358 – Bayan Qulï is Khan of the Western Chagatai Khanate<br />
<br />
June 1348 – the Black Death reaches France, Spain, Portugal and England <br />
<br />
c. 1352–November 1364 – Nicholas Alexander is Voivode of Wallachia<br />
<br />
1354–1380 – Manuel Kantakouzenos (restored) is Despot of the Morea:<blockquote><b>Despots of the Morea</b><br />
1354–1380 – Manuel Kantakouzenos (restored)<br />
1380–1383 – Matthew Kantakouzenos<br />
1383 – Demetrios I Kantakouzenos<br />
1383–1407 – Theodore I Palaiologos<br />
1407–1443 – Theodore II Palaiologos<br />
1428–1449 – Constantine Palaiologos (from 1449 emperor)<br />
1428–1460 – Thomas Palaiologos<br />
1449–1460 – Demetrios II Palaiologos</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1358</b><br />
1358 – assassination of Amir Qazaghan (effective ruler of the western part of the Chagatai Khanate):<blockquote><b>Amir and Ruler of the Qara’unas of the Western Chagatai Khanate</b><br />
by 1345–1358 – Amir Qazaghan<br />
1358–1359 – amir Abdullah<br />
1359 – Buyan Suldus is appointed as emir of the Ulus<br />
c. 1359–1369/1370 – amir Husayn<br />
c. March 1360 – Tughlugh Timur invades the Western Chagatai Khanate</BLOCKQUOTE>27 June 1358 – Treaty of Zadar forces Venice to yield all claims to Dalmatia, and Dubrovnik accepts hegemony of King Louis I of Hungary:<blockquote>1399 – Dubrovnik acquires the area between Ragusa and Pelješac (Primorje / Dubrovačko primorje) with Slano<br />
1403–1404 – Bosnian–Ragusan War<br />
1419–1426 – Dubrovnik acquires Konavle region, south of Astarea (Župa dubrovačka)<br />
1458 – Republic of Ragusa signs treaty with the Ottoman Empire to be a tributary of the sultan<br />
1481 – Dubrovnik accepts Ottoman protection</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1360</b><br />
1360–1393 – Bagrat V is king of Georgia<br />
<br />
c. March 1360 – Tughlugh Timur invades the Western Chagatai Khanate <br />
<br />
c. spring/summer 1360 – Tughlugh Timur appoints Timur (Tamerlane) as ruler of Hajji Beg’s former territories (Transoxania) around Kesh<br />
<br />
c. 1360/1361 – Hajji Beg ousts Timur (Tamerlane) <br />
<br />
<b>1361</b><br />
March/April 1361 – Tughlugh Timur invades the Western Chagatai Khanate and executes Amir Bayazid and Buyan Suldus<br />
<br />
spring 1361? – Hajji Beg Barlas (leader of the Barlas tribe) is killed in Khurasan<br />
<br />
spring 1361? – Timur (Tamerlane) given the area of Kesh (as chief of the Berlas) and commander of a tumen<br />
<br />
spring/summer 1361 – amir Husayn is defeated by Tughlugh Timur<br />
<br />
spring/summer 1361 – Tughlugh Timur appoints his son Ilyas Khoja as viceroy of Transoxiana:<blockquote>1361–1363 – Ilyas Khoja is viceroy of Transoxiana<br />
spring 1361 – Hajji Beg Barlas (leader of the Barlas tribe) is killed in Khurasan<br />
1363 – death of Tughlugh Timur<br />
1365 – Ilyas Khoja invades Transoxiana<br />
May 1365 – Ilyas Khoja defeats Amir Husayn and Timur<br />
summer 1365 – Ilyas Khoja besieges Samarkand</BLOCKQUOTE>summer 1361? – Timur (Tamerlane) flees to Amir Husayn near Khiva in Khorasan<br />
<br />
summer 1361–1364 – Timur in exile<br />
<br />
<b>1363</b><br />
1363 – Adil-Sultan is puppet Khan of the Western Chagatai Khanate under the Tribal Confederation of Amir Husayn and Amir Timur<br />
<br />
<b>1364</b><br />
1364? – Timur (Tamerlane) is wounded in a campaign in Sistan<br />
<br />
12 May 1364 – issue of royal charter of foundation for Jagiellonian University (University of Kraków) in Kraków, Poland<br />
<br />
1364? – Amir Husayn and Amir Timur invade Balkh<br />
<br />
1364–1370 – Khabul Shah is Khan of Western Chagatai Khanate (controlled by amir Husayn)<br />
<br />
November 1364–1377 – Vladislav I is Voivode of Wallachia<br />
<br />
winter 1364–1365 – Timur (Tamerlane) winters in Kesh<br />
<br />
<b>1365</b><br />
spring 1365 – Ilyas Khoja invades Transoxiana<br />
<br />
May 1365 – Ilyas Khoja defeats Amir Husayn and Timur at the battle of the Mire near Tashkent; Timer flees across the Amu-Darya to Balkh<br />
<br />
summer 1365 – Ilyas Khoja besieges Samarkand<br />
<br />
<b>1366</b><br />
spring 1366 - Timur and Husayn defeat the Sarbadar ruler of Samarkand; they take Samarkand<br />
<br />
1366-1368 - Timur in exile; he invades the Ulus Chaghatay periodically against Amir Husayn<br />
<br />
<b>1367</b><br />
winter 1367 - Timur in Qarshi near Kesh; he sends Hajji Mahmudshah Yasa'uri to govern Bukhara and collect its taxes<br />
<br />
summer 1367 - Timur returns to Transoxiana and takes Qarshi<br />
<br />
1367 - Timur retreats north to Tashkent<br />
<br />
<b>1368</b><br />
1368-1392 - Qamar-ud-din Khan Dughlat is Khan of the Eastern Chagatai Khanate (Moghulistan)<br />
<br />
1368 - Timur and Amir Husayn make peace; Timur returns to Kish<br />
<br />
summer 1368 - Amir Husayn and Amir Timur campaign on the southern edge of the Ulus<br />
<br />
late 1368 - Amir Husayn and Amir Timur went together to Balkh, and begin to build fortifications<br />
<br />
<b>1369</b><br />
spring 1369? – Timur attacks Husayn, amir at Balkh<br />
<br />
April 1369? – Timur becomes amir of Transoxania <br />
<br />
<b>1370</b><br />
spring 1370? – Timur attacks Husayn, amir at Balkh<br />
<br />
9 April 1370 – Timur officially becomes amir of Transoxania in a meeting of members of the Ulus Chagatai<br />
<br />
9 April 1370–1384 – Suurgatmish is puppet Khan of the Western Chagatai Khanate<br />
<br />
<b>1372</b><br />
1372/1373 – Timur attacks the Sufi dynasty of Khorezm<br />
<br />
<b>1380</b><br />
1380 – Timur invades Khorasan<br />
<br />
16 September 1380–21 October 1422 – Charles VI the Beloved is King of France:<blockquote><b>House of Valois (1328–1589)</b><br />
16 September 1380–21 October 1422 – Charles VI the Beloved<br />
21 October 1422–22 July 1461 – Charles VII<br />
22 July 1461–30 August 1483 – Louis XI</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1382</b><br />
1382–1410 – Ahmad Jalayir is Jalayirid (Mongol dynasty) is ruler of Iraq<br />
<br />
<b>1383</b><br />
c. 1383–1386 – Dan I (Dănești) is Voivode of Wallachia<br />
<br />
1383 – Timur conquers Herat<br />
<br />
<b>1384</b><br />
1384–26 October 1403/1404 – Francesco II Gattilusio is Lord of Lesbos:<blockquote><b>Lord of Lesbos</b><br />
1384–26 October 1403/1404 – Francesco II Gattilusio<br />
26 October 1404–1428 – Jacopo Gattilusio<br />
1428–30 June 1455 – Dorino Gattilusio</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1384</b><br />
<br />
<b>1385</b><br />
<br />
<b>1386</b><br />
24 February 1386–6 August 1414 – Ladislaus the Magnanimous is king of Naples is King of Naples:<blockquote><b>Kings of Naples<br />
Anjou</b><br />
24 February 1386–6 August 1414 – Ladislaus the Magnanimous is king of Naples<br />
6 August 1414–2 February 1435 – Joanna II is queen of Naples<br />
<b>Bourbon</b><br />
c. 1416 – James II (Count of La Marche)<br />
<b>Valois-Anjou</b><br />
2 February 1435–2 June 1442 – René of Anjou is king of Naples</BLOCKQUOTE>23 September 1386–1418 – the two reigns of Mircea I the Old as Voivode of Wallachia<br />
<br />
23 September 1386–1395 – Mircea I the Old (first reign; Basarab) is Voivode of Wallachia<br />
<br />
21 November 1386 – Timur captures Tbilisi (Georgia)<br />
<br />
<b>1387</b><br />
1387–1437 – Sigismund is King of Hungary (House of Luxembourg)<br />
<br />
spring 1387 – Timur invades Georgia<br />
<br />
<b>1388</b><br />
1388–1394 – Nerio I Acciaioli is Duke of Athens:<blockquote><b>Duchy of Athens<br />
Florentine Acciaioli</b><br />
1394–1395 – Antonio I Acciaioli<br />
1395–1402 – Venetian control</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1390</b><br />
1390–1391 – John V Palaiologos or Palaeologus is Byzantine Emperor:<blockquote><b>Byzantine Emperors</b><br />
1391–1425 – Manuel II Palaiologos<br />
1425–1448 – John VIII Palaiologos<br />
1449–29 May 1453 – reign of Constantine XI Dragases Palaiologos / Palaeologus (son of Manuel II)</BLOCKQUOTE>February 1390–June 1399 – Barquq is Sultan of Egypt and Syria:<blockquote><b>Sultan of Egypt and Syria</b><br />
July 1399–1405 – An-Nasir Faraj (first reign)<br />
1405–c. May 1412 – An-Nasir Faraj (second reign)<br />
7 May 1412–6 November 1412 – Al-Musta'in (Abbasid caliph) is Sultan of Egypt<br />
6 November 1412–1421 – Shaykh al-Muayyad</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1393</b><br />
29 August 1393 – Timur arrives at Baghdad after an 8 day march from Fars; Ahmad Jalayir (Jalayirid ruler) flees to Syria<br />
<br />
<b>1394</b><br />
1394–1397 – Vlad I the Usurper (Dănești) is Voivode of Wallachia<br />
<br />
1394 – Sultan Ahmad (Jalayirid ruler) retakes Baghdad<br />
<br />
<b>1395</b><br />
5 September 1395–3 September 1402 – Gian Galeazzo Visconti is Duke of Milan:<blockquote><b>Dukes of Milan<br />
House of Visconti</b><br />
3 September 1402–16 May 1412 – Giovanni Maria Visconti<br />
16 May 1412–13 August 1447 – Filippo Maria Visconti</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1397</b><br />
1397 – Shah Rukh appointed as governor of Khorasan with capital at Herat<br />
<br />
1397–31 January 1418 – Mircea I the Old (second reign; Basarab) is Voivode of Wallachia<br />
<br />
<b>1398</b><br />
September 1398–March 1399 – Timur's invasion of India:<blockquote>30 September 1398 – Timur crosses the Indus River<br />
October 1398 – Timur advances and captures Multan<br />
11 December 1398 Timur reaches Delhi<br />
12 December 1398 – first battle of Delhi<br />
18 December 1398 – second battle of Delhi<br />
20 December 1398 – Delhi surrendered to Timur<br />
31 December 1398 – Timur leaves Delhi<br />
1 January 1399 – Timur leaves Delhi and goes through Firuzabad <br />
9 January 1399 – Timur storms Meerut<br />
16 January 1399 – Timur captures Kangra<br />
26 January–24 February 1399 – Timur ravages territory between Haridwar and Jamuna<br />
3 March 1399 – Timur crosses the river Chenab<br />
1 May 1399 – Timur reaches the Oxus</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1399</b><br />
1399–1408 – Shams-i-Jahan is Khan of the Eastern Chagatai Khanate (Moghulistan)<br />
<br />
<b>1400</b><br />
1 January 1399 – Timur leaves Delhi and goes through Firuzabad <br />
<br />
9 January 1399 – Timur storms Meerut<br />
<br />
16 January 1399 – Timur captures Kangra<br />
<br />
26 January–24 February 1399 – Timur ravages territory between Haridwar and Jamuna<br />
<br />
3 March 1399 – Timur crosses the river Chenab<br />
<br />
1 May 1399 – Timur reaches the Oxus<br />
<br />
September 1399 – Timur leaves Samarqand for his Seven Year Campaign in the West<br />
<br />
winter 1399–1400 – Timur in Qarabagh<br />
<br />
<b>1400</b><br />
spring–summer 1400 – Timur invades and devastates Georgia <br />
<br />
August 1400 – Timur sacks Sivas<br />
<br />
autmun 1400–spring 1401 – Timur's attack on Mamluk Syria<br />
<br />
7 October 1400 – Timur captures the Syrian castle at Behesna<br />
<br />
11 November 1400 – Timur sacks Aleppo<br />
<br />
20 December 1400 – Timur leaves Baalbek<br />
<br />
<b>1401</b><br />
19 January 1401 – Mamluk army routed by Timur near Damascus<br />
<br />
23 January 1401 – Damascus submits to Timur <br />
<br />
January–February 1401 – siege of the citadel of Damascus by Timur<br />
<br />
May–9 July 1401 – siege of Baghdad by Timur<br />
<br />
<b>1402</b><br />
20 July 1402 – Battle of Ankara: Bayezid captured by Timur and the Ottoman army was defeated<br />
<br />
<b>1403</b><br />
8 March 1403 – death of Bayezid I in captivity at the court of Timur<br />
<br />
August 1403 – Timur captures the fortress of Birtvisi in Georgia<br />
<br />
autumn 1403 – Qara Yusuf driven out of Baghdad by Aba Bakr (grandson of Tlmur)<br />
<br />
<b>1404</b><br />
1404–1420 – Dobruja controlled by Wallachia<br />
<br />
<b>1405</b><br />
18 February 1405 – death of Timur on the farther side of the Syr Darya at Farab<br />
<br />
18 February 1405–c. 13 May 1409 – Khalil Sultan is ruler of the Timurid Empire:<blockquote><b>Rulers of the Timurid Empire (1370–1512)</b><br />
18 February 1405–c. 13 May 1409 – Khalil Sultan (Transoxiana)<br />
13 May 1409 – Shah Rukh captures Samarkand<br />
c. May 1409–1411 – Khalil Sultan is govenor of Rayy<br />
May 1409–March 1447 – Ulugh Beg is governor of Transoxiana<br />
c. February 1405–13 March 1447 – Shah Rukh (ruled from Herat)<br />
c. March 1447–27 October 1449 – Ulugh Beg (Mirza Muhammad Tāraghay)<br />
c. March 1447–c. October 1449 – division of Timurid Empire into (1) Transoxiana and (2) Khurasan, Herat, Fars, and Iraq-e-Ajam with multipel rulers in Iran<br />
<br />
<b>Transoxiana</b><br />
27 October 1449–9 May 1450 – Abdal-Latif Mirza<br />
9 May 1450–June 1451 – Abdullah Mirza<br />
June 1451–c. 17 February 1469 – Abu Sa’id Mirza is rule of Transoxiana:<blockquote>1451–17 February 1469 – Samarkand and Transoxiana<br />
March 1459–17 February 1469 – Herat</BLOCKQUOTE><b>Khurasan, Herat, Fars, and Iraq-e-Ajam</b><br />
c. March 1447–spring 1448 – Ala al-Dawla Mirza (Khorasan and Herat; lived on as minor ruler)<br />
1447–1451 – Sultan Muhammad (Persia and Fars)<br />
1449–1457 – Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza<br />
1457 – Mirza Shah Mahmud<br />
1457–March 1459 – Ibrahim Mirza (Herat)<br />
<br />
March 1459–17 February 1469 – sole rule of Abu Sa’id Mirza in Transoxiana and Iran<br />
February 1469 – the sons of Abu Sa’id Mirza divide Transoxiana after his death into Samarkand, Bukhara, Hissar, Balkh, Kabul and Farghana</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1406</b><br />
22 January 1406–9 March 1414 – Al-Musta'in Billah is Abbasid caliph in Cairo:<blockquote><b>Abbasid Caliph of Cairo</b><br />
9 March 1414–23 July 1441 – Al-Mu'tadid II<br />
23 July 1441–29 January 1451 – Al-Mustakfi II<br />
1451–1455 – Al-Qa'im<br />
1455–7 April 1479 – Al-Mustanjid<br />
8 April 1479–27 September 1497 – Al-Mutawakkil II<br />
27 September 1497–1508 – Al-Mustamsik (first reign)<br />
1508–1516 – Al-Mutawakkil III<br />
1516–1517 – Al-Mustamsik<br />
22 January 1517 – Al-Mutawakkil III (second reign)</BLOCKQUOTE>1406–August 1410 – Ahmad Jalayir is ruler at Baghdad<br />
<br />
14 October 1406 – battle of Nakhchivan: Qara Yusuf the ruler of the Kara Koyunlu (Black Sheep Turkomans) defeats Abu Bakr bin Miran Shah (Timurid ruler of Azerbaijan) <br />
<br />
<b>1408</b><br />
20 April 1408 – battle of Sardrud: Qara Yusuf defeats and kills Abu Bakr and his father Miran Shah who attempt to recapture Azerbaijan<br />
<br />
<b>1409</b><br />
13 May 1409 – Shah Rukh captures Samarkand<br />
<br />
May 1409–March 1447 – Ulugh Beg is governor of Transoxiana<br />
<br />
May 1409–13 March 1447 – Shah Rukh (ruled from Herat) is sole ruler of the Timurid Empire<br />
<br />
c. May 1409–1411 – Khalil Sultan is govenor of Rayy<br />
<br />
<b>1410</b><br />
August 1410 – execution of Ahmad Jalayir by Qara Yusuf <br />
<br />
c. August 1410–1411 – Shah Walad is Jalayir ruler<br />
<br />
<b>1411</b><br />
29 April 1411 – Shah Muhammad captures Baghdad after months of resistance<br />
<br />
29 April 1411–1432 – Shah Muhammad (Kara Koyunlu) is Wali of Baghdad (nominal ruler from c. August 1410)<br />
<br />
<b>1412</b><br />
7 May 1412–6 November 1412 – Al-Musta'in (Abbasid caliph) is Sultan of Egypt<br />
<br />
17 November 1420 – death of Qara Yusuf<br />
<br />
1429–1431 – Abu Said Busat is ruler of the Kara Koyunlu under the suzerainty of the Timurids<br />
<br />
<b>1432</b><br />
1432 – the Jalayirid state in lower Iraq conquered by the Kara Koyunlu<br />
<br />
<b>1433</b><br />
1433–1445 – Ispend bin Yusuf is Kara Koyunlu ruler of Baghdad<br />
<br />
<br />
c. 1438–1467 – Jahan Shah is Sultan of Kara Koyunlu (Black Sheep Turks)<br />
<br />
<b>1147</b><br />
13 March 1447 – death of Shah Rukh (ruled from Herat)<br />
<br />
c. March 1447–27 October 1449 – Ulugh Beg (Mirza Muhammad Tāraghay)<br />
<br />
c. March 1447–c. October 1449 – division of Timurid Empire into (1) Transoxiana and (2) Khurasan, Herat, Fars, and Iraq-e-Ajam with multipel rulers in Iran<br />
<br />
27 October 1449–9 May 1450 – Abdal-Latif Mirza is Timurid ruler of Transoxiana</blockquote>Lord Keyneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06556863604205200159noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4556861365216117920.post-73769265199071243712018-10-02T11:55:00.000-07:002019-06-02T00:48:17.632-07:00Chronology of the 18th Century<blockquote>23 January 1698–11 June 1727 – George I is Elector of Hanover<br />
<br />
c. 1700 – ancestor of Baron Vordenberg moves Carmilla’s tomb<br />
<br />
22 February 1700–10 September 1721 – Great Northern War between Russia, Frederick IV of Denmark–Norway (defeated 1700), Augustus II the Strong of Saxony–Poland–Lithuania (defeated 1706) and Sweden under Charles XII<br />
<br />
13 July 1700 – Treaty of Constantinople between Russia and the Ottomans in which the Sultan ceded Azov, the Taganrog fortress, Pavlovsk and Mius to Russia<br />
<br />
<b>1701</b><br />
July 1701–August 1714 – War of the Spanish Succession (after the death of the childless Charles II of Spain) between Austrian Habsburgs and France<br />
<br />
8 July 1709 – battle of Poltava between Peter the Great and the Swedish army under Field Marshal Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld<br />
<br />
1 August 1714–11 June 1727 – George I is King of Great Britain and Ireland:<blockquote>22 June 1727–25 October 1760 – George II<br />
25 October 1760–29 January 1820 – George III</blockquote>15 August 1714 – execution of Constantin Brâncoveanu in Constantinople<br />
<br />
1 September 1715–10 May 1774 – Louis XV is king of France<br />
<br />
1719 – Wenzel Carl Graf Purgstall purchases Schloss Hainfeld from Count Leopold Josef Orsini-Rosenberg:<blockquote>1275 – castle Hainfeld first documented, held by vassals of the Wildoner in Riegersburg<br />
1332 – castle Hainfeld and its estate passes by marriage to Ulrich Winkler<br />
1573 – Wolf Zwickl acquires castle Hainfeld<br />
1550–1600 – Winkler family replaces castle with a fortified four-wing Renaissance castle<br />
1719 – Wenzel Carl Graf Purgstall purchases Schloss Hainfeld from Count Leopold Josef Orsini-Rosenberg</BLOCKQUOTE>c. 1721 – Italian composer Antonio Vivaldi writes “The Four Seasons” (“Le quattro stagioni”), four violin concerti<br />
<br />
7 May 1724–17 May 1727 – Catherine I is Empress and Autocrat of All the Russias<br />
<br />
1725 – Antonio Vivaldi’s “The Four Seasons” first published in Amsterdam<br />
<br />
18 May 1727–30 January 1730 – Peter II Alexeyevich is Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias<br />
<br />
22 June 1727–25 October 1760 – George II is King of Great Britain and Ireland and Elector of Hanover <br />
<br />
30 January 1730–28 October 1740 – Anna Ioannovna is Empress and Autocrat of All the Russias<br />
<br />
31 May 1740–17 August 1786 – Frederick the Great is King of Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg<br />
<br />
28 October 1740–6 December 1741 – Ivan VI Antonovich is Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias<br />
<br />
6 December 1741–5 January 1762 – Elizabeth Petrovna is Empress and Autocrat of All the Russias<br />
<br />
13 September 1745–18 August 1765 – Maria Theresa is Holy Roman Empress<br />
<br />
<b>1750</b><br />
1750–March 1752 – François-Marie Arouet (Voltaire) moves to Prussia<br />
<br />
20 January 1752 – foundation stone of the Royal Palace of Caserta (Reggia di Caserta) laid, in Caserta, southern Italy, constructed for the Spanish Bourbon kings of Naples<br />
<br />
20 January 1752–1774 – construction of the Royal Palace of Caserta (Reggia di Caserta), Naples, with the exterior completed in 1774<br />
<br />
<center><b>1760s</b></center>25 October 1760–29 January 1820 – reign of George III<br />
<br />
5 January–9 July 1762 – Peter III is Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias<br />
<br />
9 July 1762–17 November 1796 – Catherine II the Great is Empress and Autocrat of All the Russias<br />
<br />
18 August 1765–20 February 1790 – Joseph II is Holy Roman Emperor<br />
<br />
<center><b>1770s</b></center>17 December 1770 – birth of Ludwig van Beethoven in Bonn<br />
<br />
<b>1772</b><br />
August 1772 – First Partition of Poland: Russian, Prussian and Austrian troops invade Poland and divide the provinces among themselves<br />
<br />
5 August 1772 – treaty signed between Russia, Prussia and Austria to partition Poland<br />
<br />
22 September 1772 – Polish partition treaty ratified <br />
<br />
<b>1773</b><br />
16 December 1773 – Boston Tea Party, protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts, against the Tea Act of May 10, 1773, which allowed the British East India company to sell tea from China in American colonies without paying taxes apart from those imposed by the Townshend Acts<br />
<br />
10 May 1774–4 September 1791 – Louis XVI is King of France<br />
<br />
October 1774 – Austrians occupy Bukovina<br />
<br />
January 1775 – Bukovina formally annexed by Austria<br />
<br />
19 April 1775–3 September 1783 – American Revolutionary War between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies (allied with France)<br />
<br />
4 July 1776 – United States Declaration of Independence, ratified by the Second Continental Congress at the Pennsylvania State House (now known as Independence Hall) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania<br />
<br />
<center><b>1780s</b></center>29 November 1780 – death of Maria Theresa<br />
<br />
March 1781 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart summoned to Vienna, where Archbishop Colloredo was attending the celebrations for the accession of Joseph II<br />
<br />
<b>1786</b><br />
17 August 1786 – death of Frederick II the Great at Sanssouci<br />
<br />
17 August 1786–16 November 1797 – Frederick William II is King of Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg<br />
<br />
<b>1787</b><br />
19 August 1787–9 January 1792 – Russo–Turkish War<br />
<br />
February 1788–4 August 1791 – Austro-Turkish War<br />
<br />
21 June 1788 – United States Constitution ratified by the minimum of nine states required under Article VII<br />
<br />
13 September 1788 – US Continental Congress passes a resolution to put the new Constitution into operation<br />
<br />
<b>1789</b><br />
c. 1789–1792 – fictional dates when Victor Frankenstein studies at the University of Ingolstadt<br />
<br />
30 April 1789–4 March 1797 – George Washington is first President of the United States<br />
<br />
5 May 1789–9 November 1799 – the French Revolution<br />
<br />
<center><b>1790s</b></center><b>1790</b><br />
20 February 1790 – death of Joseph II<br />
<br />
autumn c. 1790 – fictional date of Washington Irving’s short story “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”<br />
<br />
30 September 1790–1 March 1792 – Leopold II is Holy Roman Emperor<br />
<br />
<b>1791</b><br />
6 September 1791 – premiere of <i>La clemenza di Tito</i> (The Clemency of Titus, K. 621) an opera seria in 2 acts composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart to an Italian libretto by Caterino Mazzolà, at the Estates Theatre, Prague<br />
<br />
30 September 1791 – premiere of <i>The Magic Flute</i> (<i>Die Zauberflöte</i>, K. 620), an opera in 2 acts by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart to a German libretto by Emanuel Schikaneder, at Schikaneder's theatre, the Freihaus-Theater auf der Wieden, Vienna<br />
<br />
5 December 1791 – death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in Vienna<br />
<br />
<b>1792</b><br />
1792 – Matei Cantacuzino moves to Russia<br />
<br />
9 January 1792 – signing of the Treaty of Jassy<br />
<br />
November 1792 – Ludwig van Beethoven leaves Bonn for Vienna<br />
<br />
c. 11 September 1797 – fictional date of the death of Victor Frankenstein<br />
<br />
16 November 1797–7 June 1840 – Frederick William III is King of Prussia:<blockquote>16 November 1797–6 August 1806 – Elector of Brandenburg</BLOCKQUOTE>1 July 1798–2 September 1801 – the French Campaign in Egypt and Syria of Napoleon Bonaparte<br />
<br />
c. 1799 – Francesco Filippo Indellicati (1767–1831) selected an early (“primo”) ripening plant of the Zagarese variety (from Croatian grapes Crljenak Kaštelanski and Tribidrag) and plants it in Liponti; Primitivo (Zinfandel) wines begin to be grown in Apulia<br />
<br />
c. 1800 – Brâncoveanu Castle in Sâmbăta de Sus built by Grigore Brâncoveanu (1767–27 April 1832)<br />
<br />
<center><b>1800s</b></center><b>1800</b><br />
May 1800 – University of Ingolstadt moved to Landshut <br />
<br />
18 May 1804–6 April 1814 – Napoléon Bonaparte is Emperor of the French<br />
<br />
1805–1807 – Lord Byron at Trinity College, Cambridge<br />
<br />
1809–July 1811 – Lord Byron goes on a Grand Tour of Europe, to Spain and Greece, Malta<br />
<br />
12 February 1809 – birth of Charles Darwin in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England<br />
<br />
<center><b>1810s</b></center>5 February 1811 – the Prince of Wales George becomes the Prince Regent<br />
<br />
18 June 1815 – Battle of Waterloo <br />
<br />
summer of 1816 – famous summer at the Villa Diodati by Lake Geneva, Switzerland, where Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mary Shelley and Lord Byron meet<br />
<br />
5 May 1818 – Karl Marx born to Heinrich Marx (a middle class lawyer) and Henrietta Pressburg in Trier</BLOCKQUOTE>Lord Keyneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06556863604205200159noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4556861365216117920.post-89448822388435475792018-10-02T03:06:00.001-07:002019-07-31T01:15:22.922-07:00Chronology of the 17th Century<blockquote>1588–28 February 1598 – Sir Edward Barton is English Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire<br />
<br />
September 1591–June 1592 – Aaron the Tyrant (Aron Vodă) is Prince of Moldavia<br />
<br />
October 1592–3/4 May 1595 – Aaron the Tyrant (Aron Vodă) is Prince of Moldavia<br />
<br />
29 July 1593–11 November 1606 – Long Turkish War (Thirteen Years’ War), between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire, over the Principalities of Wallachia, Transylvania and Moldavia:<blockquote>22 June 1593 – battle of Sisak, between Ottoman forces led by Telli Hasan Pasha and a Christian army of Habsburg and Croatian troops, at Sisak, central Croatia<br />
29 July 1593 – an Ottoman army under Sinan Pasha attacks the Habsburgs and captures Győr and Komarom<br />
March–10 July 1594 – Uprising in the Banat of Serbs led by Serbian Orthodox bishop Teodor of Vršac and Sava Temišvarac <br />
1595 – Karl von Mansfeld captures Esztergom and Visegrád<br />
18 October 1585 – battle of Târgovişte <br />
22 October 1585 – battle of Bucharest <br />
27–30 October 1595 – battle of Giurgiu<br />
24–26 October 1596 – battle of Keresztes between Habsburg forces and the Ottoman Empire</blockquote>11 October 1593–9 August 1601 – Michael the Brave (Mihail I Viteazul) is Prince of Wallachia:<blockquote>October 1599 – Michael the Brave elected as voivode of Transylvania<br />
1600 – Michael the Brave is prince of Moldavia</BLOCKQUOTE>5 October 1594 – Sigismund Báthory decides to join the Holy League<br />
<br />
November 1594 – alliance between Sigismund Báthory, Michael the Brave, and Aron Tiranuj<br />
<br />
27 January 1595–20/21 December 1603 – Mehmed III is Ottoman Sultan<br />
<br />
23 August 1595 – battle of Călugăreni between Wallachian troops of Michael the Brave and the Ottomans led by Koca Sinan Pasha<br />
<br />
24–26 October 1596 – battle of Keresztes between Habsburg forces and the Ottoman Empire<br />
<br />
16/17 January 1598–21 February 1613 – the Time of Troubles in Russia<br />
<br />
21 February 1598–13 April 1605 – Boris Godunov is Tsar of All Rus’ (Godunov)<br />
<br />
29 March–18 October 1599 – Andrew Báthory is Prince of Transylvania<br />
<br />
18 October 1599 – battle of Şelimbăr (Battle of Sellenberk), in which Michael the Brave defeated Andrew Báthory near the village of Șelimbăr<br />
<br />
October 1599 – Michael the Brave elected as voivode of Transylvania<br />
<br />
October 1599–1600 – Michael the Brave is voivode of Transylvania<br />
<br />
<center><b>1600s</b></center><b>1600</b><br />
17 February 1600 – Giordano Bruno burned at stake<br />
<br />
September 1600 – Giorgio Basta invades Transylvania, and defeats Wallachian army of Michael the Brave at Miraslau<br />
<br />
<b>1601</b><br />
1601–1603 – Russian famine, killing perhaps two million people, a third of Russians<br />
<br />
24 March 1601 – Sigismund Báthory returns to Transylvania from Moldavia at the head of a Polish army<br />
<br />
3 April 1601–March 1602 – Sigismund Báthory is Prince of Transylvania<br />
<br />
3 August 1601 – battle of Guruslău (Battle of Goroszló), between Habsburg troops led by Giorgio Basta (with Cossacks and Wallachian troops led by Michael the Brave) and Transylvanian troops led by Sigismund Báthory (who was defeated)<br />
<br />
9 August 1601 – assassination of Michael the Brave near Câmpia Turzii<br />
<br />
6 September 1601 – Sigismund Báthory returns to Transylvania<br />
<br />
<b>1602</b><br />
20 January 1602 – Giorgio Basta appointed as commander-in-chief of the Imperial Army in Transylvania<br />
<br />
July 1602–December 1610 – Radu Șerban is voivode of Wallachia<br />
<br />
17 July 1603 – the battle of Brașov between Wallachian troops led by Radu Șerban (and the Habsburg Empire) and Transylvanian troops led by Mózes Székely; Mózes Székely defeated and killed on the battlefield<br />
<br />
July 1603–September 1603 – Radu Şerban of Wallachia is voivode of Transylvania <br />
<br />
September 1603–1604 – Transylvania administered by General Giorgio Basta<br />
<br />
4 January 1604 – death of Ferenc Nádasdy<br />
<br />
2 July 1604 – Rudolph II restores Stephen Bocskai’s estates in Transylvania<br />
<br />
28 September 1604–23 June 1606 – the Bocskai uprising in Hungary, Transylvania and modern Slovakia, against Rudolf II, led by István Bocskai, a Protestant Hungarian nobleman<br />
<br />
15 October 1604 – Stephen Bocskai defeats Belgioso near Álmosd <br />
<br />
27 November 1604 – Giorgio Basta defeats Stephen Bocskai near Edelény but could not capture Kassa <br />
<br />
<b>1605</b><br />
21 February 1605 – Stephen Bocskai is elected Prince of Transylvania by Transylvanian noblemen and Székelys in Nyárádszereda (now Miercurea Nirajului in Romania):<blockquote>21 February 1605–29 December 1606 – Stephen Bocskai<br />
12 February 1607–5 March 1608 – Sigismund Rákóczi<br />
7 March 1608–21 October 1613 – Gabriel Báthory<br />
October 1613–15 November 1629 – Gabriel Bethlen<br />
15 November 1629–21 September 1630 – Catherine of Brandenburg</BLOCKQUOTE>20 April 1605 – Stephen Bocskai acclaimed prince of Hungary by delegates of 22 counties from Upper Hungary and Partium at Szerencs<br />
<br />
23 April–10 June 1605 – Fyodor II Borisovich Godunov is Tsar of All Rus’:<blockquote>10 June 1605–17 May 1606 – Dmitry Ivanovich (False Dmitry I)<br />
19 May 1606–19 July 1610 – Vasili IV<br />
19 July 1610–21 February 1613 – Władysław IV Vasa (Polish prince from the Royal House of Vasa)<br />
21 February 1613–12 July 1645 – Michael I (House of Romanov) </BLOCKQUOTE>3 October 1605 – Lala Mehmed Pasha captures Esztergom<br />
<br />
4/5 November 1605 – around midnight: arrest of Guy Fawkes during a search of the House of Lords and detection of Gunpowder Plot, a plot against King James I by provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby<br />
<br />
11 November 1605 – Grand Vizier Lala Mehmed Pasha meets Stephen Bocskai at Pest, and styles Bocskai king with a royal crown<br />
<br />
<b>1606</b><br />
31 January 1606 – execution of Guy Fawkes in London<br />
<br />
April–summer 1606? – fictional date of Karl von Wachsmann’s <i>The Mysterious Stranger</i> (originally set in the mountains of Carniola in Slovenia just east of Trieste)<br />
<br />
23 June 1606 – signing of the Treaty of Vienna between Stephen Bocskay and Rudolph: all constitutional and religious rights and privileges were granted to the Hungarians in both Transylvania and Royal Hungary<br />
<br />
August 1606 – possible first performance of William Shakespeare’s tragedy <i>Macbeth</i> in London<br />
<br />
24 October–11 November 1606 – negotiations for the Peace of Zsitvatorok at the former mouth of the Žitava River <br />
<br />
11 November 1606 – the Peace of Zsitvatorok (or Treaty of Sitvatorok) between the Ottomans and Habsburgs<br />
<br />
<b>1607</b><br />
12 February 1607–5 March 1608 – Sigismund Rákóczi is Prince of Transylvania<br />
<br />
<b>1608</b><br />
5 March 1608 – Sigismund Rákóczi abdicates as Prince of Transylvania at the Diet in Kolozsvár<br />
<br />
7 March 1608–21 October 1613 – Gabriel Báthory is Prince of Transylvania<br />
<br />
25 June 1608 – Rudolf II cedes Hungary, Austria and Moravia to Matthias<br />
<br />
winter 1608–1814 – River Thames frost fairs held on the tideway of the River Thames at London in certain winters<br />
<br />
<b>1610</b><br />
14 May 1610–14 May 1643 – Louis XIII is king of France (House of Bourbon)<br />
<br />
30 December 1610 – arrest of Elizabeth Báthory at Čachtice Castle by György Thurzó, the Palatine of Hungary<br />
<br />
<b>1611</b><br />
7 January 1611 – second trial of Elizabeth Báthory<br />
<br />
c. January 1611–21 August 1614 – imprisonment of Elizabeth Báthory in Čachtice Castle<br />
<br />
March 1611 – Matthias enters Prague<br />
<br />
April 1611 – Matthias declared king of Bohemia<br />
<br />
<b>1612</b><br />
20 January 1612 – death of Rudolf II<br />
<br />
13 June 1612–20 March 1619 – Matthias is Holy Roman Emperor<br />
<br />
<b>1613</b><br />
21 February 1613–12 July 1645 – Michael I (House of Romanov) is Tsar of All Rus’:<blockquote><b>House of Romanov</b><br />
12 July 1645–29 January 1676 – Aleksey Mikhailovich<br />
1676–7 May 1682 – Feodor III<br />
7 May 1682–8 February 1696 – Ivan V Alekseyevich (physical and mental disabilities)<br />
7 May 1682–2 November 1721 – Peter the Great</BLOCKQUOTE>October 1613–15 November 1629 – Gabriel Bethlen is Prince of Transylvania<br />
<br />
23 April 1616 – death of William Shakespeare in New Place, Stratford-upon-Avon<br />
<br />
21 March 1617 – funeral of Pocahontas (born Matoaka, known as Amonute, c. 1596–March 1617) at Gravesend on the river Thames<br />
<br />
23 May 1618–15 May 1648 – Thirty Years’ War<br />
<br />
<b>1619</b><br />
28 August 1619–15 February 1637 – Ferdinand II is Holy Roman Emperor<br />
<br />
<b>1630s</b><br />
1 December 1630–11 October 1648 – George I Rákóczi is prince of Transylvania:<blockquote>15 November 1629–21 September 1630 – Catherine of Brandenburg<br />
1 December 1630–11 October 1648 – George I Rákóczi<br />
19 February 1642–May 1660 – George II Rákóczi (deposed, 3 November 1657)<br />
1 January 1661–23 January 1662 – John Kemény<br />
14 September 1661–15 April 1690 – Michael I Apafi</BLOCKQUOTE>1632–9 April 1654 – Matei Basarab is voivode of Wallachia (Brâncovenești):<blockquote>1623–1627 – Alexandru V Coconul<br />
1632 – Radu XI Iliaș<br />
1632–9 April 1654 – Matei Basarab<br />
1627–1629 – Alexandru IV Iliaș<br />
October 1629–July 1632 – Leon Tomșa<br />
1632 – Radu XI Iliaș<br />
1632–9 April 1654 – Matei Basarab<br />
1654–1658 – Constantin I Șerban<br />
1658–1659 – Mihnea III<br />
1659–1660 – Gheorghe I Ghica<br />
1660–1664 – Grigore I Ghica<br />
1664–1669 – Radu XII Leon<br />
1669–1672 – Antonie Vodă din Popeşti<br />
1672–1673 – Grigore I Ghica<br />
1673–1678 – Gheorghe II Ducas<br />
1678–1688 – Șerban Cantacuzino<br />
1688–15 August 1714 – Constantin II Brâncoveanu</BLOCKQUOTE>25 November 1632 – Baruch Spinoza born in Amsterdam of a Marrano immigrant family<br />
<br />
1635–1686 – life of Toderașcu Cantacuzino<br />
<br />
1637 – Riegersburg castle by marriage passed to Seyfried Freiherr von Wechsler from Radkersburg:<blockquote>1638 – Riegersburg castle passed to Sigmund Wechsler<br />
1648 – Sigismund Wechsler died, and Katharina Elisabeth Freifrau von Galler inherits Riegersburg castle in Styria<br />
1672 – Hans Ernst Graf Purgstall (son-in-law of Katharina Elisabeth Freifrau von Galler) inherits Riegersburg castle</BLOCKQUOTE>18 November 1637–2 April 1657 – Ferdinand III is Holy Roman Emperor<br />
<br />
<b>1640s</b><br />
1640–1667 – French gem merchant Jean-Baptiste Tavernier obtains Tavernier Blue diamond in India and brings the uncut stone to Paris (as precursor to the Hope Diamond)<br />
<br />
14 May 1643–1 September 1715 – Louis XIV is king of France<br />
<br />
12 July 1645–29 January 1676 – Aleksey Mikhailovich is Tsar of All Rus’<br />
<br />
28 November 1648 – Kemény Castle at Brâncovenești with five villages donated to John Kemény and his descendants<br />
<br />
<b>1650s</b><br />
7 September 1651 – Louis XIV declared to have reached the age of majority<br />
<br />
16 December 1653–3 September 1658 – Oliver Cromwell is Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland<br />
<br />
1654 – the Sâmbăta de Sus village and vicinity come into possession of the Brâncoveanu family<br />
<br />
c. 1654–1678 – construction of castle at Sâmbăta de Sus by Constantin Brâncoveanu<br />
<br />
27 July 1656 – edict of excommunication by Amsterdam synagogue on Baruch Spinoza<br />
<br />
18 July 1658–5 May 1705 – Leopold I is Holy Roman Emperor<br />
<br />
3 September 1658 – death of Oliver Cromwell at age 59 at Whitehall on Friday <br />
<br />
3 September 1658–25 May 1659 – Richard Cromwell is Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland<br />
<br />
<b>1660s</b><br />
29 May 1660–6 February 1685 – Charles II is king of England, Scotland and Ireland<br />
<br />
<b>1661</b><br />
1 January 1661–1662 – János (John) Kemény is prince of Transylvania<br />
<br />
14 September 1661–15 April 1690 – Michael I Apafi is Prince of Transylvania:<blockquote>1 January 1661–23 January 1662 – John Kemény<br />
14 September 1661–15 April 1690 – Michael I Apafi<br />
10 June 1690–1699 – Michael II Apafi<br />
1695 – Transylvania occupied by 8,000 men</BLOCKQUOTE>4 November 1661 – the battle of Kushliki between Poland-Lithuania and Russia<br />
<br />
<b>1665</b><br />
September/October 1665 – Sabbatai Zevi publicly declares himself Messiah in a synagogue in Smyrna <br />
<br />
<b>1666</b><br />
August–September 1666 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who</i> serial “The Visitation” set in area near Heathrow Airport and London<br />
<br />
2–6 September 1666 – Great Fire of London: fire destroys medieval City of London inside the old Roman city wall; it did not reach Westminster, but consumed 13,200 houses, 87 parish churches, St Paul’s Cathedral, and most of the buildings of the City authorities<br />
<br />
16 September 1666 – Sabbatai Zevi appears before the sultan and converts to Islam<br />
<br />
<b>1669</b><br />
c. 1669 – Jean-Baptiste Tavernier sells Tavernier Blue diamond to King Louis XIV<br />
<br />
<b>1670s</b><br />
<b>1670</b><br />
1670 – death of Mindszenti Krisztina, owner of Teleki Castle in Gorneşti<br />
<br />
1 March 1670 – proclamation of expulsion from Vienna and Upper and Lower Austria before Corpus Christi Day<br />
<br />
<b>1672</b><br />
12 February 1672 – death of Katharina Elisabeth Freifrau von Galler<br />
<br />
1672 – Hans Ernst Graf Purgstall (son-in-law of Katharina Elisabeth Freifrau von Galler) inherits Riegersburg castle<br />
<br />
7 April 1672–17 September 1678 – Franco-Dutch War (Dutch War), between France, Sweden, Münster, Cologne and England against the Dutch Republic, Austrian Habsburg lands, Brandenburg-Prussia and Spain<br />
<br />
<b>1674</b><br />
19 May 1674–17 June 1696 – John III Sobieski is king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania<br />
<br />
c. 17 December 1674 – execution of Bánffy Dénes<br />
<br />
c. 1674 – Teleki Castle in Gorneşti came into the possession of Teleki Mihály<br />
<br />
<b>1675</b><br />
<br />
<b>1676</b><br />
1676–3 January 1681– Russo–Turkish War of 1676–1681<br />
<br />
c. 1676 – construction of Cnejilor Palace, Ceahlău village, Neamţ County, built by boyars of Toderașcu Cantacuzino and the Cantacuzino family <br />
<br />
1676–7 May 1682 – Feodor III is Tsar of All Rus’<br />
<br />
c. 17 September 1676 – death of Sabbatai Zevi in Ulcinj, Montenegro<br />
<br />
<b>1677</b><br />
21 February 1677 – death of Baruch Spinoza<br />
<br />
<b>1678</b><br />
August 1678–December 1679 – Treaties of Nijmegen, a series of treaties signed in Nijmegen between France, the Dutch Republic, Spain, Brandenburg, Sweden, Denmark, the Prince-Bishopric of Münster, and the Holy Roman Empire<br />
<br />
<b>1680s</b><br />
<b>1680</b><br />
c. 1680 – Jacques de Ségur plants the majority of the vineyard on the Château Lafite estate<br />
<br />
<b>1681</b><br />
3 January 1681 – signing of the Treaty of Bakhchisarai ends the Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681) between Russia, the Ottoman Empire, and the Crimean Khanate<br />
<br />
30 September 1681 – France annexes Strasbourg, a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire<br />
<br />
<b>1682</b><br />
7 May 1682–2 November 1721 – Peter the Great is Tsar of All Rus’:<blockquote>2 November 1721–8 February 1725 – Peter the Great is Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1683</b><br />
24 May 1683–1845 – period of the Ashmolean Museum in the Old Ashmolean building in Broad Street, Oxford<br />
<br />
14 July 1683–26 January 1699 – Great Turkish War (War of the Holy League), between Ottomans and the Holy League (Habsburg Empire, Poland-Lithuania, Venice and Russia), ended with the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699:<blockquote>14 July–12 September 1683 – the siege of Vienna<br />
12 September 1683 – the battle of Vienna<br />
1683–1699 – Polish–Ottoman War<br />
18 June–9 September 1686 – siege of Buda and its capture<br />
April 1686–1700 – Russo-Turkish War<br />
12 August 1687 – second battle of Mohács (battle of Harsány Mountain), between Ottoman forces led by the Grand-Vizier Sari Süleyman Paşa and Holy League forces led by Charles of Lorraine<br />
11 September 1697 – battle of Zenta (battle of Senta), just south of Zenta in Serbia<br />
26 January 1699 – signing of the Treaty of Karlowitz </BLOCKQUOTE>14 July–12 September 1683 – the siege of Vienna by the Ottoman army under the command of Kara Mustafa<br />
<br />
12 September 1683 – the battle of Vienna, at Kahlenberg Mountain near Vienna between the Habsburg Monarchy, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Holy Roman Empire, under the command of King John III Sobieski against the Ottomans<br />
<br />
20 December 1683–6 February 1684 – Great Frost of 1683–1684 across England<br />
<br />
<b>1684</b><br />
5 March 1684–1699 – Holy League is formed at Linz, an alliance organized by Pope Innocent XI with the Papal States, the Holy Roman Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth of John III Sobieski, and the Venetian Republic, Russia (1686)<br />
<br />
25 April 1684–1699 – Morean War (Sixth Ottoman–Venetian War), between the Republic of Venice and the Ottomans<br />
<br />
<b>1685</b><br />
6 February 1685–11 December 1688 – James II is king of England, Scotland and Ireland<br />
<br />
<b>1686</b><br />
18 June–9 September 1686 – the Holy League’s siege of Buda<br />
<br />
27 October 1686 – Mihaly I Apafi signs the Treaty of Balazsfalva (Treaty of Blaj), which makes Transylvania a protectorate; he admits Imperial troops into Transylvania<br />
<br />
<b>1687</b><br />
12 August 1687 – second battle of Mohács (battle of Harsány Mountain), between Ottoman forces led by the Grand-Vizier Sari Süleyman Paşa and Holy League forces led by Charles of Lorraine<br />
<br />
9 December 1687 – Diet of Pressburg (Bratislava, Slovakia) in which Archduke Joseph crowned as first hereditary king of Hungary<br />
<br />
9 December 1687–17 April 1711 – Joseph I (Holy Roman Emperor: 5 May 1705–17 April 1711) is king of Hungary<br />
<br />
<b>1688</b><br />
27 September 1688–20 September 1697 – Nine Years’ War (War of the Grand Alliance/War of the League of Augsburg), between Louis XIV of France and a European coalition of the Holy Roman Empire, led by Austria, the Dutch Republic, Spain, England and Savoy<br />
<br />
29 October 1688–15 August 1714 – Constantin II Brâncoveanu is Prince of Wallachia<br />
<br />
5 November 1688 – William III (William of Orange) lands at Brixham in southwest England<br />
<br />
<b>1689</b><br />
13 February 1689 – the UK Parliament passes the Declaration of Right, which deems that James had abdicated the government<br />
<br />
13 February 1689–8 March 1702 – William III (William of Orange) is King of England, Scotland and Ireland<br />
<br />
<b>1690</b><br />
18 April 1690 – death of Charles V (Duke of Lorraine) on the Rhine<br />
<br />
10 June 1690–1699 – Michael II Apafi is Prince of Transylvania<br />
<br />
11 August 1690 – the battle of Zernest near the city of Zernest, Transylvania, between a Transylvanian-Habsburg army and allied forces of the Ottoman Empire, Tatar allies, Wallachians and Hungarian Kurucs<br />
<br />
22 September–25 October 1690 – Emeric Thököly is Prince of Transylvania<br />
<br />
16 October 1690 – Leopold I sanctions the <i>Diploma Leopoldinum</i> determining the government of the Principality of Transylvania within the Habsburg Empire<br />
<br />
<b>1691</b><br />
19 August 1691 – battle of Slankamen in which Louis William (Margrave of Baden-Baden) defeats an Ottoman army near Slankamen in the Ottoman Sanjak of Syrmia (modern-day Vojvodina region, Serbia), and kills Grand Vizier Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha<br />
<br />
<b>1692</b><br />
1692 – Prince Michael II Apafi called to Vienna<br />
<br />
<b>1695</b><br />
spring–1 October 1695 – the first Azov campaign<br />
<br />
<b>1696</b><br />
1696–1701 – construction of Brâncoveanu monastery at Sâmbăta de Sus<br />
<br />
23 April–19 July 1696 – second Azov campaign, in which Peter the Great conquers Azov<br />
<br />
17 June 1696 – John III Sobieski dies in Wilanów, Poland from a sudden heart attack<br />
<br />
<b>1697</b><br />
15 September 1697–October 1706 – Augustus II the Strong is King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania<br />
<br />
1697 – Michael Apafi II forced to abdicate as Prince of Transylvania<br />
<br />
9 March 1697–25 August 1698 – Peter the Great’s Grand Embassy:<blockquote>August 1697 – Peter arrives in the Dutch Republic<br />
11 September 1697 – Peter meets with William III in Utrecht<br />
11 January 1698–21 April 1698 – Peter in England </BLOCKQUOTE>5 April 1697–30 November 1718 – Charles XII is king of Sweden (House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken)<br />
<br />
11 September 1697 – battle of Zenta (battle of Senta), just south of Zenta in Serbia<br />
<br />
<b>1698</b><br />
1698–1702 – construction of Mogoșoaia Palace, 10 kilometres from Bucharest by Constantin Brâncoveanu<br />
<br />
1698 – fictional date of the painting of Countess Mircalla Karnstein in Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu’s novella <i>Carmilla</i><br />
<br />
c. 1698 – fictional date of the death of Carmilla after a ball in Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu’s novella <i>Carmilla</i><br />
<br />
12 September 1698 – foundation of Taganrog, the first military base of the Russian Navy<br />
<br />
8–9 September 1698 – the battle of Podhajce in the Ruthenian Voivodship in which a 6000-strong Polish army under Field Crown Hetman Feliks Kazimierz Potocki defeats a 14,000 man Tatar expedition under Qaplan I Giray<br />
<br />
<b>1699</b><br />
26 January 1699 – signing of the Treaty of Karlowitz in Sremski Karlovci, in Serbia<br />
<br />
<b>1700</b><br />
c. 1700 – ancestor of Baron Vordenberg moves Carmilla’s tomb<br />
<br />
22 February 1700–10 September 1721 – Great Northern War between Russia, Frederick IV of Denmark–Norway (defeated 1700), Augustus II the Strong of Saxony–Poland–Lithuania (defeated 1706) and Sweden under Charles XII<br />
<br />
13 July 1700 – Treaty of Constantinople between Russia and the Ottomans in which the Sultan ceded Azov, the Taganrog fortress, Pavlovsk and Mius to Russia<br />
<br />
<b>1701</b><br />
July 1701–August 1714 – War of the Spanish Succession (after the death of the childless Charles II of Spain) between Austrian Habsburgs and France<br />
<br />
8 July 1709 – battle of Poltava between Peter the Great and the Swedish army under Field Marshal Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld</BLOCKQUOTE>Lord Keyneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06556863604205200159noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4556861365216117920.post-32149090663716442102018-09-18T02:27:00.002-07:002020-03-11T23:41:15.102-07:00Chronology of the 16th Century<blockquote>19 August 1493–12 January 1519 – Maximilian I is Archduke of Austria:<blockquote>16 February 1486–12 January 1519 – King of the Romans<br />
4 February 1508–12 January 1519 – Holy Roman Emperor</BLOCKQUOTE><center><b>1500–1510</b></center><b>1500</b><br />
1504–1516 – Ferdinand II of Aragon is King of Naples<br />
<br />
<b>1505</b><br />
1505–1610 – fictional date of life of Vigo the Carpathian (Vigo Von Homburg Deutschendorf) in Carpathia (in Hungary?) and Moldavia<br />
<br />
6 November 1505–13 December 1533 – Vasily III is Grand Prince of Moscow (Rurikid)<br />
<br />
c. 1506 – fictional siege of the castle of Klatka and killing of Ezzelin von Klatka in Karl von Wachsmann’s novella <i>The Mysterious Stranger</i> in the Karst Plateau<br />
<br />
18 April 1506–18 November 1626 – the construction of new St. Peter’s Basilica<br />
<br />
20 May 1506 – death of Christopher Columbus in Valladolid, Spain<br />
<br />
25 September 1506–25 October 1555 – Charles V is Lord of the Netherlands and Duke of Burgundy:<blockquote>23 January 1516–16 January 1556 – Charles V is King of Spain<br />
12 January 1519–28 April 1521 – Charles V is Archduke of Austria<br />
28 June 1519–27 August 1556 – Charles V is Holy Roman Emperor<br />
26 October 1520 – Charles V is crowned as King of the Germans in Germany<br />
22 February 1530 – Charles V is crowned King of Italy<br />
24 February 1530 – Charles V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Bologna</BLOCKQUOTE>10 July 1509–27 May 1564 – life of John Calvin<br />
<br />
<center><b>1510s</b></center>1510 – Ferdinand of Aragon orders the expulsion of Jews from Naples<br />
<br />
12 March 1510 – assassination of Mihnea cel Rău in the Roman Catholic Church of Sibiu while attending Mass<br />
<br />
c. 1514 – John Knox born in or near Haddington, the county town of East Lothian<br />
<br />
1 January 1515–31 March 1547 – Francis I is king of France (House of Valois)<br />
<br />
1516–22 January 1517 – the Ottoman–Mamluk War of 1516–1517 between Mameluke Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire<br />
<br />
13 March 1516–29 August 1526 – Louis II is king of Hungary (Jagiellon)<br />
<br />
24 January 1517 – the Battle of Ridaniya near Cairo between Selim I and Tuman Bay, in which the Mamelukes were defeated<br />
<br />
31 October 1517 – Martin Luther nailed his Ninety-five Theses to the door of All Saints’ Church, Wittenberg<br />
<br />
<b>1519</b><br />
12 January 1519 – death of Maximilian I in Wels, Upper Austria<br />
<br />
April 1519 – Hernán Cortés (1485–1547) and 700 soldiers land near Tabasco on the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico<br />
<br />
28 June 1519–27 August 1556 – Charles V (grandson of Maximilian I) is Holy Roman Emperor<br />
<br />
<center><b>1520s</b></center><b>1520</b><br />
22 May 1520 – massacre in the Great Temple of the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan <br />
<br />
1 July 1520 – the Aztec emperor Moctezuma was killed<br />
<br />
30 September 1520–6/7 September 1566 – Suleiman I is Ottoman Sultan<br />
<br />
<b>1521</b><br />
3 January 1521 – Martin Luther excommunicated by Pope Leo X in the bull <i>Decet Romanum Pontificem</i><br />
<br />
28 January–25 May 1521 – Diet of Worms, the general assembly of the estates of the Holy Roman Empire in Worms, on the Rhine, with Emperor Charles V presiding<br />
<br />
28 April 1521–25 July 1564 – Ferdinand I is Archduke of Austria:<blockquote>24 October 1526 – the Bohemian Diet elects Ferdinand King of Bohemia<br />
24 October 1526–25 July 1564 – Ferdinand I is King of Bohemia<br />
17 December 1526–25 July 1564 – Ferdinand I is King of Hungary<br />
5 January 1531–3 May 1558 – Ferdinand I is King of the Romans<br />
January 1556 – Charles V abdicats as Emperor<br />
3 May 1558 – Imperial Diet accepts the abdication of Charles V<br />
27 August 1556–25 July 1564 – Ferdinand I is Holy Roman Emperor<br />
14 March 1558 – coronation in Frankfurt of Ferdinand I as Holy Roman Emperor<br />
28 November 1562–25 July 1564 – Maximilian II is King of the Romans</blockquote>c. May 1521–6 March 1522 – Martin Luther at Wartburg Castle at Eisenach<br />
<br />
13 August 1521 – the Aztec Empire was captured<br />
<br />
1521–1524 – Cortés personally governed Mexico<br />
<br />
<b>1522</b><br />
26 June–22 December 1522 – the second siege of Rhodes of 1522, in which Knights of Rhodes are expelled by Ottomans<br />
<br />
29 August 1526 – the battle of Mohács between king Louis II of Hungary and Suleiman the Magnificent, fought near Mohács, Kingdom of Hungary<br />
<br />
29 August 1526 – death of Louis II (king of Hungary) after the battle of Mohács<br />
<br />
11 November 1526–16 August 1570 – rival kings of Hungary:<blockquote><b>House of Zápolya (1526–1570)</b><br />
11 November 1526–22 July 1540 – John Zápolya King of Hungary<br />
13 September 1540–16 August 1570 – John II Sigismund<br />
<br />
<b>House of Habsburg (1526–1780)</b><br />
17 December 1526–25 July 1564 – Ferdinand I<br />
26 July 1564–12 October 1576 – Maximilian</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1529</b><br />
27 September–15 October 1529 – siege of Vienna led by Suleiman the Magnificent<br />
<br />
<b>1530</b><br />
1530–1534 – Stephen (VIII) Báthory of Somlyó is voivode of Transylvania<br />
<br />
13 December 1533–28 March 1584 – Ivan IV the Terrible is Grand Prince of Moscow (Tsar from 26 January 1547)<br />
<br />
13 September 1540 – the Diet of Hungary elected John Sigismund king<br />
<br />
13 September 1541 – return of John Calvin to Geneva, Switzerland<br />
<br />
1545 – fictional date of Hernando de Estrada’s expedition of 40 men through West Texas, with the vampire Don Santiago de Valdez in Robert Ervin Howard’s “The Horror from the Mound”<br />
<br />
18 February 1546 – death of Martin Luther at 2:45 a.m., aged 62, in Eisleben<br />
<br />
16 January 1547–28 March 1584 – Ivan IV the Terrible is Tsar of All Rus’ (Grand Prince of Moscow from 13 December 1533)<br />
<br />
16 January 1547 – coronation of Ivan IV the Terrible<br />
<br />
31 March 1547 – death of Francis I at the Château de Rambouillet<br />
<br />
31 March 1547–10 July 1559 – Henry II of France is king of France (House of Valois)<br />
<br />
<center><b>1550s</b></center>18 July 1551 – unsuccessful Ottoman invasion of Malta<br />
<br />
July 1551 – Ottoman invasion of the island of Gozo, of the Maltese archipelago<br />
<br />
15 August 1551 – the siege of Tripoli: the Ottomans besieged and conquered the Knights of Malta in the fortress of Tripoli, modern Libya<br />
<br />
15 August 1551–3 April 1559 – the Italian War of 1551 (Habsburg–Valois War; Last Italian War) between Henry II of France and Emperor Charles V with the goal of recapturing Italy<br />
<br />
<b>1553</b><br />
13 August 1553 – Michael Servetus arrives in Geneva<br />
<br />
25 October 1555 – Charles V announces to the States General of the Netherlands his abdication of those territories and the county of Charolais <br />
<br />
<b>1556</b><br />
January 1556 – Charles V abdicates as ruler of the Spanish Empire<br />
<br />
16 January 1556–13 September 1598 – Philip II is king of Spain:<blockquote>25 July 1554–13 September 1598 – King of Naples and Sicily (as Philip I)<br />
16 April 1581–13 September 1598 – King of Portugal and the Algarves</BLOCKQUOTE>27 August 1556 – Charles V abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor in favour of his brother Ferdinand<br />
<br />
5 February 1557 – Charles V and a small court move into a residence near the monastery of Yuste in Extremadura<br />
<br />
24 February 1558–25 July 1564 – Ferdinand I is Holy Roman Emperor<br />
<br />
21 September 1558 – death of Charles V in the Monastery of Yuste in Extremadura<br />
<br />
3 April 1559 – peace of Cateau-Cambrésis signed between Henry II of France and Philip II of Spain at Le Cateau-Cambrésis, 20 kilometres south-east of Cambrai<br />
<br />
10 July 1559–5 December 1560 – Francis II is king of France (House of Valois)<br />
<br />
28 September 1559 – Philip II meets Don John of Austria in the Monastery of Santa María de La Santa Espina<br />
<br />
<b>1560</b><br />
August 1560 – the Scottish Parliament establishes the Church of Scotland (the Kirk), a Presbyterian national church of Scotland, by abolishing the jurisdiction of the Pope and establishing a new confession of faith<br />
<br />
5 December 1560–30 May 1574 – Charles IX is king of France (House of Valois)<br />
<br />
<b>1564</b><br />
27 May 1564 – death of John Calvin in Geneva, Switzerland<br />
<br />
25 July 1564–12 October 1576 – Maximilian II is Holy Roman Emperor<br />
<br />
25 July 1564–10 July 1590 – Charles II is Archduke of Austria and ruler of Inner Austria (Styria, Carniola and Carinthia)<br />
<br />
18 May–11 September 1565 – the Great Siege of Malta: the Ottomans invade the island of Malta, held by the Knights Hospitaller, who withstood the siege and repelled the invaders<br />
<br />
29 September 1566–21 December 1574 – Selim II is Ottoman Sultan<br />
<br />
24 July 1567–27 March 1625 – James VI (later James I) is King of Scotland <br />
<br />
1568–1648 – Dutch Revolt: the northern, largely Protestant Seven Provinces of the Low Countries rebel against King Philip II of Spain<br />
<br />
May 1568–28 May 1573 – Marian civil war in Scotland between supporters of James VI (a minor) and Mary (Queen of Scots) after she escaped to England<br />
<br />
13 April 1569–autumn 1570 – Don John of Austria is Captain General in the war against the Rebellion of the Alpujarras <br />
<br />
<center><b>1570s</b></center><b>1570</b><br />
c. 1570 – construction of the current Predjama Castle, Carniola <br />
<br />
16 August 1570–14 March 1571 – John Sigismund Zápolya is Prince of Transylvania<br />
<br />
<b>1571</b><br />
February 1571 – Philip II signs the decree of expulsion of all the moriscos from the Kingdom of Granada<br />
<br />
25 May 1571–1576 – Stephen Báthory is voivode of Transylvania<br />
<br />
7 October 1571 – naval battle of Lepanto between the Holy League (led by the Venetian Republic and the Spanish Empire) and the Ottoman Empire in the Gulf of Patras, Ionian Sea<br />
<br />
<b>1572</b><br />
24 November 1572 – death of John Knox in Edinburgh, Scotland<br />
<br />
<b>1573</b><br />
12 November 1573 – charter promulgated of Jesuit College of Graz<br />
<br />
<b>1574</b><br />
30 May 1574–2 August 1589 – Henry III is king of France (House of Valois)<br />
<br />
22 December 1574–16 January 1595 – Murad III is Ottoman Sultan<br />
<br />
<b>1575</b><br />
8 May 1575 – marriage of Elizabeth Báthory and Ferenc Nádasdy at the palace of Vranov nad Topľou<br />
<br />
c. May 1575 – Elizabeth Báthory moves to Nádasdy Castle in Sárvár<br />
<br />
1 May 1576–12 December 1586 – Stephen Báthory is King of Poland is Grand Duke of Lithuania<br />
<br />
12 October 1576–20 January 1612 – Rudolf II is Holy Roman Emperor:<blockquote>1576–1608 – Archduke of Austria<br />
1576–1611 – King of Bohemia<br />
12 October 1576–26 June 1608 – King of Hungary and Croatia (as Rudolf I)</BLOCKQUOTE>1 October 1578 – death of Don John of Austria <br />
<br />
<center><b>1580s</b></center>26 July 1581 – signing in the Hague of the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence by many provinces of the Netherlands from Philip II during the Dutch Revolt<br />
<br />
<b>1582</b><br />
24 February 1582 – Pope Gregory XIII issues the <i>Inter gravissimas</i> papal bull to reform the Julian calendar; the reform was later regarded as a new calendar called the Gregorian calendar<br />
<br />
<b>1584</b><br />
28 March 1584–17 January 1598 – Feodor I is Tsar of All Rus’ (Rurikid)<br />
<br />
14 April 1586 – Jesuit College of Graz turned into the University of Graz by papal bull of Pope Sixtus V<br />
<br />
December 1586–23 March 1598 – Sigismund Báthory is Prince of Transylvania<br />
<br />
2 August 1589–14 May 1610 – Henry IV is king of France (House of Bourbon)<br />
<br />
<center><b>1590s</b></center>29 July 1593–11 November 1606 – Long Turkish War (Thirteen Years’ War), between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire, over the Principalities of Wallachia, Transylvania and Moldavia<br />
<br />
11 October 1593–9 August 1601 – Michael the Brave (Mihail I Viteazul) is Prince of Wallachia:<blockquote>October 1599 – Michael the Brave elected as voivode of Transylvania<br />
1600 – Michael the Brave is prince of Moldavia</BLOCKQUOTE>27 January 1595–20/21 December 1603 – Mehmed III is Ottoman Sultan<br />
<br />
21 February 1598–13 April 1605 – Boris Godunov is Tsar of All Rus’ (Godunov)<br />
<br />
18 October 1599 – battle of Şelimbăr (Battle of Sellenberk), in which Michael the Brave defeated Andrew Báthory near the village of Șelimbăr<br />
<br />
October 1599 – Michael the Brave elected as voivode of Transylvania<br />
<br />
<center><b>1600s</b></center>9 August 1601 – assassination of Michael the Brave near Câmpia Turzii<br />
<br />
4 January 1604 – death of Ferenc Nádasdy<br />
<br />
28 September 1604–23 June 1606 – the Bocskai uprising in Hungary, Transylvania and modern Slovakia, against Rudolf II, led by István Bocskai, a Protestant Hungarian nobleman<br />
<br />
21 February 1605 – Stephen Bocskai is elected Prince of Transylvania by Transylvanian noblemen and Székelys in Nyárádszereda (now Miercurea Nirajului in Romania):<blockquote>21 February 1605–29 December 1606 – Stephen Bocskai<br />
12 February 1607–5 March 1608 – Sigismund Rákóczi<br />
7 March 1608–21 October 1613 – Gabriel Báthory<br />
October 1613–15 November 1629 – Gabriel Bethlen<br />
15 November 1629–21 September 1630 – Catherine of Brandenburg</BLOCKQUOTE>20 April 1605 – Stephen Bocskai acclaimed prince of Hungary by delegates of 22 counties from Upper Hungary and Partium at Szerencs<br />
<br />
April–summer 1606? – fictional date of Karl von Wachsmann’s <i>The Mysterious Stranger</i><br />
<br />
23 June 1606 – signing of the Treaty of Vienna between Stephen Bocskay and Rudolph: all constitutional and religious rights and privileges were granted to the Hungarians in both Transylvania and Royal Hungary<br />
<br />
24 October–11 November 1606 – negotiations for the Peace of Zsitvatorok at the former mouth of the Žitava River <br />
<br />
11 November 1606 – the Peace of Zsitvatorok (or Treaty of Sitvatorok) between the Ottomans and Habsburgs<br />
<br />
12 February 1607–5 March 1608 – Sigismund Rákóczi is Prince of Transylvania<br />
<br />
5 March 1608 – Sigismund Rákóczi abdicates as Prince of Transylvania at the Diet in Kolozsvár<br />
<br />
7 March 1608–21 October 1613 – Gabriel Báthory is Prince of Transylvania<br />
<br />
25 June 1608 – Rudolf II cedes Hungary, Austria and Moravia to Matthias<br />
<br />
30 December 1610 – arrest of Elizabeth Báthory at Čachtice Castle by György Thurzó, the Palatine of Hungary<br />
<br />
7 January 1611 – second trial of Elizabeth Báthory<br />
<br />
c. January 1611–21 August 1614 – imprisonment of Elizabeth Báthory in Čachtice Castle<br />
<br />
March 1611 – Matthias enters Prague<br />
<br />
April 1611 – Matthias declared king of Bohemia<br />
<br />
20 January 1612 – death of Rudolf II<br />
<br />
13 June 1612–20 March 1619 – Matthias is Holy Roman Emperor<br />
<br />
October 1613–15 November 1629 – Gabriel Bethlen is Prince of Transylvania<br />
<br />
23 May 1618–15 May 1648 – Thirty Years’ War</BLOCKQUOTE>Lord Keyneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06556863604205200159noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4556861365216117920.post-54898722162734816762018-06-27T01:50:00.000-07:002018-06-29T05:27:10.714-07:00Chronology of the Roman Empire 100–300 AD<blockquote>18 September 96 – the emperor Domitian is assassinated in his bedroom in the <i>Domus Augustiana</i> around ten or eleven AM; Nerva hailed as emperor by the praetorian guard<br />
<br />
18 September 96–27 January 98 – reign of the emperor Nerva<br />
<br />
19 September 96 – the Senate passes a decree giving Nerva his official power; the Senate passes a <i>damnatio memoriae</i> against Domitian, and imperial shields and images torn down<br />
<br />
c. December 96 – publication of Book 11 of Martial’s <i>Epigrams</i>, shortly after the accession of Nerva<br />
<br />
winter 96–97 – T. Vestricius Spurinna (24–c. 105) is in Rome; by late 97 is away from Rome<br />
<br />
<b>97</b><br />
1 January 97 – Imp. Nerva Caesar Augustus III (January–February) and L. Verginius Rufus III are ordinary consuls<br />
<br />
4–19 September – the <i>Ludi Romani</i> (Roman Games)<br />
<br />
September 97 – mutiny of the praetorian guard led by Casperius Aelianus; Sex. Julius Frontinus, L. Julius Ursus Servianus, and L. Licinius Sura support Trajan <br />
<br />
October 97 – Nerva announces the adoption of Trajan in the Forum, who now takes the name Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus<br />
<br />
October 97 – T. Vestricius Spurinna sent as an embassy to Trajan to announce his adoption?<br />
<br />
4–17 November – the <i>Ludi Plebeii</i> (Plebeian Games)<br />
<br />
winter 97–98 – Trajan spends the winter at Colonia Claudia Agrippina (Cologne), capital Germania Inferior<br />
<br />
17–23 December – the Saturnalia, the winter solstice festival of Saturn, with a sacrifice at the temple of Saturn and a public feast<br />
<br />
<b>98</b><br />
c. 98 – Tacitus writes the Agricola <br />
<br />
98 – return of Martial to his home at Augusta Bilbilis (now Calatayud) in Hispania Tarraconensis, Spain<br />
<br />
98–100 – Pliny is prefect of the treasury of Saturn (<i>praefectus aerari Saturni</i>)<br />
<br />
98–102 – Pliny writes the 14 letters of Book 10 of his <i>Letters</i><br />
<br />
1 January 98 – Imp. Nerva Caesar Augustus IV (to 13 January) and Imp. Caesar Nerva Trajanus II (January–June) are ordinary consuls<br />
<br />
27 January 98 – death of the emperor Nerva at his villa in the Horti Sallustiani<br />
<br />
27 January 98–8 August 117 – reign of the emperor Trajan<br />
<br />
28 January 98 – the dies imperii of Trajan<br />
<br />
c. January 98 – publication of a revised edition of Book 10 of Martial’s <i>Epigrams</i>, about the time of Trajan’s entrance into Rome<br />
<br />
after January 98 – the execution of Casperius Aelianus and the ringleaders of the insurrection against Nerva<br />
<br />
2 February 98 – the public funeral of Nerva<br />
<br />
January 98 – suffect consuls with Trajan down to June:<blockquote>13 January 13–31 January – Cn. Domitius Tullus II and Trajan<br />
February – Sex. Julius Frontinus II and Trajan<br />
March – L. Julius Ursus II and Trajan<br />
April – T. Vestricius Spurinna II and Trajan<br />
May–June – C. Pomponius Pius</BLOCKQUOTE>summer 98? – Trajan inspects the Danube frontier<br />
<br />
<b>99</b><br />
autumn 99 – Trajan’s entry into Rome<br />
<br />
before October/December 99 – Trajan’s donativium and congiarium<br />
<br />
<center><b>100–110</b></center><b>100</b><br />
c. 100–110 – publication date of Juvenal’s first satire<br />
<br />
c. 100 – publication of Book 12 of Martial’s <i>Epigrams</i>; death of Quintilian (Marcus Fabius Quintilianus, 35–c. 100 AD)<br />
<br />
January 100 – Imp. Caesar Nerva Trajanus Augustus III (January) and Sex. Julius Frontinus III (January–February) are ordinary consuls<br />
<br />
c. September–October 100 – Pliny the Younger is suffect consul with C. Julius Cornutus Tertullus <br />
<br />
100 – Pliny gives his <i>Panegyricus Traiani</i> in the Senate<br />
<br />
<b>101</b><br />
25 March 101 – Trajan leaves Rome for Dacia<br />
<br />
101–102 – the first Dacian War of Trajan<blockquote>25 March 101 – Trajan leaves Rome for Dacia<br />
c. June 101 – Roman army crosses the Danube at Viminacium<br />
September 101 – second battle of Tapae<br />
winter 101–102 – Trajan on the Danube<br />
winter 101–102 – Decebalus attacks the Roman province of Moesia; battle of Nicopolis and Adamclisi<br />
spring 102 – Roman army crosses the Danube at Lederata; <br />
summer 102 – Lusius Quietus and Moorish cavalry attack Decebalus via the Vulcan Pass; Laberius Maximus marches along the Olt valley and takes the Red Tower Pass <br />
summer 102 – Trajan, Quietus and Maximus join forces at the hot springs of Aquae (Calan), 20 miles from the Dacian capital.<br />
summer – submission of Decebalus; annexation of the Banat; permanent bridge over the Danube at Drobeta built</BLOCKQUOTE>winter 101–102 – Decebalus attacks the Roman province of Moesia; battle of Nicopolis and Adamclisi<br />
<br />
<b>102</b><br />
c. 102–104 – death of Marcus Valerius Martialis (Martial)<br />
<br />
January 102 – L. Julius Ursus Servianus II (January–April) and L. Licinius Sura II (January–February) are ordinary consuls<br />
<br />
spring 102 – Roman army crosses the Danube at Lederata; <br />
<br />
summer 102 – Lusius Quietus and Moorish cavalry attack Decebalus via the Vulcan Pass; Laberius Maximus marches along the Olt valley and takes the Red Tower Pass <br />
<br />
summer 102 – Trajan, Quietus and Maximus join forces at the hot springs of Aquae (Calan), 20 miles from the Dacian capital.<br />
<br />
summer – submission of Decebalus; annexation of the Banat; permanent bridge over the Danube at Drobeta built<br />
<br />
late 102 – Trajan returns to Rome<br />
<br />
28 December 102? – Trajan’s Dacian triumph<br />
<br />
<b>103</b><br />
103 – Silius Italicus commits suicide by starvation in Campania, because of a tumour<br />
<br />
103 – Pliny is propraetor of Bithynia; from 103–104 Pliny is publicly elected Augur<br />
<br />
c. 103/104 – death of Sextus Julius Frontinus (c. 40–103 AD)<br />
<br />
<b>104</b><br />
104–106 – Pliny is superintendent for the banks of the Tiber (<i>curator alvei Tiberis</i>)<br />
<br />
104–107 – Pliny is three times a member of Trajan’s judicial council<br />
<br />
<b>105</b><br />
4 June 105? – Trajan leaves Rome for Dacia<br />
<br />
June 105–106 – Trajan’s Second Dacian War, after the Dacian King Decebalus violates the peace terms with the Rome<blockquote>4 June 105? – Trajan leaves Rome for Dacia<br />
autumn 105/106 – Trajan arrives in Drobeta<br />
spring 106 – crossing of the Drobeta bridge and invasion of Dacia<br />
spring 106 – invasion via Danube plain and Vulcan Pass route and the Petroseni Basin<br />
c. July 106 – capture of Sarmizegethusa Regia<br />
after 2 September 106 – Ti. Claudius Maximus and a band of auxiliaries kill Decebalus in the Carpathians<br />
autumn 106 – Trajan at Ranisstorium (Piatri Craivii)<br />
summer 106? – foundation of Porolissum <br />
106/107? – battle of Porolissum</BLOCKQUOTE><b>106 AD</b><br />
early 106 – annexation of the Nabataean kingdom?<br />
spring 106 – crossing of the Drobeta bridge and invasion of Dacia<br />
<br />
spring 106 – invasion via Danube plain and Vulcan Pass route and the Petroseni Basin<br />
<br />
c. July 106 – battle of Sarmisegetusa, with the legions II Adiutrix and IV Flavia Felix and a detachment (vexillatio) from Legio VI Ferrata; capture of Sarmizegethusa Regia<br />
<br />
after 2 September 106 – Ti. Claudius Maximus and a band of auxiliaries kill Decebalus in the Carpathians<br />
<br />
autumn 106 – Trajan at Ranisstorium (Piatri Craivii)<br />
<br />
summer 106? – foundation of Porolissum <br />
<br />
106/107? – battle of Porolissum<br />
<br />
<b>107</b><br />
by 107 – annexation of the Nabataean kingdom<br />
<br />
January 107 – L. Licinius Sura III (January–February or April) and Q. Sosius Senecio II are ordinary consuls<br />
<br />
c. June 107 – Trajan leaves the Balkans<br />
<br />
June 107 – Trajan arrives in Rome<br />
<br />
<b>108</b><br />
c. 108 – publication of early books of Tacitus’ <i>Historiae</i>?<br />
<br />
108 – the IX Hispana legion at York building the fort<br />
<br />
c. 108 – Arrian studies under Epictetus at Nicopolis in Epirus<br />
<br />
c. 108 – death of Lucius Licinius Sura; Trajan gives him a public funeral<br />
<br />
June 108 – P. Aelius Hadrianus is suffect consul<br />
<br />
<b>109</b><br />
c.109/111 – Trajan appoints Pliny as <i>legatus Augusti</i> to Bithynia-Pontus <br />
<br />
11–24 November 109 – Trajan inaugurates a naumachia (for mock-sea battles) and holds Dacian games<br />
<br />
<b>110</b><br />
c. 110 – Trajan appoints Pliny as <i>legatus Augusti</i> to Bithynia-Pontus <br />
<br />
c. 110–c.113 – Pliny is <i>legatus Augusti</i> to Bithynia-Pontus<br />
<br />
<b>110s</b><br />
<b>111</b><br />
autumn 111 – departure of Hadrian for Syria?<br />
<br />
<b>112 AD</b><br />
112/113 – Tacitus is governor of Asia <br />
<br />
January 112 – Imp. Caesar Nerva Trajanus Augustus VI (January) and T. Sextius Cornelius Africanus (January–March) are ordinary consuls<br />
<br />
1 January 112 – dedication of Forum and Basilica build by Trajan<br />
<br />
28 January 112 – 15 days of games in theatris tribus<br />
<br />
before 29 August 112 – Plotina and Marciana are given the title Augusta<br />
<br />
29 August 112 – death of Marciana (the sister of Trajan)<br />
<br />
3 September 112 – funeral of Marciana (the sister of Trajan)<br />
<br />
<b>113</b><br />
c. 113 – possible death of Pliny during his appointment in Bithynia-Pontus<br />
<br />
113 – the Parthian king Osroes deposes the Armenian ruler Exedares and appoints Parthamasiris<br />
<br />
early May 113 – Trajan holds the third set of Dacian games<br />
<br />
12 May 113 – Trajan dedicates his Column<br />
<br />
autumn 113 – Trajan leaves Rome for the east<br />
<br />
December 113 – Trajan arrives in Antioch <br />
<br />
<b>114</b><br />
7 January 114 – Trajan and Hadrian enter Antioch<br />
<br />
January–April 114 – Trajan in Antioch<br />
<br />
c. May 114–117 – Trajan’s Parthian war, between the Parthian Empire and Rome in Mesopotamia<blockquote>c. May 114 – Trajan arrives in Satala, with an army of 8 legions or 80,000 men<br />
summer 114 – Trajan marches to Elegeia in Armenia and receives the submission of Parthamasiris; Trajan annexes Armenia<br />
summer 114 – Trajan remains in Elegeia and receives the submission of local rulers<br />
late 114 – Roman forces occupy Armenia<br />
winter 114–115 – Trajan in Armenia<br />
spring 115 – Trajan invades northern Mesopotamia from Armenia<br />
summer 115 – Trajan takes Batnae, Nisibis and Adiabene<br />
winter 115–116 – Trajan spends the winter in Antioch; great earthquake in Syria<br />
early 116 – Trajan leaves Antioch; one division invades Adiabene, including Ninus, Arbela and Gaugamela; a second division moves along the Tigris and attacks Babylon <br />
summer 116 – Trajan accompanies a fleet along the Euphrates; he has fleet dragged over land by engines to the Euphrates to capture Seleucia and Ctesiphon; Trajan travels to Charax<br />
later 116 – Trajan visits Babylon; rebellion in Mesopotamia; Lusius Quietus recovers Nisibis and Edessa; Seleucia is burnt <br />
later 116 – battle of Ctesiphon; Trajan crowns Parthamaspates as client-king of Parthia in Ctesiphon and cedes part of Armenia to Parthia<br />
later 116 – siege of Hatra<br />
winter 116–117 – Trajan in Antioch<br />
c. July 117 – Trajan leaves Seleucia-in-Pieria for Rome<br />
8 August 117 – death of the emperor Trajan in Selinus (modern Gazipasa) in Cilicia</BLOCKQUOTE>late 114 – Roman forces occupy Armenia<br />
<br />
winter 114–115 – Trajan in Armenia<br />
<br />
<b>115</b><br />
spring 115 – Trajan invades northern Mesopotamia from Armenia<br />
<br />
summer 115 – Trajan takes Batnae, Nisibis and Adiabene<br />
<br />
after October 115?–summer/autumn 117 – the Kitos War, major uprisings by ethnic Jews in Cyrenaica, Egypt, Cyprus during Trajan’s Parthian War <br />
<br />
winter 115–116 – Trajan spends the winter in Antioch; great earthquake in Syria<br />
<br />
<b>116</b><br />
21 February 116 – a letter of Trajan reaches the Senate informing them of the new provinces of Armenia and Mesopotamia<br />
<br />
February 116 – Trajan honoured with the title of Parthicus<br />
<br />
early 116 – Trajan leaves Antioch; one division invades Adiabene, including Ninus, Arbela and Gaugamela; a second division moves along the Tigris and attacks Babylon<br />
<br />
summer 116 – Trajan accompanies a fleet along the Euphrates; he has fleet dragged over land by engines to the Euphrates to capture Seleucia and Ctesiphon; Trajan travels to Charax<br />
<br />
summer 116 – Jewish uprisings in Cyprus, Egypt and Cyrene<br />
<br />
later 116 – Trajan visits Babylon; rebellion in Mesopotamia; Lusius Quietus recovers Nisibis and Edessa; Seleucia is burnt <br />
<br />
later 116 – battle of Ctesiphon; Trajan crowns Parthamaspates as client-king of Parthia in Ctesiphon and cedes part of Armenia to Parthia<br />
<br />
later 116 – siege of Hatra<br />
<br />
winter 116–117 – Trajan in Antioch<br />
<br />
<b>117</b><br />
c. 117 – publication of Book 2 of Tacitus’ <i>Ab excessu divi Augusti</i> (Annals)? (alternative date: from 106–115); later books possibly in the 120s<br />
<br />
summer/autumn 117 – Marcius Turbo ends the Jewish war<br />
<br />
8 August 117 – death of the emperor Trajan in Selinus (modern Gazipasa) in Cilicia<br />
<br />
9 August 117 – Trajan’s letter of adoption reaches Hadrian at Antioch<br />
<br />
10 August 117 – accession of the emperor Hadrian<br />
<br />
10 August 117–10 July 138 – reign of the emperor Hadrian<br />
<br />
11 August 117 – news of Trajan’s death reaches Antioch<br />
<br />
c. 12 August 117 – Hadrian orders the evacuation of Mesopotamia, Assyria and Greater Armenia; Lusius Quietus (governor of Judaea) removed from office<br />
<br />
13–19 October 117 – Hadrian in Mopsucrene, 12 miles beyond Tarsus, then northwards over the Taurus into Cappadocia, via Tyana <br />
<br />
late October 117 – Hadrian in Ancyra; he founds a “mystic contest” (mystikos agon) for the worship of Dionysus<br />
<br />
11 November 117 – Hadrian was in Bithynia<br />
<br />
late 117 – Hadrian withdraws from plains of Oltenia and Muntenia, the south-eastern flank of the Carpathians and southern Moldavia<br />
<br />
<b>118</b><br />
c. 118 – publication of Arrian’s <i>Parthica</i>, a history of Trajan’s Parthian war <br />
<br />
January 118 – Hadrian at Byzantium; he is consul with Pedanius Fuscus (the husband of his niece Julia)<br />
<br />
Marcius Turbo made governor of both Dacia and Pannonia Inferior<br />
<br />
early 118 – the Senate orders the executions of C. Avidius Nigrinus, in alleged conspiracy against Hadrian (he returns to Faventia (Faenza) in northern Italy); Lusius Quietus executed; A. Cornelius Palma executed at the Campanian resort of Baiae, and L. Publius Celsus at Tarracina in Latium<br />
<br />
spring 118 – Hadrian in Pannonia<br />
<br />
9 July 118 – Hadrian’s return to Rome<br />
<br />
10 July 118 – Hadrian addends the senate?<br />
<br />
c. 118 – dismissal of Publius Acilianus Attianus as praetorian prefect<br />
<br />
summer 118? – Hadrian gave the people a double congiarium, in person (praesens), or six aurei a head<br />
<br />
summer 118? – retirement of Servius Sulpicius Similis as Praetorian prefect; appointment of Gaius Septicius Clarus<br />
<br />
summer 118? – appointment of Suetonius Tranquillus as ab epistulis<br />
<br />
late 118? – Hadrian remits nine hundred million sesterces in tax arrears owed to the fiscus in the years from 104–118<br />
<br />
<b>119</b><br />
119 – war in northern Britain<br />
<br />
January–April 119 – Hadrian is ordinary consul at Rome<br />
<br />
August 119 – victory in the Danubian war or British war?<br />
<br />
119 – Hadrian’s trip to Campania; the Stoic philosopher, Euphrates of Tyre, commits suicide<br />
<br />
December 119 – Augusta Matidia (Trajan’s niece) dies<br />
<br />
end of 119 – funeral and consecration of Matidia <br />
<br />
<center><b>120s</b></center><b>120</b><br />
120–125 – birth of Apuleius<br />
<br />
120s – publication of the Anabasis of Arrian of Nicomedia<br />
<br />
c. 120–130 – death of Tacitus<br />
<br />
<b>121</b><br />
c. April 121 – Hadrian leaves Rome for Gaul, possibly from Ostia, Massilia, and the Rhonel Turbo stays in Rome, with M. Annius Verus as Prefect of the City<br />
<br />
121 – Hadrian’s army reforms begin<br />
<br />
winter 121–122 – Hadrian in Germany<br />
<br />
<b>122</b><br />
122 – Hadrian in Rhaetia and Noricum<br />
<br />
122–128 – construction of Hadrian’s wall, which starts in the east and proceeded westwards<br />
<br />
c. June 122 – Hadrian crosses to Britain<br />
<br />
by 17 July 122 – Platorius Nepos governor of Britain<br />
<br />
summer – Hadrian in Britain<br />
<br />
c. 122/123 – Hadrian dismisses Septicius Clarus (praetorian prefect) and Suetonius Tranquillus and others<br />
<br />
autumn/winter 122 – death of Borysthenes, Hadrian’s horse<br />
<br />
winter 122–123 – Hadrian spends the winter at Tarraco, Spain<br />
<br />
<b>123</b><br />
<br />
<b>124</b><br />
<br />
<b>125</b><br />
<br />
<b>126</b><br />
<br />
126 – Arrian of Nicomedia appointed to the Senate<br />
<br />
<b>127</b><br />
<br />
<b>128</b><br />
<br />
<b>129</b><br />
<br />
<b>130</b><br />
<br />
c. October 130 – Antinous falls into the Nile and dies while on Hadrian’s journey down the Nile after the visit to Hermopolis Magna<br />
<br />
<center><b>130s</b></center><b>131</b><br />
<br />
<b>132</b><br />
<br />
summer/autumn 132 – beginning of the Bar Kokhba revolt in Modi’in<br />
<br />
132–136 – the Bar Kokhba revolt (or The Third Jewish–Roman War or Second Revolt of Judea), led by Simon bar Kokhba<br />
<br />
<b>133</b><br />
<br />
<b>134</b><br />
<br />
<b>135</b><br />
<br />
<b>136</b><br />
<br />
<b>137</b><br />
<br />
<b>138</b><br />
1 January 138 – death of Lucius Aelius Caesar (Lucius Ceionius Commodus), heir of Hadrian<br />
<br />
c. 138 – death of Juvenal after the year of Hadrian’s death<br />
<br />
11 July 138–7 March 161 – reign of Antoninus Pius<br />
<br />
<b>161</b><br />
8 March 161–17 March 180 – reign of Marcus Aurelius<br />
<br />
8 March 161–January/February 169 – reign of Lucius Verus<br />
<br />
summer/autumn 161–166 – the Roman–Parthian War of 161–166:<BLOCKQUOTE>summer/autumn 161 – Vologases enters Armenia, expels the king and installs Pacorus (an Arsacid)<br />
winter 161–162 – Marcus Aurelius decides to send Lucius Verus to the east<br />
summer 162 – Lucius Verus travels to Brundisium<br />
summer 163 – Legions I Minervia (under M. Claudius Fronto) and V Macedonica (under P. Martius Verus) under Marcus Statius Priscus invade Armenia and capture Artaxata; Parthians invade Osroene<br />
late 163 – Roman forces occupy Dausara and Nicephorium<br />
165 – Martius Verus and the V Macedonica take Edessa and Nisibis; Avidius Cassius and the III Gallica move down the Euphrates and fight a battle at Dura-Europos<br />
late 165 – Cassius’ army takes Seleucia and Ctesiphon; Ctesiphon’s royal palace burned<br />
165/166 – Cassius’ army crosses the Tigris into Media<br />
spring 166 – army withdraws from Mesopotamia </BLOCKQUOTE><b>162</b><br />
summer 162 – Lucius Verus travels to Brundisium<br />
<br />
<b>163</b><br />
summer 163 – Legions I Minervia (under M. Claudius Fronto) and V Macedonica (under P. Martius Verus) under Marcus Statius Priscus invade Armenia and capture Artaxata; Parthians invade Osroene<br />
<br />
late 163 – Roman forces occupy Dausara and Nicephorium<br />
<br />
<b>164</b><br />
<br />
<b>166</b><br />
spring 166 – army withdraws from Mesopotamia <br />
<br />
166/167–175 – First Marcomannic War<br />
<br />
spring 168 – Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus’ expedition to Aquileia<br />
<br />
<b>169</b><br />
January 169 – death of Lucius Verus<br />
<br />
autumn 169 – Marcus Aurelius with his son-in-law Claudius Pompeianus begin a campaign against the tribes (especially the Iazyges) between the Danube and Dacia<br />
<br />
<b>170</b><br />
spring 170 – battle of Carnuntum between the Marcomanni and Germanic tribes (under Ballomar) and the Romans <br />
<br />
172 – the Romans cross the Danube and subjugate the Marcomanni, the Varistae or Naristi and the Cotini<br />
<br />
173 – the Romans campaign against the Quadi<br />
<br />
<b>175</b><br />
c. April 175 – Avidius Cassius declares himself emperor<br />
<br />
July 175 – murder of Avidius Cassius in Egypt<br />
<br />
<b>176</b><br />
23 December 176 – Marcus Aurelius and Commodus celebrate a joint German triumph<br />
<br />
<b>177</b><br />
177–autumn 180 – Second Marcomannic War<br />
<br />
<b>180</b><br />
17 March 180–31 December 192 – sole reign of Commodus<br />
<br />
<b>182</b><br />
182/183 – conspiracy of Lucilla; execution of Claudius Pompeianus and Ummidius Quadratus; exile of Lucilla to Capri<br />
<br />
9 December 182 – coins record that Commodus has the title Pius<br />
<br />
<b>183</b><br />
c. 183 – assassination of Saoterus<br />
<br />
185 – execution of the praetorian prefect Sextus Tigidius Perennis after a plot by Cleander<br />
<br />
<b>190</b><br />
June 190 – execution of Cleander<br />
<br />
<b>193 AD</b><br />
1 January 193 – 28 March 193 – reign of Pertinax<br />
<br />
28 March 193–1 June 193 – reign of Didius Julianus<br />
<br />
14 April 193–4 February 211 – reign of Septimius Severus<br />
<br />
1 June 193 – execution of Didius Julianus in the palace<br />
<br />
198 – Severus makes Caracalla Augustus<br />
<br />
<b>200</b><br />
22 January 205 – execution of the praetorian prefect Lucius Fulvius Plautianus<br />
<br />
208–4 February 211 – Septimius Severus’ expedition to Britain<br />
<br />
c. 208–224 – Artabanus V of Parthia<br />
<br />
4 February 211–8 April 217 – Caracalla is emperor<br />
<br />
4 February 211– 26 December 211– Geta (rule with Caracalla)<br />
<br />
26 December 211 – murder of Geta<br />
<br />
winter 215–216 – Caracalla in Nicomedia with the army<br />
<br />
April 215 – Caracalla arrives at Antioch<br />
<br />
November 215 – Caracalla arrives in Pelusium<br />
<br />
December 215–March/April 216 – Caracalla in Alexandria<br />
<br />
spring 216–summer 217 – Caracalla’s Parthian war:<blockquote>summer 216 – Caracalla attacks country east of the Tigris near borders of Adiabene<br />
winter 216/217 – Caracalla winters at Edessa <br />
8 April 217 – assassination of Caracalla<br />
summer 217 – battle of Nisibis between Macrinus and King Artabanus V</BLOCKQUOTE>11 April 217–8 June 218 – Macrinus<br />
<br />
16 May 218–11 March 222 – Elagabalus<br />
<br />
11 March 222–18/19 March 235 – Severus Alexander<br />
<br />
28 April 224 – Ardashir I defeats Artabanus V of Parthia at the battle of Hormozdgan; end of Parthian dynasty<br />
<br />
28 April 224–651 – Sasanian Empire<br />
<br />
224–242 – reign of Ardashir I, first king of Sasanian Empire:<blockquote>224–242 – Ardashir I<br />
12 April 240–May 270 – Shapur I<br />
May 270–June 271 – Hormizd I<br />
June 271–September 274 – Bahram I<br />
September 274–293 – Bahram II<br />
293 – Bahram III<br />
293–302 – Narseh<br />
302–309 – Hormizd II<br />
309 – Adur Narseh<br />
309–379 – Shapur II<br />
379–383 – Ardashir II<br />
383–388 – Shapur III<br />
388–399 – Bahram IV<br />
399–21 January 420 – Yazdegerd I</BLOCKQUOTE>28 April 224 – Ardashir I, crowned at Ctesiphon as the sole ruler of Persia (alternative dates: 226 or 6 April 227)<br />
<br />
20 March 235–early May 238 – Maximinus Thrax<br />
<br />
22 April–29 July 238 – Pupienus and Balbinus<br />
<br />
22 March–12 April 238 – Gordian I and Gordian II<br />
<br />
22 April–29 July 238 – Gordian III<br />
<br />
244–249 – Philip the Arab<br />
<br />
249–251 – Decius<br />
<br />
253–260 – Valerian<br />
<br />
253–268 – Gallienus<br />
<br />
September 268–January 270 – Claudius Gothicus<br />
<br />
September 270–September/October 275 – Aurelian<br />
<br />
25 September 275–June 276 – Marcus Claudius Tacitus<br />
<br />
July–September 276 – Florianus<br />
<br />
276–September/October 282 – Probus<br />
<br />
282–283 – Carus<br />
<br />
20 November 284–1 May 305 – reign of Diocletian:<blockquote>20 November 284–July 285 – (in competition with Carinus)<br />
July 285–1 April 286 – (alone)<br />
1 April 286–1 May 305 – (as Senior Augustus of the east, with Maximian in the west)<br />
2 April 286–1 May 305 – Maximian is Augustus of the West<br />
305–306 – Constantius Chlorus is Augustus in the west</BLOCKQUOTE><b>300</b><br />
305–306 – the Synod of Elvira in Hispania Baetica, now Granada in southern Spain<br />
<br />
1 May 305 – in Milan and Nicomedia, Diocletian and Maximian retired simultaneously<br />
<br />
1 May 305–summer 306 – Valerius Severus appointed Caesar of the West<br />
<br />
<table><tr><td class="col1"><b>East</b><br />
1 April 286–1 May 305 – Diocletian Senior Augustus of the east<br />
1 May 305–late April/early May 311 – Galerius Augustus in the East<br />
11 November 308 – Licinius appointed Augustus (Illyricum, Thrace and Pannonia and the West)<br />
310–May 313 – Maximinus II Augustus in the east<br />
311 – Maximinus divides Eastern Empire between Licinius and himself<br />
313–324 – Licinius is Augustus in the east</td> <td class="col2"><b>West</b><br />
2 April 286–1 May 305 – Maximian is Augustus of the West<br />
1 May 305–25 July 306 – Constantius Chlorus is Augustus in the west<br />
25 July 306–29 October 312 – Constantine is Caesar in the west<br />
28 October 306–28 October 312 – Maxentius<br />
11 November 308 – Galerius’ general council at Carnuntum<br />
28 October 312 – battle of the Milvian Bridge between Constantine I and Maxentius</tr><br />
<br />
<br />
</table><br />
25 July 306–22 May 337 – reign of Constantine the Great:<blockquote>25 July 306–29 October 312 – Constantine is Caesar in the west<br />
309 – Constantine self-proclaimed Augustus<br />
29 October 312 – Constantine enters Rome<br />
29 October 312–19 September 324 – Constantine undisputed Augustus<br />
February 313 – Edict of Milan<br />
3 July 324 – the Battle of Adrianople between Constantine I and Licinius<br />
18 September 324 – the battle of Chrysopolis between Constantine and Licinius<br />
19 September 324–22 May 337 – Constantine is emperor of whole empire<br />
324 – foundation of Constantinople<br />
11 May 330 – dedication of Constantinople</BLOCKQUOTE>summer 306–March/April 307 – Valerius Severus Augustus in the west<br />
<br />
28 October 306 – Maxentius and his father Maximian declared Augusti<br />
<br />
28 October 306–28 October 312 – Maxentius<br />
<br />
late 307 – Galerius leads an invasion of Italy against Maxentius but retreats north with his army<br />
<br />
early 308 – Maximian forced to leave Italy in disgrace after trying to remove his son from power<br />
<br />
11 November 308 – Galerius’ general council at the military city of Carnuntum (with Diocletian, Galerius, and Maximian): Maximian forced to abdicate; Constantine was again demoted to Caesar; Licinius appointed Augustus in the western regions<br />
<br />
11 November 308–313 – Licinius appointed Augustus in the west (Danube, Illyricum, Thrace and Pannonia and the West)<br />
<br />
309 – Maximian returns to the court of Constantine in Gaul<br />
<br />
c. July 310 – Maximian hanged himself<br />
<br />
April/May 311 – death of Galerius on journey from Thessalonica to Romuliana, perhaps Serdica; he is buried in mausoleum at Gamzigrad-Romuliana, part of his palace, in Zaječar in Serbia<br />
<br />
9 June 311 – Licinius in Serdica<br />
<br />
28 October 312 – battle of the Milvian Bridge between Constantine I and Maxentius<br />
<br />
28 October 312 – death of Maxentius while crossing the Tiber in Rome<br />
<br />
3 December 312 – death of Diocletian at his Palace<br />
<br />
February 313 – Edict of Milan<br />
<br />
30 April 313 – battle of Tzirallum between Licinius and Maximinus, at Çorlu, in Tekirdağ Province, in the Turkish region of Eastern Thrace; Maximinus defeated and he flees to Tarsus<br />
<br />
July/August 313 – death of Maximinus II in Tarsus<br />
<br />
<table><tr><td class="col1"><b>East 313–324</b><br />
July/August 313–18 September 324 – Licinius is Augustus I in the East<br />
July–18 September 324 – Martinian is Caesar of Licinius</td> <td class="col2"><b>West 313–324</b><br />
28 October 312–18 September 324 – Constantine the Great is Augustus in the West<br />
1 March 317–326 – Crispus is Caesar of his father Constantine I<br />
25 July 306–22 May 337 – reign of Constantine the Great</tr><br />
<br />
<br />
</table><br />
1 March 317–326 – Crispus is Caesar of his father Constantine I<br />
<br />
3 July 324 – the Battle of Adrianople between Constantine I and Licinius<br />
<br />
July 324 – battle of the Hellespont, two separate naval clashes between Constantine’s fleet (led by Crispus) and a larger fleet under Licinius’ admiral, Abantus<br />
<br />
18 September 324 – battle of Chrysopolis (modern Üsküdar), near Chalcedon between Constantine I and Licinius; Licinius defeated<br />
<br />
19 September 324–22 May 337 – Constantine is emperor of whole empire<br />
<br />
8 November 324 – foundation of Constantinople when Constantine marks out the perimeter<br />
<br />
winter 324–325? – Constantine tours Asia Minor and Antioch<br />
<br />
spring 325 – death of Licinius in Thessalonica<br />
<br />
20 May–19 June 325 – Constantine presides over the First Ecumenical Council at Nicaea<br />
<br />
spring/summer 326 – execution of Crispus<br />
<br />
11 May 330 – Constantine I dedicates Constantinople<br />
<br />
22 May 337 – death of Constantine at his suburban villa Achyron, near Nicomedia<br />
<br />
summer 337 – killing of Dalmatius (Caesar of Thracia, Achaea and Macedonia)<br />
<br />
September 337 – death of Hannibalianus (nephew of Constantine I and <i>Rex Regum et Ponticarum Gentium</i>)<br />
<br />
9 September 337 – Constantine II, Constantius II and Constans meet at Pannonia and divide the empire<br />
<br />
<table><tr><td class="col1"><b>East</b><br />
337–350 – Constantius II co-Augustus (Constantinople, Thrace, Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Cyrenaica) <br />
18 January 350–11 August 353 – Magnentius</td> <td class="col2"><b>West</b><br />
September 337–340 – Constantine II is Augustus (Gaul, Britannia and Hispania)<br />
337–350 – Constans (Italy, Africa, Illyricum, Pannonia, Macedonia, and Achaea)</tr><br />
<br />
<br />
</table><br />
337–340 – Constantine II is joint emperor (over Gaul, Hispania, and Britannia) with Constantius II and Constans<br />
<br />
337–3 November 361 – rule of Constantius II:<blockquote>337–340 – Constantius II is co-Augustus (ruling Asian provinces and Egypt) with Constantine II and Constans<br />
340 – killing of Constantine II in an ambush outside Aquileia in civil war with Constans<br />
340–350 – Constantius II is co-Augustus with Constans<br />
350 – assassination of Constans in Helena (now Elne) in the eastern Pyrenees of southwestern Gaul by supporters of the general Magnentius<br />
350–361 – Constantius II is sole Augustus of the Roman Empire</BLOCKQUOTE>350 – assassination of Constans in Helena (now Elne) in the eastern Pyrenees of southwestern Gaul by supporters of the general Magnentius<br />
<br />
350–361 – Constantius II is sole Augustus of the Roman Empire<br />
<br />
351 – battle of Mursa Major between Constantius II and Magnentius<br />
<br />
6 November 355–February 360 – Julian the Apostate is Caesar in Gaul<br />
<br />
3 November 361 – Constantius II dies of fever in Mopsucrene, Cilicia<br />
<br />
3 November 361–26 June 363 – Julian the Apostate is emperor of the entire empire<br />
<br />
11 December 361 – Julian entered Constantinople as sole emperor<br />
<br />
27 June 363–17 February 364 – reign of Jovian</blockquote>Lord Keyneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06556863604205200159noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4556861365216117920.post-73336862243315953932018-05-24T04:11:00.000-07:002020-02-18T00:07:43.733-08:00Chronology of 1800–1850<blockquote>25 October 1760–29 January 1820 – reign of George III<br />
<br />
October 1796 – Sir Walter Scott’s English translation of Gottfried August Bürger’s poem <i>Lenore</i> for Jane Anne Cranstoun<br />
<br />
20 December 1799–June 1808 – William Wordsworth lives in Dove Cottage, Grasmere:<blockquote>June 1808–May 1811 – William Wordsworth lives in Allan Bank, north-west of Grasmere<br />
May 1811–March 1813 – William Wordsworth lives in Rectory, Grasmere<br />
March 1813–23 April 1850 – William Wordsworth lives at Rydal Mount, near Grasmere</blockquote><b>1802</b><br />
1802–1823 – Basil Hall’s service in the Royal Navy<br />
<br />
<b>1803</b><br />
September 1803–21 March 1843 – Robert Southey lives in Greta Hall, Keswick, Lake District:<blockquote>20 December 1799–June 1808 – William Wordsworth lives in Dove Cottage, Grasmere<br />
June 1808–May 1811 – William Wordsworth lives in Allan Bank<br />
May 1811–March 1813 – William Wordsworth lives in Rectory, Grasmere<br />
March 1813–23 April 1850 – William Wordsworth lives at Rydal Mount, near Grasmere<br />
1814–April 1816 – Samuel Taylor Coleridge lives in Calne, Wiltshire</blockquote>11 August 1804–2 March 1835 – Francis I is Emperor of Austria<br />
<br />
October 1805–1807 – Lord Byron at Trinity College, Cambridge<br />
<br />
<b>1809</b><br />
12 February 1809 – birth of Charles Darwin in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England<br />
<br />
2 July 1809–14 July 1811 – Lord Byron goes on a Grand Tour of Europe, to Spain and Greece, Malta:<blockquote>2 July 1809 – Byron sails for Lisbon<br />
7 July 1809 – Byron and Hobhouse arrive in Lisbon<br />
25 July 1809 – Byron arrives in Seville<br />
29 July 1809 – Byron arrives in Cadiz<br />
4-16 August 1809 – Byron in Gibraltar<br />
16 August 1809 – Byron sails to Malta<br />
27 August 1809 – Byron arrives in Sardinia<br />
31 August 1809 – Byron arrives in Malta<br />
21 September 1809 – Byron sail for Greece<br />
26 September 1809 – Byron lands at Patras<br />
29 September 1809 – Byron visits ruins of Nicopolis<br />
25 December 1809 – Byron arrives in Athens<br />
5 March 1810 – Byron and Hobhouse set sail for Smyrna<br />
8 March 1810 – Byron arrive in Smyrna<br />
13 March 1810 – Byron arrives in Ephesus<br />
11 April 1810 – Byron sails for Constantinople<br />
15 April 1810 – Byron visit the Troad and Troy<br />
3 May 1810 – Byron and Lieutenant Ekenhead swin the Hellespont<br />
13 May 1810 – Byron arrives in Constantinople<br />
14 July 1810 – Byron and Hobhouse leave Constantinople<br />
July 1810 – Hobhouse returns to England<br />
18 July 1810 – Byron arrives in Athens<br />
21 July 1810 – Byron leaves Athens for Morea<br />
13 October 1810 – Byron returns to Athens<br />
22 April 1811 – Byron sails for Malta<br />
2 June 1811 – Byron leaves Malta on the frigate <i>Volage</i><br />
14 July 1811 – Lord Byron lands at Kent from Malta</blockquote>2 October 1809 – the British defeat the French fleet in Zakynthos and capture Kefallonia, Kythera and Zakynthos<br />
<br />
<center><b>1810s</b></center><b>1810</b><br />
10 April 1810–25 March 1811 – Percy Bysshe Shelley at the University College, Oxford<br />
<br />
<b>1811</b><br />
5 February 1811 – the Prince of Wales George becomes the Prince Regent<br />
<br />
25 March 1811 – Percy Bysshe Shelley expelled from Oxford<br />
<br />
<b>1812</b><br />
22 March 1812 – death of Gottfried Wenzel Graf von Purgstall (1773–1812) in Florence<br />
<br />
<b>1813</b><br />
July 1813 – the Prince Regent snubs Beau Brummell at a masquerade ball at Watier’s private club organised by Brummell, Lord Alvanley, Henry Mildmay and Henry Pierrepoint<br />
<br />
<b>1814</b><br />
1814 – Samuel Marsden acquires land at Kerikeri from Hongi Hika for the use of the Church Missionary Society <br />
<br />
1–4 February 1814 – Last Frost Fair held on the Thames in London<br />
<br />
6 April 1814 – Napoleon abdicated his throne<br />
<br />
28 July 1814–13 September 1814 – Percy Bysshe Shelley elopes with Mary Godwin to the Continent, with Claire Clairmont (Clara Mary Jane Clairmont); they travel to France and Switzerland: <blockquote>2–8 August 1814 – Percy and Mary Shelley in Paris at the Hôtel de Vienne<br />
12 August 1814 – Percy and Mary Shelley reach Troyes<br />
16 August 1814 – Percy and Mary Shelley reach Champlitte-et-le-Prélot and spend the night at Gray<br />
19 August 1814 – Percy and Mary Shelley enter Switzerland and stays at Neuchâtel<br />
28–29 August 1814 – Percy and Mary Shelley travel mainly by river, to Basle<br />
2 September 1814 – Percy Shelley, Mary Shelley, and Claire Clairmont reach Mannheim in the morning; unfavourable winds force their boat to moor overnight at Gernsheim: Percy and Mary Shelley walk for 3 hours and possibly see Castle Frankenstein<br />
3 September 1814 – Percy and Mary Shelley reach Mainz <br />
5 September 1814 – Percy and Mary Shelley reach Bonn<br />
5–6 September 1814 – Percy and Mary Shelley drive to Cologne<br />
6–7 September 1814 – Percy and Mary Shelley drive from Cologne to Holland<br />
9 September 1814 – Percy and Mary Shelley sail for England from Rotterdam</BLOCKQUOTE>November 1814–9 June 1815 – the Congress of Vienna held in Vienna under Klemens Wenzel von Metternich<br />
<br />
<b>1815</b><br />
2 January 1815 – Lord Byron marries Annabella Millbanke; their daughter, Ada, was born in December of that year<br />
<br />
6 January 1815 – death of Sir Bysshe Shelley (1st Baronet)<br />
<br />
20 March 1815–8 July 1815 – Hundred Days<br />
<br />
9 June 1815 – signing of treaties of the Congress of Vienna<br />
<br />
18 June 1815 – Battle of Waterloo<br />
<br />
15 July 1815 – Napoleon demands asylum from British Captain Frederick Maitland on the HMS Bellerophon<br />
<br />
1 August 1815 – John William Polidori graduates from the University of Edinburgh with a degree as a doctor of medicine<br />
<br />
16 October 1815 – Napoleon lands at St. Helena<br />
<br />
20 November 1815–21 May 1864 – the British control the Ionian Islands, including Kerkyra (Corfu), Ithaki (Ithaca), Lefkada (Lefkas), Kefalonia (Cephalonia), Zakynthos (Zante), Paxi (Paxos), Kythira (Cythera). Corfu becomes the seat of the British Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands. Chronology:<blockquote>January 1817 – Britain grants the Ionian Islands a new constitution<br />
November 1858–March 1859 – William Ewart Gladstone is Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands<br />
29 March 1864 – representatives of the United Kingdom, Greece, France, and Russia sign the Treaty of London, which pledges the transfer of the Ionian Islands to Greece upon ratification<br />
2 May 1864 – the British leave the Ionian Islands<br />
21 May 1864 – the Ionian Islands officially reunite with Greece.</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1816</b><br />
15 Janaury 1816 – Byron orders his wife to leave their house and she returns to her father’s home<br />
<br />
March–April 1816 – Claire Clairmont’s affair with Byron<br />
<br />
c. 28 March 1816 – Sir William Knighton recommends Polidori to Byron as a doctor<br />
<br />
April 1816 – John William Polidori becomes Byron’s physician<br />
<br />
c. April 1816 – Claire Clairmont pregnant by Byron<br />
<br />
25 April 1816 – Lord Byron left England forever<br />
<br />
c. 17 May 1816 – Shelleys and Claire Clairmont arrive at Hôtel de Sécheron, Geneva<br />
<br />
18 May 1816 – Beau Brummell secretly flees London in the middle of the night to France<br />
<br />
19 May 1816–30 March 1840 – Beau Brummell lives in exile in France<br />
<br />
25 May–28 August 1816 – famous summer at the Villa Diodati by Lake Geneva, Switzerland, where Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mary Shelley and Lord Byron meet: <blockquote>18 May 1816? – Shelleys and Claire Clairmont arrive at Hôtel de Sécheron, Geneva<br />
25 May 1816 – Byron and Polidori arrive in Secheron, near Geneva<br />
27 May 1816 – Byron and Polidori meet Percy Shelley, Mary Shelley and Claire Clairmont on the shore of Lake Geneva<br />
1 June 1816 – Saturday, Shelley group move into the Maison Chapuis, Montalègre, near Cologny<br />
4 June 1816 – Byron and Shelley go the lake with Polidori; Byron and Polidori quarrel<br />
10 June 1816 – Byron and Polidori take up residence at Villa Diodati<br />
night 14–15 June 1816? – the group recounts ghost stories and this is the origin of Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein<br />
15 June 1816 – Polidori sprains his ankle on the wet grass after leaping over a wall at the Villa Diodati<br />
15 June 1816? – night: Polidori and Shelley have a conversation on the principles of life; Mary Shelley dreams about a Frankensein creature<br />
night 14/15 June 1816 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who</i> serial “Haunting of Villa Diodati”<br />
16 June 1816 – Shelley, Mary and Claire dine and sleep at the Villa Diodati<br />
18 June 1816 – Byron recites, according to Polidori’s diary, “some verses of Coleridge’s Christabel”<br />
22/23–30 June 1816 – Percy Shelley and Byron take a boat tour of the Lake of Geneva<br />
23 June 1816 – Polidori goes to town<br />
26 June 1816 – Byron and Percy Shelley to Clarens, and visit the Castle of Chillon<br />
28, 30, 31 June 1816 – Polidori visits Mary Shelley and Claire Clairmont <br />
1 July 1816 – Percy Shelley and Byron return<br />
21–26 July 1816 – Shelleys and Claire take excursion to Chamonix<br />
24 June 1816 – Percy Shelley, Mary and Claire climb glacier of Montanvers in heavy rain<br />
25 June 1816 – Percy Shelley, Mary and Claire climb Montanvers<br />
26–27 July 1816 – Byron and Shelleys travel back from Chamonix to the Lake<br />
27 July 1816 – Percy Shelley, Mary and Claire arrive in the evening at Villa Diodati and see Byron before returning to Maison Chappuis<br />
2 August 1816 – Shelleys go to Geneva to buy a telescope; Percy and Claire Clairmont visit Byron without Mary (Claire pregnant)<br />
3 August 1816 – Shelleys and Claire Clairmont visit Byron in the evening<br />
5–7 August 1816 – Shelleys visit Byron in the evening<br />
9–11 August 1816 – Shelleys visit Byron in the evening<br />
13 August 1816 – Shelleys and Claire Clairmont visit Villa Diodati in the evening<br />
18, 20, 21 August 1816 – Byron visits Maison Chapuis<br />
24 and 25 August 1816 – Byron visits Shelleys<br />
28 August 1816 – Polidori and Byron visit Shelleys<br />
29 August 1816 – Percy and Mary Shelley and Claire Clairmont leave for England<br />
29 August 1816 – Byron, Hobhouse, Davies and Polidori leave for Chamonix</BLOCKQUOTE>night 14/15 June 1816 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who</i> serial “Haunting of Villa Diodati”<br />
<br />
17 September 1816 – Polidori leaves Byron’s service<br />
<br />
29 September 1816 – Byron arrives back at the Villa Diodati<br />
<br />
5 October 1816 – Byron and Hobhouse leave Geneva for Milan<br />
<br />
12 October 1816 – Byron arrives in Milan<br />
<br />
28 October 1816 – John Polidori meets Byron at the La Scala, Milan Opera<br />
<br />
30 December 1816 – Percy Bysshe Shelley and Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin married<br />
<br />
<b>1817</b><br />
7 January 1817 – death of Wenzel Raphael Graf Purgstall (1798–1817), son of Jane Anne Cranstoun (Countess Purgstall)<br />
<br />
<b>1818</b><br />
11 March 1818 – Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mary Shelley, Claire Clairmont, and Claire’s daughter, Allegra, leave England, in order to take Allegra to her father Byron, who had taken up residence in Venice<br />
<br />
March 1818 – Mary Shelley’s novel <i>Frankenstein, or, The modern Prometheus</i> published<br />
<br />
5 May 1818 – Karl Marx born to Heinrich Marx (a middle class lawyer) and Henrietta Pressburg in Trier<br />
<br />
September 1818 – Charles Darwin begins his study as a boarder at the Shrewsbury School, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England<br />
<br />
<b>1819</b><br />
1819–1821 – Lord Byron lived in Ravenna<br />
<br />
23 June 1819–July 1820 – Washington Irving’s <i>The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.</i> (with 34 essays and short stories) published in serial form<br />
<br />
April 1819 – John William Polidori’s short story “The Vampyre” published in <i>New Monthly Magazine</i><br />
<br />
<center><b>1820s</b></center><b>1820</b><br />
1820–1829 – George Gibbs (a horticulturist on Long Island) receives shipments of Zinfandel grapes from Imperial Nursery in Vienna, Austria; arrival of the Zinfandel grape (from Croatian grapes Crljenak Kaštelanski and Tribidrag) in America<br />
<br />
1820–1830s – King George IV renovates The Queen’s House, which becomes Buckingham Palace<br />
<br />
29 January 1820–26 June 1830 – reign of George IV<br />
<br />
15 March 1820 – Washington Irving’s short story “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” published in the sixth installment of <i>The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.</i> (34 essays and short stories)<br />
<br />
July 1820 – London publisher John Murray (with help from Sir Walter Scott) publishes the second volume of Washington Irving’s <i>The Sketch Book</i> (with all stories from the final three American installments, plus three additional essays)<br />
<br />
<b>1821</b><br />
22 February 1821–12 September 1829 – the Greek War of Independence, a war of independence by the Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire <br />
<br />
23 February 1821 – death of John Keats<br />
<br />
5 May 1821 – death of Napoléon Bonaparte on the island of Saint Helena<br />
<br />
24 June 1821 – battle of Carabobo between Venezuelan General Simón Bolívar and the Royalist forces led by Spanish Field Marshal Miguel de la Torre: decisive victory at Carabobo for Bolívar<br />
<br />
24 August 1821 – death of John William Polidori in London probably by suicide by means of prussic acid (cyanide)<br />
<br />
29 October 1821 – Byron leaves Ravenna for Pisa<br />
<br />
1 November 1821 – Byron arrives in Pisa and lives in the Casa Lanfranchi:<blockquote>12 October 1816 – Byron arrives in Milan<br />
10 November 1816 – Byron arrives in Venice<br />
29 April–20 May 1817 – Byron in Rome<br />
3–4 June 1819 – Byron at Ferrara<br />
5–8 June 1819 – Byron at Bologna<br />
10 June 1819 – Byron arrives at Ravenna<br />
24 December 1819 – Byron arrives in Ravenna<br />
29 October 1821 – Byron leaves Ravenna for Pisa<br />
1 November 1821 – Byron arrives in Pisa<br />
22 May 1822 – Byron moves to Montenero (Villa Dupuy, or Villa Rossa)<br />
July 1822 – Byron returns to Pisa<br />
8 July 1822 – Percy Bysshe Shelley drowned in the Gulf of Spezia<br />
September 1822 – Byron leaves Pisa for Genoa<br />
16 July 1823 – Byron left Genoa for Greece</blockquote><b>1822</b><br />
1822 – Riegersburg Castle bought by Sovereign Johann Josef von Liechtenstein<br />
<br />
8 July 1822 – Percy Bysshe Shelley drowned in the Gulf of Spezia while returning from Leghorn (Livorno)<br />
<br />
15 September 1822 – Claire Clairmont leaves Genoa for Vienna:<blockquote>September 1822–22 March 1823 – Claire Clairmont lives in Vienna with her brother Charles Clairmont<br />
c. March 1823–1825 – Claire Clairmont in Russia as a governess<br />
1825–1828 – Claire Clairmont in Russia as a governess<br />
1829 – Claire Clairmont moves to Dresden as a governess<br />
1836–1841 – Claire Clairmont returns to England<br />
1841 – Claire Clairmont moves to Pisa<br />
1 February 1851 – death of Mary Shelley at Chester Square<br />
1859 – Claire Clairmont moves to Florence, Italy<br />
1870–19 March 1879 – Claire Clairmont lives in Florence</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1823</b><br />
16 July 1823 – Byron left Genoa for Greece<br />
<br />
<b>1824</b><br />
1824 – Marx was baptised as a Christian <br />
<br />
19 April 1824 – death of Lord Byron<br />
<br />
<b>1825</b><br />
1 March 1825 – marriage of Basil Hall and Margaret Congalton<br />
<br />
c. August–September 1825 – fictional date of Alexandre Dumas’ novella “The Pale Lady”<br />
<br />
October 1825–April 1827 – Charles Darwin studies medicine at Edinburgh University<br />
<br />
<b>1826</b><br />
1826 – University of Ingolstadt moved to Munich by King Ludwig I (with new name Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich)<br />
<br />
<b>1827</b><br />
July 1827 – Charles Darwin returns to Shrewsbury, Shropshire, from France<br />
<br />
12 August 1827 – death of William Blake at Fountain Court off the Strand<br />
<br />
5 October 1827 – Charles Darwin accepted into Christ’s College, Cambridge; Darwin does not come into residence in Cambridge until 26 January 1828<br />
<br />
<b>1828</b><br />
January 1828–June 1831 – Charles Darwin at Christ’s College, Cambridge<br />
<br />
25 January 1828 – death of Lady Caroline Lamb (wife of the Hon. William Lamb, Viscount Melbourne)<br />
<br />
<b>1829</b><br />
6 February 1829 – Champagne house Renaudin Bollinger founded in in Aÿ by Hennequin de Villermont, Paul Levieux Renaudin and Jacques Bollinger; label did not become “Bollinger” until the 1960s<br />
<br />
<center><b>1830s</b></center><b>1830</b><br />
1830–1835 – Marx attended Trier High School<br />
<br />
26 June 1830–20 June 1837 – reign of William IV (son of George III)<br />
<br />
<b>1831</b><br />
27 December 1831–2 October 1836 – the famous voyage of the Beagle of Charles Darwin<blockquote>27 December 1831 – Charles Darwin sets sail from Devonport, Plymouth<br />
23 July–10 November 1834 – Charles Darwin visits Valparaiso<br />
5 April–25 June 1832 – Charles Darwin visits Rio de Janeiro<br />
26 July 1832 – Charles Darwin visits Montevideo<br />
March 1833 – Charles Darwin visits the Falklands Islands<br />
January 1834 – Charles Darwin visits the Strait of Magellan<br />
March 1834 – Charles Darwin visits the Falklands Islands<br />
May–June 1834 – Charles Darwin visits the Strait of Magellan<br />
15 September–20 October 1835 – Charles Darwin visits Galapagos Islands<br />
15–26 November 1835 – Charles Darwin visits Tahiti<br />
21–30 December 1835 – Charles Darwin visits the Bay of Islands in the north island of New Zealand<br />
12–30 January 1836 – Charles Darwin visits Sydney, Australia<br />
15–17 February 1836 – Charles Darwin visits Hobart, Tasmania<br />
6–14 March 1836 – Charles Darwin visits King George Sound, Western Australia<br />
1–12 April 1836 – Charles Darwin visits Cocos Keeling Islands<br />
24 April–9 May 1836 – Charles Darwin visits Mauritius<br />
31 May–15 June 1836 – Charles Darwin visits Cape of Good Hope, South Africa<br />
8–14 July 1836 – Charles Darwin visits St Helena<br />
19–23 July 1836 – Charles Darwin visits Ascension Island<br />
1–6 August 1836 – Charles Darwin visits Bahia<br />
20–24 September 1836 – Charles Darwin visits Azores<br />
2 October 1836 – Charles Darwin arrives back in England at Falmouth, Cornwall</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1832</b><br />
May 1832 – the British Foreign Secretary Palmerston convenes the London Conference of 1832 that decides that Greece should be a monarchy<br />
<br />
27 May 1832 – beginning of the reign of Otto of Greece:<blockquote><b>Kings of Greece</b><br />
27 May 1832 – 23 October 1862 – Otto of Greece (deposed)<br />
1834 – Athens becomes the capital of independent Greece<br />
30 March 1863 – 18 March 1913 – George I of Greece</BLOCKQUOTE>30 August 1832 – the borders of Greece confirmed in the London Protocol signed by the Great Powers<br />
<br />
21 September 1832 – death of Sir Walter Scott of typhus at Abbotsford, Scotland<br />
<br />
<b>1833</b><br />
28 August 1833 – Slavery Abolition Act 1833 abolished slavery throughout the British Empire (expanding the jurisdiction of the Slave Trade Act 1807), making the purchase or ownership of slaves illegal within the British Empire, with the exception “of the Territories in the Possession of the East India Company,” Ceylon, and Saint Helena<br />
<br />
<b>1834</b><br />
January 1834 – Charles Darwin visits the Strait of Magellan<br />
<br />
March 1834 – Charles Darwin visits the Falklands Islands<br />
<br />
April 1834 – Basil Hall and his wife Margaret Congalton in Naples<br />
<br />
10 June 1834–5 February 1881 – Thomas Carlyle moves into 5 (now 24) Cheyne Row, Chelsea:<blockquote>1831 – the Carlyles move to London, settling initially in lodgings at 4 (now 33) Ampton Street, Kings Cross<br />
1837 – Thomas Carlyle publishes <i>The French Revolution: A History</i><br />
5 February 1881 – death of Thomas Carlyle</blockquote>25 July 1834 – death of Samuel Taylor Coleridge in Highgate, London as a result of heart failure:<blockquote>1800 – Coleridge returns to England and lives in Greta Hall, Keswick, Lake District of Cumberland<br />
1807–1808 – Coleridge returns to Malta and then travelled in Sicily and Italy<br />
1814–April 1816 – Samuel Taylor Coleridge lives in Calne, Wiltshire<br />
April 1816–25 July 1834 – Coleridge lives in Highgate homes, north of London</BLOCKQUOTE>September 1834–March 1835 – Basil Hall and Margaret Congalton visit Jane Anne Cranstoun (Countess Purgstall and widow of Gottfried Wenzel von Purgstall) at Schloss Hainfeld, near Feldback, lower Styria, forty miles from Gratz<br />
<br />
16 October 1834 – fire destroys Palace of Westminster including both Houses of Parliament and most buildings except Westminster Hall<br />
<br />
14 November–10 December 1834 – Arthur Wellesley (1st Duke of Wellington) is UK Prime Minister<br />
<br />
<b>1835</b><br />
1835–1836 – Marx attended the University of Bonn to study law<br />
<br />
2 March 1835 – death of Francis I (Emperor of Austria) in Vienna<br />
<br />
2 March 1835–2 December 1848 – Ferdinand I is Emperor of Austria<br />
<br />
23 March 1835 – death of Jane Anne Cranstoun (Countess Purgstall)<br />
<br />
c. March 1835 – Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall inherits the estates of the Countess Purgstall<br />
<br />
18 April 1835–30 August 1841 – William Lamb (2nd Viscount Melbourne) is UK Prime Minister (Whig)<br />
<br />
15 September–20 October 1835 – Charles Darwin visits Galapagos Islands<br />
<br />
15–26 November 1835 – Charles Darwin visits Tahiti<br />
<br />
21–30 December 1835 – Charles Darwin visits the Bay of Islands in the north island of New Zealand<br />
<br />
<b>1836</b><br />
1836 – before leaving for Berlin Marx became engaged to Jenny von Westphalen <br />
<br />
1836–1840 – Marx attended the University of Berlin and joined the Young Hegelians<br />
<br />
12–30 January 1836 – Charles Darwin visits Sydney, Australia<br />
<br />
15–17 February 1836 – Charles Darwin visits Hobart, Tasmania<br />
<br />
23 February–6 March 1836 – battle of the Alamo: after a 13-day siege, Mexican troops under President General Antonio López de Santa Anna launch assault on the Alamo Mission near San Antonio de Béxar, killing the Texian defenders<br />
<br />
6–14 March 1836 – Charles Darwin visits King George Sound, Western Australia<br />
<br />
1–12 April 1836 – Charles Darwin visits Cocos Keeling Islands<br />
<br />
21 April 1836 – Texian army defeats the Mexican Army at the Battle of San Jacinto <br />
<br />
24 April–9 May 1836 – Charles Darwin visits Mauritius<br />
<br />
8–14 July 1836 – Charles Darwin visits St Helena<br />
<br />
19–23 July 1836 – Charles Darwin visits Ascension Island<br />
<br />
1–6 August 1836 – Charles Darwin visits Bahia<br />
<br />
c. September 1836 – Basil Hall’s <i>A Winter in Lower Styria</i> published<br />
<br />
20–24 September 1836 – Charles Darwin visits Azores<br />
<br />
2 October 1836 – Charles Darwin arrives back in England at Falmouth, Cornwall<br />
<br />
<b>1837</b><br />
1837 – Marx was a follower of Hegel and neglected his studies, all to his father’s intense disapproval<br />
<br />
6 March 1837 – Charles Darwin moves from Cambridge to 36 Great Marlborough Street, London<br />
<br />
March 1837–September 1842 – Charles Darwin lives at 36 Great Marlborough Street, London (March 1837–January 1839), and 12 Upper Gower Street in London (January 1839–September 1842)<br />
<br />
20 June 1837 – accession of Queen Victoria (reigned from 1837–1901)<br />
<br />
20 June 1837–22 January 1901 – reign of Queen Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria, 24 May 1819–22 January 1901), Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland<br />
<br />
20 June 1837–18 November 1851 – Ernest Augustus (German: Ernst August, 5 June 1771–18 November 1851) is King of Hanover (5th son of King George III, and from 1799 Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale)<br />
<br />
c. June 1837 – Buckingham Palace becomes the London residence of Victoria<br />
<br />
c. June 1837 – Melbourne given a private apartment at Windsor Castle as tutor of Victoria<br />
<br />
20 June 1837 – Hanover separated from kingdom of England<br />
<br />
28 June 1837 – King Ernest of Hanover enters his new domain<br />
<br />
<b>1838</b><br />
1838 – Marx visited his family in Trier to find his father on his death bed<br />
<br />
8 April 1838 – the National Gallery building (designed by William Wilkins) in Trafalgar Square first opens to the public in London; neoclassical facade of the National Gallery faces onto in Trafalgar Square<br />
<br />
28 June 1838 – coronation of Queen Victoria <br />
<br />
c. 28 September 1838 – Charles Darwin reads Malthus’s <i>Essay on the Principle of Population</i><br />
<br />
<b>1839</b><br />
29 January 1839 – Charles Darwin and Emma Wedgwood married at Maer; they move to 12 Upper Gower Street in London<br />
<br />
March 1839–October 1842 – the First Anglo-Afghan War between British India and the Emirate of Afghanistan:<blockquote>December 1838 – the Army of the Indus under John Keane (1st Baron Keane) set out from Punjab<br />
25 April–27 June 1839 – the army set up camp at Kandahar<br />
22 July 1839 – British forces capture the fortress of Ghazni<br />
August 1839 – Shuja Shah Durrani enthroned in Kabul<br />
April–October 1841 – Afghan tribes north of the Hindu Kush mountains rebel<br />
1 January 1842 – British garrison withdraws from Kabul; army attacked as it withdraws through snowbound passes<br />
spring 1842 – Akbar Khan defeated near Jalalabad<br />
August 1842 – General Nott advances from Kandahar and seizes Ghazni<br />
September 1842 – British forces defeat all opposition and occupy Kabul<br />
c. October 1842 – British forces withdraw from Afghanistan.</BLOCKQUOTE>3 May 1839 – Jamaica Government Bill in the House of Commons<br />
<br />
7 May 1839 – Jamaica Government Bill (opposed by Peel) carried by only five votes in the Commons<br />
<br />
7 May 1839 – the Bedchamber Crisis: Lord Melbourne wishes to resign as Prime Minister after a bill was passed by a very narrow margin of only 5 votes in the House of Commons; Victoria asked the Duke of Wellington to form a new government, and then Conservative leader Robert Peel; Peel accepts on the condition that Victoria dismiss some of her Ladies of the Bedchamber; she refused the request, and Melbourne was stays on as Prime Minister<br />
<br />
22 July 1839 – British forces capture the fortress of Ghazni<br />
<br />
October 1839 – Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha returns to England to visit Victoria <br />
<br />
15 October 1839 – Victoria proposes to Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg<br />
<br />
3 November 1839–29 August 1842 – First Opium War fought between the UK and the Qing dynasty of China<br />
<br />
late 1839 – Marx embarked on his Doctoral dissertation called <i>The Difference between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature</i> <br />
<br />
<center><b>1840s</b></center><b>1840</b><br />
1840 – reconstruction of the Palace of Westminster began; Lords Chamber completed 15 April 1847; Commons Chamber first used 30 May 1850 and permanently occupied from 3 February 1852<br />
<br />
1840–1844 – Francis Galton studies mathematics at Trinity College, University of Cambridge<br />
<br />
14 January 1840–3 May 1841 – Captain William Hobson is Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand under Governor of New South Wales<br />
<br />
6 February 1840 – signing of the Treaty of Waitangi by British Crown and various Māori chiefs from the North Island of New Zealand<br />
<br />
10 February 1840 – wedding of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (later Prince Consort) at Chapel Royal, St. James’s Palace, London:<blockquote><b>Queen’s Private Secretary</b><br />
1837–1840 – Viscount Melbourne (informal)<br />
1840–1861 – Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg (informal)<br />
1861–1866 – Sir Charles Phipps<br />
1861–1870 – Sir Charles Grey<br />
1870–1895 – Sir Henry Ponsonby<br />
1895–1901 – Sir Arthur Bigge</BLOCKQUOTE>30 March 1840 – Beau Brummell dies insane from syphilis at Le Bon Sauveur Asylum, Caen<br />
<br />
May 1840 – formation of the British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, with Samuel Cunard (1787–1865) as leading manager<br />
<br />
May 1840 – Captain William Hobson (appointed as Lieutenant-Governor over New Zealand as acquired from the Māori chiefs) proclaims British sovereignty over the South Island of New Zealand<br />
<br />
1 June 1840 – Buxton’s Society for the Extinction of the Slave Trade and for the Civilisation of Africa holds its first anniversary meeting at Exeter Hall, The Strand, London, under its new president, Prince Albert<br />
<br />
10 June 1840 – Edward Oxford shot at Albert and Queen Victoria hundred yards from Buckingham Palace in Hyde Park<br />
<br />
October 1840–June 1844 – Francis Galton attends Trinity College, Cambridge<br />
<br />
21 November 1840 – birth of Queen Victoria’s daughter Victoria (21 November 1840–5 August 1901), wife of German Emperor Frederick III and mother of Wilhelm II<br />
<br />
<b>1841</b><br />
April 1841 – Marx was awarded his PhD from the University of Jena called <i>The Difference between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature</i><br />
<br />
April–October 1841 – Afghan tribes north of the Hindu Kush mountains rebel<br />
<br />
June 1841 – Marx returned to Trier, and had firm plans to be an academic, but the Prussian state had entered a period of pronounced hostility to the Young Hegelians<br />
<br />
21 June 1841 – launch of HMS Trafalgar at Woolwich Dockyard, London<br />
<br />
29 June–22 July 1841 – United Kingdom general election 1841:<blockquote><b>Party | Seats</b><br />
Conservative | 367<br />
Whig | 271<br />
Irish Repeal | 20</BLOCKQUOTE>30 August 1841 – William Lamb (2nd Viscount Melbourne) leaves office as UK Prime Minister (Whig)<br />
<br />
30 August 1841–29 June 1846 – Sir Robert Peel (2nd Baronet) is UK Prime Minister (Conservative)<br />
<br />
October 1841–c. May 1845 – Edward Augustus Freeman at Trinity College, Oxford; graduates with a second class in <i>literae humaniores</i><br />
<br />
9 November 1841 – birth of Edward VII (Albert Edward) in Buckingham Palace<br />
<br />
<b>1842</b><br />
1842 – Marx moved to Cologne in 1842, and became a journalist, often writing for <i>Rheinische Zeitung</i><br />
<br />
1 January 1842 – British garrison withdraws from Kabul; army attacked as it withdraws through snowbound passes<br />
<br />
May 1842 – Queen Victoria shot at by John Francis while riding in her carriage<br />
<br />
18 June 1842 – Richard Francis Burton sails for India<br />
<br />
29 August 1842 – signing of the Treaty of Nanking (or Nanjing), a peace treaty which ended the First Opium War (1839–42) between the UK and the Qing dynasty (effective 26 June 1843)<br />
<br />
September 1842 – Queen Victoria and Prince Albert visit Edinburgh<br />
<br />
14 September 1842 – Charles Darwin and his family move to Down house (at Down now renamed Downe), Kent<br />
<br />
23 September 1842 – Baroness Louise Lehzen leaves for Germany <br />
<br />
October 1842–February 1843 – Marx is the informal editor of the <i>Rheinische Zeitung</i><br />
<br />
October 1842 – Luigi Federico Menabrea writes a paper on Babbage’s difference engine in a Swiss academic journal <br />
<br />
October 1842 – Richard Francis Burton arrives in India<br />
<br />
October 1842–March 1849 – Richard Francis Burton in India<br />
<br />
<b>1843</b><br />
1843–1845 – Marx embarks on a reading of political economy, and in particular the works of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and James Mill in French translation, Jean-Baptiste Say and Wilhelm Schulz<br />
<br />
2 January 1843 – premiere of Richard Wagner’s opera <i>The Flying Dutchman</i> at the Semper Oper in Dresden<br />
<br />
20 January 1843 – Daniel McNaughton shoots Edward Drummond (Private Secretary to Robert Peel) in assassination attempt on Sir Robert Peel<br />
<br />
21 March 1843 – death of Robert Southey in Greta Hall, Keswick, Lake District:<blockquote>September 1803–21 March 1843 – Robert Southey lives in Greta Hall, Keswick, Lake District</blockquote>April 1843 – the <i>Rheinische Zeitung</i> was banned by the government and ceased publication<br />
<br />
21 April 1843 – death of Prince Augustus Frederick (Duke of Sussex), uncle of Queen Victoria<br />
<br />
25 April 1843 – launching of the HMY Victoria and Albert, the first royal yacht to be steam powered<br />
<br />
19 June 1843 – Marx marries Jenny von Westphalen<br />
<br />
August 1843 – Lady Lovelace’s translation of Menabrea’s paper is published with extensive notes of her own in <i>Taylor’s Scientific Memoirs</i> as “Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage”<br />
<br />
2–7 September 1843 – Queen Victoria travels to the Château d’Eu, France to visit Louis Philippe I<br />
<br />
October 1843–April 1845 – Marx moves to Paris and writes for the <i>Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher</i> (<i>German-French Annals</i>) and then <i>Vorwärts!</i> (<i>Forward!</i>)<br />
<br />
<b>1844</b><br />
29 January 1844 – death of Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (ruled 9 December 1806–1844), father of prince Albert<br />
<br />
29 January 1844–22 August 1893 – Ernest II (brother of Prince Albert) is Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha<br />
<br />
February 1844 – the <i>Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher</i> publishes Marx’s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critique_of_Hegel%27s_Philosophy_of_Right">“A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right,”</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Jewish_Question">“On the Jewish Question.”</a><br />
<br />
28 August 1844 – Marx meets Friedrich Engels in Paris<br />
<br />
1844 – Marx wrote extended papers running to about 50,000 words called the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_and_Philosophic_Manuscripts_of_1844">“Paris Manuscripts” or “Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844,”</a> which were only published well after his death in 1927<br />
<br />
September 1844 – Queen Victoria and Albert stay at Blair Castle, Perthshire for three weeks lent to them by Lord Glenlyon <br />
<br />
11 September 1844 – death of Basil Hall at the Royal Hospital Haslar, Portsmouth<br />
<br />
23 October 1844 – death of Samuel Tertius Galton, father of Francis Galton<br />
<br />
<b>1845</b><br />
1845–1847 – Marx and Engels wrote <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_German_Ideology"><i>The German Ideology</i></a>, but this was never published in Marx’s lifetime<br />
<br />
1845–1847 – Marx lives in Brussels in Belgium<br />
<br />
January 1845 – the Prussian government demanded Marx’s expulsion and the French government agreed to this<br />
<br />
February 1845 – Marx and Engels publish <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holy_Family_%28book%29"><i>The Holy Family</i></a> in Frankfort<br />
<br />
April 1845 – Marx moves from Paris to Brussels<br />
<br />
April 1845 – Helene “Lenchen” Demuth (1820–1890), a von Westphalen family servant, joined Marx’s household as a housekeeper and maid<br />
<br />
19 May 1845 – Edward Augustus Freeman elected fellow of Trinity College, Oxford<br />
<br />
July 1845 – Marx and Engels visit Britain<br />
<br />
September 1845–1852 – the Great Famine in Ireland (Irish Potato Famine), a period of mass starvation, disease, and emigration in Ireland between 1845 and 1849, in which 1 million people died and a million more emigrated from Ireland (with population fall of 20–25%)<br />
<br />
October 1845 – Queen Victoria and Prince Albert buy Osborne House on the Isle of Wight from Lady Isabella Blachford<br />
<br />
1845–1851 – construction of new Osborne House in the style of the Italian Renaissance<br />
<br />
October 1845–November 1846 – Francis Galton visits Egypt, Berber, Khartoum, Cairo, Alexandria, Beirut, Damascus, Jerusalem, Jordan valley<br />
<br />
<b>1846</b><br />
1846 – Marx and Engels formed the Communist Correspondence Committee of Brussels<br />
<br />
25 April 1846–3 February 1848 – Mexican–American War, between the US and Mexico after the 1845 American annexation of the independent Republic of Texas<br />
<br />
15 May 1846 – third reading of Peel’s Bill of Repeal (Importation Act 1846) passes by 327 votes to 229 (a majority of 98) to repeal the Corn Laws<br />
<br />
30 June 1846–21 February 1852 – John Russell (1st Earl Russell) is UK Prime Minister (Whig and Liberal)<br />
<br />
<b>1847</b><br />
13 April 1847 – Edward Augustus Freeman marries Eleanor Gutch (1818–1903), daughter the Reverend Robert Gutch, at Seagrave, Leicestershire; he loses his fellowship<br />
<br />
15 April 1847 – Lords Chamber first occupied in the completed Palace of Westminster<br />
<br />
May 1847 – the British Government agreed to take over the debts of the New Zealand Company and to buy out their interests in the Colony<br />
<br />
June 1847 – the London-based “League of the Just” held a meeting in London in which it decided to merge with Marx and Engels’ Communist Corresponding Committee. The new organisation was called the “Communist League” (1847–1852)<br />
<br />
4 June 1847 – present Whitby station built by York and North Midland Railway (prior station opened in 8 June 1835)<br />
<br />
July 1847 – Marx publishes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Poverty_of_Philosophy"><i>The Poverty of Philosophy</i></a> in French, an attack on Pierre-Joseph Proudhon’s <i>The System of Economic Contradictions, or The Philosophy of Poverty</i>. Marx also set out his materialist view of history in this work, in which he had moved on from both Hegel and Ludwig von Feuerbach<br />
<br />
December 1847–January 1848 – Marx and Engels write <i>The Communist Manifesto</i> <br />
<br />
<b>1848</b><br />
1848–1849 – Marx in Cologne<br />
<br />
February 1848 – Prince Albert acquires the lease on Balmoral, together with its furniture and staff<br />
<br />
21 February 1848 – <i>The Communist Manifesto</i> first published <br />
<br />
22 February–2 December 1848 – 1848 Revolution in France (February Revolution) ends the Orléans monarchy (1830–1848) followed by French Second Republic:<blockquote>23 February 1848 – Prime Minister Guizot resigns<br />
24 February 1848 – Louis Philippe I abdicates in favour of his nine-year-old grandson, Philippe, comte de Paris<br />
26 February 1848 – the liberal opposition organises a provisional government; Second Republic proclaimed<br />
10 December 1848 – Louis Napoléon Bonaparte was elected President<br />
2 December 1852 – Louis Napoléon Bonaparte becomes emperor</BLOCKQUOTE>March 1848 – Belgium expels Marx after putting him in jail for a night <br />
<br />
23 March 1848–24 March 1849 – First Italian War of Independence fought between the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Austrian Empire <br />
<br />
1848 – Marx in France<br />
<br />
15 March 1848–4 October 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 <br />
<br />
23 March 1848 – the first settler ship the <i>John Wickliffe</i> arrives in Port Chalmers<br />
<br />
27 March 1848 – foundation of the Canterbury Association (1848–1853), which is incorporated by Royal Charter on 13 November 1849; this was led by Edward Gibbon Wakefield and John Robert Godley. Wakefield was involved in the New Zealand Company, which by that time had already established four other colonies in New Zealand<br />
<br />
April 1848 – Marx moved to Cologne<br />
<br />
10 April 1848 – Chartist march in London to Kennington Common<br />
<br />
15 April 1848 – the second settler ship the <i>Philip Laing</i> arrives in Port Chalmers, New Zealand<br />
<br />
1 May 1848 – election of the Frankfurt Parliament held from 18 May 1848 to 31 May 1849, in the Paulskirche at Frankfurt am Main<br />
<br />
summer c. 1848–1850s – fictional date of Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu’s novel <i>Carmilla</i> (or c. 1846)<br />
<br />
29 June 1848 – Edward Augustus Freeman leaves Oxford<br />
<br />
July 1848–c. August 1855 – Edward Augustus Freeman lives in the Oaklands, valley of the Cam, Dursley, Gloucestershire<br />
<br />
September 1848 – there was an insurrection in Cologne but this was suppressed by the Prussians and the <i>Neue Rheinische Zeitung</i> was shut down in October<br />
<br />
September 1848 – Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood founded at the home of John Millais’s parents on Gower Street, London by John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and William Holman Hunt<br />
<br />
8 September 1848 – Queen Victoria travels to Aberdeen on the royal yacht<br />
<br />
18 September 1848 – Queen Victoria first visits Balmoral<br />
<br />
24 November 1848 – death of William Lamb (2nd Viscount Melbourne) at Brocket Hall, Hertfordshire<br />
<br />
2 December 1848–21 November 1916 – reign of Franz Joseph, Emperor of Austria<br />
<br />
<b>1849</b><br />
February 1849 – Marx was indicted for incitement to rebellion in Cologne, but in a trial was acquitted <br />
<br />
March 1849 – Richard Francis Burton sails from Bombay<br />
<br />
19 May 1849 – Marx left Cologne<br />
<br />
29 July 1849 – Max Nordau born in Pest (with the name Simon Maximilian, or Simcha Südfeld)<br />
<br />
August 1849 – Queen Victoria and Albert visit to Ireland in the royal yacht<br />
<br />
27 or 28 August 1849 – Marx arrived in London <br />
<br />
12 November 1849 – Engels arrived in London<br />
<br />
1849–1883 – Marx lives in London<br />
<br />
<b>1850</b><br />
1850 – Marx had an affair with Helene “Lenchen” Demuth (1820–1890) and an illegitimate son Frederick Demuth was born in 1851<br />
<br />
January 1850 – Britain blockades Athens to force Greece to settle Pacifico’s claims<br />
<br />
January 1850 – Royal Commission formed to organise the Great Exhibition with Prince Albert as the chair, Lord John Russell, Peel, Henry Labouchere (President of the Board of Trade), architects Barry and Cubitt<br />
<br />
5 April 1850–April 1852 –Francis Galton visits Cape Town, Walfish Bay (August 1850), Barmen, Lake Omanbonde, Damaraland, Barmen (August 1851), Tounobis, Walfish Bay<br />
<br />
8 May–2 December 1850 – Marx lived at 64 Dean Street, Soho<br />
<br />
30 May 1850 – Commons Chamber first used completed Palace of Westminster; permanently occupied from 3 February 1852<br />
<br />
June 1850 – Marx acquired an admission card to the library of the British Museum<br />
<br />
25 June 1850 – Lord Palmerston’s speech to Parliament on the Don Pacifico affair (using the phrase Civis romanus sum)<br />
<br />
2 July 1850 – death of Sir Robert Peel<br />
<br />
c. November 1850 – Engels moves to Manchester to serve as a clerk in his father’s business Ermen and Engels<br />
<br />
December 1850–September 1856 – Marx family lives at 28 Dean Street, Soho<br />
<br />
December 1850–August 1864 – Taiping Rebellion, civil war in China between the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom under Hong Xiuquan<br />
<br />
16 December 1850 – first ships of settlers arrived in Canterbury, New Zealand<br />
<br />
<center><b>1850s</b></center><b>1851</b><br />
12 February 1851 – Edward Hargraves discovers gold at Ophir, Lewis Ponds Creek, tributary of the Macquarie River, Bathurst<br />
<br />
April 1851 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
1 May–11 October 1851 – Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations or The Great Exhibition, in the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London<br />
<br />
14 May 1851–c. 1880 – New South Wales gold rush starting in the Macquarie River, Bathurst<br />
<br />
23 June 1851 – Marx’s illegitimate child Henry Frederick was born <br />
<br />
October 1851–July 1853 – William Stanley Jevons at University College, London; he leaves without degree<br />
<br />
November 1851 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
<b>1852</b><br />
26 May–26 June 1852 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
1852 – Marx published <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eighteenth_Brumaire_of_Louis_Napoleon"><i> The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon</i></a>, an analysis of the French revolution of 1848 and the rise of the emperor Louis Napoleon III<br />
<br />
3 February 1852 – Commons Chamber permanently occupied in the completed Palace of Westminster<br />
<br />
June 1852 – Albert buys Balmoral for £32,000<br />
<br />
30 June 1852 – New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, which grants self-government to the Colony of New Zealand<br />
<br />
14 September 1852 – death of Arthur Wellesley (1 May 1769–14 September 1852; 1st Duke of Wellington) at Walmer Castle in Deal<br />
<br />
October–November 1852 – the Cologne communist trial saw a number of the members of the Communist league connected with Marx and Willich jailed as seditious revolutionaries, and Marx agreed to the dissolution of the league<br />
<br />
18 November 1852 – state funeral of the Duke of Wellington, buried in a sarcophagus of luxulyanite in St Paul’s Cathedral next to Lord Nelson<br />
<br />
27 November 1852 – death of Ada Lovelace (Augusta Ada King-Noel, Countess of Lovelace) from uterine cancer <br />
<br />
20 December 1852 – Lower Burma was formally annexed by the British empire<br />
<br />
<b>1853</b><br />
2 February 1853 – Edward Gibbon Wakefield arrives in Christchurch; after a month goes to Wellington<br />
<br />
6 July–September 1853 – Richard Francis Burton’s journey to Suez (July), Yambu (18 July), Medina, Mecca (11–12 September 1853), Jeddah (26 September)<br />
<br />
1 August 1853 – marriage of Francis Galton and Louisa Jane Butler (1822–1897) <br />
<br />
August 1853–c. spring 1854 – Francis Galton and Louisa Jane Butler visit Switzerland, Florence, and Rome<br />
<br />
October 1853–30 March 1856 – Crimean war<br />
<br />
1853–1862 – Marx turned to journalism in papers in England, the US, Prussia, Austria and South Africa, but mostly in the <i>New York Tribune</i><br />
<br />
30 April–May 1853 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
<b>1854</b><br />
1854 – Marx befriended by David Urquhart (1805–1877)<br />
<br />
1854–1862 – Alfred Russel Wallace travels through the Malay Archipelago or East Indies<br />
<br />
February 1854 – Karl von Wachsmann’s short story “The Mysterious Stranger” first appeared in translation in England in <i>Chambers’s Repository</i> <br />
<br />
18 April 1854–April 1862 – Alfred Russel Wallace travels through the Malay Archipelago or East Indies<br />
<br />
2 May 1854–1858 – Samuel Butler at St John, Cambridge<br />
<br />
24 May 1854 – 12 noon: 1st New Zealand Parliament opened in Auckland<br />
<br />
29 June 1854 – William Stanley Jevons sails from Britain to Sydney, Australia<br />
<br />
September 1854 – Richard Francis Burton first meets John Hanning Speke in Aden<br />
<br />
6 October 1854–March 1859 – William Stanley Jevons in Australia as assayer to the new mint; Hunter River (May 1865); Wollongong (April 1857); Melbourne (March 1859)<br />
<br />
29 October 1854–9 February 1855 – Richard Francis Burton makes an expedition to Harar (in present-day Ethiopia)<br />
<br />
<b>1855</b><br />
2 March 1855–13 March 1881 – reign of Alexander II of Russia<br />
<br />
April 1855 – Marx’s son Edgar died<br />
<br />
16 April–May 1855 – Marx and his wife visit Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
15 May–15 November 1855 – the Exposition Universelle of 1855, held in the Palais de l’Industrie, the Champs-Élysées in Paris<br />
<br />
June–30 September 1855 – Richard Francis Burton rejoins the army and travels to the Crimea to fight in the Crimean War<br />
<br />
c. August 1855–June 1860 – Edward Augustus Freeman lives in Llanrumney Hall, Cardiff<br />
<br />
September–c.November 1855 – Marx and his wife visit Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
15 September 1855 – Edward Gibbon Wakefield retired from the Hutt seat and leaves political life<br />
<br />
<b>1856</b><br />
1856–1863 – pea plant experiments conducted by Gregor Johann Mendel (20 July 1822–6 January 1884) on the rules of heredity at the Augustinian St Thomas’s Abbey in Brno, Margraviate of Moravia<br />
<br />
29 September 1856–April 1864 – Marx family lives at 9 Grafton Terrace, Haverstock Hill, Kentish Town<blockquote>8 May–2 December 1850 – Marx family lives at 64 Dean Street, Soho <br />
December 1850–September 1856 – Marx family lives at 28 Dean Street, Soho<br />
29 September 1856–April 1864 – Marx family lives at 9 Grafton Terrace, Haverstock Hill, Kentish Town<br />
March 1864–March 1875 – Marx family lives at 1 Modena Villas (now 1 Maitland Park) in North London<br />
March 1875–14 March 1883 – Marx lives at 41 Maitland Park Road (44 Maitland Street) until he died</BLOCKQUOTE>1856–1859 – the Second Opium War <br />
<br />
6 May 1856 – birth of Sigmund Freud <br />
<br />
c. July 1856 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
8 October 1856–24 October 1860 – Second Anglo-Chinese War (the Arrow War, or the Anglo-French expedition to China), a war between the United Kingdom (with the French Empire) and the Qing dynasty of China<br />
<br />
23 November 1856 – death of Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (Austrian orientalist and historian) in Vienna<br />
<br />
<b>1857</b><br />
1857 – Francis Galton and his wife move to 42 Rutland Gate, where he lives until his death in 1911<br />
<br />
27 June 1857–February 1859 – John Hanning Speke and Richard Francis Burton set out from Zanzibar and discover Lake Tanganyika February 1858) and Lake Victoria, the source of the Nile<br />
<br />
1857 – UK recession <br />
<br />
1857–1858 – Marx writes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundrisse"><i>Grundrisse der Kritik der Politischen Ökonomie</i> (<i>Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy</i>)</a>, which were not even published until 1939<br />
<br />
May 1857–June 1858 – Indian mutiny <br />
<br />
2 May 1857 – the Reading Room extension of the British Library officially opened; from 8–16 May, the library was opened for a special public viewing<br />
<br />
<b>1858</b><br />
31 January 1858 – launch of the SS Great Eastern at the Isle of Dogs, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel<br />
<br />
1 May–c. late May 1858 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
1 July 1858 – papers by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace on natural selection are read to the Linnean Society of London<br />
<br />
23 July 1858 – UK parliament passes Jewish Relief Act, which allows Jews to enter Parliament<br />
<br />
2 August 1858 – Government of India Act 1858, the company was formally dissolved and its ruling powers over India were transferred to the British Crown<br />
<br />
27 October 1858 – Theodore Roosevelt born at East 20th Street in New York City, New York<br />
<br />
autumn 1858–spring 1859 – Samuel Butler moves to Heddon Street, London, to work as an assistant to Reverend Philip Perring<br />
<br />
<b>1859</b><br />
March–September 1859 – William Stanley Jevons returns to Britain via Peru, Panama, Havana, and the United States<br />
<br />
June 1859 – Marx published <i>A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy</i><br />
<br />
c.June–July 1859 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels and Dundee to see Peter Imandt and Heise<br />
<br />
9 June 1859 – emergence of the British Liberal Party. <b>British Prime Ministers</b>:<blockquote><b>Liberal</b><br />
12 June 1859–18 October 1865 – Henry John Temple (3rd Viscount Palmerston) <br />
29 October 1865–28 June 1866 – John Russell, 1st Earl Russell<br />
<b>Conservative</b><br />
28 June 1866–25 February 1868 – Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby <br />
27 February 1868–1 December 1868 – Benjamin Disraeli is British Minister<br />
<b>Liberal</b><br />
3 December 1868–17 February 1874 – William Ewart Gladstone is British Minister</BLOCKQUOTE>30 September 1859 – Samuel Butler leaves England for New Zealand on board the <i>Roman Emperor</i> at Gravesend<br />
<br />
October 1859–October 1860 – William Stanley Jevons returns to University College, London, to finish his BA degree<br />
<br />
24 November 1859 – <i>Origin of Species</i> published<br />
<br />
<b>1860</b><br />
1860 – Marx became anathema to the German émigré community in London when Karl Vogt accused Marx of being a police informer and having sold out his political allies<br />
<br />
c. January 1860 – Julius von Haast moves to Canterbury; he becomes the provincial geologist at Canterbury from 1861 to 1868<br />
<br />
27 January 1860 – Samuel Butler arrives in Lyttleton, New Zealand<br />
<br />
27 January 1860–15 June 1864 – the novelist Samuel Butler in New Zealand<blockquote><b>1860</b><br />
c. March–April 1860 – Samuel Butler travels up the Waimakariri and sees Arthur’s Pass by looking up the Bealey River<br />
April 1860 – Samuel Butler rides up the Rangitata River <br />
6 September 1860 – Samuel Butler registered his claim to Run 387 between Bush Stream and Forest Creek overlooking the Rangitata River; on 22 September Run 242 is given to him <br />
2 October 1860 – Samuel Butler sets off to the future site of Mesopotamia station from Christchurch<br />
25 December 1860 – Christmas at Mesopotamia<br />
<br />
<b>1861</b><br />
15 February 1861 – Julius von Haast officially becomes Canterbury’s Provincial Geologist <br />
January–February 1861 – Samuel Butler and John Holland Baker explore the sources of the Lawrence, Havelock, Clyde, and Rangitata rivers; this trip is re-told in the beginning of <i>Erewhon</i><br />
March 1861 – Samuel Butler’s holdings amount to over 40,000 acres, with 2000 sheep; he has 6 workers<br />
April 1861 – Julius von Haast stays with Samuel Butler at Mesopotamia while surveying the region around the Rangitata River, New Zealand<br />
25 May 1861 – the Christchurch <i>The Press</i> begins under the ownership of James Edward Fitzgerald<br />
September 1861 – Samuel Butler’s second hut at Mesopotamia finished; in this year he rides to Mount Somers to visit the Tripps<br />
<br />
<b>1862</b><br />
March 1862 – Samuel Butler takes John Brabazon as a partner<br />
August 1862 – Samuel Butler starts to shift to Christchurch; he corrects proofs of <i>A First Year in Canterbury Settlement</i><br />
August 1862 – Samuel Butler renounces Christianity<br />
20 December 1862 – Samuel Butler publishes “Darwin on the Origin of Species, A Dialogue” in the Christchurch <i>The Press</i><br />
<br />
<b>1863</b><br />
13 June 1863 – Samuel Butler publishes “Darwin among the Machines” in <i>The Press</i> newspaper in Christchurch, New Zealand<br />
September 1863 – Samuel Butler mainly based in Christchurch and staying at Carlton Hotel on the Papanui Road; he first meets Charles Paine Pauli<br />
December 1863 – Samuel Butler rides with William Parkerson to Mesopotamia<br />
<br />
<b>1864</b><br />
March 1864 – Arthur Dudley Dobson and his brother Edward find Arthur’s Pass <br />
May 1864 – William Parkerson takes Mesopotamia<br />
9 June 1864 – Samuel Butler says farewell to Julius von Haast<br />
15 June 1864 – Samuel Butler and Charles Paine Pauli sail from Port Lyttelton, New Zealand, to return to England, via Callao, Panama, and St Thomas</BLOCKQUOTE>16 February–23 March 1860 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels<br />
<br />
11 May–30 September 1860 – Garibaldi’s Redshirts invade Sicily and Naples<br />
<br />
June 1860–c. February 1884 – Edward Augustus Freeman lives year round in Somerleaze, north-west of Wells, Somerset<br />
<br />
16 June 1860 – first voyage of the SS Great Eastern to North America<br />
<br />
30 June 1860 – famous debate on Charles Darwin’s <i>On the Origin of Species</i> between Samuel Wilberforce and Thomas Henry Huxley at Oxford University Museum, during the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science <br />
<br />
6 September 1860 – Samuel Butler registered his claim to Run 387 between Bush Stream and Forest Creek overlooking the Rangitata River; this becomes the Mesopotamia run<br />
<br />
2 October 1860 – Samuel Butler sets off to the future site of Mesopotamia station from Christchurch, New Zealand<br />
<br />
November 1860 – Marx’s wife Jenny fell seriously ill with smallpox; Marx read Darwin’s revolutionary book <i>On the Origin of Species</i><br />
<br />
6 November 1860 – United States presidential election of 1860; Abraham Lincoln elected<br />
<br />
December 1860 – Marx published <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Vogt">Karl Vogt</a><br />
<br />
1 December 1860–3 August 1861 – Charles Dickens’ <i>Great Expectations</i> published in the journal <i>All the Year Round</i> in the UK<br />
<br />
<b>1861</b><br />
16 March 1861 – death of Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (17 August 1786–16 March 1861), later Duchess of Kent and Strathearn, mother of Queen Victoria</blockquote>Lord Keyneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06556863604205200159noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4556861365216117920.post-48414666516253447262018-01-15T08:08:00.002-08:002019-07-03T08:12:36.702-07:00Chronology of the 13th Century<blockquote>October 1202–April 1204 – Fourth Crusade, called by Pope Innocent III, to reconquer Jerusalem by an invasion through Egypt; the Crusaders sacked Constantinople<br />
<br />
12–13 April 1204 – capture of Constantinople <br />
<br />
1205–1235 – Andrew II of Hungary<blockquote><b>Árpád Dynasty (c. 895–1301)</b><br />
1196–30 November 1204 – Emeric<br />
1204–7 May 1205 – Ladislaus III<br />
1205–1235 – Andrew II<br />
21 September 1235–3 May 1270 – Béla IV<br />
1270–6 August 1272 – Stephen V of Hungary<br />
1272–10 July 1290 – Ladislaus IV<br />
1290–14 January 1301 – Andrew III</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1206</b><br />
25 June 1206–1526 – Delhi Sultanate based in Delhi rules large parts of India with 5 dynasties:<blockquote><b>Dynasties</b><br />
1186–c. 1206 – Ghurid dynasty<br />
<b>Delhi Sultanate</b><br />
1206–1290 – Mamluk dynasty<br />
1290–1320 – Khalji dynasty<br />
1320–1414 – Tughlaq dynasty<br />
1414–1451 – Sayyid dynasty<br />
1451–1526 – Lodi dynasty</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1207</b><br />
<br />
<b>1209</b><br />
21 October 1209 – coronation of Otto IV as Holy Roman Emperor<br />
<br />
21 October 1209–1215 – Otto IV is Holy Roman Emperor<br />
<br />
1211 – Andrew II of Hungary gives the Teutonic Knights the Burzenland<br />
<br />
1211–1225 – Teutonic Knights based in the Burzenland<br />
<br />
1212–1220 – Frederick II is King of Germany: <blockquote><b>King of the Romans</b><br />
21 October 1209–1215 – Otto IV is Holy Roman Emperor<br />
1212–1220 – Frederick II is King of Germany<br />
1215 – abdication of Otto IV as Holy Roman Emperor<br />
22 November 1220–13 December 1250 – Frederick II is Holy Roman Emperor<br />
May 1237–21 May 1254 – Conrad IV<br />
<br />
1254–1273 – the Interregnum in Germany<br />
<b>Habsburg</b><br />
29 September 1273–15 July 1291 – Rudolf I<br />
27 July 1298–1 May 1308 – Albert I</blockquote>1215 – abdication of Otto IV as Holy Roman Emperor<br />
<br />
23 August 1217–1221 – the Fifth Crusade, an attack on the Ayyubid state in Egypt<br />
<br />
22 November 1220–13 December 1250 – Frederick II is Holy Roman Emperor<br />
<br />
1225 – Andrew II expels the Teutonic Knights from Transylvania (they go to the Baltic Sea)<br />
<br />
1230–1246 – Frederick II (Frederick the Quarrelsome) is Duke of Austria and Styria: <blockquote><b>House of Babenberg</b><br />
1198–1230 – Leopold VI the Glorious<br />
1230–1246 – Frederick II<br />
<b>Interregnum</b><br />
1246–1247 – Vladislaus of Moravia<br />
1248–1250 – Herman VI of Baden<br />
1250–1268 – Frederick I of Baden<br />
1251–1278 – Ottokar II of Bohemia<br />
<b>House of Habsburg</b><br />
1278–1282 – Rudolf I<br />
1282–1308 – Albert I<br />
1282–1283 – Rudolf II the Debonair<br />
1298–1307 – Rudolf III the Good<br />
1308–1330 – Frederick I the Fair</blockquote>21 September 1235 – death of Andrew II of Hungary<br />
<br />
21 September 1235–3 May 1270 – reign of Béla IV of Hungary<br />
<br />
May 1237–21 May 1254 – Conrad IV of Germany is King of Germany and King of the Romans<br />
<br />
<center><b>1240s</b></center>1241–1242 – the Mongol invasion of Europe<br />
<br />
11 April 1241 – the battle of Mohi (Battle of the Tisza River) in which the Mongols defeat the Hungarians<br />
<br />
<center><b>1250s</b></center>1250–1517 – the Mamluk Sultanate based in Egypt:<blockquote><b>Sultans</b><br />
31 July 1250–10 April 1257 – Al-Malik al-Mu’izz<br />
15 April 1257–November 1259 – Al-Malik al-Mansur<br />
November 1259–24 October 1260 – Al-Malik al-Muzaffar<br />
24 October 1260–1 July 1277 – Al-Malik az-Zahir (Rukn ad-Din Baybars)<br />
3 July 1277–August 1279 – Al-Malik as-Sa’id<br />
August–November 1279 – Al-Malik al-Adil<br />
November 1279–10 November 1290 – Al-Malik al-Mansur</BLOCKQUOTE>1254–1273 – the Interregnum in Germany<br />
<br />
1256–8 February 1265 – Hulagu Khan is first Ilkhan of the Ilkhanate<br />
<br />
29 January–10 February 1258 – the siege of Baghdad of the Abbasid Caliphate by Ilkhanate Mongols under Hulagu Khan<br />
<br />
13 February 1258 – beginning of the Mongol sack of Baghdad <br />
<br />
<center><b>1260s</b></center>3 September 1260 – battle of Ain Jalut between the Muslim Mamluks and Mongols in southeastern Galilee, in the Jezreel Valley<br />
<br />
25 July 1261 – reconquest of Constantinople by Michael VIII:<blockquote><b>Palaiologos Emperors</b><br />
15 August 1261–11 December 1282 – Michael VIII Palaiologos<br />
11 December 1282–24 May 1328 – Andronikos II Palaiologos<br />
1328–15 June 1341 – Andronikos III Palaiologos<br />
15 June 1341–12 August 1376 – John V Palaiologos<br />
1 July 1379–14 April 1390 – John V Palaiologos</BLOCKQUOTE><center><b>1270s</b></center><br />
1270–6 August 1272 – reign of Stephen V of Hungary<br />
<br />
1271–1292 – Marco Polo’s travels to China: Acre, Hormuz, Silk Road, Kublai’s summer palace in Shangdu (c. 1271–1275), near present-day Zhangjiakou, sea voyage to Hormuz (1292)<br />
<br />
1272–10 July 1290 – Ladislaus IV of Hungary<br />
<br />
29 September 1273–15 July 1291 – Rudolf I is King of the Romans<br />
<br />
<b>1274</b><br />
19 November 1274 – battle of Bun'ei between the Mongol troops of Kublai Khan and the Japanese army at Hakata Bay, near present-day Fukuoka, Kyūshū; Japanese victory<br />
<br />
1275 – castle Hainfeld first documented, held by vassals of the Wildoner in Riegersburg<br />
<br />
1275/1300–c. 1850 – Little Ice Age<br />
<br />
<center><b>1280s</b></center><b>1281</b><br />
21 May–7 July 1281 – second invasion Mongol invasion of Japan<br />
<br />
1289 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who</i> story “Marco Polo”<br />
<br />
<center><b>1290s</b></center>1290–14 January 1301 – Andrew III of Hungary<br />
<br />
5 May 1292–23 June 1298 – Adolf is King of the Romans<br />
<br />
1295 – Marco Polo returns to Venice during the war with Republic of Genoa<br />
<br />
August 1299 – Marco Polo released from captivity and returns home to Venice<br />
<br />
<b>1298</b><br />
6 February 1298 – battle of Jaran-Manjur: forces of the Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khalji defeat the Mongol army led by Kadar (noyan of the Mongol Chagatai Khanate)<br />
<br />
27 July 1298–1 May 1308 – Albert I is King of the Romans<br />
<br />
8–9 January 1324 – death of Marco Polo in Venice</BLOCKQUOTE>Lord Keyneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06556863604205200159noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4556861365216117920.post-33699859499302463182017-09-11T02:06:00.002-07:002021-05-26T02:03:39.387-07:00Chronology of 1850–1900<blockquote><b>1850</b><br />
1850 – Marx had an affair with Helene “Lenchen” Demuth (1820–1890) and an illegitimate son Frederick Demuth was born in 1851.<br />
<br />
8 May–2 December 1850 – Marx lived at 64 Dean Street, Soho <br />
<br />
June 1850 – Marx acquired an admission card to the library of the British Museum <br />
<br />
1850–1856 – Marx lived at 28 Dean Street, Soho<br />
<br />
c. November 1850 – Engels moves to Manchester to serve as a clerk in his father’s business Ermen and Engels<br />
<br />
December 1850–August 1864 – Taiping Rebellion, civil war in China between the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom under Hong Xiuquan<br />
<br />
16 December 1850 – first ships of settlers arrived in Canterbury, New Zealand<br />
<br />
<center><b>1850s</b></center><b>1851</b><br />
April 1851 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
1 May–11 October 1851 – Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations or The Great Exhibition, in the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London<br />
<br />
23 June 1851 – Marx’s illegitimate child Henry Frederick was born <br />
<br />
October 1851–July 1853 – William Stanley Jevons at University College, London; he leaves without degree<br />
<br />
November 1851 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
24–25 December 1851 – fictional date of <i> Doctor Who: The Next Doctor</i><br />
<br />
<b>1852</b><br />
26 May–26 June 1852 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
1852 – Marx published <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eighteenth_Brumaire_of_Louis_Napoleon"><i> The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon</i></a>, an analysis of the French revolution of 1848 and the rise of the emperor Louis Napoleon III<br />
<br />
30 June 1852 – New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, which grants self-government to the Colony of New Zealand<br />
<br />
14 September 1852 – death of Arthur Wellesley (1 May 1769–14 September 1852; 1st Duke of Wellington) at Walmer Castle in Deal<br />
<br />
October–November 1852 – the Cologne communist trial saw a number of the members of the Communist league connected with Marx and Willich jailed as seditious revolutionaries, and Marx agreed to the dissolution of the league<br />
<br />
18 November 1852 – state funeral of the Duke of Wellington, buried in a sarcophagus of luxulyanite in St Paul’s Cathedral next to Lord Nelson<br />
<br />
20 December 1852 – Lower Burma was formally annexed by the British empire<br />
<br />
<b>1853</b><br />
2 February 1853 – Edward Gibbon Wakefield arrives in Christchurch; after a month goes to Wellington<br />
<br />
May 1853 – Baron Nathaniel de Rothschild (from the English branch of the family) buys Château Brane-Mouton (next to Château Lafite) from Issac Thuret in the village of Pauillac, Médoc region, 50 km north-west of Bordeaux, and renames the estate “Château Mouton Rothschild”; its red wine renamed to Château Mouton Rothschild; a small chateau is built called Le Petit Mouton<br />
<br />
1 August 1853 – Francis Galton marries Louisa Jane Butler (1822–1897)<br />
<br />
October 1853–30 March 1856 – Crimean war<br />
<br />
1853–1862 – Marx turned to journalism in papers in England, the US, Prussia, Austria and South Africa, but mostly in the <i>New York Tribune</i><br />
<br />
30 April–May 1853 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
<b>1854</b><br />
1854 – Marx befriended by David Urquhart (1805–1877)<br />
<br />
1854–1862 – Alfred Russel Wallace travels through the Malay Archipelago or East Indies<br />
<br />
2 May 1854–1858 – Samuel Butler at St John, Cambridge<br />
<br />
24 May 1854 – 1st New Zealand Parliament was opened<br />
<br />
29 June 1854 – William Stanley Jevons sails from Britain to Sydney, Australia<br />
<br />
September 1854 – Richard Francis Burton first meets John Hanning Speke in Aden<br />
<br />
6 October 1854–March 1859 – William Stanley Jevons in Australia as assayer to the new mint; Hunter River (May 1865); Wollongong (April 1857); Melbourne (March 1859)<br />
<br />
29 October 1854–9 February 1855 – Richard Francis Burton makes an expedition to Harar (in present-day Ethiopia)<br />
<br />
<b>1855</b><br />
5 January 1855 – Anthony Trollope’s <i>The Warden</i> published, the first of six novels of the Chronicles of Barsetshire series set in the fictitious English county of Barsetshire:<blockquote>5 January 1855 – Anthony Trollope’s <i>The Warden</i> published <br />
1857 – Anthony Trollope’s <i>Barchester Towers</i> published<br />
1858 – Anthony Trollope’s <i> Doctor Thorne</i> published<br />
April 1861 – Anthony Trollope’s <i>Framley Parsonage</i> published<br />
April 1864 – Anthony Trollope’s <i>The Small House at Allington</i> published<br />
March 1867 – volume 1 of Anthony Trollope’s <i>The Last Chronicle of Barset</i> published<br />
July 1867 – volume 2 of Anthony Trollope’s <i>The Last Chronicle of Barset</i></BLOCKQUOTE>2 March 1855–13 March 1881 – reign of Alexander II of Russia<br />
<br />
April 1855 – Marx’s son Edgar died<br />
<br />
16 April–May 1855 – Marx and his wife visit Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
15 May–15 November 1855 – the Exposition Universelle of 1855, held in the Palais de l’Industrie, the Champs-Élysées in Paris<br />
<br />
June–30 September 1855 – Richard Francis Burton rejoins the army and travels to the Crimea to fight in the Crimean War<br />
<br />
c. August 1855–June 1860 – Edward Augustus Freeman lives in Llanrumney Hall, Cardiff, Wales<br />
<br />
September–c.November 1855 – Marx and his wife visit Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
15 September 1855 – Edward Gibbon Wakefield retired from the Hutt seat and leaves political life<br />
<br />
17 October 1855 – Benjamin Jowett appointed as the Regius Professorship of Greek at Balliol College, Oxford<br />
<br />
<b>1856</b><br />
1856–1863 – pea plant experiments conducted by Gregor Johann Mendel (20 July 1822–6 January 1884) on the rules of heredity at the Augustinian St Thomas’s Abbey in Brno, Margraviate of Moravia<br />
<br />
29 September 1856–April 1864 – Marx family lives at 9 Grafton Terrace, Haverstock Hill, Kentish Town<blockquote>8 May–2 December 1850 – Marx family lives at 64 Dean Street, Soho <br />
December 1850–September 1856 – Marx family lives at 28 Dean Street, Soho<br />
29 September 1856–April 1864 – Marx family lives at 9 Grafton Terrace, Haverstock Hill, Kentish Town<br />
March 1864–March 1875 – Marx family lives at 1 Modena Villas (now 1 Maitland Park) in North London<br />
March 1875–14 March 1883 – Marx lives at 41 Maitland Park Road (44 Maitland Street) until he died</BLOCKQUOTE>1856–1859 – the Second Opium War <br />
<br />
6 May 1856 – birth of Sigmund Freud<br />
<br />
2 June 1856–12 July 1861 – Edward Stafford is Prime Minister of New Zealand:<blockquote>7 May–20 May 1856 – Henry Sewell<br />
20 May–2 June 1856 – William Fox<br />
2 June 1856–12 July 1861 – Edward Stafford<br />
12 July 1861–6 August 1862 – William Fox<br />
6 August 1862–30 October 1863 – Alfred Domett<br />
30 October 1863–24 November 1864 – Frederick Whitaker <br />
24 November 1864–16 October 1865 – Frederick Weld<br />
16 October 1865–28 June 1869 – Edward Stafford</BLOCKQUOTE>22 June 1856 – birth of H. Rider Haggard at Bradenham, Norfolk<br />
<br />
c. July 1856 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
8 October 1856–24 October 1860 – Second Anglo-Chinese War (the Arrow War, or the Anglo-French expedition to China), a war between the United Kingdom (with the French Empire) and the Qing dynasty of China<br />
<br />
<b>1857</b><br />
1857 – Francis Galton and his wife move to 42 Rutland Gate, where he lives until his death in 1911<br />
<br />
27 June 1857–February 1859 – John Hanning Speke and Richard Francis Burton set out from Zanzibar and discover Lake Tanganyika February 1858) and Lake Victoria, the source of the Nile<br />
<br />
1857 – UK recession <br />
<br />
1857–1858 – Marx writes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundrisse"><i>Grundrisse der Kritik der Politischen Ökonomie</i> (<i>Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy</i>)</a>, which were not even published until 1939<br />
<br />
February 1857 – Mikhail Bakunin sent into permanent exile in the western Siberian city of Tomsk<br />
<br />
16 April 1857 – Julius Kaerst born in Gräfentonna<br />
<br />
May 1857–June 1858 – Indian mutiny<br />
<br />
2 May 1857 – the Reading Room extension of the British Library officially opened; from 8–16 May, the library was opened for a special public viewing<br />
<br />
<b>1858</b><br />
1858–1875 – Francis Mazuchelli and Nina Elizabeth Mazuchelli in India<br />
<br />
1858 – opening of the Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten (Kempinski) in Munich at the 17 Maximilianstraße in the centre of Munich<br />
<br />
31 January 1858 – launch of the SS Great Eastern at the Isle of Dogs, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel<br />
<br />
1 May–c. late May 1858 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
1 July 1858 – papers by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace on natural selection are read to the Linnean Society of London<br />
<br />
2 August 1858 – Government of India Act 1858, the company was formally dissolved and its ruling powers over India were transferred to the British Crown<br />
<br />
27 October 1858 – Theodore Roosevelt born at East 20th Street in New York City, New York<br />
<br />
autumn 1858–spring 1859 – Samuel Butler moves to Heddon Street, London, to work as an assistant to Reverend Philip Perring<br />
<br />
<b>1859</b><br />
1859–19 June 1884 – Johann Droysen is professor at the University of Berlin<br />
<br />
March–September 1859 – William Stanley Jevons returns to Britain via Peru, Panama, Havana, and the United States<br />
<br />
June 1859 – Marx published <i>A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy</i><br />
<br />
c.June–July 1859 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels and Dundee to see Peter Imandt and Heise<br />
<br />
9 June 1859 – emergence of the British Liberal Party. <b>British Prime Ministers</b>:<blockquote><b>Liberal</b><br />
12 June 1859–18 October 1865 – Henry John Temple (3rd Viscount Palmerston) <br />
29 October 1865–28 June 1866 – John Russell, 1st Earl Russell<br />
<b>Conservative</b><br />
28 June 1866–25 February 1868 – Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby <br />
27 February 1868–1 December 1868 – Benjamin Disraeli is British Minister<br />
<b>Liberal</b><br />
3 December 1868–17 February 1874 – William Ewart Gladstone is British Minister</BLOCKQUOTE>12 June 1859–18 October 1865 – Henry John Temple (3rd Viscount Palmerston) is British Prime Minister<br />
<br />
30 September 1859 – Samuel Butler leaves England for New Zealand on board the <i>Roman Emperor</i> at Gravesend<br />
<br />
October 1859–October 1860 – William Stanley Jevons returns to University College, London, to finish his BA degree<br />
<br />
24 November 1859 – <i>Origin of Species</i> published<br />
<br />
<b>1860</b><br />
1860 – Marx became anathema to the German émigré community in London when Karl Vogt accused Marx of being a police informer and having sold out his political allies<br />
<br />
c. 1860–1875 – Great French Wine Blight: over 40% of French grape vines and vineyards devastated<br />
<br />
c. January 1860 – Julius von Haast moves to Canterbury; he becomes the provincial geologist at Canterbury from 1861 to 1868<br />
<br />
27 January 1860 – Samuel Butler arrives in Lyttleton, New Zealand<br />
<br />
27 January 1860–15 June 1864 – the novelist Samuel Butler in New Zealand<blockquote><b>1860</b><br />
c. March–April 1860 – Samuel Butler travels up the Waimakariri and sees Arthur’s Pass by looking up the Bealey River<br />
April 1860 – Samuel Butler rides up the Rangitata River <br />
6 September 1860 – Samuel Butler registered his claim to Run 387 between Bush Stream and Forest Creek overlooking the Rangitata River; on 22 September Run 242 is given to him <br />
2 October 1860 – Samuel Butler sets off to the future site of Mesopotamia station from Christchurch<br />
25 December 1860 – Christmas at Mesopotamia<br />
<br />
<b>1861</b><br />
15 February 1861 – Julius von Haast officially becomes Canterbury’s Provincial Geologist <br />
January–February 1861 – Samuel Butler and John Holland Baker explore the sources of the Lawrence, Havelock, Clyde, and Rangitata rivers; this trip is re-told in the beginning of <i>Erewhon</i><br />
March 1861 – Samuel Butler’s holdings amount to over 40,000 acres, with 2000 sheep; he has 6 workers<br />
April 1861 – Julius von Haast stays with Samuel Butler at Mesopotamia while surveying the region around the Rangitata River, New Zealand<br />
25 May 1861 – the Christchurch <i>The Press</i> begins under the ownership of James Edward Fitzgerald<br />
September 1861 – Samuel Butler’s second hut at Mesopotamia finished; in this year he rides to Mount Somers to visit the Tripps<br />
<br />
<b>1862</b><br />
March 1862 – Samuel Butler takes John Brabazon as a partner<br />
August 1862 – Samuel Butler starts to shift to Christchurch; he corrects proofs of <i>A First Year in Canterbury Settlement</i><br />
August 1862 – Samuel Butler renounces Christianity<br />
20 December 1862 – Samuel Butler publishes “Darwin on the Origin of Species, A Dialogue” in the Christchurch <i>The Press</i><br />
<br />
<b>1863</b><br />
13 June 1863 – Samuel Butler publishes “Darwin among the Machines” in <i>The Press</i> newspaper in Christchurch, New Zealand<br />
September 1863 – Samuel Butler mainly based in Christchurch and staying at Carlton Hotel on the Papanui Road; he first meets Charles Paine Pauli<br />
December 1863 – Samuel Butler rides with William Parkerson to Mesopotamia<br />
<br />
<b>1864</b><br />
March 1864 – Arthur Dudley Dobson and his brother Edward find Arthur’s Pass <br />
May 1864 – William Parkerson takes Mesopotamia<br />
9 June 1864 – Samuel Butler says farewell to Julius von Haast<br />
15 June 1864 – Samuel Butler and Charles Paine Pauli sail from Port Lyttelton, New Zealand, to return to England, via Callao, Panama, and St Thomas</BLOCKQUOTE>16 February–23 March 1860 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels<br />
<br />
11 May–30 September 1860 – Garibaldi’s Redshirts invade Sicily and Naples<br />
<br />
June 1860–c. February 1884 – Edward Augustus Freeman lives year round in Somerleaze, north-west of Wells, Somerset<br />
<br />
12 June–summer 1860 – fictional dates of Bram Stoker’s novel <i>The Lair of the White Worm</i><br />
<br />
16 June 1860 – first voyage of the SS Great Eastern to North America<br />
<br />
30 June 1860 – famous debate on Charles Darwin’s <i>On the Origin of Species</i> between Samuel Wilberforce and Thomas Henry Huxley at Oxford University Museum, during the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science <br />
<br />
6 September 1860 – Samuel Butler registered his claim to Run 387 between Bush Stream and Forest Creek overlooking the Rangitata River; this becomes the Mesopotamia run<br />
<br />
2 October 1860 – Samuel Butler sets off to the future site of Mesopotamia station from Christchurch, New Zealand<br />
<br />
November 1860 – Marx’s wife Jenny fell seriously ill with smallpox; Marx read Darwin’s revolutionary book <i>On the Origin of Species</i><br />
<br />
6 November 1860 – United States presidential election of 1860; Abraham Lincoln elected<br />
<br />
December 1860 – Marx published <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Vogt">Karl Vogt</a><br />
<br />
1 December 1860–3 August 1861 – Charles Dickens’ <i>Great Expectations</i> published in the journal <i>All the Year Round</i> in the UK<br />
<br />
<center><b>1860s</b></center><b>1861</b><br />
1861 – Sheridan Le Fanu’s becomes editor and proprietor of the <i>Dublin University Magazine</i><br />
<br />
January–February 1861 – Samuel Butler and John Holland Baker explore the sources of the Lawrence, Havelock, Clyde, and Rangitata rivers; this trip is re-told in the beginning of <i>Erewhon</i><br />
<br />
February–May 1861 – Marx travels to Germany, and arrived in Berlin on 18 March, in order to attempt to organise with Lassalle a new radical newspaper in Germany that he could edit. He visited Trier at this time and saw his mother, but the visit did not go well and she broke off contact. Marx visits Holland. Marx arrived back in England in May 1861<br />
<br />
15 February 1861 – Julius von Haast becomes Canterbury’s Provincial Geologist<br />
<br />
15 February 1861–1868 – Julius von Haast is Canterbury’s Provincial Geologist <br />
<br />
19 February 1861 – Russian Tsar Alexander II abolishes serfdom<br />
<br />
4 March 1861 – inauguration of Abraham Lincoln as US president (in office from 4 March 1861–15 April 1865)<br />
<br />
16 March 1861 – death of Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (17 August 1786–16 March 1861), later Duchess of Kent and Strathearn, mother of Queen Victoria<br />
<br />
17 March 1861 – Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of Italy<br />
<br />
17 March 1861–9 January 1878 – Victor Emmanuel II is King of Italy:<blockquote><b>House of Savoy</b><br />
17 March 1861–9 January 1878 – Victor Emmanuel II<br />
9 January 1878–29 July 1900 – Umberto I<br />
29 July 1900–9 May 1946 – Victor Emmanuel III<br />
9 May 1946–12 June 1946 – Umberto II</BLOCKQUOTE>April 1861 – Julius von Haast stays with Samuel Butler at Mesopotamia while surveying the region around the Rangitata River, New Zealand<br />
<br />
12 April 1861–9 May 1865 – American Civil War<br />
<br />
20 May 1861 – discovery of gold at Gabriel’s Gully in Otago, the first gold discovery of magnitude in Otago<br />
<br />
20 May 1861–1864 – the Otago Gold Rush (the Central Otago Gold Rush), an 1860s gold rush in Central Otago, New Zealand, the largest gold strike in the country; centres in Lawrence (on the Tuapeka River); Arrowtown, Kawarau Gorge, Naseby<br />
<br />
5 June 1861 – Mikhail Bakunin leaves Irkutsk to escape from Siberia<br />
<br />
August–September 1861 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels<br />
<br />
October 1861 – Julius Vogel emigrates to Otago, New Zealand<br />
<br />
15 October 1861 – Mikhail Bakunin arrives in San Francisco<br />
<br />
November–December 1861 – Mikhail Bakunin in New York and Boston<br />
<br />
November 1861 – the Prince of Wales (the future Edward VII) returns from Ireland as an ensign and lives at Madingley Hall, Cambridge; his father Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha hears the rumour of an affair between Edward and an actress Nellie Clifden<br />
<br />
November 1861 – Julius Vogel founds the <i>Otago Daily Times</i> and is its first editor<br />
<br />
15 November 1861 – <i>The Otago Daily Times</i> first published<br />
<br />
14 December 1861 – death of Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha<br />
<br />
December 1861–January 1862 – fictional date of Peter Tremayne’s <i>The Revenge of Dracula</i><br />
<br />
27 December 1861 – Mikhail Bakunin arrives in Liverpool<br />
<br />
<b>1862</b><br />
January 1862–November 1863 – Mikhail Bakunin based in London<br />
<br />
24 January 1862 – the principality of Moldavia and the principality of Wallachia formally unite to create Romania:<blockquote><b>Princes</b><br />
5 January 1859–5 February 1862 – Alexandru Ioan Cuza (Prince of Moldavia)<br />
24 January 1859–5 February 1862 – Alexandru Ioan Cuza (Prince of Wallachia)<br />
<br />
<b>Domnitor/Kings of Romania</b><br />
5 February 1862–22 February 1866 – Alexandru Ioan Cuza (Alexandru Ioan I), Domnitor of Romania<br />
<br />
<b>Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Dynasty of Romania</b><br />
20 April 1866–15 March 1881 – Carol, Domnitor of Romania (king in 1881)<br />
15 March 1881–10 October 1914 – Carol I (born Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen)<br />
10 October 1914 – 20 July 1927 – Ferdinand I</BLOCKQUOTE>5 February 1862 – Alexandru Ioan Cuza opens the first Parliament of Romania in the old Wallachian Parliament in Bucharest<br />
<br />
11 February 1862 – death of Elizabeth Eleanor Siddal, wife of Dante Gabriel Rossetti <br />
<br />
15 February–20 June 1862 – Barbu Catargiu is first Prime Minister of Romania<br />
<br />
March 1862–May 1864 – Arminius Vámbéry’s central Asian journey<br />
<br />
March 1862 – Arminius Vámbéry leaves Istanbul on a steamer on a journey to Tehran<br />
<br />
April 1862 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels<br />
<br />
1 April 1862 – Alfred Russel Wallace returns to England from the Malay Archipelago<br />
<br />
1 May–1 November 1862 – the London International of 1862 (or Great London Exposition, a world’s fair), held beside the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society, South Kensington, London, England (now the Natural History Museum and the Science Museum)<br />
<br />
7 May 1862 – SS Great Eastern sails from Milford Haven to New York<br />
<br />
16 May 1862 – Edward Gibbon Wakefield died in Wellington <br />
<br />
July 1862 – the German radical Ferdinand Lassalle (1825–1864) visited Marx in London<br />
<br />
27 August 1862 – SS Great Eastern scraped an uncharted rock off Long Island, which tore an 83 feet long gush in the outer hull. Since the inner hull was unbroken, ship was able to sail to New York; it then left New York on 6 January 1863<br />
<br />
c. September 1862 – Marx sought a job in a railway company but was turned down for bad handwriting<br />
<br />
25 October 1862–1863 – John Addington Symonds elected to an open fellowship at Magdalen College, Oxford<br />
<br />
December 1862 – Jenny Marx travels to Paris to try and obtain a loan from an old friend, but fails<br />
<br />
<b>1863</b><br />
1863 – Henry Fawcett publishes the <i>Manual of Political Economy</i><br />
<br />
1863 – Marx starts to have severe health problems involving carbuncles, which may have been caused by an autoimmune disease<br />
<br />
January–20 February 1863 – Julius von Haast leads an expedition to find a route from the east to the west coast of the South Island of New Zealand: he finds a route from the upper Makarora River, crossing the Southern Alps by Haast Pass<br />
<br />
7 January 1863 – Mary Burns (1823–1863), partner of Friedrich Engels, dies<br />
<br />
8 January 1863 – Marx writes a money-grubbing letter to Engels, which outrages Engels; however, Engels later sends £100 to Marx<br />
<br />
19 January 1863–26 June 1879 – rule of Isma’il Pasha (or Ismail the Magnificent who lived from 31 December 1830 – 2 March 1895), the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan<br />
<br />
28 March 1863 – Arminius Vámbéry leaves Tehran, Iran, on his Central Asian journey <br />
<br />
April 1863 – Henry Whitcombe and Jakob Lauper (a Swiss) cross Whitcombe Pass into the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand and travel down the Hokitika river<br />
<br />
April 1863 – William Stanley Jevons takes tutoring position at Owens College, Manchester<br />
<br />
13 June 1863 – Samuel Butler publishes “Darwin among the Machines” in <i>The Press</i> newspaper in Christchurch, New Zealand<br />
<br />
17 June 1863 – John Addington Symonds recites “The Renaissance: An Essay” in The Theatre, Oxford, which wins the Chancellor’s Prize <br />
<br />
June 1863–spring 1864 – John Addington Symonds in Switzerland, Germany and Italy<br />
<br />
July 1863 – Samuel Butler’s father publishes <i>A First Year in Canterbury Settlement</i> in his son’s name from the letters sent by Butler<br />
<br />
6 July 1863 – Jakob Lauper’s narrative of his crossing to the West Coast is published in <i>Canterbury Provincial Gazette</i><br />
<br />
13–16 July 1863 – the New York draft riots (or “Draft Week”), violent disturbances in Lower Manhattan as part of working-class opposition to the draft law passed by Congress in the American Civil War<br />
<br />
27 November 1863 – Henry Fawcett appointed Professor of Political Economy at Cambridge (27 November 1863–6 November 1884)<br />
<br />
30 November 1863 – Marx’s mother dies, and Marx journeys to Trier to claim an inheritance of £580<br />
<br />
winter 1863–6 June 1877 – Eugen Dühring is a Privatdozent lecturer at the University of Berlin<br />
<br />
<b>1864</b><br />
1864 – Jules Verne’s <i>Voyage au centre de la Terre</i> (<i>Journey to the Center of the Earth</i>) is published<br />
<br />
8 January 1864 – birth of Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale<br />
<br />
11 January 1864–September 1867 – Mikhail Bakunin in Italy<br />
<br />
14 January 1864 – Great Eastern offered for sale; later sold to become a cable laying ship from 1865 to 1878<br />
<br />
1864–December 1865 – King Ludwig II has Richard Wagner brought to Munich and Wagner’s time in Munich<br />
<br />
1 February–30 October 1864 – Second Schleswig War<br />
<br />
March 1864 – Marx moved to 1 Modena Villas (now 1 Maitland Park) in North London<br />
<br />
March 1864–March 1875 – Marx family lives at 1 Modena Villas (now 1 Maitland Park) in North London<blockquote>8 May–2 December 1850 – Marx family lives at 64 Dean Street, Soho <br />
December 1850–September 1856 – Marx family lives at 28 Dean Street, Soho<br />
29 September 1856–April 1864 – Marx family lives at 9 Grafton Terrace, Haverstock Hill, Kentish Town<br />
March 1864–March 1875 – Marx family lives at 1 Modena Villas (now 1 Maitland Park) in North London<br />
March 1875–14 March 1883 – Marx lives at 41 Maitland Park Road (44 Maitland Street) until he died</BLOCKQUOTE>12 March–25 March 1864 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels<br />
<br />
29 March 1864 – representatives of the United Kingdom, Greece, France, and Russia sign the Treaty of London, which pledges the transfer of the Ionian Islands to Greece upon ratification<br />
<br />
10 April 1864 – Maximilian I declared himself Emperor of Mexico<br />
<br />
May 1864 – Arminius Vámbéry returns to Hungary from Istanbul<br />
<br />
2 May 1864 – the British leave the Ionian Islands<br />
<br />
3 May–19 May 1864 – Marx visits Manchester to see Wilhelm Wolff with Engels<br />
<br />
after 9 May 1864 – Marx receives an inheritance of £700 from his friend Wilhelm Wolff<br />
<br />
21 May 1864 – the Ionian Islands officially reunite with Greece<br />
<br />
1 June 1864 – death of Hong Xiuquan, a Hakka Chinese leader of the Taiping Rebellion<br />
<br />
15 June 1864 – Samuel Butler (accompanied by his friend Charles Paine Pauli) sails from Port Lyttelton, New Zealand, to return to England, via Callao, Panama, and St Thomas<br />
<br />
27 June 1864 – Arminius Vámbéry appears at the British Royal Geographic Society<br />
<br />
29 August 1864 – Samuel Butler arrives in Southampton<br />
<br />
31 August 1864 – death of Ferdinand Lassalle in a duel<br />
<br />
September 1864 – Samuel Butler lives at No. 15 Clifford’s Inn (off Fleet Street); he lives here for the rest of his life<br />
<br />
28 September 1864 – Marx was involved with the International Workingmen’s Association or the First International (1864–1876), which was founded in a workmen’s meeting held in Saint Martin’s Hall, London<br />
<br />
17 October 1864 – Arminius Vámbéry leaves London for France<br />
<br />
2 November 1864–1870 – Bram Stoker attends Trinity College, Dublin; Stoker graduated with a Bachelor in Arts degree at the Spring Commencements on 1 March 1870<br />
<br />
November 1864 – Arminius Vámbéry’s book <i>Travels in Central Asia</i> is published by John Murray<br />
<br />
10 November 1864 – John Addington Symonds marries Janet Catherine North (sister of botanical artist Marianne North, 1830–1890) at Hastings<br />
<br />
16 December 1864–1 November 1881 – construction of the nave and tower of Christchurch Cathedral, Cathedral Square; construction delayed from 1865–1873; the transepts, chancel and sanctuary finished until 1904<br />
<br />
<b>1865</b><br />
1865–1866 – Gregor Johann Mendel (20 July 1822–6 January 1884) proposes his laws of biological inheritance while at the Augustinian St Thomas’s Abbey in Brno, Margraviate of Moravia<br />
<br />
1865 – Jules Verne’s <i>De la terre à la lune</i> (<i>From the Earth to the Moon</i>) is published<br />
<br />
1865–1869 – Richard Burton in Brazil<br />
<br />
January 1865 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels<br />
<br />
12 January–6 May 1865 – the New Zealand Exhibition in Dunedin, New Zealand (a world’s fair), whose main building became the central block of the Dunedin Hospital (demolished in 1933)<br />
<br />
19 March–April 8 1865 – Marx visits Dutch relatives in Zalt-Bommel<br />
<br />
April 1865 – William Stanley Jevons’ <i>The Coal Question</i> is published<br />
<br />
28 April 1865 – Sir Samuel Cunard dies at Kensington in London <br />
<br />
30 April 1865 – death of Vice-Admiral Robert FitzRoy, captain of HMS Beagle during Charles Darwin’s famous voyage<br />
<br />
9 June 1865 – the Staplehurst rail crash, the derailment at Staplehurst, Kent of the London boat train of the South Eastern Railway Folkestone; Charles Dickens with Ellen Ternan and her mother were on board<br />
<br />
20 and 27 June 1865 – Marx’s delivers a series of lectures later published as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value,_Price_and_Profit"><i>Value, Price and Profit</i></a> (in 1898)<br />
<br />
1 July 1865 – Samuel Butler rewrites and expands “Darwin among the Machines” into “The Mechanical Creation” and publishes it in <i>The Reasoner</i><br />
<br />
26 July 1865 – New Zealand Parliament officially met in Wellington for the first time <br />
<br />
29 July 1865 – Samuel Butler’s “Lucubratio Ebria” published in <i>The Press</i> newspaper in Christchurch, New Zealand<br />
<br />
17 August–21 September 1865 – Samuel Butler travels to Europe, to Antwerp, Ghent, Bruges, Paris, Macon, Turin, Milan, Bologna, Florence, Leghorn; he then travels by steamer to Genoa, and back via Turin, Mâcon, Paris and London<br />
<br />
October 1865 – Arminius Vámbéry receives an appointment as professor of Oriental languages in the University of Budapest; appointed professor in 1867<br />
<br />
October 1865 – Friedrich Nietzsche transfers to the University of Leipzig to study Classical philology<br />
<br />
20 October–November 1865 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels<br />
<br />
November 1865 – Alfred Marshall elected to a fellowship at St John’s College at Cambridge<br />
<br />
8 December 1865 – Samuel Butler attends a séance at the home of Marshman with Alfred Russel Wallace<br />
<br />
winter 1865–September 1867 – John Addington Symonds and his wife live at Albion Street, Paddington, on account of its closeness to Hyde Park; Symonds studies law, and then lives at 47 Norfolk Square<br />
<br />
Christmas 1865 – Samuel Butler at Langar<br />
<br />
<b>1866</b><br />
1866 – Bram Stoker receives a civil service post at Dublin Castle <br />
<br />
1866–1871 – David Livingstone’s famous trip to find the source of the Nile<br />
<br />
February 1866 – Charles Paine Pauli ill with typhoid, and is living with Samuel Butler<br />
<br />
March 1866 – Marx spends four weeks convalescing in Margate<br />
<br />
5 April 1866 – Alfred Russel Wallace marries Annie Mitten in Hurstpierpoint Anglican church <br />
<br />
May 1866 – William Stanley Jevons appointed professor of moral philosophy and Cobden professor of political economy in Owens College, Manchester (May 1866–February 1876)<br />
<br />
14 June–23 August 1866 – Austro-Prussian War or Seven Weeks’ War<br />
<br />
20 June–12 August 1866 – Third Italian War of Independence fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Austrian Empire<br />
<br />
autumn 1866 – Samuel Butler and Charles Paine Pauli spend a holiday in Dieppe; they gradually reduce contact to lunch three times a week<br />
<br />
3–8 September 1866 – 1st General Congress of the International Workingmen's Association, held in Geneva, Switzerland<br />
<br />
<b>1867</b><br />
1867–1869 – Francis Ysidro Edgeworth studies at Oxford<br />
<br />
1867 – Samuel Butler begins to study art at Heatherley’s at 79 Newman Street by December 1867<br />
<br />
1867–1879 – Queen’s Theatre, Long Acre (remodelled by Labouchère and his partners) runs plays with Charles Wyndham, Henry Irving, J. L. Toole, Ellen Terry, and Henrietta Hodson<br />
<br />
1 April–31 October 1867 – the International Exposition of 1867, held in the Champ-de-Mars, Paris, by decree of Emperor Napoleon III<br />
<br />
9 April 1867 – Marx took the manuscript of volume 1 of <i>Capital</i> to his in Hamburg<br />
<br />
22 May–2 June 1867 – Marx visits Manchester with Hermann Meyer to see Engels<br />
<br />
29 May 1867 – Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 <br />
<br />
19 June 1867 – execution of Maximilian I of Mexico<br />
<br />
2 July 1867–2 June 1868 – events of Jules Verne’s novel <i>Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea</i><br />
<br />
c. September 1867 – William Larnach arrives in Bluff and Dunedin<br />
<br />
September 1867 – Mikhail Bakunin travels to Geneva to attend the inaugural congress of the League for Peace and Liberty<br />
<br />
September 1867 – Carl Menger starts to study political economy<br />
<br />
September 1867–1 July 1876 – Mikhail Bakunin lives in Switzerland<br />
<br />
2–8 September 1867 – 2nd General Congress of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA), held in the city of Lausanne, Switzerland<br />
<br />
14 September 1867 – the first volume of <i>Das Kapital</i> published in German<br />
<br />
13–23 September 1867 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
November 1867–April 1868 – Charles Dickens’ second visit to the United States<br />
<br />
9 November 1867 – opening of the Lyttelton railway tunnel for the Christchurch–Lyttleton line; the first freight train passes through the tunnel 18 November<br />
<br />
14 November 1867 – Henrik Ibsen’s play <i>Peer Gynt</i> published in Copenhagen<br />
<br />
by December 1867 – Samuel Butler begins to study art at Heatherley’s at 79 Newman Street by December 1867; Butler also attended the South Kensington Museum and Cary’s (Streatham Street, Bloomsbury), but ceased to go there after he went to Heatherley’s; he meets Eliza Mary Ann Savage at the school<br />
<br />
3 December 1867 – Canterbury Museum opened up to the public in the Provincial Government Buildings<br />
<br />
<b>1868</b><br />
18 January 1868 – Thomas Ismay (director of the National Line), purchased the house flag, trade name and goodwill of the bankrupt White Star Line for £1,000, with the headquarters at Albion House, Liverpool<br />
<br />
2 April 1868 – Marx’s daughter Laura Marx marries Paul Lafargue<br />
<br />
30 May–20 June 1868 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
20 June 1868 – Château Lafite offered for sale<br />
<br />
8 August 1868 – Baron James Mayer Rothschild purchases Château Lafite (which becomes Château Lafite Rothschild) vineyard for 4.4 million francs from the Vanlerberghe family (formerly owned by the Ségur family)<br />
<br />
6–13 September 1868 – the Brussels Congress of the First International<br />
<br />
15 September 1868 – opening of the Otago Museum, Dunedin, New Zealand, from the 1865 New Zealand Exhibition (held in Dunedin); it was originally located in the post office building of The Exchange<br />
<br />
8 November 1868 – Friedrich Nietzsche meets Richard Wagner at a party in Leipzig<br />
<br />
19 November 1868 – Symonds and his wife settle in 7 Victoria Square, Bristol<br />
<br />
19 November 1868–1877 – John Addington Symonds lives in Bristol<br />
<br />
3 December 1868–17 February 1874 – William Ewart Gladstone is British Minister<br />
<br />
December 1868 – Canterbury Provincial Council offers position of director of the Canterbury Museum to Julius von Haast<br />
<br />
<b>1869</b><br />
1869–1871 – Richard Francis Burton in Damascus<br />
<br />
1869–1874 – Julius Kaerst attends the Gymnasium Ernestinum in Gotha<br />
<br />
January 1869 – Matthew Arnold publishes <i>Culture and Anarchy</i><br />
<br />
12 January 1869 – second capture of Sándor Rózsa, legendary Hungarian outlaw<br />
<br />
March 1869–June 1870 – Jules Verne’s <i>Vingt mille lieues sous les mers</i> (<i>Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea</i>) is published and serialized in the periodical <i>Magasin d’Éducation et de Récréation</i><br />
<br />
4 March 1869–4 March 1877 – Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) is President of the United States:<blockquote>4 March 1869–4 March 1877 – Ulysses S. Grant (Republican)<br />
4 March 1877–4 March 1881 – Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican)<br />
4 March 1881–19 September 1881 – James A. Garfield (Republican)<br />
19 September 1881–4 March 1885 – Chester A. Arthur (Republican)</BLOCKQUOTE>9 March 1869 – Alfred Russel Wallace publishes <i>The Malay Archipelago</i> in two volumes<br />
<br />
May–14 June 1869 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester with his daughter Eleanor<br />
<br />
28 May 1869 – Friedrich Nietzsche’s first lecture as Assistant Professor of Classical Philology at the University of Basel (May 1869–2 May 1879) on “On the Personality of Homer”; full Professor in April 1870<br />
<br />
1 June 1869 – Richard Francis Burton arrives in England from Brazil<br />
<br />
30 June 1869 – Engels retires from Ermen and Engels<br />
<br />
August 1869 – John Ruskin appointed as the first Slade Professor of Fine Art at Oxford University<br />
<br />
6–12 September 1869 – Basle Congress of the International Workingmen's Association<br />
<br />
September 1869 – Engels and Lizzie Burns visit Dublin, Killarney and Cork<br />
<br />
10 September–11 October 1869 – Marx and his daughter Jenny Marx visit Hanover<br />
<br />
November 1869 – Francis Galton’s <i>Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into Its Laws and Consequences</i> is published by Macmillan; 2nd edn. 1892<br />
<br />
November 1869–31 March 1870 – Samuel Butler travels via Antwerp, Brussels, Luxemburg, Basel, Fluelen, Airolo, Giornico, Bellinzona, Como, Villa d’Este, Milan, Bergamo, Brescia, Desenzano, Genoa, and San Remo to Mentone (he stays from mid-December–March 1870 for painting); he then goes on foot to Sospello, Giandola, Tenda; and by diligence to Cuneo, Turin, Parma, Modena, Florence, Bologna, Venice, Turin, Macon, Paris, and England<br />
<br />
17 November 1869 – Suez Canal officially opened<br />
<br />
December 1869 – Richard Francis Burton arrives in Damascus<br />
<br />
<center><b>1870s</b></center><b>1870</b><br />
1870s–1895 – rabbit plague in the South Island of New Zealand<br />
<br />
19 January 1870 – William Larnach buys 40 hectares on the Otago peninsula<br />
<br />
17 February 1870 – introduction of the UK Elementary Education Act 1870 (Forster’s Education Act), which requires the schooling of all children between the ages of 5 and 12 in England and Wales<br />
<br />
1 March 1870 – Bram Stoker graduated with a Bachelor in Arts degree at the Spring Commencements at Trinity College, Dublin<br />
<br />
25 March 1870–25 March 1872 – Alfred Russel Wallace rents Holly House, Tanner Street, Barking<br />
<br />
5–21 April 1870 – Richard Francis Burton visits Palmyra<br />
<br />
22 April 1870 – birth of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)<br />
<br />
June 1870 – Edward A. Freeman receives an honorary degree of the Doctor of Civil Law from Oxford<br />
<br />
9 June 1870–1874 – Arthur Evans attends Brasenose College, Oxford<br />
<br />
9 June 1870 – death of Charles Dickens from a stroke<br />
<br />
17 June–21 October 1870 – Friedrich Nietzsche in Axenstein bei Brunnen, Tribschen, Erlangen, and then in France and Naumburg during the Franco-Prussian war:<blockquote>17–27 June 1870 – Friedrich Nietzsche on a trip to Axenstein bei Brunnen<br />
28–30 June 1870 – Friedrich Nietzsche in Tribschen, where Elisabeth meets Wagner and Cosima<br />
June 1870 – Friedrich Nietzsche writes the essay <i>Die dionysische Weltanschauung</i> (<i>The Dionysian Worldview</i>), the precursor to <i>The Birth of Tragedy</i><br />
13–22 August 1870 – Nietzsche in Erlangen for training<br />
28 August–2 September 1870 – Nietzsche on the front, near Wörth (August 28), in Pont a Mousson (September 1), Sedan (September 2)<br />
4–6 September 1870 – Nietzsche ill in Karlsruhe<br />
15 September–21 October 1870 – Nietzsche recovers in Naumburg<br />
25 December 1870 – Nietzsche attends the premiere of Wagner’s <i>Siegfried-Idyll</i> in Tribschen</BLOCKQUOTE>19 July 1870–10 May 1871 – Franco-Prussian war<br />
<br />
25 August 1870 – Richard Wagner’s marriage to Cosima Liszt (the daughter of the Hungarian composer Franz Liszt)<br />
<br />
summer 1870 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
2 September 1870 – Napoleon III surrenders to the Germans at Sedan<br />
<br />
4 September 1870 – Léon Gambetta proclaimed the return of the French Republic<br />
<br />
15 September 1870 – Michael Bakunin in Lyons to lead a failed uprising<br />
<br />
19 September 1870–28 January 1871 – siege of Paris by Prussian and German forces<br />
<br />
20 September 1870 – Engels moved from Manchester to London and lived with Lydia “Lizzie” Burns, Mary Burns’s sister<br />
<br />
20 September 1870–November 1894 – Friedrich Engels moves to 122 Regents Park Road, London, opposite Primrose Hill, 15 minutes from Marx’s house<br />
<br />
20 September 1870 – Italian troops take Rome from the Papacy, the last event of Italian unification (<i>Risorgimento</i>)<br />
<br />
1 October 1870 – opening to the public of the new Canterbury Museum building, designed by B. W. Mountfort, on Rolleston Avenue <br />
<br />
12 November 1870 – Léon Walras is appointed Adjunct Professor at the University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland<br />
<br />
16 December 1870 – Léon Walras gives his first lecture at the University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland<br />
<br />
December 1870–1871 – the diamond rush on the Orange River in South Africa<br />
<br />
c. 21 December 1870–1871 – fictional date of Samuel Butler’s <i>Erewhon: or, Over the Range</i><blockquote>late 1868 – Higgs arrives in New Zealand<br />
19 September 1870–28 January 1871 – siege of Paris by Prussian and German forces<br />
c. 21 December 1870 – departs his sheep station for Erewhon (3rd edn.; autumn in 1st and 2nd edn.)<br />
28 January 1871 – surrender of Paris to Prussian forces<br />
March 1871 – Higgs rescued in Pacific ocean (in 1st and 2nd edn.)<br />
c. May 1871 – Higgs arrives home in England<br />
September 1871 – fictional date of the birth of John, son of Higgs, in Samuel Butler’s <i>Erewhon Revisited</i></BLOCKQUOTE>winter 1870/1871–autumn 1871 – fictional date of Peter Tremayne’s <i>Dracula, My Love</i><br />
<br />
<b>1871</b><br />
1871 – Carl Menger publishes <i>Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre</i> (<i>Principle of Economics</i>)<br />
<br />
1871–1874 – Oscar Wilde attends Trinity College, Dublin<br />
<br />
18 January 1871 – Wilhelm I formally proclaimed German Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles<br />
<br />
28 January 1871 – the French Government of National Defence signs an armistice with the Prussians<br />
<br />
24 February 1871 – Charles Darwin publishes <i>The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex</i><br />
<br />
25 February 1871 – death of the physician Dr John Addington Symonds (1807–1871), father of John Addington Symonds<br />
<br />
March 1871 – fictional date when Higgs is rescued in Pacific ocean of Samuel Butler’s <i>Erewhon: or, Over the Range</i> (in 1st and 2nd edn.)<br />
<br />
1 March 1871 – the French national assembly officially deposed Napoleon III<br />
<br />
18 March–28 May 1871 – Paris Commune<br />
<br />
April 1871–1887 – the construction of Larnach Castle on the Otago Peninsula, Dunedin, by William Larnach (1833–1898); Larnach himself took up residence in 1874<br />
<br />
May–September 1871 – Samuel Butler travels to Antwerp, Cologne, Mayence, Carlsruhe, Basel, Gersau, Altdorf, Amsteg, Wasen, Hospenthal, and Bellinzona to Arona (in September; on Lago Maggiore), Varallo-Sesia (he stays some weeks at the Albergo d’Italia); Fobello, Arona, Bergamo, crosses the Splügen<br />
<br />
c. 13 June 1871 – Marx published <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Civil_War_in_France"><i>The Civil War in France</i></a><br />
<br />
5 July 1871 – opening of the University of Otago, New Zealand in the Post Office building on Princes Street; it relocates to Maxwell Bury’s Clocktower (a Gothic revival building) in 1879<br />
<br />
24 July 1871 – Léon Walras is appointed Full Professor at the University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland<br />
<br />
27 July 1871–3 October 1872 – Anthony Trollope in Australia and New Zealand:<blockquote>27 July 1871 – Anthony Trollope arrives in Melbourne<br />
August 1871 – Anthony Trollope travels to Queensland<br />
October 1871 – Anthony Trollope in Gulgong and Bathurst in New South Wales<br />
7 December 1871 – Anthony Trollope in Sydney<br />
January 1872 – Anthony Trollope in Tasmania<br />
February 1872 – Anthony Trollope in Gippsland, Victoria<br />
April-May 1872 – Anthony Trollope in Western Australia and South Australia<br />
29 July 1872 – Anthony Trollope left for New Zealand<br />
3 August 1872 – Anthony Trollope arrived at Bluff<br />
August–September 1872 – Anthony Trollope in Dunedin, Christchurch, Wellington<br />
3 October 1872 – Anthony Trollope left Auckland for Honolulu, San Francisco, and England<br />
6 November 1872 – Anthony Trollope in San Francisco</BLOCKQUOTE>August 1871 – Stoker began work in Dublin Castle as a civil servant at the Department of Registrar of Petty Sessions Clerks, Dublin Castle; he begins writing a journal on 1 August<br />
<br />
August 1871 – Richard Francis Burton recalled from Damascus<br />
<br />
4 September 1871–July 1877 – John Addington Symonds and his wife live in Clifton Hill House, Bristol<br />
<br />
October 1871 – Francis Ysidro Edgeworth settles in London<br />
<br />
October 1871 – William Stanley Jevons’ <i>The Theory of Political Economy</i> is published<br />
<br />
8–10 October 1871 – the Great Chicago Fire, a conflagration in Chicago that killed 300 people, destroyed about 3.3 square miles of Chicago, Illinois, and left more than 100,000 people homeless<br />
<br />
11 October 1871 – Heinrich Schliemann (6 January 1822–26 December 1890) begins excavation of mound of Hissarlik in western Turkey, the site of ancient Troy<br />
<br />
10 November 1871 – Livingstone’s famous meeting with H. M. Stanley<br />
<br />
25 November 1871 – Henry Irving abandons his wife Florence O’Callaghan<br />
<br />
December 1871–March 1872 – Sheridan Le Fanu’s novel <i>Carmilla</i> serialised in the magazine <i>The Dark Blue</i><br />
<br />
<b>1872</b><br />
1872–1890 – Richard Francis Burton British Consul in Trieste<br />
<br />
1872 – Nina Mazuchelli’s journey from India to Darjeeling, Bhutan and the Eastern Himalayas<br />
<br />
1872–1875 – Karl Julius Beloch studies classical philology and ancient history in Freiburg, Heidelberg and Rome<br />
<br />
1872 – Sheridan Le Fanu publishes <i>In a Glass Darkly</i>, a collection of five short stories<br />
<br />
2 January 1872 – Friedrich Nietzsche’s <i>The Birth of Tragedy out of the Spirit of Music</i> (<i>Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik</i>) first published by E. W. Fritsch in Leipzig<br />
<br />
March 1872 – Samuel Butler’s <i>Erewhon: or, Over the Range</i> is first published anonymously<br />
<br />
25 March 1872–July 1876 – Alfred Russel Wallace lives at the Dell, Grays, Essex, where he lived until 1876<br />
<br />
1 April–14 August 1872 – Heinrich Schliemann’s 1872 season at Hisarlik, during which he excavates part of the wall of Troy II<br />
<br />
22 April 1872 – Wagner leaves Switzerland and travels to live in Bayreuth<br />
<br />
18 May 1872 – birth of Bertrand Russell at Ravenscroft, Trellech, Monmouthshire<br />
<br />
18–23 May 1872 – Friedrich Nietzsche’s first trip to Bayreuth; he sees the foundation of the theatre<br />
<br />
30 May 1872 – Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Möllendorf publishes a severe criticism of <i>The Birth of Tragedy</i> in a pamphlet entitled <i>Zukunftsphilologie!</i><br />
<br />
June 1872 – Carl Menger obtains his <i>Habilitierung</i> for Political Economy at the University of Vienna <br />
<br />
26 June 1872–22 February 1873 – Engels publishes <i>The Housing Question</i> in <i>Volksstaat</i><br />
<br />
July 1872 – Samuel Butler’s <i>Erewhon: or, Over the Range</i> published in a slightly revised second edition<br />
<br />
August–September 1872 – Anthony Trollope in Dunedin, Christchurch, Wellington<br />
<br />
August 1872 – Arthur Evans and Norman Evans travel to Petrozsény, Hermannstadt, Mühlenbach, Kronstadt, Kimpina, Ploesti, Bucharest, Giurgevo, Rustchuk, and along the Danube to Belgrade<br />
<br />
2–7 September 1872 – 5th congress of the First International meets in the Hague; Bakunin was expelled from the International and the General Council was moved to New York, which effectively killed the International so that it dissolved in 1876<br />
<br />
October 1872–September 1873 – Bakunin lives in Locarno<br />
<br />
October–November 1872 – Edward A. Freeman visits Aachen, Koln, Mainz, Würzburg, Innsbruck, Trent, Verona, Venice, Padua, Bologna, Ravenna, Pisa, Modena, Parma, Piacenza, Pistoia, Pavia, Milan, and Switzerland<br />
<br />
1 October–21 December 1872 – the fictional dates of Jules Verne’s <i>Le tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours</i> (<i>Around the World in Eighty Days</i>), which begins in London; serialised in 1872<br />
<br />
10 October 1872 – Marx’s daughter Jenny Marx marries the French socialist Charles Longuet<br />
<br />
November 1872 – Samuel Butler visits Charles Darwin at Down<br />
<br />
6 December 1872 – Richard Francis Burton arrives in Trieste<br />
<br />
<b>1873</b><br />
1 January 1873 – Dunedin’s first railway, the Port Chalmers Branch, opened<br />
<br />
30 January 1873 – Jules Verne’s <i>Le tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours</i> (<i>Around the World in Eighty Days</i>) is published; serialised in 1872<br />
<br />
February–June 1873 – Heinrich Schliemann’s third season of excavation, the 1873 season at Hisarlik; Schliemann discovers the paved ramp of Troy II<br />
<br />
February 1873 – Anthony Trollope’s <i>Australia and New Zealand</i> published<br />
<br />
7 February 1873 – death of the novelist Joseph Thomas Sheridan Le Fanu (28 August 1814–7 February 1873) in Dublin<br />
<br />
March 1873 – Samuel Butler publishes <i>The Fair Haven</i><br />
<br />
19 March 1873 – Marx goes on a trip to Brighton with his daughter Eleanor<br />
<br />
April 1873 – Marx leaves his daughter Eleanor in Brighton, since she wishes to leave home and find employment<br />
<br />
1 April 1873 – Richard Francis Burton and his wife leave Trieste for a trip to Italy and Vienna:<blockquote>1 April 1873 – Richard Francis Burton leaves Trieste by ship for Ancona and Loreto<br />
3 April – Richard Francis Burton arrives in Rome, then travels to Florence, Pistojia and Bologna<br />
25 April 1873 – Richard Francis Burton arrives back in Trieste<br />
1 May 1873 – Richard Francis Burton in Vienna for the opening ceremony of the 1873 Vienna World’s Fair (World Exposition 1873 Vienna)<br />
c. 22 May 1873 – Richard Francis Burton leave Vienna</BLOCKQUOTE>8 April 1873–6 July 1875 – Julius Vogel is Premier of New Zealand<br />
<br />
c. April/May 1873 – Walter Bagehot (editor of <i>The Economist</i>) publishes <i>Lombard Street</i><br />
<br />
May 1873 – Arthur Evans publishes his travel essay “Over the Marches of Civilised Europe” in <i>Fraser’s Magazine</i><br />
<br />
May–July 1873 – Friedrich Max Müller publishes three lectures on “Mr. Darwin’s Philosophy of Language” in <i>Fraser’s Magazine</i>, which he gave at the Royal Institution<br />
<br />
1 May–31 October 1873 – the World Exposition 1873 Vienna (Weltausstellung 1873 Wien), held in Prater, Vienna<br />
<br />
9 May 1873 – the Vienna Stock Exchange crashes, and a number of bank failures in Austria occur<br />
<br />
22 May–June 1873 – Marx visits Manchester to see Dr Gumpert<br />
<br />
June 1873 – the second German edition of volume I of <i>Das Kapital</i> is published in Hamburg<br />
<br />
June 1873 – Heinrich Schliemann and his wife Sophia Schliemann discover a cache of golden bracelets, diadems, earrings and rings at Hissarlik; it is dubbed “Priam’s Treasure”<br />
<br />
16 June 1873 – Canterbury Provincial Council Ordinance establishes University of Canterbury in Christchurch; from 1874 to 1961 University of New Zealand was New Zealand’s only degree-granting university, and included Otago and Canterbury<br />
<br />
June 1873 – George Bernard Shaw leaves Dublin for London<br />
<br />
June 1873 – Karl Marx sends Charles Darwin the second German edition of <i>Das Kapital</i>; Thomas Huxley visits Charles Darwin at Downe house, before Huxley’s trip to the Continent<br />
<br />
6 June 1873 – the Schönbrunn Convention is signed by Russia and Austria-Hungary<br />
<br />
July–August 1873 – Elisée Reclus travels to Transylvania and Petrozsény<br />
<br />
1 July 1873 – takeover of the Bank of Otago by the National Bank; William Larnach continues to live for a year in the upper floor of the bank<br />
<br />
10 July 1873–25 March 1876 – Marco Minghetti (1818–1886) (Right) is Prime Minister of Italy:<blockquote><b>King</b><br />
17 March 1861–9 January 1878 – Victor Emmanuel II is king<br />
9 January 1878–29 July 1900 – Umberto I is king<br />
<b>Prime Minister</b><br />
14 December 1869–10 July 1873 – Giovanni Lanza (1810–1882) (Right)<br />
10 July 1873–25 March 1876 – Marco Minghetti (1818–1886) (Right)<br />
25 March 1876–24 March 1878 – Agostino Depretis (1813–1887)<br />
24 March–19 December 1878 – Benedetto Cairoli(1825–1889) (Left)<br />
19 December 1878–14 July 1879 – Agostino Depretis (1813–1887) (Left)<br />
14 July 1879–29 May 1881 – Benedetto Cairoli (1825–1889) (Left)</BLOCKQUOTE>19 July 1873 – death of Samuel Wilberforce, the Anglican bishop and third son of William Wilberforce<br />
<br />
c. August 1873–1874 – the Bihar famine of 1873–1874 (or Bengal famine of 1873–1874), a famine in British India after a drought in Bihar, parts of Bengal, the North-Western Provinces and Oudh; a relief effort was organized by Sir Richard Temple, Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal<br />
<br />
August 1873 – Mikhail Bakunin moves into the villa Baronata, near Locarno, Switzerland, which is purchased by him by Carlo Cafiero<br />
<br />
August 1873–July 1874 – Mikhail Bakunin lives in the villa Baronata, near Locarno, Switzerland<br />
<br />
Autumn 1873 – Freud enters Vienna University as medical student<br />
<br />
September 1873 – Carl Menger becomes non-tenured associated professor in the Faculty of Law and Political Science at the University of Vienna (1873–1903)<br />
<br />
early September 1873 – Marx’s daughter Eleanor returned to London<br />
<br />
18 September 1873 – the American company Jay Cooke & Company declares bankruptcy; the Panic of 1873 begins<br />
<br />
20 September 1873 – the New York Stock Exchange closes for ten days starting on this day<br />
<br />
1 October 1873 – Charles Darwin writes a letter to Karl Marx, thanking him for the gift of the second German edition of <i>Das Kapital</i><br />
<br />
22 October 1873 – Bismarck establishes the League of the Three Emperors between the German Empire, Russia, and Austria-Hungary from 1873 to 1878; it was dissolved over territorial disputes in the Balkans in 1878; revived in June 1881<br />
<br />
November 1873 – the Harvard philosopher John Fiske visits Charles Darwin at Downe house<br />
<br />
18–21 November 1873 – Irish Home Rule League founded<br />
<br />
24 November 1873 – Marx leaves London for a spa in Harrogate (near Leeds in North England), owing to bad heath; he is accompanied by Eleanor “Tussy” Marx and visits Manchester twice during the holiday; he stays until December 15<br />
<br />
15 December 1873 – Marx returns to London<br />
<br />
<b>1874</b><br />
1874 – Léon Walras publishes <i>Éléments d’économie politique pure, ou théorie de la richesse sociale</i> (<i>Elements of Pure Economics, or the Theory of Social Wealth</i>)<br />
<br />
1874–1878 – Oscar Wilde attends Magdalen College, Oxford<br />
<br />
January 1874 – Charles Darwin visits London to consult Dr Andrew Clark; Darwin attends a séance at the home of his brother Erasmus<br />
<br />
31 January–17 February 1874 – the United Kingdom general election of 1874; the results:<blockquote><b>Party | Seats Won</b><br />
Conservative | 350<br />
Liberal | 242<br />
Home Rule | 60</BLOCKQUOTE>Benjamin Disraeli’s Conservatives win the majority of seats in the House of Commons, even though the Liberals win a majority of the votes cast, and Benjamin Disraeli becomes UK Prime Minister on 20 February 1874 <br />
<br />
February 1874 – Heinrich Schliemann publishes <i>Trojanische Alterthümer</i><br />
<br />
20 February 1874–21 April 1880 – Benjamin Disraeli is Prime Minister of the UK<br />
<br />
21 February 1874–2 April 1878 – Robert Gascoyne-Cecil (3rd Marquess of Salisbury) is UK Secretary of State for India<br />
<br />
c. 7 March 1874 – New Zealand University Act<br />
<br />
April 1874 – William Stanley Jevons’ <i>Principles of Science</i> is published<br />
<br />
April 1874 – Charles Darwin sends the second edition of the <i>Descent of Man</i> to the printers<br />
<br />
mid-April 1874 – Marx takes a three-week seaside cure alone at Ramsgate (near Canterbury), owing to bad health (carbuncles and liver trouble)<br />
<br />
15 April 1874 – Lord Randolph Churchill marries Jennie Jerome (an American from New York and daughter of Leonard Jerome)<br />
<br />
10 June 1874 – Samuel Butler sails for Montreal<br />
<br />
June–c. 17 July 1874 – Samuel Butler in Montreal<br />
<br />
June 1874 – teaching begins at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand, in its first term, with five part-time lecturers<br />
<br />
June–July 1874 – Richard Francis Burton becomes seriously in Trieste<br />
<br />
July 1874 – Elisée Reclus’ “Voyage aux régions minières de la Transylvanie occidentale” (Le Tour du Monde vol. 28) published<br />
<br />
July 1874 – Marx took a three-week vacation in Ryde on the Isle of Wight<br />
<br />
July 1874 – Bologna insurrection<br />
<br />
13 July 1874 – Mikhail Bakunin’s wife Antonia Kwiatkowska arrives at Baronata<br />
<br />
25 July 1874 – Mikhail Bakunin signs over ownership of the villa Baronata to Carlo Cafiero<br />
<br />
c. 17 July–5 August 1874 – Samuel Butler returns to London <br />
<br />
August 1874 – Charles Darwin and his family take a holiday in Southampton<br />
<br />
c. August–21 September 1874 – Richard Francis Burton in Padua to see a doctor and Battaglia to recover from illness<br />
<br />
5 August 1874–May 1875 – Samuel Butler in Montreal, Canada<br />
<br />
7 August 1874 – the UK Public Worship Regulation Act 1874, introduced as a private member’s bill by the Archbishop of Canterbury Archibald Campbell Tait, to restrict the ritualism of Anglo-Catholicism and the Oxford Movement within the Church of England, is given royal assent<br />
<br />
c. 14 August 1874 – Mikhail Bakunin arrives back in Baronata from Italy<br />
<br />
15 August 1874 – Marx departed for the spa town of Karlsbad in Bohemia (which he also visited in 1875 and 1876) with his daughter Tussy<br />
<br />
August–19 September 1874 – Marx in Karlsbad (a spa resort, now Karlovy Vary in the Czech Republic); before 8 September Marx breaks with Louis (Ludwig) Kugelmann<br />
<br />
September 1874 – Marx went on a two-week tour of German cities and travels to Dresden, Leipzig (where he met Liebknecht), Berlin and Hamburg; he meets his publisher Meissner<br />
<br />
7 October 1874 – Mikhail Bakunin reunited with his wife and children at Lugano <br />
<br />
17 October 1874 – Oscar Wilde enters Magdalen College, Oxford<br />
<br />
October 1874–November 1878 – Oscar Wilde attends Magdalen College, Oxford to study for a Bachelor of Arts degree<br />
<br />
November 1874 – Richard Wagner finishes the score of the <i>Ring of the Niebelungen</i><br />
<br />
13 November 1874 – the second edition of the <i>Descent of Man</i> is published<br />
<br />
30 November 1874 – birth of Winston Churchill<br />
<br />
c. 5 December 1874 – William Larnach (1833–1898) and his family move into Larnach Castle, Otago Peninsula, Dunedin; the house (or “The Camp”) coined a “Castle” by local press on 8 December 1874<br />
<br />
8 December 1874 – Isabel Burton leaves Trieste for England; she arrives 12 December<br />
<br />
<b>1875</b><br />
1875 – Karl Julius Beloch obtains PhD from University of Rome<br />
<br />
1875–1889 – Phylloxera plague in Europe: total wine production in France falls from 84.5 million hectolitres in 1875 to only 23.4 million hectolitres in 1889<br />
<br />
1875 – Francis Mazuchelli and Nina Elizabeth Mazuchelli return from India<br />
<br />
14 January 1875 – enactment of US Specie Payment Resumption Act, which restores the gold standard by redemption of fiat notes printed after the American Civil War<br />
<br />
22 January 1875 – death of Charles Lyell<br />
<br />
February 1875 – Mikhail Bakunin purchases Villa Bresso on the outskirts of Lugano near Monte Salvatore<br />
<br />
9 February 1875 – Bram Stoker awarded a Master’s degree from Trinity College<br />
<br />
March 1875 – Marx family moves to 41 Maitland Park Road (44 Maitland Street), and lived here until he died<br />
<br />
March 1875–14 March 1883 – Marx lives at 41 Maitland Park Road (44 Maitland Street) until he died<br />
<br />
20 March 1875 – Heinrich Schliemann’s <i>Troy and its Remains</i> is published by John Murray, London; this is an English translation of <i>Trojanische Alterthümer. Bericht über die Ausgrabungen in Troja</i> (1874) <br />
<br />
25 March 1875 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s comic opera <i>Trial by Jury</i> premières<br />
<br />
April–July 1875 – Arthur Evans attended a summer term at the University of Göttingen<br />
<br />
April or early May 1875 – Marx writes the letter that would become the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critique_of_the_Gotha_Program"><i>Critique of the Gotha Program</i></a>, which was only published in 1891<br />
<br />
21 April 1875 – Charles Stewart Parnell elected to the House of Commons <br />
<br />
12 May–4 December 1875 – Richard Francis Burton in England<br />
<br />
June 1875–spring 1876 – Andrew Crosse’s journey from Budapest along the Danube to Romania and Transylvania<br />
<br />
June–July 1875 – Heinrich Schliemann visits Britain and gives a lecture at the Society of Antiquaries on 24 June<br />
<br />
c. 6–30 July 1875 – Richard Francis Burton in Iceland<br />
<br />
9 July 1875–4 August 1877 – Herzegovina Uprising, an uprising of ethnic Serbs against the Ottoman Empire, firstly in Herzegovina and then in Bosnia<br />
<br />
July 1875–3 March 1878 – <b>Balkan Wars of 1875–1878</b>:<blockquote><b>(1)</b> July 1875 – Herzegovina Uprising (9 July 1875–4 August 1877), an uprising of ethnic Serbs against the Ottoman Empire, firstly in Herzegovina and then in Bosnia<br />
<b>(2)</b> April 1876 – April Uprising of Bulgarians (April–May 1876) against the Ottoman Empire<br />
<b>(3)</b> June 1876 – Montenegrin–Ottoman War (18 June 1876–19 February 1878), which ends in Montenegrin victory<br />
<b>(4)</b> June 1876 – Serbo-Turkish War (30 June 1876–3 March 1878)<br />
<b>(5)</b> December 1876 – Constantinople Conference of the Great Powers (namely, Russia, Germany, France, Britain, Austria-Hungary and Italy) held in Istanbul (23 December 1876–20 January 1877) <br />
<b>(6)</b> April 1877 – Russo-Turkish War (24 April 1877–3 March 1878)<br />
<b>(7)</b> 3 March 1878 – the preliminary Treaty of San Stefano<br />
<b>(8)</b> 13 June–13 July 1878 – Congress of Berlin<br />
<b>(9)</b> 13 July 1878 – Treaty of Berlin signed at the Radziwill Palace in Berlin</BLOCKQUOTE>August 1875 – Marx returned to the Karlsbad spa<br />
<br />
August–September 1875 – Arthur Evans travels in Bosnia, and visits Tesanj, Sarajevo, Mostar, Metković, and Ragusa<br />
<br />
17 August 1875 – Heinrich Schliemann gives a lecture on “Troy and its Ruins” at the University of Rostock, Germany<br />
<br />
26 August 1875–1879 – Sir Henry Rider Haggard in South Africa<br />
<br />
after August 1875 – Heinrich Schliemann publishes <i>Troja und seine Ruinen</i> (C. Quandt, Waren 1875)<br />
<br />
c. September 1875 – Samuel Butler back in Montreal, Canada and goes to New York<br />
<br />
September 1875 – Carl Menger invited to be a tutor to Archduke Rudolf von Habsburg, the Crown Prince of Austria<br />
<br />
October 1875 – Edward A. Freeman visits Spalato<br />
<br />
October 1875–May 1876 – the Prince of Wales (the future Edward VII) tours India<br />
<br />
November 1875 – Francis Galton publishes a study called “History of Twins as a Criterion of the Relative Powers of Nature and Nurture” in <i>Fraser’s Magazine</i><br />
<br />
November 1875 – Benjamin Disraeli buys the Khedive of Egypt’s 44% stake in the Suez canal; <i>The Times</i> newspaper reveals this on 26 November, 1875<br />
<br />
3 November 1875 – Charles Darwin appears before a Royal Commission on vivisection of animals<br />
<br />
17 November 1875 – the Theosophical Society officially founded in New York City by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Colonel Henry Steel Olcott, William Quan Judge, and others<br />
<br />
4 December 1875 – Richard Francis Burton and his wife leave London for Trieste<br />
<br />
7 December 1875 – Samuel Butler back in London<br />
<br />
20 December 1875–1878 – William Larnach (1833–1898) independent MP for Dunedin, New Zealand:<blockquote>20 December 1875–1878 – William Larnach MP for Dunedin<br />
1883–1890 – William Larnach is MP for the Peninsula electorate, Dunedin, New Zealand<br />
1894–1898 – William Larnach is MP for Tuapeka</BLOCKQUOTE>24 December 1875 – Richard Francis Burton and his wife arrive in Trieste from England<br />
<br />
31 December 1875 – Richard Francis Burton and his wife sail from Trieste for India; they visit Port Said, Jedda, and Aden in January 1876<br />
<br />
<b>1876</b><br />
1876–1877 – construction of the tunnel and steps of Tunnel Beach, for John Cargill (son of Captain William Cargill)<br />
<br />
1876 – Cesare Lombroso’s <i>L’Uomo Delinquente</i> (Criminal Man) first published<br />
<br />
1876 – Nina Mazuchelli’s <i>The Indian Alps and how we crossed them: Being a Narrative of Two Years’ Residence in the Eastern Himalaya and Two Months’ Tour into the Interior</i> (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company) published<br />
<br />
1876 – Heinrich Schliemann returns to Troy after January, but leaves by August<br />
<br />
1876 – Julius von Haast appointed professor of geology and palaeontology at University of Canterbury, New Zealand<br />
<br />
January 1876 – Max Nordau obtains a medical degree from the University of Budapest<br />
<br />
3 January 1876–1879 – Carl Menger is tutor of Archduke Rudolf von Habsburg, the Crown Prince of Austria in political economy and statistics<br />
<br />
1 January 1876 – founding of the German Reichsbank<br />
<br />
February 1876 – William Stanley Jevons resigns as professor of moral philosophy and Cobden professor of political economy in Owens College<br />
<br />
2 February–April 1876 – Richard Francis Burton and his wife in India: Bombay, Poona, Hyderabad, Amir el-Kebir, Karachi and Sind (March), Kotri, Karachi, Bombay, Mahabaleshwar, Goa<br />
<br />
8 February 1876–May 1877 – the Great Sioux War of 1876–1877. The Agreement of 1877 (28 February 1877) officially annexes Sioux land and establishes Indian reservations<br />
<br />
24 February 1876 – the play <i>Peer Gynt</i> first performed in Oslo, with original music composed by Edvard Grieg<br />
<br />
15 February 1876–1 September 1876 – Julius Vogel is Premier of New Zealand<br />
<br />
10 March 1876 – first telephone call made between Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson<br />
<br />
April–May 1876 – April Uprising, the insurrection of Bulgarians against the Ottoman Empire<br />
<br />
April 1876 – Richard Francis Burton in Egypt; he visits Suez, Moses’ Well, Cairo<br />
<br />
April 1876–1877 – Cecil John Rhodes (5 July 1853–26 March 1902) returns to his second term at Oxford:<blockquote>September 1868–January 1894 – reign of Lobengula Khumalo, last king of the Northern Ndebele (Matabele) people<br />
1 September 1870 – Cecil John Rhodes (5 July 1853–26 March 1902) arrives in Durban, Natal<br />
October 1871–1873 – Cecil Rhodes and Herbert Rhodes in the diamond fields of Kimberley<br />
1873 – Cecil Rhodes stays at Oxford for one term<br />
1873–1876 – Cecil Rhodes in South Africa<br />
March 1876 – Cecil Rhodes leaves South Africa<br />
April 1876–1877 – Cecil Rhodes returns to his second term at Oxford<br />
9 May 1883–10 September 1900 – Paul Kruger is president of the South African Republic (Transvaal)<br />
13 March 1888 – Cecil Rhodes and C.D. Rudd launch De Beers Consolidated Mines (with Rhodes as secretary and with largest interest in the mine); Rhodes named chairman of De Beers<br />
30 October 1888 – the Rudd Concession by King Lobengula of Matabeleland (Rhodesia) giving exclusive mining rights to Cecil Rhodes<br />
1889 – Queen Victoria signs charter to allow Cecil Rhodes’ British South Africa Company (BSAC) to administer Rhodesia as a British protectorate<br />
1889–1923 – Rhodesia under control of the British South Africa Company (and called Southern Rhodesia 1911–1964) <br />
17 July 1890–12 January 1896 – Cecil Rhodes is Prime Minister of Cape Colony<br />
October 1893–January 1894 – First Matabele War between the British South Africa Company and the Ndebele (Matabele) Kingdom<br />
29 December 1895–2 January 1896 – Jameson Raid against the Transvaal by Leander Starr Jameson and his Company troops (from the British South Africa Company) and Bechuanaland policemen<br />
March 1896–October 1897 – Second Matabele War between the British South Africa Company and Ndebele (Matabele) people<br />
26 March 1902 – death of Cecil Rhodes at his seaside cottage in Muizenberg near Cape Town<br />
1902 – the Rhodes Scholarships established</BLOCKQUOTE>12 April 1876–8 June 1880 – Lord Lytton (1831–1891) is Governor-General and Viceroy of India<blockquote><b>Governors-General and Viceroys of India</b><br />
12 January 1869–8 February 1872 – Earl of Mayo (1822–1872)<br />
9 February 1872–23 February 1872 – Sir John Strachey (acting) (1823–1907)<br />
24 February 1872–3 May 1872 – Lord Napier (acting)<br />
3 May 1872–12 April 1876 – Lord Northbrook (1826–1904)<br />
12 April 1876–8 June 1880 – Lord Lytton (1831–1891)<br />
8 June 1880–13 December 1884 – Marquess of Ripon (1827–1909)<br />
13 December 1884–10 December 1888 – Earl of Dufferin (1826–1902)<br />
10 December 1888–11 October 1894 – Marquess of Lansdowne (1845–1927)<br />
11 October 1894–6 January 1899 – Earl of Elgin (1849–1917)<br />
6 January 1899–18 November 1905 – Lord Curzon of Kedleston (1859–1925)</BLOCKQUOTE>May–June 1876 – Turkish suppression of rebellions in Bulgaria<br />
<br />
May–August 1876 – Samuel Butler visits Faido (3 weeks), Mendrisio (month), Fusio, over Sassello Grande to Airolo, Piora (c. June 1876)<br />
<br />
1 May 1876 – Queen Victoria declared empress of India<br />
<br />
10 May–10 November 1876 – the Centennial International Exhibition of 1876, held in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US<br />
<br />
13 May 1876 – the Berlin Memorandum was circulated in the city of Berlin; Berlin Memorandum was drawn up by Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Germany to address the Eastern Question<br />
<br />
16 May 1876 – British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli rejects the Berlin Memorandum<br />
<br />
28 May–3 August 1876 – Charles Darwin begins to write his “Recollections”; revised in April 1881<br />
<br />
June 1876 – Arthur J. Evans publishes <i>Through Bosnia and the Herzegovina on Foot during the Insurrection, August and September 1875</i><br />
<br />
June–July 1876 – Serbia and Montenegro declare war on Turkey<br />
<br />
June 1876 – Antonia Kwiatkowska (wife of Mikhail Bakunin) leaves for Italy <br />
<br />
14 June 1876 – Mikhail Bakunin arrives in Berne <br />
<br />
c. 18 June 1876 – Richard Francis Burton and his wife arrive back in Trieste<br />
<br />
18 June 1876–19 February 1878 – Montenegrin–Ottoman War, which ends in Montenegrin victory<br />
<br />
25–26 June 1876 – Battle of the Little Bighorn. Victory of the forces of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes (led by Crazy Horse and Chief Gall) against the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army<br />
<br />
30 June 1876–3 March 1878 – Serbo-Turkish War<br />
<br />
1 July 1876 – death of Mikhail Bakunin in Berne<br />
<br />
late 1876 – Antonia Kwiatkowska (widow of Mikhail Bakunin) marries Carlo Gambuzzi at the Posillipo town hall in Naples<br />
<br />
10 July 1876 – Friedrich Nietzsche publishes <i>Richard Wagner in Bayreuth</i><br />
<br />
July 1876–March 1878 – Alfred Russel Wallace rents Rose Hill, Dorking, Surrey<br />
<br />
c. August 1876–1878 – the Great Famine of 1876–1878 in India (or Southern India Famine of 1876–1878 or the Madras famine of 1877), a famine in India beginning in 1876 and affecting Madras, Mysore, Hyderabad, and Bombay for two years<br />
<br />
7 August–December 1876 – Heinrich Schliemann’s excavations at Mycenae<br />
<br />
10 August 1876 – John Neville Keynes receives a telegram about his appointment to a Fellowship of Pembroke College, Cambridge (which he held from August 1876–12 August 1882)<br />
<br />
12 August 1876 – Friedrich Nietzsche travels to Bayreuth to see the first performance of the Ring cycle; Kaiser Wilhelm also attends this<br />
<br />
13 August 1876 – beginning of the famous 1876 Bayreuth Festival and performance of Wagner’s <i>Das Rheingold</i>, prelude of <i>Der Ring des Nibelungen</i> (The Ring of the Nibelungen) at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus. The following plays are performed:<blockquote>13 August 1876 – <i>Das Rheingold</i> (The Rhinegold)<br />
14 August 1876 – <i>Die Walküre</i> (The Valkyrie)<br />
16 August 1876 – <i>Siegfried</i><br />
17 August 1876 – <i>Götterdämmerung</i> (The Twilight of the Gods)</BLOCKQUOTE>Marx arrives in Nuremberg at about 5 pm on 14 August and was unable to find accommodation in Nuremberg; he travels on to Weiden and arrives at midnight but finds no accommodation there either, because of the festival at Bayreuth; first Bayreuth Festival continues until 30 August 1876<br />
<br />
16 August 1876 – Richard Wagner’s <i>Siegfried</i> premiered at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus <br />
<br />
17 August 1876 – Richard Wagner’s <i>Götterdämmerung</i> (<i>Twilight of the Gods</i>) premiered at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus<br />
<br />
19 August 1876 – Marx writes a letter to Engels from Karlsbad calling the Bayreuth Festival “Wagner’s Festival of Fools” <br />
<br />
August–September 1876 – Marx returned to the Karlsbad spa with his daughter Tussy<br />
<br />
21 August 1876 – Benjamin Disraeli was created Earl of Beaconsfield<br />
<br />
5 September 1876 – William Gladstone published <i>The Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East</i><br />
<br />
6–12 September 1876 – Marx delayed in Karlsbad after his daughter Eleanor becomes ill with a fever<br />
<br />
11 September 1876 – Amy Darwin, wife of Frank Darwin, dies of a fever after birth of Charles Darwin’s grandson<br />
<br />
mid-September 1876 – Marx visits Max Oppenheim in Prague and then journeys the down the middle Rhine<br />
<br />
21 September 1876 – Marx in Liège, Belgium<br />
<br />
27 September 1876 – Theodore Roosevelt entered Harvard College; he graduated on 30 June 1880<br />
<br />
October 1876 – William Stanley Jevons gives his first lecture as Professor of Political Economy at University College, London (from October 1876–May 1881); Jevons moves to The Chestnuts, Branch Hill, Hampstead Heath<br />
<br />
October 1876–August 1881 – Arthur Conan Doyle studies at the University of Edinburgh Medical School; Arthur Conan Doyle meets the Scottish lecturer Joseph Bell in 1877, who is the inspiration for Sherlock Holmes<br />
<br />
November 1876–August 1877 – Henry Morton Stanley’s expedition up the Lualaba river to the Congo River<br />
<br />
November 1876 – Eugene Schuyler, the American Consul in Istanbul, publishes a report about the Bulgarian atrocities after his own investigation<br />
<br />
30 November 1876 – Heinrich Schliemann opens the fifth of the Shaft Graves at Mycenae, and finds a tomb he believes to be that of Agamemnon; Schliemann reportedly sends a telegram to the king of Greece saying “I have gazed on the face of Agamemnon”<br />
<br />
December 1876 – Bram Stoker gives a favourable review of Henry Irving’s <i>Hamlet</i> at the Theatre Royal in Dublin<br />
<br />
December 1876 – Julius von Haast appointed professor of geology and palaeontology at University of Canterbury, New Zealand (professor December 1876–16 August 1887)<br />
<br />
3 December 1876 – Bram Stoker attends Henry Irving’s private reading of <i>The Dream of Eugene Aram</i><br />
<br />
23 December 1876–20 January 1877 – Constantinople Conference of the Great Powers (namely, Russia, Germany, France, Britain, Austria-Hungary and Italy) held in Istanbul<br />
<br />
<b>1877</b><br />
1877 – Edward A. Freeman publishes <i>The Ottoman Power in Europe: Its Nature, its Growth, and its Decline</i> by Macmillan<br />
<br />
1877 – Samuel Butler’s art career wanes<br />
<br />
1877 – completion of Cargill’s Castle for Edward Cargill (Mayor of Dunedin 1879–1898) called “The Cliffs” <br />
<br />
1877–1878 – Johann Droysen’s <i>History of Hellenism</i> (incorporating his earlier history of the Successors) published<br />
<br />
January 1877 – Arthur Evans travels to Dalmatia as a correspondent of the <i>Manchester Guardian</i><br />
<br />
1 January 1877 – Lord Lytton holds a great Durbar in Delhi at which Lord Lytton proclaimed Queen Victoria as Empress of India<br />
<br />
4 January 1877 – first issue of the British periodical <i>Truth</i> founded by Henry Labouchère<br />
<br />
4 January 1877– 27 December 1957 – period of the British periodical <i>Truth</i> founded by Henry Labouchère<br />
<br />
8 January 1877 – Crazy Horse and his Oglala Lakota warriors fight a last major battle at Wolf Mountain, Montana<br />
<br />
January/February 1877 – Richard Francis Burton travels to Zagreb<br />
<br />
March–April 1877 – Oscar Wilde’s trip to Italy and Greece; he visits Corfu, Zante, Olympia, Andritzena, Tripolitza, Argos, Nauplia, Aegina, Athens, Mycenae, Naples, and Rome 28/29 <br />
<br />
3 March 1877 – Richard Francis Burton leaves Trieste for Egypt<br />
<br />
4 March 1877–4 March 1881 – Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) is President of the United States (Republican)<br />
<br />
8 March–6 May 1877 – Richard Francis Burton in Egypt; Alexandria, Cairo (where he met the Khedive Isma’il Pasha); on 25 March the Khedive gives Burton permission to find gold in the Sinai; he goes to Zagazig, Suez (30 March), Wady Aynunah (4–9 April), Jebel el-Zahd, El-Muwaylah; last day in Arabia on 18 April; Suez (21 April); Cairo (until 27 April), and Alexandria<br />
<br />
10 March 1877 – William Gladstone meets Charles Darwin at Downe house, with John Morley and Thomas Henry Huxley in attendance<br />
<br />
22 March 1877 – Heinrich Schliemann gives a talk to the Society of Antiquaries on his excavations at Mycenae at Burlington House, London<br />
<br />
24 March 1877 – death of Walter Bagehot<br />
<br />
April 1877 – Oscar Wilde arrives at Oxford where he has been rusticated<br />
<br />
16 April 1877 – Romania and Russia sign the treaty of Bucharest under which Russian troops were allowed to pass through Romanian territory<br />
<br />
24 April 1877–3 March 1878 – Russo-Turkish War<br />
<br />
24 April 1877–3 March 1878 – the Romanian War of Independence, the Romanian participation in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), after which Romania obtained independence from the Ottoman Empire<br />
<br />
mid-May–July 1877 – Samuel Butler visits Canton Ticino, Mendrisio <br />
<br />
4 May–4 July 1877 – Edward A. Freeman with his two daughters visits Trieste, Corfu, Peloponnesus, Athens, Marathon, Tiryns, Argos, Larissa, Mykene, Nemea, Akrokorinthos, Patras, and Olympia. He returned via Zante, Ithaka, Corfu, Durazzo, Spalato, Traü, Zara, and Pola<br />
<br />
12 May 1877 – Richard Francis Burton arrives in Trieste from Egypt<br />
<br />
22 May 1877 – the act officially declaring the full independence of Romania signed by Prince Carol I<br />
<br />
mid-1877 – new buildings of Canterbury College, New Zealand, completed<br />
<br />
June–August 1877 – William Larnach visits Melbourne<br />
<br />
June 1877 – Arthur Evans meets Edward Augustus Freeman in Ragusa<br />
<br />
6 June 1877 – Eugen Dühring’s right to teach at the University of Berlin as a Privatdozent revoked (winter 1863–1877)<br />
<br />
7 June 1877 – the Governor of New Zealand (the Marquis of Normanby) opens the main buildings of the new Canterbury College campus, on Worcester Street, including the Clock tower block, entrance hall, two lecture rooms, the Registrar, and board room (college classes held from the beginning of 1878)<br />
<br />
c. 14 June–July 1877 – Edward A. Freeman visits Dalmatia<br />
<br />
18 June 1877 – Charles Bradlaugh and Annie Besant’s trial at the Old Bailey for a pamphlet on contraception<br />
<br />
July 1877 – Alfred Marshall marries Mary Paley<br />
<br />
25 July 1877–1883 – Alfred Marshall is Professor of Political Economy at Bristol University College; a hiatus from 1881–1882 while on holiday in Sicily<br />
<br />
August–September 1877 – Marx, his wife Jenny and daughter Eleanor travel for a holiday to Neuenahr, a spa town in Rhenish Prussia<br />
<br />
August 1877 – establishment of the Dogberry Club, a Shakespeare reading group<br />
<br />
7 August 1877 – John Addington Symonds arrives in Davos Platz, Switzerland<br />
<br />
August 1877–1893 – John Addington Symonds lives in Davos Platz, Switzerland<br />
<br />
9 August 1877 – Henry Morton Stanley and his men reach the Portuguese outpost of Boma around 100 kilometres from the mouth of the Congo River on the Atlantic Ocean<br />
<br />
11 August 1877 – the new building of the Otago Museum on 419 Great King Street was opened; the foundation was laid in December 1874; management of the museum passes to University of Otago in 1877; in 1955 a trust board becomes owner<br />
<br />
autumn 1877 – Charles Darwin visits Abinger, North Downs<br />
<br />
13 October 1877–8 October 1879 – George Grey is Prime Minister of New Zealand:<blockquote><b>Prime Ministers of New Zealand</b><br />
28 June 1869–10 September 1872 – William Fox<br />
10 September–11 October 1872 – Edward Stafford<br />
11 October 1872–3 March 1873 – George Waterhouse<br />
3 March–8 April 1873 – William Fox<br />
8 April 1873–6 July 1875 – Julius Vogel<br />
6 July 1875–15 February 1876 Daniel Pollen<br />
15 February–1 September 1876 – Julius Vogel<br />
1 September 1876–13 October 1877 – Harry Atkinson <br />
13 October 1877–8 October 1879 – George Grey<br />
8 October 1879–21 April 1882 – John Hall</BLOCKQUOTE>19 October 1877–12 May 1878 – Richard Francis Burton in Egypt; possible trip to Karlsbad<br />
<br />
17 October–12 November 1877 – Gladstone visits Ireland<br />
<br />
17–18 November 1877 – Charles Darwin visits Cambridge university and given an honorary Doctorate of Laws<br />
<br />
21 November 1877 – Thomas A. Edison announces the development of the phonograph<br />
<br />
December 1877–May 1878 – Edward A. Freeman visits Italy and Sicily<br />
<br />
6 December 1877 – first sound recording is made by Thomas Edison<br />
<br />
6 December 1877–12 May 1878 – Richard Francis Burton in Egypt and on expedition to Midian:<blockquote>6 December 1877 – Burton leaves for Suez<br />
10 December 1877 – Burton sails from Suez <br />
19 December 1877 – Burton lands at El-Muwaylah<br />
21 December 1877 – Burton leaves for Aynunah<br />
25 January–2 February 1878 – Burton at Maghair Shu’ayb; Makna <br />
5–12 April 1878 – Burton at El-Akabah, South Midian, Shuwak, Ziba, El Wijh, El-Haura, Bada plain, El Wijh<br />
20 April 1878 – Burton at Suez<br />
22 April–10 May 1878 – Burton at Zagazig, Cairo, and Alexandria</BLOCKQUOTE>7 December 1877 – Thomas A. Edison demonstrates the gramophone<br />
<br />
20 December 1877–December 1880 – Heinrich Schliemann’s Trojan exhibition in London<br />
<br />
<b>1878</b><br />
1878 – Max Nordau begins a medical practice in Budapest<br />
<br />
1878 – Richard Francis Burton publishes <i>The Gold Mines of Midian and the Ruined Midianite Cities</i> (C. Kegan Paul and Co.)<br />
<br />
1878 – Andrew F. Crosse publishes <i>Round about the Carpathians</i><br />
<br />
1878 – Dunedin linked to Christchurch by railroad<br />
<br />
c. 1878 – fictional date when Baron Rodolphe de Gortz disappears from his castle in Jules Verne’s <i>Le Château des Carpathes</i><br />
<br />
1878–1882 – Arthur Evans in Ragusa, Casa San Lazzaro<br />
<br />
March 1878 – Charles Darwin consults Dr Clark in London<br />
<br />
March 1878 – William Stanley Jevons’ <i>A Primer on Political Economy</i> is published<br />
<br />
March 1878 – Arthur Evans in Dubrovnik; he rents the Casa San Lazzaro<br />
<br />
March 1878–1880 – Alfred Russel Wallace rents Waldron Edge, Duppas Hill Lane, Croydon<br />
<br />
3 March 1878 – the preliminary Treaty of San Stefano<br />
<br />
11 March 1878 – beginning of first term of Canterbury College, New Zealand located at Worcester Street, Christchurch <br />
<br />
11 March 1878–1 May 1975 – Canterbury College campus located at Worcester Street, Christchurch<br />
<br />
by 31 March 1878 – completion of the new buildings of the Chemistry and Anatomy departments (now the Geology building) of the University of Otago <br />
<br />
1 April 1878 – the Salisbury Circular written by Lord Salisbury circulated to the Great Powers<br />
<br />
2 April 1878–28 April 1880 – Robert Gascoyne-Cecil (3rd Marquess of Salisbury) is UK Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs<br />
<br />
23–25 April 1878 – inauguration of Educational Institute of Otago<br />
<br />
May 1878–November 1879 – William Larnach in London to negotiate New Zealand government loan and promote the New Zealand Agricultural Companies<br />
<br />
1 May–10 November 1878 – the 3rd Paris World’s Fair (Exposition Universelle), held in the Palais du Trocadéro, the Avenue des Nations, Paris<br />
<br />
17 May 1878 – Richard Francis Burton and wife arrive in Trieste from Egypt<br />
<br />
25 May 1878 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s <i>H.M.S. Pinafore</i> first performed at the Opera Comique, London<br />
<br />
26 May 1878 – the Turkish Sultan agrees to the Cyprus Convention<br />
<br />
28 May 1878 – death of Lord John Russell (1st Earl Russell); Frank Russell became the second Earl Russell<br />
<br />
June 1878 – Oscar Wilde takes his final exams at Oxford<br />
<br />
June 1878 – Sir Henry Morton Stanley’s <i>Through the Dark Continent</i> published<br />
<br />
4 June 1878 – the Cyprus Convention, the secret agreement between the United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire which granted Cyprus to Great Britain in return for a guarantee against Russian aggression, is formally signed<br />
<br />
13 June–13 July 1878 – Congress of Berlin<br />
<br />
July 1878 – Engels published the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-D%C3%BChring"><i>Anti-Dühring</i> (1878)</a>, which was first published in serial form from January 3 1877 to July 7 1878 in the journal <i>Vorwärts</i><br />
<br />
6 July 1878 – Richard Francis Burton and wife sail from Trieste for Liverpool<br />
<br />
8 July 1878 – the British <i>Daily Telegraph</i> announced the Cyprus Convention<br />
<br />
13 July 1878 – Treaty of Berlin signed at the Radziwill Palace in Berlin<br />
<br />
16 July 1878 – Benjamin Disraeli and Lord Salisbury return to London greeted by cheering crowds from the Berlin Conference; they arrive at Dover at 2.40 p.m.<br />
<br />
22 July 1878 – Sir Garnet Wolseley arrives in Cyprus in H. M. S. Himalaya and takes possession of Cyprus<br />
<br />
27 July 1878–April 1879 – Richard Francis Burton and his wife in England, with August trip to Ireland; London (October 1878)<br />
<br />
August–September 1878 – Heinrich Schliemann excavated several sites on Ithaca<br />
<br />
August 1878 – Samuel Butler in Sacro Monte, Locarno, Bignasco, Fusio, Tacino Valley, Faido<br />
<br />
August 1878 – Friedrich Nietzsche publicly attacks Richard Wagner<br />
<br />
12 August 1878 – Richard Francis Burton and wife travel by night mail to Dublin, Ireland; they meet Bram Stoker <br />
<br />
31 August 1878 – the famous Victorian actor Henry Irving takes the lease of the Lyceum Theatre, London; the Irish writer Bram Stoker becomes his business manager in October<br />
<br />
19 August 1878 – Richard Francis Burton gives a lecture on the land of Midian in Dublin<br />
<br />
September–November 1878 – Heinrich Schliemann returns to Troy<br />
<br />
4 September 1878 – publication of second edition of Friedrich Nietzsche’s book <i>The Birth of Tragedy, or: Hellenism and Pessimism</i>, which was prepared and printed in 1874<br />
<br />
12 September 1878 – Lydia “Lizzie” Burns dies<br />
<br />
c. September 1878–1 September 1880 – Second Anglo–Afghan War:<blockquote>22 July 1878 – Russian envoys arrive in Kabul, capital of Sher Ali Khan, the Amir of Afghanistan<br />
14 August 1878 – the British demand that Sher Ali accept a British mission <br />
September 1878 – a British diplomatic mission on the way to Kabul is turned back near the east of the Khyber Pass; this triggers the Second Anglo–Afghan War<br />
21 November 1878 – a British force of 50,000 invades Afghanistan at three different points<br />
20 December 1878 – British advance to Jalalabad<br />
26 May 1879 – the Treaty of Gandamak, signed by King Mohammad Yaqub Khan of Afghanistan and Sir Louis Cavagnari, officially ends the first phase of the Second Anglo-Afghan War; Afghanistan cedes frontier areas to Britain; the Durand Line forms the border between Afghanistan and the British Raj<br />
24 July 1879 – British mission under Sir Louis Cavagnari arrives in Kabul<br />
3 September 1879 – uprising in Kabul and slaughter of Sir Louis Cavagnari, the British representative, along with his guards and staff<br />
6 October 1879 – Major General Sir Frederick Roberts leads the Kabul Field Force and defeats the Afghan Army at Char Asiab<br />
8 October 1879 – Major General Sir Frederick Roberts occupies Kabul<br />
December 1879 – uprising of 10,000 Afghans attacks British forces near Kabul in the Siege of the Sherpur Cantonment<br />
27 July 1880 – the Battle of Maiwand; the Afghan force of Ayub Khan defeats British and Indian troops under Brigadier-General George Burrows <br />
1 September 1880 – the Battle of Kandahar, the last major conflict of the war and a decisive British victory, between British forces under Frederick Sleigh Roberts and Afghan forces led by Ayub Khan.</BLOCKQUOTE>4–14 September 1878 – Marx is in Malvern, Worcester, with his wife, his daughter Jenny and his grandson<br />
<br />
16 September 1878 – Engels leaves for Littlehampton (near Worthing)<br />
<br />
19 September 1878 – Arthur Evans marries Margaret Freeman, daughter of the historian Edward Augustus Freeman, in England<br />
<br />
20 September 1878 – Jenny Marx arrives in London<br />
<br />
October 1878 – Arthur Evans and Margaret Freeman return to the Balkans to live in Ragusa<br />
<br />
October 1878–January 1883 – Arthur Evans and Margaret Freeman live in the Balkans at Ragusa<br />
<br />
19 October 1878 – Anti-Socialist laws in Germany<br />
<br />
November 1878 – Oscar Wilde graduates from Magdalen College, Oxford<br />
<br />
22 November 1878 – death of Sándor Rózsa (Hungarian outlaw) in prison in Gherla<br />
<br />
25–26 November 1878 – James McNeill Whistler sues the critic John Ruskin, and wins <br />
<br />
4 December 1878 – Florence Balcombe (1858–1937) and Bram Stoker married<br />
<br />
9 December 1878 – Bram Stoker joins Henry Irving in Birmingham<br />
<br />
30 December 1878 – Henry Irving revives the play <i>Hamlet</i> at the Lyceum with Ellen Terry as Ophelia<br />
<br />
<b>1879</b><br />
1879 – the British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company (then privately held) reorganised as a public stock corporation, the Cunard Steamship Company, Ltd.<br />
<br />
1879–1883 – Frank Russell (2nd Earl Russell) attends Winchester College<br />
<br />
1879 – Bram Stoker publishes his first book <i>The Duties of Clerks of Petty Sessions in Ireland</i> <br />
<br />
1879 – Richard Francis Burton publishes <i>The Land of Midian (Revisited)</i> (2 vols)<br />
<br />
1879 – Julius von Haast publishes <i>Geology of the Provinces of Canterbury and Westland, New Zealand</i><br />
<br />
1879 – the University of Otago, New Zealand, moves to its modern site when the neo-Gothic Clocktower building was completed<br />
<br />
1879 – Carl Menger appointed as chair of law and political economy at the University of Vienna (1879–1903)<br />
<br />
1879 – Charles Paine Pauli making around 700–1,000 pounds a year from his law profession<br />
<br />
11 January–4 July 1879 – Anglo-Zulu War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom:<blockquote>1 September 1873– July 1879 – Cetshwayo is king of the Zulu<br />
12 April 1877 – British annexation proclamation of Transvaal Boer Republic<br />
December 1878 – Sir Bartle Frere presents Cetshwayo with an ultimatum to disband the Zulu army and accept a British resident<br />
January 1879 – British force under Lieutenant General Frederick Augustus Thesiger (2nd Baron Chelmsford) invades Zululand<br />
22 January 1879 – battle of Isandlwana, first encounter of the Anglo–Zulu War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom<br />
22–23 January 1879 – battle of Rorke’s Drift: 150 British troops under the command of Lieutenant John Chard of the Royal Engineers and Lieutenant Gonville Bromhead defeat 3,000 to 4,000 Zulu warriors<br />
22 January–3 April 1879 – siege of Eshowe: Colonel Charles Pearson besieged at Eshowe (Fort Ekowe) for two months by the Zulus<br />
12 March 1879 – battle of Intombe between Zulus and British soldiers defending a supply convoy<br />
28 March 1879 – battle of Hlobane near Vryheid<br />
29 March 1879 – battle of Kambula in which Zulus attack the British camp at Kambula: a decisive Zulu defeat and turning point of the Anglo-Zulu War<br />
2 April 1879 – Lord Chelmsford’s attacked en route to Eshowe at Gingindlovu with Zulu defeat<br />
3 April 1879 – lifting of the siege of Eshowe<br />
June 1879 – second invasion of Zululand under Lord Chelmsford<br />
July 1879 – Sir Garnet Wolseley arrives in South Africa<br />
4 July 1879 – the battle of Ulundi (the Zulu capital), last major battle of the Anglo-Zulu War; the British defeat the Zulu and raze Ulundi <br />
28 August 1879 – the Zulu king Cetshwayo captured and sent to Cape Town</BLOCKQUOTE>after January 1879 – Midlothian campaign<br />
<br />
21 January 1879–1912 – Karl Julius Beloch is associate professor at University of Rome (full professor of ancient history from 1891–1912)<br />
<br />
22 January 1879 – Battle of Isandlwana, first encounter of the Anglo–Zulu War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom<br />
<br />
22–23 January 1879 – Battle of Rorke’s Drift, a battle in the Anglo-Zulu War. Around 150 British and colonial troops under the command of Lieutenant John Chard of the Royal Engineers and Lieutenant Gonville Bromhead successfully defended the mission station of Rorke’s Drift from 3,000 to 4,000 Zulu warriors<br />
<br />
February 1879 – Oscar Wilde moves into 13 Salisbury Street, London; Wilde applies for a ticket at the British Museum on 24 February 1879<br />
<br />
8 February 1879 – Richard Francis Burton meets Bram Stoker in Grafton Street at Irving’s house; Stoker meets Burton again on 21 February 1879 at a party at Bailey’s Hotel, South Kensington<br />
<br />
March–July 1879 – Heinrich Schliemann’s 1879 excavations at Troy<br />
<br />
April 1879 – opening of Maxwell Bury’s Clock Tower Block (University clocktower building) of the University of Otago. University semesters:<blockquote>1 December–28/29 February – Summer Session <br />
1 May–31 October – Winter Session</BLOCKQUOTE>April 1879 – Richard Francis Burton travels to Hamburg, Berlin, and Leipzig<br />
<br />
April 1879 – Richard Francis Burton and his wife return to Trieste<br />
<br />
1 May 1879 – publication of Samuel Butler’s <i>Evolution, Old and New</i> <br />
<br />
2 May 1879 – Friedrich Nietzsche resigns his position at the University of Basel with a pension<br />
<br />
June 1879 – Charles Darwin spends a weekend in Dorking<br />
<br />
26 June 1879 – the British and French governments force the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II to depose Ismail Pasha, the Khedive of Egypt<br />
<br />
26 June 1879–7 January 1892 – rule of Muhammed Tewfik Pasha (or Tawfiq of Egypt), Khedive of Egypt and the Sudan<br />
<br />
27 June 1879 – Ellen Terry plays Henrietta Maria in the debut of the play <i>Charles I</i> at the Lyceum Theatre<br />
<br />
4 July 1879 – Battle of Ulundi, last major battle of the Anglo-Zulu War<br />
<br />
August 1879 – Charles Darwin visits the Lake district with the Litchfields, and meets John Ruskin<br />
<br />
August 1879 – Henry Irving takes a cruise to the Aegean in the steam vessel <i>Walrus</i> as a guest of Baroness Burdett-Coutts<br />
<br />
c. 6 August–28 August 1879 – Engels and Carl Schorlemmer are on holiday in Eastbourne<br />
<br />
8–20 August 1879 – Marx and Eleanor (Tussy) Marx on holiday in St. Aubin’s and St. Helier, on the Isle of Jersey<br />
<br />
18 August 1879 – Marx’s daughter Jenny Longuet gives birth to a son, Edgar, in Ramsgate<br />
<br />
20 August 1879 – Marx and Eleanor (Tussy) Marx leave Jersey<br />
<br />
21 August–17 September 1879 – Marx arrived in Ramsgate to visit his daughter Jenny Marx and her new son Edgar<br />
<br />
c. September 1879 – Richard Francis Burton and his wife visit Gratz, Baden and Vienna <br />
<br />
17 September 1879 – Marx returns to London<br />
<br />
20 September 1879 – death of Lionel Lawson in London<br />
<br />
29 September 1879 – 11–12 midnight – Henry Labouchère assaulted by Edward Levy-Lawson while leaving the Beefsteak club<br />
<br />
October 1879 – Alfred Marshall and Mary Paley Marshall publish <i>The Economics of Industry</i> (Macmillan, London)<br />
<br />
October 1879 – Edward A. Freeman tours France, visiting Pontoise, Gisors, Chaumont, Gournay, and Neuchatel<br />
<br />
21 October 1879 – Irish National Land League founded in Castlebar, with Charles Stewart Parnell elected president<br />
<br />
1 November 1879 – Henry Irving’s production of <i>The Merchant of Venice</i> opened at the Lyceum; the famous Beefsteak Room dinners at the Lyceum begin<br />
<br />
28 November 1879 – court case before Sir George Jessel against Beefsteak club reinstating Henry Labouchère as member<br />
<br />
5 December 1879 – Richard Francis Burton sails for Egypt from Trieste<br />
<br />
December 1879–May 1880 – Richard Francis Burton in Egypt<br />
<br />
21 December 1879 – Henrik Ibsen’s play <i>A Doll’s House</i> premiered at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark<br />
<br />
December 1879–May 1880 – Richard Francis Burton in Egypt <br />
<br />
<b>1880</b><br />
1880 – Francis Ysidro Edgeworth begins to be a lecturer in Logic at King’s College, London<br />
<br />
1880–1914 – Max Nordau lives in Paris<br />
<br />
1880s – fictional date of Francis Marion Crawford’s short “For the Blood is the Life”<br />
<br />
1880–May 1881 – Alfred Russel Wallace lives in Pen-y-Bryn, St Peter’s Road, Croydon<br />
<br />
after c. January 1880–1882 – the ferry Colleen operates in Otago harbour<br />
<br />
2 January 1880 – Richard Francis Burton meets General Gordon in Cairo<br />
<br />
14 February 1880 – famous banquet held to celebrate the 100th performance of Henry Irving’s play <i>The Merchant of Venice</i><br />
<br />
March–May 1880 – Engels published <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism:_Utopian_and_Scientific"><i>Socialism: Utopian and Scientific</i> (1880)</a><br />
<br />
31 March 1880 – Lawrence Waddell joins the British Indian Army and serves as a medical officer with the Indian Medical Service (I.M.S):<blockquote>April 1881 – Lawrence Waddell is a British army surgeon at Jhelum<br />
1882 – Lawrence Waddell is a British army surgeon at Meerut<br />
February 1883 – Lawrence Waddell is physician at Calcutta hospital<br />
1888–1895 – Lawrence Waddell is Principal Medical Officer in Darjeeling district, India<br />
3 October–7 November 1889 – Lawrence Waddell travels to Sikkim from Darjeeling<br />
1895 – Lawrence Waddell excavates Pataliputra<br />
1895 – Lawrence Waddell marries Amy Louise Reeves<br />
August 1900–July 1901 – Lawrence Waddell in China<br />
1901–1902 – Mahsud blockade<br />
1903 – Malakand expeditionary force<br />
1905 – Lawrence Waddell returns to England<br />
1906–1908 – Lawrence Waddell Professor of Tibetan at University College London <br />
c. 1908–19 September 1938 – Lawrence Waddell lives at Craigmore, Rothesay, Island of Bute</BLOCKQUOTE>31 March–27 April 1880 – United Kingdom general election of 1880:<blockquote><b>Party | Seats Won</b><br />
Liberal | 352<br />
Conservative | 237<br />
Home Rule | 63.</BLOCKQUOTE>The Liberals win the election<br />
<br />
April 1880–January 1906 – Henry Labouchère is Liberal member of the House of Commons for Northampton <br />
<br />
April 1880 – William Larnach rents a townhouse in Manor Place, Dunedin<br />
<br />
3 April 1880 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s <i>The Pirates of Penzance</i> opens at at the Opera Comique<br />
<br />
10 April 1880 – birth of Augustus Montague Summers in Clifton, Bristol<br />
<br />
17 April 1880 – Arminius Vámbéry gives a lecture to the Royal Society of Arts in London on “Russian Influence in Central Asia”<br />
<br />
23 April 1880–9 June 1885 – William Ewart Gladstone Prime Minister of Britain. UK Prime Ministers:<blockquote><b>UK Prime Ministers</b><br />
<b>Liberal</b><br />
23 April 1880–9 June 1885 – William Ewart Gladstone<br />
<b>Conservative</b><br />
23 June 1885–28 January 1886 – Robert Gascoyne-Cecil (3rd Marquess of Salisbury)<br />
<b>Liberal</b><br />
1 February 1886–20 July 1886 – William Ewart Gladstone<br />
<b>Conservative</b><br />
25 July 1886–11 August 1892 – Robert Gascoyne-Cecil (3rd Marquess of Salisbury)<br />
<b>Liberal</b><br />
15 August 1892–2 March 1894 – William Ewart Gladstone<br />
5 March 1894–22 June 1895 – Archibald Primrose 5th Earl of Rosebery<br />
<b>Conservative</b><br />
25 June 1895–11 July 1902 – Robert Gascoyne-Cecil (3rd Marquess of Salisbury)<br />
11 July 1902–5 December 1905 – Arthur Balfour<br />
<b>Liberal</b><br />
5 December 1905–7 April 1908 – Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman<br />
7 April 1908–25 May 1915 – Herbert Henry Asquith.</BLOCKQUOTE>by 11 May 1880 – Richard Francis Burton back in Trieste from Egypt<br />
<br />
May–June 1880 – Richard Francis Burton and his wife in Monfalcone and Ober Ammergau in Bavaria<br />
<br />
20 May 1880 – Henry Irving’s production of <i>Iolanthe</i> at the Lyceum<br />
<br />
June 1880 – Charles Darwin visits Southampton<br />
<br />
July–August 1880 – Samuel Butler in S. Ambrogio, S. Pietro in the valley of Susa, monastery of Sammichele, Paget, in the neighbourhood of Lanzo, Viu, Fucine, and Groscavallo, Faido (joined by Henry Festing Jones in August) <br />
<br />
July 1880 – amnesty in France; Hippolyte-Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray returns to France on 4 July 1880<br />
<br />
July 1880 – Oscar Wilde moves into 44 Tite Street, Chelsea, with Frank Miles<br />
<br />
August 1880 – Charles Darwin visits Cambridge to visit his son Horace<br />
<br />
11 August 1880 – Sir Henry Rider Haggard marries Marianna Louisa Margitson (1859–1943)<br />
<br />
September 1880 – Hall Caine first meets Dante Gabriel Rossetti in his home at Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, London<br />
<br />
18 September 1880 – Henry Irving’s production of <i>The Corsican Brothers</i> opened at the Lyceum<br />
<br />
1 October 1880–30 April 1881 – Melbourne International Exhibition (8th World’s Fair) officially recognised by the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE), held in the Royal Exhibition Building, Carlton Gardens, Melbourne<br />
<br />
October 1880 – William Stanley Jevons decides to resign as Professor of Political Economy at University College, London<br />
<br />
November 1880 – William Larnach in Melbourne<br />
<br />
8 November 1880 – death of Eliza Jane Larnach (Guise) in Manor Place, Dunedin<br />
<br />
12 November 1880 – the novel <i>Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ</i> is published by Harper and Brothers, written by Lewis Wallace (10 April 1827–15 February 1905), and the best-selling American novel of the 19th century <br />
<br />
16 November 1880 – funeral of Eliza Larnach<br />
<br />
December 1880–1882 – Sir Henry Rider Haggard lives on a farm in Natal<br />
<br />
20 December 1880–23 March 1881 – First Boer War (First Anglo-Boer War/nsvaal War) between Britain and the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic); British defeated and the second independence of the South African Republic:<blockquote>8 January 1806 – battle of Blaauwberg (battle of Cape Town) near Cape Town in which Britain conquers Cape Colony<br />
13 August 1814 – Netherlands cedes Cape colony to Britain<br />
September 1835–1840 – the Great Trek (1836–1846), eastward migration of Dutch settlers by wagon from Cape Colony into South Africa<br />
1839–4 May 1843 – independent Natalia Republic<br />
12 May 1843 – Britain announces intention to annex Natal<br />
31 May 1844 – Sir George Napier (the Cape Colony governor) formally annexes Natal to the Cape Colony; colonial administration established in December 1845<br />
1852–31 May 1902 – the South African Republic (the Transvaal) is independent<br />
17 February 1854–28 May 1900 – independent Orange Free State<br />
15 July 1856 – Natal becomes a separate colony of the British crown<br />
1856–1910 – Natal a British colony <br />
27 October 1871 – Griqualand West proclaimed British territory <br />
1874 – British takes control of Griqualand East<br />
11 January–4 July 1879 – Anglo-Zulu War<br />
17 September 1879 – Griqualand East proclaimed part of Cape Colony<br />
18 October 1880 – Griqualand West formally united with the Cape Colony<br />
20 December 1880–23 March 1881 – First Boer War (First Anglo-Boer War/Transvaal War) between Britain and the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic)<br />
11 October 1899–31 May 1902 – Second Boer War between Britain and South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) and Orange Free State<br />
28 May 1900 – British occupation of the Orange Free State<br />
31 May 1902 – Treaty of Vereeniging ends the Second Boer War<br />
31 May 1902–31 May 1910 – British Transvaal Colony<br />
31 May 1910 – unification of the separate British colonies the Cape, Natal, Transvaal and Orange River colony to form the Union of South Africa<br />
11 December 1931 – Union of South Africa becomes a sovereign dominion of the British Empire<br />
31 May 1961 – South Africa becomes Republic and leaves the Commonwealth</BLOCKQUOTE>1880s–1890s – the London season runs from after Christmas to c. late June; this coincides with sitting of Parliament<br />
<br />
<center><b>1880s</b></center><b>1881</b><br />
1881 – Helen Connon who graduates from Canterbury College, New Zealand, becomes first female honours graduate in the British Empire<br />
<br />
1881–spring 1897 – Julius Kaerst (1857–1930) works at the Gymnasium Ernestinum in Gotha<br />
<br />
c. 1881–1885 – Benedikt Niese is Professor of Classical Philology at the University of Breslau<br />
<br />
1881–30 November 1888 – Montague John Druitt is assistant schoolmaster at George Valentine’s boarding school, Blackheath, London<br />
<br />
1881–1884 – Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire in Ukraine and Poland) <br />
<br />
1881–April 1882 – Hall Caine lives with Dante Gabriel Rossetti in his home at Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, London, and Caine acts as Rossetti’s secretary<br />
<br />
January–June 1881 – Edward A. Freeman visits France, Italy, Ionia, and Dalmatia<br />
<br />
1 January 1881/1882 – first meeting of Sherlock Holmes and John Watson<br />
<br />
3 January 1881 – Henry Irving’s production of Tennyson’s <i>The Cup</i> opened at the Lyceum; William Ewart Gladstone attends<br />
<br />
24 January 1881 – William Ewart Gladstone introduced a Coercion Bill in the House of Commons, to deal with the Irish National Land League, with royal assent in March 1881<br />
<br />
February 1881 – Charles Darwin visits London, and meets the Duke of Argyll<br />
<br />
February 1881 – Samuel Butler at Shrewsbury; Butler has financial difficulties<br />
<br />
13 March 1881 – death of Alexander II of Russia<br />
<br />
13 March 1881–1 November 1894 – reign of Alexander III of Russia<br />
<br />
18, 21 March 1881 – court case of Edward Levy-Lawson against Henry Labouchère for libel<br />
<br />
19 April 1881 – death of Benjamin Disraeli<br />
<br />
23 April–July 1881 – Major E. C. Johnson arrives in Athens, and later travels to Istanbul, Varna, Bucharest, Mehadia, Orsova, the Danube, Szegedin, Budapest, Aiud (Nagyenyed / Nagy-Enyéd), Târgu Mureș (Marosvásárhely), Brâncovenești (Vécs), Reghin (Szászrégen), Vécs, Beclean (Bethlen), Deés, Puszta, Cluj-Napoca (Klausenburg / Kolozsvár), Budapest<br />
<br />
23 April 1881 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s <i>Patience</i> first performed at the Opera Comique, London; the play moved to the famous Savoy Theatre on 10 October 1881<br />
<br />
26 April 1881 – the Kiev pogrom of 1881 in Russia<br />
<br />
28 April 1881 – Billy the Kid (born Henry McCarty, but known as William H. Bonney) escapes from jail in Mesilla, New Mexico, United States, after being convicted of the murder of Lincoln County Sheriff William J. Brady<br />
<br />
c. May–June 1881? – Francis Mazuchelli and Nina Elizabeth Mazuchelli visit Hungary and Transylvania<br />
<br />
May 1881 – William Stanley Jevons resigns as Professor of Political Economy at University College, London<br />
<br />
May 1881–June 1889 – Alfred Russel Wallace lives at Nutwood Cottage which he had built at Godalming, Surrey<br />
<br />
2 and 9 May 1881 – revival of <i>Othello</i> at the Lyceum<br />
<br />
16 May 1881 – design of Larnach mausoleum<br />
<br />
c. May 1881 – construction of Larnach Mausoleum of designed by R. A. Lawson, in Dunedin, New Zealand<br />
<br />
29 May 1881–29 July 1887 – Agostino Depretis (1813–1887) is Prime Minister of Italy:<blockquote><b>Prime Ministers of Italy</b><br />
14 July 1879–29 May 1881 – Benedetto Cairoli (1825–1889) (Left)<br />
29 May 1881–29 July 1887 – Agostino Depretis (1813–1887) (Left)<br />
29 July 1887–6 February 1891 – Francesco Crispi (1819–1901) (Left)</BLOCKQUOTE>June/July 1881 – Major Edmund Cecil Johnson visits Kemény Castle at Brâncovenești<br />
<br />
June 1881 – Charles Darwin visits the Lake district with his wife Emma and the Litchfields<br />
<br />
7 June 1881 – first meeting of the Social Democratic Federation (SDF), first socialist political party in Britain, organised by H. M. Hyndman, and whose members included William Morris, George Lansbury and Eleanor Marx<br />
<br />
18 June 1881 – the Three Emperors’ Alliance (June 1881–1887) between the German Empire, Russia, and Austria-Hungary is revived<br />
<br />
24 June–3 July 1881 – Hungarian parliamentary election 1881<br />
<br />
July 1881 – Eleanor Marx decides to become an actress<br />
<br />
14 July 1881 – Billy the Kid (born Henry McCarty, but known as William H. Bonney) shot and killed by Sheriff Pat Garrett in Fort Sumner, New Mexico, United States<br />
<br />
August 1881 – Charles Darwin visits London to sit for an oil painting<br />
<br />
August–September 1881 – Marx and his wife visit Argenteuil near Paris<br />
<br />
2–9 August 1881 – International Medical Congress of 1881 in London<br />
<br />
3 August 1881 – Charles Darwin dines with the Prince of Wales and the Crown Prince of Germany in London; Charles Bradlaugh ejected from the House of Commons<br />
<br />
16 August 1881 – Marx gets a letter about his daughter Tussy’s break down, and returns to London<br />
<br />
26 August 1881 – death of Erasmus “Eras” Darwin, Charles Darwin’s brother<br />
<br />
September–December 1881 – Larnach in Melbourne<br />
<br />
1 September 1881 – funeral of Erasmus “Eras” Darwin at Downe churchyard<br />
<br />
15 September 1881 – railway line from Apahida on the Cluj-Războieni railway line to Dej opened<br />
<br />
19 September 1881–4 March 1885 – Chester A. Arthur (Republican) is President of the United States (Republican)<br />
<br />
28 September 1881 – Charles Darwin has lunch with Ludwig Büchner and Edward Aveling at Down House<br />
<br />
c. October 1881–August 1882 – Alfred Marshall and his wife Mary Marshall travel to Sicily, and visit Palermo, Florence, and Venice<br />
<br />
October 1881 – Marx’s wife bedridden for weeks<br />
<br />
7 October 1881–15 April 1882 – Edward A. Freeman visits America<br />
<br />
10 October 1881 – the famous Savoy Theatre opened<br />
<br />
c. November/December 1881 – <i>“Magyarland”: Being the Narrative of Our Travels Through the Highlands and Lowlands of Hungary</i> by Nina Elizabeth Mazuchelli (1832–1914) published<br />
<br />
November 1881 – Samuel Butler, Henry Festing Jones and Reginald Worsley travel to Midhurst, Pulborough, and Littlehampton<br />
<br />
22 November 1881 – publication of Samuel Butler’s <i>Alps and Sanctuaries of Piedmont and the Canton Ticino</i><br />
<br />
December 1881 – Charles Darwin visits London<br />
<br />
2 December 1881 – Marx’s wife Jenny dies<br />
<br />
5 December 1881 – Jenny Marx buried at Highgate cemetery<br />
<br />
29 December 1881 – Marx and Tussy go to Ventnor on the Isle of Wight.<br />
<br />
<b>1882</b><br />
1882 – Sir Henry Rider Haggard sells his family farm in Natal and returns to England<br />
<br />
c. 1882 – Henry Rider Haggard settles in Ditchingham, Norfolk<br />
<br />
1882–1883 – Heinrich Schliemann’s excavation at Troy<br />
<br />
January 1882 – Samuel Butler and Henry Festing Jones go to Kingsdown (near Walmer) and Boulogne (to late January); Butler goes there nearly every Christmas until 1901<br />
<br />
2 January 1882 – Oscar Wilde arrives in America<br />
<br />
2 January 1882–6 January 1883 – Oscar Wilde arrives in America<br />
<br />
7 January 1882 – William Larnach marries Mary Alleyne<br />
<br />
January 1882 – Eleanor Marx ends her engagement to Hippolyte-Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray<br />
<br />
February 1882 – Marx goes to Argenteuil with Eleanor Marx to see his daughter Jenny<br />
<br />
15 February–late May 1882 – the voyage of the ship the <i>Dunedin</i>, which sails from Port Chalmers, Dunedin to London with refrigerated lamb and mutton; the first successful frozen meat shipment from New Zealand<br />
<br />
20 February 1882 – Marx arrives in Algiers and spent 3 months there, with stopovers in Argenteuil and Marseille on the way<br />
<br />
2 March 1882 – the Austro-Hungarian government issues a deportation notice to Arthur Evans in Dubrovnik, accusing him of being a spy<br />
<br />
7 March 1882 – Charles Darwin has a heart seizure<br />
<br />
7 March 1882 – Arthur Evans arrested in the port of Dubrovnik <br />
<br />
7 March–23 April 1882 – Arthur Evans jailed at the prison at Ragusa (Dubrovnik), Dalmatia, by Austria-Hungary<br />
<br />
8 March 1882 – début of Henry Irving’s production of <i>Romeo and Juliet</i> at the Lyceum, with Ellen Terry as Juliet<br />
<br />
27 March 1882 – the Egypt Exploration Society (EES) founded by Amelia Edwards and Reginald Stuart Poole at a meeting held in the British Museum; its purpose is to excavate Egypt and Sudan<br />
<br />
9 April 1882 – death of Dante Gabriel Rossetti<br />
<br />
19 April 1882 – death of Charles Darwin<br />
<br />
26 April 1882 – state funeral of Charles Darwin at Westminster Abbey<br />
<br />
early May 1882 – Marx leaves Algiers for France via Monte Carlo<br />
<br />
26 May–29 August 1882 – beginning of the second Bayreuth Festival with Richard Wagner’s play <i>Parsifal</i><br />
<br />
summer 1882 – Marx in Artenteuil<br />
<br />
June–13 September 1882 – the Anglo-Egyptian War between Egyptian forces under Ahmed ‘Urabi (or Ahmad Arabi) and the UK:<blockquote>20 May 1882 – British and French warships arrive near Alexandria<br />
11 June 1882 – anti-Christian riot in Alexandria kills 50 Europeans<br />
11–13 July 1882 – British fleet bombards Alexandria and occupies the city<br />
3 August 1882 – British army of 40,000 led by Garnet Wolseley invades the Suez Canal Zone<br />
5 August 1882 – battle of Kafr El Dawwar between an Egyptian army and British forces headed by Sir Archibald Alison<br />
8 August 1882 – troops from India and England arrive for weeks at Suez<br />
15 August 1882 – Sir Garnet Wolseley arrives at Alexandria<br />
20 August 1882 – British occupy Ismailia <br />
13 September 1882 – Battle of Tell El Kebir (at the western end of Wadi Tumilat): Sir Garnet Wolseley attacks Egyptian forces at night near Tell El Kebir; Arabi flees to Cairo<br />
14 September 1882 – British forces capture Cairo<br />
15 September 1882 – Garnet Wolseley enters Cairo<br />
October 1882 – British army begins to leave for England</BLOCKQUOTE>June 1882 – Arthur Conan Doyle sets up a medical practice at 1 Bush Villas in Elm Grove, Southsea, Portsmouth<br />
<br />
30 June 1882 – Eleanor Marx attends the annual celebration of the Browning Society at University College London<br />
<br />
July 1882–mid-August – Eleanor Marx goes to Artenteuil<br />
<br />
31 July 1882 – Sigmund Freud begins clinical training at the General Hospital of Vienna<br />
<br />
August–September 1882 – Samuel Butler goes to Paris, Turin, S. Pietro in the valley of Susa, near Turin; he sketches the Sanctuary of Sammichele; Aosta (September), Milan, Arona, Varese, Bergamo, Verona; he is joined by Henry Festing Jones from Aosta to Bergamo<br />
<br />
August 1882 – Marx then went from Artenteuil to Vevey in Switzerland, then returning to London <br />
<br />
August 1882 – Friedrich Nietzsche publishes <i>The Gay Science</i><br />
<br />
13 August 1882 – death of William Stanley Jevons whilst bathing near Hastings<br />
<br />
15 August 1882 – John Neville Keynes marries Florence Ada Brown<br />
<br />
13 September 1882 – Battle of Tell El Kebir (at the western end of Wadi Tumilat): Sir Garnet Wolseley attacks Egyptian forces at night near Tell El Kebir; Arabi flees to Cairo<br />
<br />
14 September 1882 – British forces capture Cairo: British conquer Egypt<br />
<br />
14 September 1882 – Bram Stoker attempts to save a man attempting suicide while on a Thames ferry<br />
<br />
20 September 1882 – Rudyard Kipling sails for India<br />
<br />
October 1882 – Marx returns to London<br />
<br />
11 October 1882 – début of Henry Irving’s production of <i>Much Ado about Nothing</i> at the Lyceum; production continues until June 1883<br />
<br />
11 October 1882 – Eleanor Marx goes to the Lyceum to see Henry Irving’s production of <i>Much Ado about Nothing</i><br />
<br />
18 October 1882–9 March 1889 – Rudyard Kipling in India; from March to October 1889, he visits Japan and America:<blockquote>1883–1889 – Kipling works for the <i>Civil and Military Gazette</i> newspaper in Lahore and <i>The Pioneer</i> in Allahabad<br />
summer 1883 – Kipling visits Shimla (Simla), the summer capital of British India; he does so annually from 1885 to 1888<br />
1888 – Kipling publishes the story collection <i>The Phantom ’Rickshaw and Other Tales</i></BLOCKQUOTE>22 October 1882 – Henry Irving holds a dinner for Henry Morton Stanley in private dining room of the Garrick Club, attended by George Augustus Sala, Edmund Yates, Col. E. A. Buck of New York, Mr. Bigelow, H. D. Traill, Clement Scott, Joseph Hatton, T. H. S. Escott, Frank C. Burnand, W. A. Burdett-Coutts, J. L. Toole, and Bram Stoker<br />
<br />
November 1882–January 1883 – Marx goes to Ventnor on the Isle of Wight<br />
<br />
11 November 1882 – John Neville Keynes and Florence Ada Brown move into 6 Harvey Road, Cambridge<br />
<br />
6 December 1882 – death of Anthony Trollope in Marylebone, London<br />
<br />
<b>1883</b><br />
1883 – Francis Galton publishes <i>Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development</i><br />
<br />
1883–1885 – (Jane) Emily Gerard (7 May 1849–11 January 1905) and Mieczislas de Laszowski stationed in Hermannstadt and Kronstadt<br />
<br />
1883–1885 – Benedetto Croce attends the University of Rome, and attends lectures by Antonio Labriola<br />
<br />
1883–1884 – Alfred Marshall is Economics lecturer at Balliol College, Oxford<br />
<br />
1883 – Carl Menger publishes <i>Untersuchungen über die Methode der Sozialwissenschaften und der politischen Oekonomie insbesondere</i> (<i>Investigations into the Method of the Social Sciences with Special Reference to Economics</i>)<br />
<br />
1883–1891 – Friedrich Nietzsche’s <i>Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for All and None</i> (<i>Also sprach Zarathustra: Ein Buch für Alle und Keinen</i>) is published<br />
<br />
c. 22 January 1883–1890 – William Larnach returns to politics, winning the Peninsula electorate, Dunedin, New Zealand<br />
<br />
January 1883 – Arthur Evans and his wife Margaret move back to Oxford<br />
<br />
6 January 1883 – Oscar Wilde arrives in Liverpool from his American tour<br />
<br />
11 January 1883 – Marx’s daughter Jenny dies<br />
<br />
11 January 1883 – Marx informed of the death of his daughter Jenny from cancer on Marx and returned to London<br />
<br />
13 January 1883 – Marx returns to London from Ventnor?<br />
<br />
13 February 1883 – death of Wilhelm Richard Wagner<br />
<br />
February–mid-May 1883 – Oscar Wilde in Paris<br />
<br />
spring 1883 – Arthur Evans and his wife Margaret Freeman travel to Greece and the Balkans, visiting Delphi, Arachova, Orchomenos, Athens, and Mycenae<br />
<br />
14 March 1883 – Marx dies in London of bronchitis and pleurisy<br />
<br />
17 March 1883 – Marx buried at Highgate cemetery, with 11 in attendance<br />
<br />
21 March 1883 – death of Harry Longuet, grandson of Marx, who was buried at Highgate cemetery<br />
<br />
27 March 1883 – death of John Brown, the Scottish personal servant and favourite of Queen Victoria<br />
<br />
May 1883 – Francis Marion Crawford returns to live permanently in Italy<br />
<br />
9 May 1883–10 September 1900 – Paul Kruger is president of the South African Republic (Transvaal)<br />
<br />
24 May 1883 – Eleanor Marx meets Beatrice Potter (later Beatrice Webb) in the Reading Room of the British Museum; Eleanor frequents the Reading Room<br />
<br />
May 1883 – Eleanor Marx publishes an article on the life of Marx in <i>Progress</i> magazine<br />
<br />
9 May 1883–10 September 1900 – Paul Kruger is president of the South African Republic (Transvaal)<br />
<br />
summer 1883 – Max Nordau’s <i>Conventional Lies of our Civilisation</i> (<i>Die conventionellen Lügen der Kulturmenschheit</i>) is published<br />
<br />
June 1883 – Eleanor Marx publishes “Karl Marx II,” <i>Progress</i> (June): 362–366<br />
<br />
5 June 1883 – birth of John Maynard Keynes at 6 Harvey Road in Cambridge<br />
<br />
15 June 1883 – Henry Irving’s production of <i>Robert Macaire</i> at the Lyceum<br />
<br />
28 July 1883 – Benedetto Croce’s father, mother, and sister killed by an earthquake at Casamicciola on the island of Ischia<br />
<br />
c. July 1883–1885 – Benedetto Croce lives in Rome with his uncle, Silvio Spaventa<br />
<br />
August 1883 – publication of Friedrich Nietzsche’s <i>Thus Spoke Zarathustra</i> I<br />
<br />
August 1883 – Samuel Butler travels to Honfleur, Caen, Bayeux, Mont St. Michel, Lisieux, and returns by sea from Havre to London<br />
<br />
26–27 August 1883 – the famous 1883 eruption of Krakatoa in the Dutch East Indies <br />
<br />
September 1883 – Eleanor Marx goes on a holiday to Eastbourne with Engels and Helene “Lenchen” Demuth; after her return to London the Marx family home at 41 Maitland Park Road (44 Maitland Street) is vacated and Eleanor moves into 122 Great Coram Street, Bloomsbury<br />
<br />
September 1883–6 May 1907 – Evelyn Baring (1st Earl of Cromer) is 1st Consul-General of Egypt<br />
<br />
October 1883 – socialist debating group that would become the Fabian Society formed in London<br />
<br />
October 1883–May 1885 – Frank Russell (2nd Earl Russell) at Balliol College, Oxford<br />
<br />
7 October 1883 – official Royal Ball of Inauguration at Peleș Castle near Sinaia, in Prahova County, Romania, of King Carol I<br />
<br />
11 October 1883 – Henry Irving leaves Britain for his American tour<br />
<br />
October 1883–April 1884 – Henry Irving’s first American tour:<blockquote>21 October 1883 – Henry Irving’s press conference in the saloon of the <i>Yosemite</i> with Ellen Terry in New York harbour<br />
29 October 1883 – Henry Irving’s American theatrical tour opens in New York with <i>The Bells</i><br />
26 November 1883 – Henry Irving’s American tour opens in Philadelphia<br />
20 March 1884 – Henry Irving and Bram Stoker meet Walt Whitman<br />
Washington, Baltimore, Toronto, Niagara Falls, Chicago, Boston<br />
March 1884 – New York</BLOCKQUOTE>29 October 1883 – Henry Irving’s American theatrical tour begins in New York<br />
<br />
14 November 1883 – publication of Robert Louis Stevenson’s <i>Treasure Island</i><br />
<br />
26 November 1883 – Henry Irving’s American tour opens in Philadelphia<br />
<br />
winter 1883–1884 – Édouard Naville excavates Tell El Maskhuta in Egypt<br />
<br />
<b>1884</b><br />
1884/1885 – Laurence Waddell begins visits to the Darjeeling district as summer resort for Bengal officials<br />
<br />
1884 – Carl Menger publishes <i>Die Irrthümer des Historismus in der deutschen Nationalökonomie</i> (<i>The Errors of Historicism in German Economics</i>)<br />
<br />
1884 – publication of Friedrich Nietzsche’s <i>Thus Spoke Zarathustra</i> II<br />
<br />
1884 – Joseph Hatton publishes the book <i>Henry Irving’s Impressions of America</i><br />
<br />
4 January 1884 – Fabian Society was founded in London<br />
<br />
February 1884 – Edward Augustus Freeman (father-in-law of Arthur Evans) is appointed Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford (1884–1892)<br />
<br />
February 1884–16 March 1892 – Edward Augustus Freeman (father-in-law of Arthur Evans) is Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford (1884–1892); he lives winter and spring at Oxford; summer in Somerleaze, Wells, Somerset<br />
<br />
March 1884 – demonstration at Highgate Cemetery to commemorate the death of Marx <br />
<br />
20 March 1884 – Henry Irving and Bram Stoker meet Walt Whitman<br />
<br />
April 1884 – Henry Irving returns to Britain<br />
<br />
10 April 1884 – publication of Friedrich Nietzsche’s <i>Thus Spoke Zarathustra</i> III<br />
<br />
29 May 1884 – marriage of Oscar Wilde and Constance Lloyd<br />
<br />
31 May–5 July 1884 – the comedy <i>Much Ado About Nothing</i> is played at the Lyceum theatre with Henry Irving and Ellen Terry<br />
<br />
summer 1884–1887 – Theodore Roosevelt owns Elkhorn Ranch near the Little Missouri River, North Dakota<br />
<br />
June 1884 – discovery of the main Witwatersrand gold reef on the farm Vogelstruisfontein by Jan Gerritse Bantjes triggers the Witwatersrand Gold Rush<br />
<br />
June 1884 – Eleanor Marx and Edward Aveling (1849–1898) decide to move in together<br />
<br />
June 1884–December 1908 – Arthur Evans Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford<br />
<br />
19 June 1884 – death of Johann Gustav Bernhard Droysen in Berlin<br />
<br />
July 1884 – Aveling and Eleanor join the launch of the Westminster branch of the Social Democratic Federation <br />
<br />
July 1884 – International Health Exhibition Conference, London, at which Francis Galton sets up his anthropometric laboratory<br />
<br />
8 July 1884 – opening of the play <i>Twelfth Night; Or What You Will</i> at the Lyceum theatre <br />
<br />
8 July 1884 – Aveling and Eleanor leave for a honeymoon in Middleton, Derbyshire<br />
<br />
18 July 1884 – Eleanor Marx and Edward Aveling move into 55 Great Russell Street<br />
<br />
August 1884 – Aveling and Eleanor elected to the Executive Council of the Social Democratic Federation (SDF)<br />
<br />
c. August–September 1884 – Samuel Butler travels to Switzerland, Le Prese, Poschiavo, St. Moritz, Maloja pass, Promontogno in the Val Bregaglia, and Soglio<br />
<br />
30 September 1884–April 1885 – Henry Irving’s second American tour:<blockquote>30 September 1884 – Henry Irving’s second tour begins at the Opera House, Quebec<br />
4 April 1885 – Henry Irving’s tour ends at the Star Theatre, New York</BLOCKQUOTE>October 1884 – Friedrich Engels first published <i>Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums und des Staats</i> (<i>The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State</i>)<br />
<br />
October 1884 – Laura Marx visits Eleanor<br />
<br />
15 October 1884 – Edward Augustus Freeman delivers his inaugural lecture as Professor at Oxford<br />
<br />
November 1884 – William Matthew Flinders Petrie arrives in Egypt to excavate Tanis<br />
<br />
3 November 1884 – fictional date when Egyptologists Eugene Corbeck and Abel Trelawny enter the tomb of Queen Tera for the second time in Bram Stoker’s novel <i>The Jewel of Seven Stars</i><br />
<br />
6 November 1884 – death of Henry Fawcett (26 August 1833–6 November 1884), Professor of Political Economy at Cambridge<br />
<br />
late November 1884 – the showman Tom Norman begins exhibiting Joseph Merrick (the Elephant man) at 123 Whitechapel Road; the doctor Frederick Treves sees Merrick<br />
<br />
2 December 1884 – the doctor Frederick Treves presents Joseph Merrick (the Elephant man) to the Pathological Society of London at 53 Berners Street, Bloomsbury<br />
<br />
27 December 1884 – split in the Social Democratic Federation; William Morris, Belfort Bax, Eleanor Marx, and Edward Aveling resign and form the Socialist League on 29 December 1884, funded by William Morris <br />
<br />
December 1884 – John Ruskin leaves Slade Professorship of Fine Arts in protest at vivisection in Oxford; resigns March 1885<br />
<br />
<b>1885</b><br />
1885–1886 – Édouard Naville excavates in the Wadi Tumilat in Egypt<br />
<br />
1885–1906 – Benedikt Niese is Professor of Classical Philology at Marburg<br />
<br />
January 1885 – Alfred Marshall returns to Cambridge University as Professor of Economics <br />
<br />
January 1885 – Socialist League starts its newspaper the <i>Commonweal</i><br />
<br />
26 January 1885 – defeat of General Gordon at the fall of Khartoum<br />
<br />
c. February 1885 – Major Edmund Cecil Johnson’s <i>On the Track of the Crescent: Erratic Notes from Piraeus to Pesth</i> published<br />
<br />
18 February 1885 – Mark Twain published <i>The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</i><br />
<br />
22 February 1885 – death of Eliza Mary Ann Savage, friend of Samuel Butler<br />
<br />
24 February 1885 – Alfred Marshall gives his inaugural lecture on the “The Present Position of Economics” at Cambridge<br />
<br />
4 March 1885 – Walter Pater’s philosophical novel <i>Marius the Epicurean</i> is published<br />
<br />
4 March 1885–4 March 1889 – Grover Cleveland (Democratic) is President of the United States (Republican)<br />
<br />
14 March 1885 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s <i>The Mikado; or, The Town of Titipu</i> opens at the Savoy Theatre<br />
<br />
April 1885 – Arminius Vámbéry on a lecture tour in Britain<br />
<br />
April 1885 – Henry Irving returns to Britain from his second American tour<br />
<br />
18 April–5 June 1885 – Flinders Petrie excavates Naukratis in Egypt<br />
<br />
May 1885 – Frank Russell (2nd Earl Russell) leaves Balliol College, Oxford after argument with Benjamin Jowett<br />
<br />
mid-1885–c. April 1888 – H. Rider Haggard lives at 69 Gunterstone Road in Hammersmith, London, and practises law<br />
<br />
June 1885–July 1887 – Frank Russell (2nd Earl Russell) lives in a rented house in Ferishtah near Hampton<br />
<br />
9 June 1885 – William Gladstone leaves office as Prime Minister of Britain<br />
<br />
23 June 1885–28 January 1886 – Marquess of Salisbury is prime Minister of Britain<br />
<br />
June 1885 – Eleanor Marx starts to become disenchanted with Edward Aveling<br />
<br />
July 1885 – Emily Gerard’s “Transylvanian Superstitions” is published in <i>The Nineteenth Century</i> <br />
<br />
July 1885 – Friedrich Engels publishes volume 2 of <i>Das Kapital</i> in German<br />
<br />
July 1885 – “The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon” published in The Pall Mall Gazette by W. T. Stead<br />
<br />
July 1885 – the famous Victorian actor Henry Irving and Bram Stoker visit Nuremburg in preparation for the production of <i>Faust</i><br />
<br />
August 1885 – Walter Pater moves to London to 12 Earls Terrace, Kensington from Oxford<br />
<br />
August–October 1885 – Samuel Butler travels to San Bernardino, Bellinzona, Arona, Varallo-Sesia, Sacro Monte (Varese, where he was joined by Henry Festing Jones), Milan, Vicenza, Venice; Butler returns via Basel<br />
<br />
14 August 1885 – passing of the UK Criminal Law Amendment Act, with Section 11 Labouchere Amendment (6 August 1885)<br />
<br />
September 1885 – Sir H. Rider Haggard’s <i>King Solomon’s Mines</i> is published<br />
<br />
12 September 1885 – Richard Francis Burton publishes 10 volumes of <i>The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night</i> (1885–1888; though the Kama Shastra Society), a translation of the <i>Arabian Nights</i><br />
<br />
18 September 1885 – unification of Bulgaria<br />
<br />
21 September 1885 – Eleanor Marx in court over political meeting at Dod Street<br />
<br />
October 1885–8 May 1886 – Frank Russell (2nd Earl Russell) and his tutor Balfour travel to America <br />
<br />
October 1885–9 April 1909 – Francis Marion Crawford lives in Sant’ Agnello di Sorrento in the Villa Renzi (Villa Crawford)<br />
<br />
October 1885–March 1886 – Freud in Paris to study at the Salpêtrière hospital with Jean-Martin Charcot<br />
<br />
28 October 1885 – William Matthew Flinders Petrie gives a lecture on Naukratis at the Annual General Meeting of the Egypt Exploration Fund<br />
<br />
November 1885–January 1886 – W. T. Stead in prison for 3 months<br />
<br />
7–29 November 1885 – Third Anglo-Burmese War<br />
<br />
14–28 November 1885 – Serbo-Bulgarian War<br />
<br />
19 December 1885 – opening night of the first run of <i>Faust</i> at the Lyceum theatre of Henry Irving; production runs from 19 December 1885 to 31 July 1886<br />
<br />
26 December 1885 – Eleanor Marx organises a charity Christmas for 200 children<br />
<br />
28 December 1885 – Bram Stoker delivers his lecture “Personal Impressions of America” at the London Institution, Finsbury Circus London <br />
<br />
<b>1886</b><br />
1886 – Friedrich Nietzsche first published <i>Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy</i> in Leipzig<br />
<br />
1886 – Flinders Petrie excavates Tell Nebesheh in the Eastern Nile Delta for the Egypt Exploration Fund<br />
<br />
1886 – the Witwatersrand Gold Rush in South Africa<br />
<br />
1886–30 June 1894 – construction of the Tower Bridge<br />
<br />
1886 – Johannesburg established after the discovery of gold<br />
<br />
1886–1889 – Édouard Naville excavates Bubastis<br />
<br />
1 January 1886 – Britain annexed Upper Burma by Lord Randolph Churchill<br />
<br />
January 1886 – Eleanor Marx Aveling publishes “The Woman Question: From a Socialist Point of View” (<i>Westminister Review</i> 125: 207–222)<br />
<br />
5 January 1886 – publication of the <i>Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde</i> by Robert Louis Stevenson<br />
<br />
1 February 1886–20 July 1886 – William Gladstone is Prime Minister of Britain<br />
<br />
March 1886–9 November 1888 – Sir Charles Warren (1840–1927) is Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis, the head of the London Metropolitan Police<br />
<br />
April 1886 – Sigmund Freud’s private medical practice opens<br />
<br />
9 April 1886 – Joseph Chamberlain speaks to a group of Liberal Unionists opposing the Irish Home Rule Bill. The Liberal Unionist Association arises from this meeting<br />
<br />
May 1886 – Heinrich Schliemann and William Dörpfeld visit Knossos<br />
<br />
1 May 1886 – American workers demonstrate for an 8 hour day<br />
<br />
3 May 1886 – Bistriţa Nord railway station and railway line from Dej to Bistriţa opened<br />
<br />
4 May 1886 – opening of the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886 held in South Kensington in London; this was attended by Julius von Haast<br />
<br />
summer 1886 – Edward Augustus Freeman stays at Exmouth from bad health<br />
<br />
24 June 1886 – arrival of Joseph Merrick at Liverpool Street Station from Belgium<br />
<br />
9 July 1886 – Richard Francis Burton and his wife attend supper in the Beefsteak Room in the Lyceum with Henry Irving and Bram Stoker after the play <i>Faust</i> <br />
<br />
25 July 1886–11 August 1892 – Marquess of Salisbury is prime Minister of Britain:<blockquote><b>Secretary of State for the Home Department (Home Secretary)</b><br />
6 February 1886–25 July 1886 – Hugh Childers<br />
3 August 1886–15 August 1892 – Henry Matthews<br />
<b>Chancellors of the Exchequer</b><br />
6 February–20 July 1886 – Sir William Vernon Harcourt<br />
3 August 1886–22 December 1886 – Lord Randolph Churchill<br />
14 January 1887–11 August 1892 – George Goschen<br />
18 August 1892–21 June 1895 – Sir William Vernon Harcourt<br />
<b>Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</b><br />
6 February–3 August 1886 – Archibald Primrose (5th Earl of Rosebery)<br />
3 August 1886–12 January 1887 – Stafford Northcote (1st Earl of Iddesleigh)<br />
14 January 1887–11 August 1892 – Robert Gascoyne-Cecil (Marquess of Salisbury)<br />
<b>Secretary of State for the Colonies</b><br />
6 February–20 July 1886 – Earl Granville<br />
3 August 1886–14 January 1887 – Edward Stanhope<br />
14 January 1887–11 August 1892 – Lord Knutsford<br />
18 August 1892–21 June 1895 – George Robinson (Marquess of Ripon)<br />
<b>Secretary of State for War</b><br />
6 February–20 July 1886 – Henry Campbell-Bannerman<br />
3 August 1886–14 January 1887 – W. H. Smith<br />
14 January 1887–11 August 1892 – Edward Stanhope<br />
18 August 1892–21 June 1895 – Henry Campbell-Bannerman<br />
<b>Commander-in-Chief of the Forces</b><br />
5 July 1856–1 November 1895 – Prince George (Duke of Cambridge)<br />
<b>Leader of the House of Commons</b><br />
3 August 1886–14 January 1887 – Lord Randolph Churchill<br />
17 January 1887–October 1891 – W. H. Smith<br />
October 1891–11 August 1892 – Arthur Balfour<br />
<b>First Lord of the Admiralty</b><br />
9 August 1886–11 August 1892 – Lord George Francis Hamilton<br />
<b>First Naval Lords</b><br />
9 August 1886–24 October 1889 – Sir Arthur Hood<br />
24 October 1889–28 September 1891 – Sir Richard Hamilton<br />
28 September 1891–1 November 1893 – Sir Anthony Hoskins<br />
<b>Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis</b><br />
30 March 1886–9 November 1888 – General Sir Charles Warren<br />
November 1888–1890 – James Monro</BLOCKQUOTE>25 July 1886 – performance of <i>Tristan und Isolde</i> (Tristan and Isolde) at Bayreuth <br />
<br />
31 July 1886 – end of first run of <i>Faust</i> at the Lyceum theatre<br />
<br />
4 August 1886 – publication of Friedrich Nietzsche’s <i>Beyond Good and Evil</i><br />
<br />
c. 14 August–September 1886 – Samuel Butler travels to Canton Ticino, Faido, Sacro Monte (Varese; in September where he was joined by Henry Festing Jones), Castiglione d’Olona, Mendrisio, Lignornetto, and Basel<br />
<br />
31 August 1886 – Aveling and Eleanor Marx leave Liverpool for an American trip<br />
<br />
9 September 1886 – Aveling and Eleanor Marx arrive in New York<br />
<br />
11 September 1886 – beginning of second run of Henry Irving’s <i>Faust</i> at the Lyceum theatre; productions runs from <br />
11 September to 22 April 1887<br />
<br />
2 October 1886 – Aveling and Eleanor set out from New York on a 3 month speaking tour<br />
<br />
28 October 1886 – statue of liberty unveiled<br />
<br />
31 October 1886 – new edition of Friedrich Nietzsche’s book <i>The Birth of Tragedy, or: Hellenism and Pessimism</i> (<i>Die Geburt der Tragödie, Oder: Griechentum und Pessimismus</i>), with a new preface called “An Attempt at Self-Criticism”<br />
<br />
14 December 1886–6 April 1887 – Edward Augustus Freeman visits Sicily<br />
<br />
20 December 1886 – Lord Randolph Churchill resigns as Chancellor of the Exchequer of the Tory government of Lord Salisbury<br />
<br />
25 December 1886 – Aveling and Eleanor depart from New York<br />
<br />
29 December 1886 – death of Samuel Butler’s father Thomas Butler; his inheritance ends Butler’s financial difficulties<br />
<br />
<b>1887</b><br />
1887–1888 – the British Royal Commission on the Values of Gold and Silver <br />
<br />
1887 – Édouard Naville excavates Tell el-Yahudiyeh and Saft el-Hinna<br />
<br />
1887–1890 – Frank Russell (2nd Earl Russell) lives at Broom Hall in Teddington<br />
<br />
4 January 1887 – Aveling and Eleanor arrive in Liverpool from New York; they stay with Engels and move to 65 Chancery Lane<br />
<br />
22 January 1887 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s play <i>Ruddigore; or, The Witch’s Curse</i> opens at the Savoy Theatre<br />
<br />
January 1887 – Friedrich Engels publishes an English translation of volume 1 of <i>Das Kapital</i> from the 1883 German third edition, translated by Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling (who had become the partner of Marx’s daughter Eleanor “Tussy” Marx in 1884)<br />
<br />
March–April 1887 – Charles Stewart Parnell involved in the Pigott forgeries in <i>The Times</i><br />
<br />
March 1887 – Alfred Marshall publishes the “Remedies for Fluctuations in General Prices” in <i>Contemporary Review</i><br />
<br />
April 1887 – Samuel Butler travels to Ypres<br />
<br />
22 April 1887 – end of second run of Henry Irving’s <i>Faust</i><br />
<br />
30 May 1887 – Aveling and Eleanor resign from the Socialist League<br />
<br />
spring – Aveling and Eleanor move to Dodwell, Warwickshire<br />
<br />
1 June 1887 – Henry Irving’s production of <i>Werner</i> at the Lyceum<br />
<br />
2 June 1887 – death of Antonia Kwiatkowska (widow of Mikhail Bakunin) in Naples<br />
<br />
18 June 1887 – Reinsurance Treaty signed, between Germany and Russia, organised by Otto von Bismarck after the German-Austrian-Russian League of the Three Emperors collapsed<br />
<br />
20 June 1887 – the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria was celebrated, to mark the 50th anniversary of her accession<br />
<br />
24 June 1887 – publication of a new edition of Friedrich Nietzsche’s <i>The Gay Science</i><br />
<br />
August 1887–c. 1909 – Francis Marion Crawford (1854–1909) spends summers in the Torre San Nicola, Cosenza, Calabria, a fort built by Charles V<br />
<br />
August–September 1887 – Samuel Butler in Varallo, Milan, Bergamo, Lago d’Iseo, Lovere, Ponte della Selva, Bergamo, Lecco, Colico, Chiavenna<br />
<br />
16 August 1887 – death of Julius von Haast in Christchurch, New Zealand<br />
<br />
October 1887 – Eleanor Marx returns to London from Dodwell<br />
<br />
8 October 1887–24 January 1891 – Harry Atkinson (Independent) is Prime Minister of New Zealand:<blockquote>8 October 1887–24 January 1891 – Harry Atkinson (Independent)<br />
24 January 1891–27 April 1893 – John Ballance (Liberal)<br />
1 May 1893–10 June 1906 – Richard Seddon (Liberal)</BLOCKQUOTE>November 1887 – Tsar Alexander III visited Berlin<br />
<br />
7 November 1887–26 March 1888 – Henry Irving’s third north American theatrical tour begins in New York:<blockquote>7 November 1887–10 December 1887 – New York<br />
12–23 December 1887 – Philadelphia <br />
26 December 1887–21 January 1888 – Chicago<br />
23 January 1888–18 February 1888 – Boston<br />
20 February 1888–24 March 1888 – New York</BLOCKQUOTE>8 November 1887 – government bans meetings in Trafalgar square<br />
<br />
13 November 1887 – Bloody Sunday; demonstration towards Trafalgar square with Eleanor Marx and Aveling broken up by military and police<br />
<br />
16 November 1887 – publication of Friedrich Nietzsche’s <i>On the Genealogy of Morals</i><br />
<br />
December 1887 – publication of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s novel <i>A Study in Scarlet</i> in <i>Beeton’s Christmas Annual 1887</i> in which Sherlock Holmes appears for the first time; first published as a book in July 1888<br />
<br />
December 1887–January 1888 – Samuel Butler in Boulogne, Basel, Luino, Varallo, Milan<br />
<br />
<b>1888</b><br />
1888–1895 – Laurence Waddell is Principal Medical Officer in Darjeeling district, India<br />
<br />
1888 – fictional date of the film <i>Van Helsing</i>, directed by Stephen Sommers, starring Hugh Jackman, Kate Beckinsale, Richard Roxburgh, David Wenham<br />
<br />
1888–1905 – Emily Gerard and Mieczislas de Laszowski live in Vienna<br />
<br />
1888 – Kipling publishes the story collection <i>The Phantom ’Rickshaw and Other Tales</i>, with the short story “The Man who would be King”<br />
<br />
1888/1889 – James Moriarty is a professor of mathematics at the University of Leeds or Durham University<br />
<br />
before 1888 – Professor James Moriarty’s <i>The Dynamics of an Asteroid</i> <br />
<br />
1888–1890 – Heinrich Schliemann’s last excavation at Troy<br />
<br />
1888 – <i>St James’s Gazette</i> sold to Edward Steinkopff<br />
<br />
1888 – Francis Ysidro Edgeworth appointed as Tooke Professor of Political Economy, King’s College, London (1888–1891)<br />
<br />
1888–12 March 1899 – Julius Vogel lives in England<br />
<br />
c. January 1888/1889 – fictional date of <i> The Valley of Fear</i><br />
<br />
16 January 1888 – Alfred Marshall appears before the British “Royal Commission on the Value of Gold and Silver” (instituted in 1887) and questioned about the economic conditions of the 1870s and 1880s in Britain <br />
<br />
9 February 1888 – Frederick III, soon to become German emperor, underwent a tracheotomy for throat cancer<br />
<br />
9 March 1888 – the death of the German Emperor Wilhelm I (king of Prussia from 2 January 1861) <br />
<br />
9 March 1888–15 June 1888 – reign of the German Emperor Frederick III<br />
<br />
11 March–14 March 1888 – the Great Blizzard of 1888 on the eastern coast of the United States of America<br />
<br />
15 March–27 September 1888 – British Sikkim expedition of 1888 to expel Tibetan forces from Sikkim, led by Colonel Thomas Graham<br />
<br />
26 March 1888 – Henry Irving sailed for England after the end of his third north American theatrical tour<br />
<br />
8 April–10 December 1888 – the 1888 Barcelona Universal Exposition, held in the Parc de la Ciutadella, Barcelona<br />
<br />
14 April 1888 – revival of <i>Faust</i> at the Lyceum theatre<br />
<br />
15 April 1888 – death of Matthew Arnold<br />
<br />
17 April 1888–December 1892 – Winston Churchill was sent to Harrow School <br />
<br />
April 1888 – Beatrice Potter (later Webb) works in an East End tailoring sweatshop<br />
<br />
15 June 1888 – Wilhelm II becomes German Emperor<br />
<br />
summer – Eleanor Marx in Dodwell, Warwickshire<br />
<br />
23 July 1888 – performance of <i>Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg</i> (The Mastersingers of Nuremberg) at Bayreuth<br />
<br />
August–September 1888 – Samuel Butler in Dinant, Namur, Varallo, Bergamo, Verona, Padua, Venice, Bologna, Parma, Milan, Varallo, Crevacuore<br />
<br />
August 1888 – Henry Gibbs sells the <i>St James’s Gazette</i> to Edward Steinkopff<br />
<br />
4 August 1888 – opening of the play <i>Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde</i> at the Lyceum Theatre with the actor Richard Mansfield<br />
<br />
9 August 1888 – Engels leaves for New York, with Aveling and Eleanor; they travel to Albany, Boston, Niagara falls, lake Ontario, Toronto, Montreal<br />
<br />
August–September 1888 – Engels in America<br />
<br />
30 August 1888 – the Chinese Immigrants Act Amendment Act 1888 passed by the New Zealand government<br />
<br />
31 August 1888 – Friday, murder of Mary Ann “Polly” Nichols in Buck’s Row, Whitechapel<br />
<br />
31 August–9 November 1888 – period of the infamous Jack the Ripper murders:<blockquote>March 1886–9 November 1888 – General Sir Charles Warren (7 February 1840 – 21 January 1927) is Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis<br />
15 June 1886–1891 – Isaac Abrahams (c. 1851–1 July 1920), brother of Aaron Kozminski, lives at 74 Greenfield Street<br />
<b>1888</b><br />
7 August 1888 – Martha Tabram murdered<br />
31 August 1888 – Friday, murder of Mary Ann “Polly” Nichols in Buck’s Row, Whitechapel<br />
c. 31 August 1888 – Frederick Abberline sent back to Whitechapel and in charge of detectives investigating the Ripper murders<br />
1 September–6 October 1888 – Dr. Robert Anderson (Assistant Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police and Chief of the Criminal Investigation Department CID) in charge of the investigation into the Whitechapel Murders<br />
8 September 1888 – Saturday, murder of Annie Chapman in 29 Hanbury Street in Spitalfields, London<br />
8 September–6 October 1888 – Sir Robert Anderson in Switzerland<br />
6 October 1888–1892 – Sir Robert Anderson in charge of Whitechapel investigation<br />
30 September 1888 – Saturday, murder of Elizabeth “Long Liz” Stride in Dutfield’s Yard at Berner Street, Whitechapel<br />
30 September 1888 – murder of Catherine “Kate” Eddowes in the south corner of Mitre Square, Whitechapel<br />
15 October 1888 – “From Hell” letter received by George Lusk, the chairman of the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee<br />
9 November 1888 – Friday, murder of Mary Jane Kelly at 13 Miller’s Court, Dorset Street, Spitalfields, London<br />
November 1888–1890 – James Monro is Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis<br />
<b>1889</b><br />
December 1889 – Aaron Kozminski stopped for walking a dog without a muzzle<br />
15 December 1889 – Aaron Kozminski appears in City Summons Court to answer for the charge<br />
7 March 1890 – Convalescent Police Seaside Home (The Seaside Home) in Hove (51 Clarendon Villas, West Brighton) opened <br />
12 July 1890 – Aaron Kozminski admitted to Mile End, Old Town Workhouse, and possibly identified at this time (as in Swanson marginalia)<br />
16 July 1890 – Aaron Kozminski discharged to 16 Greenfield St<br />
4 February 1891 – Aaron Kozminski readmitted to Mile End, Old Town Workhouse<br />
7 February 1891 – Aaron Kozminski discharged to Middlesex Country Lunatic Asylum, Colney Hatch</BLOCKQUOTE>August 1888–1901 – Sir Robert Anderson (1841–1918) is Assistant Commissioner of the London Metropolitan Police<br />
<br />
8 September–6 October 1888 – Sir Robert Anderson in Switzerland (Assistant Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police and Chief of the Criminal Investigation Department CID)<br />
<br />
19 September 1888 – Engels, Aveling and Eleanor return to England<br />
<br />
23 September 1888 – Colonel Thomas Graham leads his expedition into Gangtok, the capital of Sikkim<br />
<br />
29 September 1888 – closing of the play <i>Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde</i> at the Lyceum Theatre in the wake of Jack the Ripper murders<br />
<br />
29 September 1888–12 June 1891 – Mahatma Gandhi studied law and jurisprudence in London at the Inner Temple<br />
<br />
30 September 1888 – Saturday, murder of Elizabeth “Long Liz” Stride in Dutfield’s Yard at Berner Street, Whitechapel and of Catherine “Kate” Eddowes in the south corner of Mitre Square, Whitechapel<br />
<br />
3 October 1888 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s play <i>The Yeomen of the Guard</i> opens at the Savoy Theatre<br />
<br />
7 October 1888 – Sir Robert Anderson meets with the Home Secretary Henry Matthews and Sir Charles Warren<br />
<br />
15 October 1888 – “From Hell” letter received by George Lusk, the chairman of the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee<br />
<br />
30 October 1888 – the Rudd Concession by King Lobengula of Matabeleland (Rhodesia) giving exclusive mining rights to Cecil Rhodes<br />
<br />
9 November 1888 – Friday, murder of Mary Jane Kelly at 13 Miller’s Court, Dorset Street, Spitalfields, London<br />
<br />
17 November 1888–27 April 1889 – Edward Augustus Freeman visits Sicily<br />
<br />
c. 1 December 1888 – suicide of Montague John Druitt in the River Thames, Chiswick<br />
<br />
29 December 1888 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of <i>Macbeth</i> at the Lyceum theatre<br />
<br />
<b>1889</b><br />
1889 – fictional date of the Doctor Who story <i>The Talons of Weng-Chiang</i> (originally broadcast 26 February–2 April 1977)<br />
<br />
1889 – fictional date of <i>The Hound of the Baskervilles</i> (c. September–November)<br />
<br />
c. 1889/1890 – James Moriarty forced to resign from his professorship and his move to London<br />
<br />
1889 – Alfred Russel Wallace publishes <i>Darwinism: An Exposition of the Theory of Natural Selection</i><br />
<br />
3 January 1889 – Friedrich Nietzsche suffers a mental collapse in the streets of Turin<br />
<br />
24 January 1889 – publication of Friedrich Nietzsche’s <i>The Twilight of the Idols</i><br />
<br />
30 January 1889 – Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria, and his mistress Baroness Mary Vetsera commit suicide at the Mayerling hunting lodge, Vienna Woods, Austria<br />
<br />
26 April 1889 – Henry Irving gives a command performance for the Prince of Wales and Queen Victoria at Sandringham<br />
<br />
26 April 1889 – Arminius Vámbéry first meets Bram Stoker at Sandringham during the performance of <i>The Bells</i> and <i>The Merchant of Venice</i> for Queen Victoria<br />
<br />
6 May–31 October 1889 – Exposition Universelle of 1889 in Paris<br />
<br />
15 May 1889 – Eiffel Tower officially opened to the public<br />
<br />
June 1889–December 1902 – Alfred Russel Wallace lives at Corfe View, Parkstone, Dorset<br />
<br />
7 June 1889 – first performance of Ibsen’s play <i>A Doll’s House</i> at the Novelty theatre in Britain<br />
<br />
29 June 1889 – end of Henry Irving’s production of <i>Macbeth</i> at the Lyceum<br />
<br />
July–September 1889 – Samuel Butler in Basel, Volterra, Siena, Monte Oliveto (3 August), San Gimignano, Colle di Val d’Elsa, Pisa, Chivasso, Biella, Oropa, San Giovanni di Andorno, Varallo (joined by Henry Festing Jones), Oropa, Varese, Faido, Basel<br />
<br />
July 1889 – De Beers buys the assets of Barney Barnato’s Kimberley Central Diamond Mining Company<br />
<br />
6 July 1889 – beginning of the Cleveland Street scandal<br />
<br />
14 July 1889 – Second International (1889–1916) founded; Second International declared May 1 to be “May Day” (International Workers’ Day); Eleanor Marx in Paris <br />
<br />
14 August 1889–16 September – London Dock Strike<br />
<br />
c. September–November 1889 – fictional date of <i>The Hound of the Baskervilles</i><br />
<br />
September–14 December 1889 – Silvertown strike in London<br />
<br />
28 September 1889 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of <i>The Dead Heart</i> at the Lyceum theatre<br />
<br />
3 October–7 November 1889 – Laurence Waddell travels to Sikkim from Darjeeling; he finds large footprints in the snow<br />
<br />
5 October 1889 – Rudyard Kipling arrives back in England<br />
<br />
October 1889–December 1890 – the 1889–1890 flu pandemic, with recurrences:<blockquote>March–June 1891<br />
November 1891–June 1892<br />
spring 1893<br />
winter 1893–1894</BLOCKQUOTE>October 1889 – the Tsar Alexander III of Russia visited Wilhelm II in Berlin<br />
<br />
23 October 1889 – Imperial Bank of Persia started business in Persia (established by British royal charter, 2 September 1889)<br />
<br />
late 1889 – Eleanor Marx speaks at the International Working Men’s Club (IWMC) at 40 Berner Street<br />
<br />
November 1889 – Wilhelm II visited Franz Joseph, the Austrian Emperor<br />
<br />
9 November 1889–May 1890 – Indian tour of Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale<br />
<br />
26 November 1889–19 April 1890 – the New Zealand and South Seas Exhibition (a world’s fair) held in Dunedin, New Zealand <br />
<br />
7 December 1889 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s play <i>The Gondoliers; or, The King of Barataria</i> opens at the Savoy Theatre<br />
<br />
10 December 1889 – Mark Twain published <i>A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court</i> in the United States<br />
<br />
1889–1890 – Great Eastern broken up for scrap at Rock Ferry on the River Mersey by Henry Bath and Son<br />
<br />
<b>1890</b><br />
6 February–8 May 1890 – Edward Augustus Freeman visits Sicily, Tunis and Carthage<br />
<br />
6 February 1890 – marriage of Frank Russell and Mary Edith Scott (Mabel)<br />
<br />
c. February 1890 – Frank Russell (2nd Earl Russell) lives in 48 Eaton Square, Belgravia<br />
<br />
8 March 1890 – earliest sketch of the plot of Dracula in Bram Stoker’s notes with location in Styria<br />
<br />
18 March 1890 – at the request of Wilhelm II, Bismarck resigned and was replaced by General von Caprivi<br />
<br />
11 April 1890 – death of Joseph Merrick at London Hospital<br />
<br />
13 April 1890 – Lloyd George elected as Liberal MP for Carnarvon Boroughs<br />
<br />
13 April 1890–13 February 1945 – David Lloyd George is Member of Parliament for Carnarvon Boroughs<br />
<br />
30 April 1890 – Arminius Vámbéry attends the play <i>The Dead Heart</i> at the Lyceum; he stays for dinner at the Beefsteak Room with Bram Stoker and Irving<br />
<br />
30 April 1890 – Bram Stoker called to the bar of the Inner Temple<br />
<br />
May 1890 – Friedrich Nietzsche is released into the care of his mother in Naumburg<br />
<br />
4 May 1890 – May day demonstration in Hyde Park, London<br />
<br />
5 May 1890 – W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan end their collaboration<br />
<br />
June 1890 – Vincent van Gogh paints the oil painting <i>The Church at Auvers</i><br />
<br />
June 1890 – Frank Russell (2nd Earl Russell) lives in Amberley Cottage at Maidenhead<br />
<br />
July–August 1890 – Samuel Butler in Furnes, Dinant, Namur, Basel, Goeschenen, Saas Fée, Domodossola, Varallo, Biella, Oropa, Lenno, Mendrisio, Faido, Basel, London<br />
<br />
July 1890 – Alfred Marshall’s <i>Principles of Economics</i> first published<br />
<br />
July 1890 – Oscar Wilde’s <i>The Picture of Dorian Gray</i> first published <br />
<br />
July 1890 – Engels in Norway<br />
<br />
17 July–18 August 1890 – Bram Stoker on holiday in Whitby<br />
<br />
17 July/August 1890 – Bram Stoker borrows William Wilkinson’s <i>An Account of the Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia</i> from Whitby library<br />
<br />
17 July 1890–12 January 1896 – Cecil Rhodes is Prime Minister of Cape Colony:<blockquote>13 March 1888 – Cecil Rhodes and C.D. Rudd launch De Beers Consolidated Mines (with Rhodes as secretary and with largest interest in the mine); Rhodes named chairman of De Beers<br />
30 October 1888 – the Rudd Concession by King Lobengula of Matabeleland (Rhodesia) giving exclusive mining rights to Cecil Rhodes<br />
29 January 1889 – Barney Barnato puts the Kimberley Central Diamond Mining Company into voluntary liquidation<br />
July 1889 – De Beers buys the assets of Barney Barnato’s Kimberley Central Diamond Mining Company<br />
1889 – Queen Victoria signs charter to allow Cecil Rhodes’ British South Africa Company (BSAC) to administer Rhodesia as a British protectorate<br />
1889–1923 – Rhodesia under control of the British South Africa Company (and called Southern Rhodesia 1911–1964) <br />
17 July 1890–12 January 1896 – Cecil Rhodes is Prime Minister of Cape Colony<br />
October 1893–January 1894 – First Matabele War between the British South Africa Company and the Ndebele (Matabele) Kingdom<br />
29 December 1895–2 January 1896 – Jameson Raid against the Transvaal by Leander Starr Jameson and his Company troops (from the British South Africa Company) and Bechuanaland policemen<br />
March 1896–October 1897 – Second Matabele War between the British South Africa Company and Ndebele (Matabele) people<br />
26 March 1902 – death of Cecil Rhodes at his seaside cottage in Muizenberg near Cape Town<br />
1902 – the Rhodes Scholarships established</BLOCKQUOTE>29 July 1890 – death of Vincent van Gogh <br />
<br />
August 1890 – the novelist Bram Stoker takes a famous holiday at Whitby<br />
<br />
August–November 1890 – fictional date of the film <i>Sherlock Holmes</i> (2009), directed by Guy Ritchie, starring Robert Downey Jr., Jude Law, and Rachel McAdams<br />
<br />
1 August 1890 – Heinrich Schliemann returns to Athens from Troy<br />
<br />
6 August 1890 – Aveling and Eleanor Marx set sail for Norway for a 3 week tour<br />
<br />
20 September 1890 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of <i>Ravenswood</i> at the Lyceum theatre<br />
<br />
October 1890 – Eleanor Marx travels to the Lille congress of the French Workers’ Party<br />
<br />
October 1890 – Bertrand Russell goes up to Trinity College, Cambridge<br />
<br />
October 1890–June 1894 – Bertrand Russell at Trinity College, Cambridge<br />
<br />
15 October 1890 – Bram Stoker writes a note on the wreck at Collier’s Hope at Whitby<br />
<br />
20 October 1890 – death of Richard Francis Burton in Trieste<br />
<br />
November 1890 – fictional date of Samuel Butler’s <i>Erewhon Revisited</i><br />
<br />
November 1890 – Francis Ysidro Edgeworth appointed secretary of the British Economic Association and appointed editor of the <i>Economic Journal</i><br />
<br />
November 1890 – Heinrich Schliemann returns to Halle, Germany, to have an ear operation<br />
<br />
November 1890–1894 – William Jennings Bryan serves in the US House of Representatives for Nebraska<br />
<br />
November 1890 – fictional date of the film <i>Sherlock Holmes</i> (2009), directed by Guy Ritchie, starring Robert Downey Jr., Jude Law, and Rachel McAdams<br />
<br />
4 November 1890 – death of Helene “Lenchen” Demuth<br />
<br />
8–10 November 1890 – Barings bank seeks the assistance of the Bank of England<br />
<br />
17 November 1890 – Captain W. H. O’Shea obtains a decree nisi of divorce against his wife Katharine O’Shea; this ruins the political career of Parnell<br />
<br />
25 November 1890 – state opening of British Parliament in the House of Lords chamber, in front of both Houses of Parliament<br />
<br />
26 December 1890 – death of Heinrich Schliemann in Naples<br />
<br />
December 1890–29 June 1895 – Thomas Henry Huxley lives in Eastbourne<br />
<br />
December 1890–24 March 1891 – Arthur Conan Doyle studies ophthalmology in Vienna<br />
<br />
<center><b>1890s</b></center><b>1891</b><br />
1891–1892 – Flinders Petrie excavates Amarna<br />
<br />
1891 – fictional date of the 2010 film <i>The Wolfman</i>, directed by Joe Johnston, starring Benicio del Toro, Anthony Hopkins, Emily Blunt, Hugo Weaving<br />
<br />
January 1891 – John Neville Keynes publishes <i>The Scope and Method of Political Economy</i><br />
<br />
31 January 1891 – famous Royal English Opera House opened (renamed the Palace Theatre of Varieties in 1892)<br />
<br />
6 February 1891–15 May 1892 – Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì (1839–1908) (Right) is Prime Minister of Italy:<blockquote>6 February 1891–15 May 1892 – Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì (1839–1908) (Right)<br />
15 May 1892–15 December 1893 – Giovanni Giolitti (1842–1928) (Left)<br />
15 December 1893–10 March 1896 – Francesco Crispi (1819–1901) (Left)<br />
10 March 1896–29 June 1898 – Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì (Right)<br />
29 June 1898–24 June 1900 – General Luigi Pelloux (1839–1924) (Military)</BLOCKQUOTE>21 February 1891 – Francis Ysidro Edgeworth appointed to the Drummond chair of Political Economy, Oxford, and chosen as a fellow of All Souls (1891–1922)<br />
<br />
c. April 1891–April 1894 – the Great Hiatus: disappearance of Sherlock Holmes after his presumed death at Reichenbach Falls:<blockquote>c. May 1891–c. May 1893 – Sherlock Holmes in Tibet<br />
c. May 1893–April 1894 – Sherlock Holmes in Persia, Mecca, Khartoum, and for some months in Montpelier (University of Montpellier)</BLOCKQUOTE>15 June 1891 – funeral of Richard Francis Burton and burial at mausoleum in churchyard of St Mary Magdalen Roman Catholic Church, Mortlake in the London Borough of Richmond<br />
<br />
25 June 1891 – “A Scandal in Bohemia,” the first short story of Arthur Conan Doyle’s character Sherlock Holmes published in <i>The Strand Magazine</i><br />
<br />
June 1891 – first meeting of Lord Alfred Douglas (1870–1945) and Oscar Wilde<br />
<br />
June 1891 – Mark Twain and his family move to Europe and live there until 1895; Twain lived in France, Germany, and Italy; in Berlin in winter 1891–1892; Florence in fall and winter 1892–1893; and Paris in winter and spring 1893–1894 and 1894–1895<br />
<br />
July–October 1891 – Samuel Butler in Basel, Seelisberg, Como, Chiavenna, Bormio, Bolladore, Sondrio, Colico, Varese, Laveno, Arona, Varallo-Sesia, Casale, Certosa di Pesio, Mondovì, Turin, Varallo, Faido<br />
<br />
22 August 1891–10 January 1892 – Rudyard Kipling visits South Africa, New Zealand (18 October–6 November), Australia, Ceylon (early December), India:<blockquote>September 1891 – Rudyard Kipling visits South Africa<br />
25 September 1891 – Rudyard Kipling sails from Cape Town for Hobart<br />
18 October 1891 – Rudyard Kipling arrives in Wellington<br />
3 November 1891 – Rudyard Kipling spends a day in Christchurch after his ship arrives in Lyttletown<br />
6 November 1891 – Rudyard Kipling sails from Bluff, New Zealand for Australia<br />
18 November 1891 – Rudyard Kipling arrives in Melbourne<br />
25 November 1891 – Rudyard Kipling sails from Adelaide for Colombo<br />
12 December 1891 – Rudyard Kipling crosses to India at Tuticorin<br />
17/18 December 1891 – Rudyard Kipling reaches Lahore<br />
10 January 1892 – Rudyard Kipling arrives in London</BLOCKQUOTE>22 August 1891 – performance of <i>Tannhäuser</i> at Bayreuth<br />
<br />
September–12 December 1891 – Henry Irving and the Lyceum company undertake a tour of the provinces<br />
<br />
October–November 1891 – fictional date of the film <i>Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows</i> (2011), Robert Downey Jr., Jude Law, Jared Harris and Rachel McAdams<br />
<br />
6 October 1891 – death of Charles Stewart Parnell<br />
<br />
winter 1891–1892 – Arthur Evans and his wife Margaret visit Italy<br />
<br />
1 December 1891 – divorce case of Frank Russell and Mary Edith Scott (Mabel)<br />
<br />
<b>1892</b><br />
1892 – Max Nordau’s book <i>Degeneration</i> first published in German; English edition in 1895<br />
<br />
1892 – John Neville Keynes becomes Secretary for Local Examinations, then member of the Council of the Senate; 1910 Registrary<br />
<br />
5 January 1892 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of <i>Henry VIII</i> at the Lyceum theatre<br />
<br />
14 January 1892 – death of Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale<br />
<br />
18 January 1892 – Carrie Balestier and Rudyard Kipling married in London<br />
<br />
30 January 1892 – Samuel Butler gives a lecture on “The Humour of Homer” at the Working Men’s College, Great Ormond Street, London<br />
<br />
February–16 March 1892 – Edward Augustus Freeman in Spain<br />
<br />
2 February 1892 – Rudyard Kipling and his wife travel to the US; visits New York, Chicago and the Rocky mountains <br />
<br />
22 February 1892 – Oscar Wilde’s play <i>Lady Windermere’s Fan, A Play About a Good Woman</i> first produced at the St James’s Theatre in London<br />
<br />
29 February 1892 – Bram Stoker writes his revised plot outline for <i>Dracula</i>, which is now set in Transylvania<br />
<br />
16 March 1892 – death of Edward Augustus Freeman, English historian, liberal politician and father-in-law of Arthur Evans, in Alicante, Spain<br />
<br />
26 March 1892 – death of Walt Whitman<br />
<br />
April 1892 – Herbert Kitchener appointed the Sirdar (Commander-in-Chief) of the Egyptian Army <br />
<br />
20 April–c.9 June 1892 – Rudyard Kipling and his wife travel to Japan<br />
<br />
June–September 1892 – Samuel Butler in Novara, Varallino, Varallo, Casale-Monferrato, Genoa, Pisa, Rome, Naples, Palermo (Sicily), Trapani, Monte Erice, I Runzi (4 August 1892), Palermo (from 23 August 1892), Catania, Mount Etna, Messina, Naples, Cava, Paestum, Naples, Rome (30 August 1892), Cortona, Florence, Varese (joined by Henry Festing Jones)<br />
<br />
June 1892–29 August 1896 – Rudyard Kipling and his wife live in America<br />
<br />
4–26 July 1892 – the 1892 United Kingdom general election; the Liberal Unionists under the leadership of Joseph Chamberlain won 46 seats. The UK Conservatives under Lord Salisbury did not win a majority, but were defeated in a vote of no confidence on 11 August 1892. William Gladstone formed a minority government in coalition with the Irish Nationalists<br />
<br />
5–8 July 1892 – Arminius Vámbéry given a Degree at the Tercentenary of Dublin University; he gives a speech heard by Bram Stoker<br />
<br />
23 July 1892 – marriage of Sidney Webb and Beatrice Potter<br />
<br />
15 August 1892 – William Gladstone becomes British Prime Minister <br />
<br />
October 1892–September 1893 – Jules Verne’s <i>Le Château des Carpathes</i> (<i>The Carpathian Castle</i>) published in English<br />
<br />
6 October 1892 – death of Alfred Tennyson<br />
<br />
c. October/November 1892 – the first volume of Max Nordau’s book <i>Degeneration</i> first published in German by Duncker; second volume after March/April 1893 (Russian translation November 1893; English edition in February 1895)<br />
<br />
10 November 1892 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of <i>King Lear</i> at the Lyceum theatre<br />
<br />
December 1892 – Winston Churchill left Harrow<br />
<br />
<b>1893</b><br />
c. 1893 – fictional date of the death of La Stilla in Naples after which Baron Rodolphe de Gortz returns to the castle in Jules Verne’s <i>Le Château des Carpathes</i><br />
<br />
1893 – first edition of Karl Julius Beloch’s <i>Griechische Geschichte</i><br />
<br />
14–16 January 1893 – foundation conference of the Independent Labour Party<br />
<br />
15 January 1893 – opening of Selwyn College, a residential college founded by Bishop Samuel Tarratt Nevill as a theological college training clergy for the Anglican Church at the University of Otago, New Zealand<br />
<br />
6 February 1893 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of <i>Becket</i> at the Lyceum theatre<br />
<br />
February 1893 – Winston Churchill sent to a “crammer” school in London to pass entrance examination for Sandhurst<br />
<br />
February 1893 – Oscar Wilde’s play <i>Salome</i> first published in French<br />
<br />
26 February 1893 – Philadelphia and Reading Railroad goes bankrupt, which later triggers the US Panic of 1893<br />
<br />
after March/April 1893 – second volume of Max Nordau’s book <i>Degeneration</i> first published in German<br />
<br />
11 March 1893 – Arthur Evans’ wife dies<br />
<br />
April 1893 – Samuel Butler in Brussels and Dinant<br />
<br />
19 April 1893 – Oscar Wilde’s play <i>A Woman of No Importance</i> opens at London’s Haymarket Theatre<br />
<br />
30 April–6 November 1893 – dates of Bram Stoker’s novel <i>Dracula</i>:<blockquote>16 March 1893 – Dracula’s letter to Hawkins (notes)<br />
21 March 1893 – Sir Robert Parton’s letter to Hawkins (notes)<br />
23 March 1893 – Hawkins’ letter to Dracula (notes)<br />
12 April 1893 – Harker goes to Purfleet (notes)<br />
16 April 1893 – Harker visits Mina at school (notes)<br />
25 April 1893 – Jonathan Harker leaves England (notes)<br />
26 April 1893 – Harker arrives in Munich at 8.35 PM (notes)<br />
27 April 1893 – Jonathon Harker’s adventure with the snow storm and wolf (notes)<br />
28 April 1893 – Jonathon Harker arrives in the early morning at the <i>Quatre Saisons</i> (notes)<br />
30 April 1893 – Sunday, Harker attends performance of <i>The Flying Dutchman</i> (notes)<br />
30 April 1893 – events of <i>Dracula’s Guest</i> in published version of story<br />
1 May 1893 – Monday, Jonathan Harker visits the Dead House and leaves Munich (notes) at 8.35 pm (novel)<br />
3 May 1893 – Jonathan Harker at Bistritz<br />
4 May 1893 – Jonathan Harker leaves Bistritz by coach at 3 pm<br />
5 May 1893 – Jonathan Harker arrives at Castle Dracula<br />
24 May 1893 – Lucy receives 3 proposals of marriage<br />
28 May 1893 – Gypsies arrive at Castle Dracula<br />
30 June 1893 – Jonathan Harker escapes from Castle Dracula<br />
6 July 1893 – the <i>Demeter</i> leaves Varna<br />
11 July 1893 – the <i>Demeter</i> enters the Bosphorus<br />
24 July 1893 – Mina arrives in Whitby<br />
30 July 1893 – the <i>Demeter</i> nears Britain<br />
6 August 1893 – arrival of Dracula at Whitby<br />
10–11 August 1893 – Lucy sleepwalks to St Mary’s Churchyard and attacked by Dracula<br />
16 August 1893 – death of Jean-Martin Charcot<br />
after 19 August 1893 – Mina travels to Budapest<br />
24 August 1893 – marriage of Mina and Jonathon in Buda-Pesth<br />
3 September 1893 – Van Helsing visits Lucy for the first time<br />
7 September 1893 – Lucy’s first blood transfusion from Arthur<br />
10 September 1893 – Lucy’s second blood transfusion from Seward<br />
13 September 1893 – Lucy’s third blood transfusion from Van Helsing<br />
17 September 1893 – night of Dracula’s attack on Lucy on Hillingham<br />
18 September 1893 – Lucy’s fourth blood transfusion from Quincey Morris<br />
20 September 1893 – death of Lucy Westenra<br />
22 September 1893 – Jonathon Harker and Mina see Dracula in Piccadilly near Giuliano’s; Lucy’s funeral<br />
26 September 1893 – 5.30 pm: Van Helsing and Seward go to the North Hospital, Jack Straw’s Castle, and Kingstead<br />
29 September 1893 – staking of the vampire of Lucy Westenra<br />
1 October 1893 – Harker, Van Helsing, Seward, Quincey Morris and Lord Godalming enter Dracula’s house at Carfax<br />
1 October 1893 – Harker meets Joseph Smollet<br />
2 October 1893 – death of Renfield; Dracula’s attack on Mina<br />
3 October 1893 – confrontation of Dracula with Harker, Van Helsing, Seward, Quincey Morris and Lord Godalming in house in Piccadilly<br />
12 October 1893 – Harker, Van Helsing, Seward, Quincey Morris and Godalming leave Charing Cross<br />
28 October 1893 – telegram arrives at Varna announcing that Czarina Catherine entered Galatz<br />
30 October 1893 – Godalming and Harker depart on their steam launch up the Sereth<br />
1 November 1893 – Godalming and Harker pass into the Bistritza at Fundu<br />
3 November 1893 – Mina and van Heling reach the Borgo Pass<br />
5 November 1893 – Mina and van Heling reach Castle Dracula towards sunset<br />
6 November 1893 – killing of Dracula</BLOCKQUOTE>May 1893–1915 – Mahatma Gandhi in South Africa<br />
<br />
1 May 1893–30 October 1893 – World’s Columbian Exposition, world’s fair held in Chicago in 1893<br />
<br />
5 May 1893 – Black Friday in the US, the disastrous crash of the New York Stock Exchange; Panic of 1893 <br />
<br />
summer 1893 – Bram Stoker takes a holiday in the village of Cruden Bay <br />
<br />
summer 1893 – Walter Pater moves back to Oxford<br />
<br />
summer 1893 – Henry Irving and Ellen Terry take a holiday in Canada; proceed to San Fancisco<br />
<br />
July–c. 17 October 1893 – Samuel Butler in Basel, San Gottardo, Casale, Rome, then visited cities between Rome and Naples, Sora, Arpino, Veroli, Alatri, Ferentino, Segni, Cori, Aci Reale, Siracusa, Palermo, Trapani (August), Calatafimi, Trapani, Marsala, Palermo, Aci Reale, Messina, Naples, Rome, Casale<br />
<br />
6–13 August 1893 – the Zurich Socialist and Labour Congress, the 3rd congress of the Second International. Friedrich Engels gave a closing address; Eleanor Marx attends<br />
<br />
16 August 1893 – death of Jean-Martin Charcot<br />
<br />
1 September 1893 – Churchill enters Royal Military College, Sandhurst<br />
<br />
September 1893 – Lenin moved to Saint Petersburg<br />
<br />
4 September 1893–21 March 1894 – Henry Irving’s 4th American tour; opened in San Francisco with <i>The Bells</i>, and includes Chicago, Seattle, Portland, Minneapolis, Philadelphia, Washington, Boston, New York<br />
<br />
8 September 1893 – the Government of Ireland Bill 1893 (or Second Home Rule Bill) was rejected by the House of Lords on its third reading. The Bill had been passed in the House of Commons on 1 September 1893 by 301 votes in favour to 267 against<br />
<br />
1 October 1893 – death of Benjamin Jowett at Oxford<br />
<br />
6 October 1893 – funeral of Benjamin Jowett at Balliol College Chapel, and burial at St Sepulchre’s Cemetery, Oxford<br />
<br />
13–29 October 1893 – Russian fleet visits French port of Toulon, a sign of the growing Franco-Russian military alliance<br />
<br />
December 1893–February 1894 – Lord Alfred Douglas in Egypt<br />
<br />
December 1893 – Arthur Conan Doyle’s story “The Adventure of the Final Problem” in which Sherlock Holmes dies is published in <i>The Strand Magazine</i><br />
<br />
27 December 1893 – Franco-Russian military alliance ratified<br />
<br />
<b>1894</b><br />
1894 – Ashmolean collection moved to an annexe behind the University Galleries in Beaumont Street in Oxford<br />
<br />
1894–1896 – the Hamidian massacres of Armenians by the Turks <br />
<br />
1894 – publication of Rudyard Kipling’s <i>The Jungle Book</i><br />
<br />
1894–1898 – William Larnach is MP for Tuapeka in New Zealand<br />
<br />
February 1894 – Oscar Wilde’s play <i>Salome</i> first published in English, with illustrations by Aubrey Beardsley<br />
<br />
2 March 1894 – William Gladstone leaves office as British Prime Minister <br />
<br />
19 March 1894 – Arthur Evans first visits Knossos on Crete<br />
<br />
21 March 1894 – Henry Irving and Ellen Terry return to England after their 4th American tour<br />
<br />
14 April 1894 – revival of <i>Faust</i> by Henry Irving at the Lyceum <br />
<br />
April–August 1894 – Rudyard Kipling and his wife visit England on a holiday<br />
<br />
c. 19 April 1894 – the future Tsar Nicholas II and his uncle Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich travel to Coburg, Germany to attend the wedding of Ernest Louis (Grand Duke of Hesse) and Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The other guests were Queen Victoria, Kaiser Wilhelm II and his mother, the Prince of Wales, and the Duke and Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha<br />
<br />
9 July 1894–12 October 1898 – William Larnach is MP for Tuapeka in New Zealand<br />
<br />
August–October 1894 – Oscar Wilde spends a summer holiday in Worthing where he writes <i>The Importance of Being Earnest</i><br />
<br />
June 1894 – Bertrand Russell graduates from Cambridge<br />
<br />
30 June 1894 – the Tower Bridge officially opened by the Prince of Wales (the future King Edward VII), and his wife, The Princess of Wales (Alexandra of Denmark)<br />
<br />
9 July 1894–12 October 1898 – William Larnach is MP for Tuapeka in New Zealand<br />
<br />
20 July–20 September 1894 – Samuel Butler in Casale, Rome, Naples, Messina, Aci Reale, Etna, Catania, Aci Reale, Castrogiovanni, Palermo, Trapani, Mount Eryx (22 August 1894), Castelvetrano, Poggio Reale, Calatafimi, Casale, Avvocato Negri, Rosignano<br />
<br />
20 July 1894 – performance of <i>Lohengrin</i> at Bayreuth<br />
<br />
30 July 1894 – death of Walter Pater<br />
<br />
summer 1894 – Bram Stoker takes a second holiday in the village of Cruden Bay <br />
<br />
August 1894 – Engels on holiday in Eastbourne suffers a stroke<br />
<br />
1 August 1894–17 April 1895 – First Sino-Japanese War between the Qing Empire of China and the Empire of Japan, over control of Korea; Japanese victory<br />
<br />
8 August 1894 – Marquis of Salisbury in a Presidential Address of the British Association gives a lecture on evolution in the Sheldonian Theatre, Oxford<br />
<br />
September 1894 – publication of <i>The Green Carnation</i> by Robert Hichens, a parody of Oscar Wilde<br />
<br />
21 September to 8 December 1894 – provincial tour of Henry Irving; first production of Henry Irving’s <i>A Story of Waterloo</i> played at the Princes Theatre, Bristol, on September 21, 1894; London performance at the Garrick Theatre on 17 December 1894<br />
<br />
October 1894 – the third volume of <i>Das Kapital</i> published by Engels<br />
<br />
1 October 1894 – Bertrand Russell attends the Paris Opera to see Wagner’s <i>Die Walküre</i><br />
<br />
19 October 1894 – death of Francis Douglas (Viscount Drumlanrig) at Quantock Lodge, Bridgwater, Somerset<br />
<br />
c. November 1894–August 1895 – Friedrich Engels lives at No. 41 Regents Park Road<br />
<br />
1 November 1894 – Tsar Alexander III dies<br />
<br />
1 November 1894 – accession of Nicholas II of Russia (reign: 1 November 1894–15 March 1917)<br />
<br />
26 November 1894 – marriage of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Alix of Hesse (Alexandra Feodorovna)<br />
<br />
28 November 1894 – final birthday of Engels<br />
<br />
13 December 1894 – marriage of Bertrand Russell and Alys Pearsall Smith in London<br />
<br />
19–22 December 1894 – trial at the Cherche-Midi prison and conviction of Captain Alfred Dreyfus for allegedly sharing French military secrets to the German Embassy in Paris<br />
<br />
25 December 1894 – Eleanor Marx has Christmas dinner with Engels and is assured she will inherit Marx’s manuscripts<br />
<br />
December 1894 – Winston Churchill graduated from Royal Military College, Sandhurst<br />
<br />
<b>1895</b><br />
1895–1897 – Theodore Roosevelt became president of the board of the New York City Police Commissioners for two years<br />
<br />
1895–1899 – the Marxist phase of Benedetto Croce<br />
<br />
January–July 1895 – H. G. Wells’s <i>Time Machine</i> first published <br />
<br />
3 January 1895 – Oscar Wilde’s play <i>An Ideal Husband</i> opens at the Haymarket Theatre<br />
<br />
12 January 1895 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of <i>King Arthur</i> at the Lyceum theatre<br />
<br />
24 January 1895 – death of Randolph Churchill<br />
<br />
4 February 1895 – début of <i>The Importance of Being Earnest</i> by Oscar Wilde at the St James’s Theatre<br />
<br />
14 February 1895 – Oscar Wilde’s play <i>The Importance of Being Earnest, A Trivial Comedy for Serious People</i> opens at St James's Theatre in London <br />
<br />
20 February 1895 – Winston Churchill commissioned as officer and joins the 4th Hussars, a cavalry regiment<br />
<br />
22 February 1895 – Max Nordau’s book <i>Degeneration</i> published in an English translation by William Heinemann<br />
<br />
March 1895 – Max Nordau’s book <i>Degeneration</i> published in a 2nd German edition<br />
<br />
March 1895 – Aveling and Eleanor travel to Hastings for a holiday<br />
<br />
30 March–June 1895 – Samuel Butler in Basel, Casale, Avvocato Negri, Florence, Rome, Naples, Brindisi (left for Corfu on 13 April), Corfu, Patras, Athens (from 17 April), Mycenae, Argos, Nauplia, Corinth, Athens, left Piraeus 27 April, Smyrna, Troy, Inra (3 May 1895), Smyrna (8 May), Catania, Aci Reale (13 May 1895), Palermo, Trapani, Calatafimi, Palermo, Naples, Rome, Casale, Avvocato Negri, Varallo, Basel, London (early June)<br />
<br />
3 April 1895 – opening of the libel trial of the Marquess of Queensberry<br />
<br />
5 April 1895 – Oscar Wilde arrested at the Cadogan Hotel in London<br />
<br />
17 April 1895 – Treaty of Shimonoseki between the Empire of Japan and the Qing Empire; Taiwan ceded to Japan as well as the Liaodong Peninsula (which was subsequently acquired by Russia)<br />
<br />
23 April 1895 – Tripartite Intervention or Triple Intervention, diplomatic intervention by Russia, Germany, and France which forced Japan to withdraw from the Liaodong Peninsula<br />
<br />
4 May 1895 – performances of <i>The Story of Waterloo</i> and <i>Don Quixote</i> at the Lyceum <br />
<br />
25 May 1895 – announcement of Henry Irving’s knighthood<br />
<br />
25 May 1895 – Oscar Wilde convicted and sentenced to two years hard labour<br />
<br />
June 1895 – Engels, Laura Marx and Eleanor take a holiday in Eastbourne<br />
<br />
21 June 1895 – Lord Rosebery resigns as British Prime Minister<br />
<br />
25 June 1895–11 July 1902 – Marquess of Salisbury (Robert Gascoyne-Cecil) is UK Prime Minister (Tory):<blockquote><b>Secretary of State for the Home Department (Home Secretary)</b><br />
29 June 1895–12 November 1900 – Sir Matthew White Ridley, Bt<br />
12 November 1900–11 August 1902 – Charles Ritchie<br />
11 August 1902–5 December 1905 – Aretas Akers-Douglas<br />
<b>Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</b><br />
29 June 1895–12 November 1900 – Robert Gascoyne-Cecil (Marquess of Salisbury)<br />
12 November 1900–11 July 1902 – Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice (Marquess of Lansdowne)<br />
<b>Secretary of State for the Colonies</b><br />
29 June 1895–16 September 1903 – Joseph Chamberlain<br />
<b>Secretary of State for War</b><br />
4 July 1895–12 November 1900 – Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice (Marquess of Lansdowne)<br />
12 November 1900–6 October 1903 – St John Brodrick<br />
6 October 1903–4 December 1905 – H. O. Arnold-Forster<br />
<b>Governors-General and Viceroys of India</b><br />
11 October 1894–6 January 1899 – Earl of Elgin<br />
6 January 1899–18 November 1905 – Lord Curzon of Kedleston<br />
<b>First Lord of the Admiralty</b><br />
1895–1900 – George Goschen<br />
1900–1905 – William Palmer (Earl of Selborne)<br />
<b>Chancellors of the Exchequer</b><br />
29 June 1895–11 August 1902 – Sir Michael Hicks Beach<br />
11 August 1902–9 October 1903 – Charles Ritchie<br />
<b>Leader of the House of Commons</b><br />
29 June 1895–4 December 1905 – Arthur Balfour<br />
<b>Commander-in-Chief of the Forces</b><br />
5 July 1856–1 November 1895 – Prince George (Duke of Cambridge)<br />
1 November 1895–3 January 1901 – Garnet Wolseley (1st Viscount Wolseley)</BLOCKQUOTE>29 June 1895 – death of Thomas Henry Huxley in Eastbourne, Sussex of a heart attack<br />
<br />
July 1895 – Mark Twain begins his around-the-world lecture tour:<blockquote>July–August 1895 – Twain in north America, British Columbia, Canada <br />
23 August 1895 – Twain sails from Vancouver <br />
September 1895 – Fiji<br />
15 September–31 October 1895 – Twain in Australia<br />
5 November–13 December 1895 – Twain in New Zealand<br />
17 December 1895–1 January 1896 – Twain in Australia<br />
18 January–4 April 1896 – Twain in Sri Lanka, India, Mauritius<br />
4 April 1896 – Twain sails from Colombo<br />
May 1896 – Twain arrives in Durban<br />
May–14 July 1896 – Twain in South Africa<br />
31 July 1896 – Twain returns to England</BLOCKQUOTE>1 July 1895 – Eleanor and Edward Aveling start a holiday in Orpington in Kent <br />
<br />
13 July–7 August 1895 – the United Kingdom general election of 1895, won by the Conservatives in alliance with the Liberal Unionist Party:<blockquote><b>Party | Leader | Elected</b><br />
Conservative | Lord Salisbury | 340<br />
Liberal Unionist | Joseph Chamberlain | 71<br />
Liberal | Lord Rosebery | 177<br />
Irish Parliamentary | Redmond and Dillon | 82</BLOCKQUOTE>18 July 1895 – Henry Irving knighted at Windsor Castle<br />
<br />
c. 21 July 1895 – Eleanor Marx learns that Frederick Lewis Demuth (1851−1929) is the son of Karl Marx<br />
<br />
c. August 1895 – Samuel Butler in San Gottardo at Wassen, Hospenthal, Bellinzona in Switzerland<br />
<br />
5 August 1895 – Friedrich Engels dies<br />
<br />
10 August 1895 – funeral of Friedrich Engels<br />
<br />
27 August 1895 – Friedrich Engels’ ashes scattered at sea off Eastbourne<br />
<br />
16 September 1895–May 1896 – Henry Irving’s 5th American tour; opened in Montreal with <i>Faust</i>, and includes New Orleans, Philadelphia, Chicago<br />
<br />
October 1895 – Bertrand Russell receives a 5-year fellowship from Trinity College, Cambridge<br />
<br />
October 1895–October 1901 – Bertrand Russell holds a 5-year fellowship at Trinity College, Cambridge<br />
<br />
November 1895 – publication of Rudyard Kipling’s <i>The Second Jungle Book</i><br />
<br />
November–December 1895 – Churchill visits America and Cuba <br />
<br />
14 December 1895 – Eleanor Marx and Edward Aveling move into a new house in Sydenham<br />
<br />
29 December 1895–2 January 1896 – the Jameson Raid, a failed raid on Paul Kruger’s Transvaal Republic by British colonial statesman Leander Starr Jameson and his troops<br />
<br />
<b>1896</b><br />
1896 – Édouard Naville excavates Oxyrhynchus<br />
<br />
1896 – Henryk Sienkiewicz’s <i>Quo Vadis: A Narrative of the Time of Nero</i> originally published in Poland in Polish<br />
<br />
1896 – Franz Boas is appointed lecturer at Columbia University (lecturer and then professor from 1896–1936)<br />
<br />
12 January 1896 – Cecil Rhodes resigns as Prime Minister of Cape Colony<br />
<br />
13 January 1896–13 October 1898 – Sir John Gordon Sprigg is prime minister of Cape Colony<br />
<br />
March 1896–October 1897 – Second Matabele War between the British South Africa Company and Ndebele (Matabele) people<br />
<br />
10 March 1896 – Hall Caine purchased Greeba Castle near Peel, the Isle of Man<br />
<br />
12 March 1896–November 1899 – the Anglo-Egyptian invasion of Sudan:<blockquote>12 March 1896 – the British cabinet orders an advance on Dongola<br />
4 June 1896 – Egyptian army of 9,000 men mobilised by Kitchener<br />
7 June 1896 – the battle of Ferkeh<br />
July–August 1896 – cholera outbreak in the Egyptian camp kills over 900 men<br />
September 1896 – capture of Dongola<br />
7 August 1896 – capture of Abu Hamed<br />
31 October 1897 – Kitchener extends the railway to Abu Hamed<br />
January 1898 – British reinforcements under Major General William F. Gatacre arrive in Sudan<br />
8 April 1898 – the battle of Atbara, Anglo-Egyptian forces defeat 15,000 Sudanese on the banks of the River Atbara<br />
28 August 1898 – the final advance on Omdurman begins<br />
2 September 1898 – battle of Omdurman between Kitchener and the army of Abdullah al-Taashi<br />
12 July 1898 – the French reach Fashoda<br />
18 September 1898 – Kitchener reaches Fashoda<br />
24 November 1899 – Colonel Sir Reginald Wingate defeats the Khalifah and his 5,000 followers southwest of Kosti</BLOCKQUOTE>17 March 1896 – Bram Stoker writes geographical notes on his novel’s ending “between Straska & Isvorol”<br />
<br />
April–May 1896 – Samuel Butler in Basel, Casale, Florence, Cortona, Rome, Frosinone, Naples, Pompeii, Salerno, Roggio, Etna, Messina, Aci Reale, Siracusa, Catania, Palermo, Calatafimi, Messina, Reggio, Salerno, Rome, Pisa, Genoa, Casale-Monferrato, Lucerne, Lugano, Porlezza, San Salvatore, Luino, Locarno, Lucerno, Basel<br />
<br />
6–15 April 1896 – the 1896 Summer Olympics, the first international Olympic Games held in modern history, organised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), held in Athens, Greece<br />
<br />
May 1896 – Henry Irving returns to England from his 5th American tour<br />
<br />
26 May 1896 – Tsar Nicholas II’s formal coronation in Uspensky Cathedral within the Kremlin<br />
<br />
8 June 1896 – Eleanor Marx, Edward Aveling and Karl Liebknecht (1871–1919) visit Marx’s old houses in London<br />
<br />
c. July 1896–31 August 1931 – Hall Caine lives in Greeba Castle near Peel, the Isle of Man<br />
<br />
c. July 1896 – Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk’s “Zum Abschluss des Marxschen Systems” (“On the Closure of the Marxist System”; “Karl Marx and the Close of His System”) is published in Otto von Boenigk (ed.), <i>Staatswissenschaftliche Arbeiten</i> (Berlin, 1896)<br />
<br />
July 1896 – Mark Twain sails back to England from his world tour<br />
<br />
July 1896 – Bram Stoker takes a holiday in the village of Cruden Bay<br />
<br />
7–11 July 1896 – US Democratic National Convention of 1896, held at the Chicago Coliseum<br />
<br />
9 July 1896 – William Jennings Bryan delivered his “Cross of Gold” speech at the US Democratic National Convention in Chicago<br />
<br />
26 July–1 August 1896 – International Socialist Workers and Trade Union Congress, held in London, the 4th congress of the Second International<br />
<br />
16 August 1896 – gold was discovered in the Klondike region of the Yukon in north-western Canada by local miners<br />
<br />
August 1896–1899 – the Klondike Gold Rush, a migration of about 100,000 prospectors to the Klondike region of the Yukon in north-western Canada after gold was discovered there by local miners on 16 August 1896; when the news reached Seattle and San Francisco in 1897, there was a gold stampede from 1897–1898<br />
<br />
29 August 1896 – Rudyard Kipling and his wife return to England from the US<br />
<br />
September 1896 – Samuel Butler and Henry Festing Jones in Wassen and Basel<br />
<br />
14 September 1896 – Laurence Waddell leaves Darjeeling to travel to Sandook-phu and Yampoong (22 September 1896)<br />
<br />
22 September 1896 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of <i>Cymbeline</i> at the Lyceum theatre<br />
<br />
1 October 1896 – Winston Churchill arrives in Bombay, India and travels with his regiment to Bangalore<br />
<br />
3 November 1896 – United States presidential election of 1896; William McKinley (Republican candidate) defeated William Jennings Bryan (Democrat candidate)<br />
<br />
19 December 1896 – opening night of Henry Irving’s <i>Richard III</i> at the Lyceum; Irving injuries himself after the play and Lyceum closes until 25 January 1897<br />
<br />
<b>1897</b><br />
1897–1898 – Theodore Roosevelt is Assistant Secretary of the US Navy<br />
<br />
1897 – Henry Labouchère surrenders editorship of <i>Truth</i> to Horace Voules, but remains sole owner<br />
<br />
January 1897 – foundation of Dawson City by Joseph Ladue; the town was the centre of the Klondike Gold Rush<br />
<br />
7 January 1897 – Lady Scott and co-defendants found guilty of publishing “false malicious and defamatory libels” about Frank Russell<br />
<br />
February 1897 – Lenin sentenced to 3 years exile in eastern Siberia<br />
<br />
February 1897–February 1900 – Lenin in Siberia<br />
<br />
c. May 1897 – an English translation of Henryk Sienkiewicz’s <i>Quo Vadis: A Narrative of the Time of Nero</i> by Jeremiah Curtin is published<br />
<br />
18 May 1897 – Oscar Wilde released from prison<br />
<br />
26 May 1897 – publication of Bram Stoker’s <i>Dracula</i><br />
<br />
5 April–8 May 1897 – the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 (or the Thirty Days’ War), a war between Greece and the Ottoman Empire, caused by the status of the Ottoman province of Crete; there was a decisive Ottoman military victory<br />
<br />
16 April–May 1897 – Samuel Butler and Henry Festing Jones in Sicily; in Girgenti and Selinunte; they return via Casale, San Pietro, Bellinzona, Wassen<br />
<br />
8 June 1897 – Edward Aveling secretly married the actress Eva Frye<br />
<br />
14 June 1897 – death at sea of the gold mining magnate Barney Barnato (21 February 1851–14 June 1897), rival of Cecil Rhodes<br />
<br />
22 June 1897 – Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee procession<br />
<br />
July 1897 – Keynes undergoes Eton College Scholarship Examinations<br />
<br />
August 1897 – Bram Stoker takes a holiday in the village of Cruden Bay <br />
<br />
after 22 August 1897 – Edward Aveling abandons Eleanor Marx, but returns some days later<br />
<br />
c. September 1897 – Edward Aveling and Eleanor Marx travel to Paris to see Laura Marx<br />
<br />
September 1897 – John Maynard Keynes began study at Eton; educated at Eton from 1897–1902<br />
<br />
16 September 1897 – Winston Churchill present on a cavalry patrol in India which is ambushed in the Mamund Valley<br />
<br />
25 September 1897 – Rudyard Kipling and his family move to Rottingdean, East Sussex<br />
<br />
October 1897–May 1899 – Mark Twain lives in Europe, in England and Austria<br />
<br />
November 1897 – Mark Twain’s <i>Following the Equator: A Journey around the World</i> is published<br />
<br />
November 1897 – Samuel Butler published <i>The Authoress of the Odyssey</i><br />
<br />
December 1897 – Edward Aveling ill with the flu<br />
<br />
15 December 1897 – Charles Paine Pauli dines at Clifford’s Inn with Samuel Butler for the last time<br />
<br />
29 December 1897 – death of Charles Paine Pauli<br />
<br />
<b>1898</b><br />
c. 1898 – fictional date of events of Jules Verne’s <i>Le Château des Carpathes</i> (The Carpathian Castle)<br />
<br />
January 1898 – H. G. Wells’ <i>The War of the Worlds</i> first published; first published as a serial in <i>Pearson’s Magazine</i> April to December 1897<br />
<br />
January 1898 – Edward Aveling asks Ellen Terry for a loan<br />
<br />
1 January 1898 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of <i>Peter the Great</i> at the Lyceum theatre<br />
<br />
13 January 1898 – Émile Zola publishes an open letter to President Félix Faure in <i>L’Aurore</i> with the headline “J’Accuse ...!” on the Dreyfus Affair<br />
<br />
9 February 1898 – Edward Aveling has surgery at University College Hospital<br />
<br />
c. 18 February 1898 – Edward Aveling and Eleanor Marx travel to Margate<br />
<br />
18 February 1898 – disastrous fire at the Lyceum storage area<br />
<br />
27 March 1898 – Edward Aveling and Eleanor Marx return to their house in Sydenham<br />
<br />
31 March 1898 – death of Eleanor Marx Aveling<br />
<br />
2 April 1898 – inquest on the death of Eleanor Marx Aveling<br />
<br />
5 April 1898 – funeral of Eleanor Marx Aveling<br />
<br />
6 April–May 1898 – Samuel Butler and Henry Festing Jones in Sicily; they go to Basel, Casale-Monferrato, Varallo, Casale, Camino, Avvocato Negri, Florence, Naples, Salerno, Messina, Taormina, Trapani, Messina, Naples, Rome, Genoa, Turin, Casale-Monferrato, Basel<br />
<br />
25 April–12 August 1898 – Spanish–American War<br />
<br />
19 May 1898 – death of William Ewart Gladstone at Hawarden Castle, Hawarden, at the age of 88<br />
<br />
June 1898 – Winston Churchill leaves India<br />
<br />
July 1898 – Winston Churchill arrives in London from India<br />
<br />
30 July 1898 – death of Otto von Bismarck<br />
<br />
1898 – publication of Marx’s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value,_Price_and_Profit"><i>Value, Price and Profit</i></a> (a series of lectures Marx delivered in 1865)<br />
<br />
summer 1898 – Henry Irving begins his relationship with Elizabeth Aria <br />
<br />
25 August 1898 – Turkish mob massacres hundreds of Cretan Greeks, the British Consul and 17 British soldiers; Turkish forces were expelled from the island by the Great Powers in November 1898<br />
<br />
2 August 1898 – Winston Churchill arrives in Cairo<br />
<br />
2 August 1898 – death of Edward Aveling <br />
<br />
2 September 1898 – Battle of Omdurman, with Winston Churchill present in the army of Sir Herbert Kitchener <br />
<br />
16–27 September 1898 – Samuel Butler goes to Amsterdam to a Rembrandt exhibition, Haarlem, the Hague<br />
<br />
12 October 1898 – death of William J. M. Larnach in a committee room at the New Zealand Parliament<br />
<br />
13 October 1898 – Henry Irving stricken at Glasgow with pleurisy and pneumonia while playing <i>Madame Sans Gene</i><br />
<br />
31 October 1898 – Herbert Kitchener made Baron Kitchener of Khartoum and Aspall in the County of Suffolk <br />
<br />
November 1898 – Turkish forces expelled from Crete by the Great Powers in November 1898; an autonomous Cretan State established <br />
<br />
10 December 1898 – the Treaty of Paris of 1898 between Spain and the US; the US gained Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines; the Treaty became effective on 11 April 1899<br />
<br />
<b>1899</b><br />
1899–1936 – Franz Boas is first Professor of Anthropology at Columbia University (he became professor emeritus in 1937)<br />
<br />
1899 – the New Zealand government Immigration Restriction Act 1899 prohibited the entry of migrants lacking British or Irish heritage by means of an educational test (it became law in 1900)<br />
<br />
c. January 1899 – Laurence Waddell publishes <i>Among the Himalayas</i><br />
<br />
1 January 1899–31 December 1900 – Theodore Roosevelt 33rd Governor of New York State<br />
<br />
25 February 1899 – death of Paul Reuter at Villa Reuter in Nice, France<br />
<br />
March–late May 1899 – Samuel Butler and Henry Festing Jones in Italy; they go to Basel, Lucerne, Fluelen, Casale-Monferrato, Varallo-Sesia, Genoa, Pisa, Siena, Florence, Forli, Ravenna, Padua, Venice, Verona, Bergamo, Milan, Turin, Sammichele, Mont Cenis, Paris<br />
<br />
March 1899 – Winston Churchill departs India<br />
<br />
18 May–29 July 1899 – Hague Convention of 1899<br />
<br />
31 March 1899 – Henry Irving surrenders the lease of Lyceum theatre to a syndicate<br />
<br />
October 1899–May 1900 – Henry Irving’s 6th American tour<br />
<br />
11 October 1899–31 May 1902 – the Second Boer War between Britain and the Boer Republic of Transvaal and the Orange Free State:<blockquote><b>October–December 1899 – the first Boer offensive phase of the Boer war</b><br />
14 October 1899–15 February 1900 – siege of Kimberley, Cape Colony during the Second Boer War by the Orange Free State and the Transvaal<br />
<b>January–September 1900 – 2nd British offensive phase of the Boer war</b><br />
<b>September 1900 – May 1902 – the 3rd Guerrilla war phase of the Boer war</b><br />
27 February 1902 – execution of Harry “Breaker” Harbord Morant and Peter Handcock in Pretoria</BLOCKQUOTE>13 October 1899–1903 – Montague Summers at Trinity College, Oxford<br />
<br />
14 October 1899 – Winston Churchill leaves England for South Africa to report on the Anglo-Boer War as correspondent for the <i>Morning Post</i><br />
<br />
15 November–12 December 1899 – capture and imprisonment of Winston Churchill; imprisoned in a POW camp in Pretoria<br />
<br />
December 1899 – Kitchener arrives in South Africa on the RMS Dunottar Castle<br />
<br />
<b>1900</b><br />
1900 – Sir Henry Rider Haggard buys the Cliff Grange property at Kessingland<br />
<br />
January 1900 – Benedetto Croce’s <i>Materialismo Storico ed Economia Marxistica</i> is published <br />
<br />
13 January 1900–20 March 1901 – serialisation of the Icelandic translation of <i>Dracula</i> by Valdimar Ásmundsson in <i>Fjallkonan</i><br />
<br />
20 January 1900 – death of John Ruskin<br />
<br />
February 1900 – Samuel Butler and Henry Festing Jones in Harwich<br />
<br />
23 March 1900–1903 – Arthur Evans’ excavations on Knossus<br />
<br />
April–12 June 1900 – Samuel Butler meets Henry Festing Jones in Genoa; Butler goes to Basel, Genoa, Casale, Pisa, Rome, Segni, Salerno, Paestum, Reggio, Messina, Taormina, Siracusa (2 May 1900), Malta, Siracusa, Palermo, Calatafimi, Albergo Centrale, Trapani, Palermo, Naples, Rome (20 May), Siena, Sammichele, Casale-Monferrato, Basel, London (12 June)<br />
<br />
4–6 July 1900 – US Democratic National Convention of 1900, held at Convention Hall in Kansas City, Missouri; William Jennings Bryan gave a speech called “Imperialism”<br />
<br />
29 July 1900 – Lenin left Russia for Western Europe<br />
<br />
25 August 1900 – death of Friedrich Nietzsche<br />
<br />
September 1900 – Samuel Butler in Wassen<br />
<br />
October 1900 – Mark Twain returns to America<br />
<br />
October 1900 – Samuel Butler’s translation of the <i>Odyssey</i> published<br />
<br />
November 1900–April 1901 – Samuel Butler writes <i>Erewhon Revisited</i><br />
<br />
22 November 1900 – death of Arthur Sullivan<br />
<br />
30 November 1900 – death of Oscar Wilde<br />
<br />
<b>1901</b><br />
1901 – Laurence Waddell moved to North-West Frontier Province of India<br />
<br />
1 January 1901 – proclamation of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act (UK) in Centennial Park, Sydney:<blockquote>5 July 1900 – the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act (UK) passed (given Royal Assent by Queen Victoria on 9 July 1900)<br />
1 January 1901–24 September 1903 – Sir Edmund Barton (1849–1920) first Prime Minister of Australia (Protectionist Party)<br />
29–30 March 1901 – first national elections in the Commonwealth of Australia after Federation<br />
9 May 1901 – first Australian Parliament was opened in Melbourne by Prince George (King George V)<br />
9 May 1901–9 May 1927 – the Parliament meets in Parliament House, Melbourne<br />
17 November 1901 – the Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901 that allowed mass deportation of nearly all the Pacific Islanders (“Kanakas”) working in the Queensland sugar industry<br />
23 December 1901 – the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 of the Parliament of Australia<br />
24 September 1903–27 April 1904 – Alfred Deakin is Prime Minister (Protectionist Party)<br />
12 March 1913 – Canberra officially named<br />
9 May 1927 – Australian Commonwealth parliament moves to Canberra</BLOCKQUOTE>22 January 1901 – death of Queen Victoria<br />
<br />
22 January 1901–6 May 1910 – reign of Edward VII<br />
<br />
March–September 1901 – Theodore Roosevelt is Vice President of the United States under William McKinley (president from 4 March 1897–14 September 1901)<br />
<br />
April–24 June 1901 – Samuel Butler travels to Basel, Casale-Monferrato, Pisa (where he joins Henry Festing Jones in May), Rome, Naples, Palermo, Trapani, Palermo, Catania, Taormina, Aci Reale, Messina, Naples, Rome, Ancona, Pesaro, Rimini, Bologna, Parma, Piacenza, Casale-Monferrato, London<br />
<br />
summer 1901 – Bram Stoker attends the Wagner Cycle at Bayreuth?<br />
<br />
22 July 1901 – première of Richard Wagner’s play <i>Der fliegende Holländer</i> (The Flying Dutchman) at Bayreuth<br />
<br />
August 1901 – Icelandic translation of <i>Dracula</i> as a novel by Valdimar Ásmundsson published<br />
<br />
August 1901–April 1902 – Arthur Conan Doyle’s novel <i>The Hound of the Baskervilles</i> serialised in <i>The Strand Magazine</i><br />
<br />
September 1901 – Samuel Butler in Basel and Wassen <br />
<br />
14 September 1901–4 March 1909 – Theodore Roosevelt is 26th President of the United States<br />
<br />
c. October 1901–1902 – Bertrand Russell lectures on symbolic logic at Cambridge<br />
<br />
11 October 1901 – Samuel Butler publishes <i>Erewhon Revisited</i><br />
<br />
<b>1902</b><br />
28 March–19 May 1902 – Samuel Butler travels to Paris, Casale-Monferrato, Rome, Naples, Palermo (12 April), Naples (11 May), Calis, London (19 May)<br />
<br />
April 1902–April 1903 – Lenin moved to London<br />
<br />
18 June 1902 – death of Samuel Butler at a nursing home in St John’s Wood Road, London<br />
<br />
21 June 1902 – Samuel Butler’s funeral near Woking; his ashes buried at Woking<br />
<br />
19 July 1902 – Henry Irving’s farewell performance at the Lyceum<br />
<br />
14 August 1902–1903 – Julius Kaerst associate professor at the University of Leipzig<br />
<br />
2 September 1902 – Rudyard Kipling and his family move to a home called Bateman’s, in Burwash, East Sussex, England<br />
<br />
December 1902–7 November 1913 – Alfred Russel Wallace moves to a small house called the Old Orchard at Parkstone in Dorset<br />
<br />
<b>1903</b><br />
1903 – the posthumous publication of Samuel Butler’s <i>The Way of All Flesh</i><br />
<br />
April 1903 – Lenin and his wife left London for Switzerland<br />
<br />
30 April 1903 – début of Henry Irving’s production of <i>Dante</i> at the Theatre Royal<br />
<br />
17 July 1903 – death of James McNeill Whistler in London<br />
<br />
October 1903–March 1904 – Henry Irving’s 8th American tour<br />
<br />
17 December 1903 – the first airplane flight near at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina of the Wright Flyer, the first powered, heavier-than-air machine, by the Wright brothers<br />
<br />
winter 1903/1904–14 January 1929 – Julius Kaerst is chair of history at the University of Würzburg<br />
<br />
<b>1904</b><br />
8–9 February 1904 – Japanese fleet under Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō attacks Russian fleet at Port Arthur, Korea<br />
<br />
8 February 1904–5 September 1905 – Russo-Japanese War between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea; Russian defeat<br />
<br />
8 November 1904 – United States presidential election of 1904; Theodore Roosevelt (who succeeded McKinley in September 1901) elected in his own right<br />
<br />
winter 1904 – Henry Irving’s final provincial tour<br />
<br />
<b>1905</b><br />
22 January 1905 – unarmed demonstrators in St Petersburg, Russia led by Father Georgy Gapon fired on by soldiers as they marched to the Winter Palace to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II<br />
<br />
22 January 1905–16 June 1907 – Russian Revolution of 1905<br />
<br />
13 October 1905 – death of Sir Henry Irving<br />
<br />
20 October 1905 – public funeral of Sir Henry Irving<br />
<br />
16 December 1905 – Francis Marion Crawford’s short story “For the Blood is the Life” in <i>Collier’s</i><br />
<br />
<b>1906</b><br />
1906 – Bram Stoker suffers a stroke<br />
<br />
<b>1907</b><br />
1907 – the 1907 New Zealand Chinese Immigrants Amendment Act<br />
<br />
1907 – Bram Stoker moves to 4 Durham Place from 18 St Leonard’s Terrace<br />
<br />
November 1906 – <i>The Vicar of Wakefield</i> opens at the Prince of Wales Theatre; Stoker is business manager<br />
<br />
<b>1908</b><br />
9 June 1908 – King Edward VII of England meets Tsar Nicholas II of Russia on the Russian Imperial Yacht Standart in the Bay of Reval<br />
<br />
July 1908 – the Young Turk Revolution of the Ottoman Empire; this restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and created multi-party politics in the Ottoman parliament<br />
<br />
5 October 1908 – de jure independence of Bulgaria from the Ottoman Empire proclaimed in Tarnovo by Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria (who then took the title of “Tsar”)<br />
<br />
6 October 1908 – Austria-Hungaria publishes the annexation of Bosnia Herzegovina proclamation<br />
<br />
<b>1909</b><br />
1909 – Arthur Conan Doyle moves to Windlesham Manor, Crowborough, East Sussex<br />
<br />
7–19 April 1909 – the Great Powers sign amendments to the Treaty of Berlin (of 1878) to settle the Bosnia Herzegovina crisis<br />
<br />
9 April 1909 – Francis Marion Crawford dies at Sorrento on Good Friday at Villa Crawford of a heart attack<br />
<br />
24 June 1909 – Bram Stoker signs the contract for <i>The Lady of the Shroud</i> with William Heinemann <br />
<br />
July 1909 – Bram Stoker published <i>The Lady of the Shroud</i><br />
<br />
<b>1910</b><br />
6 May 1910 – death of Edward VII<br />
<br />
<b>1911</b><br />
1911 – Bram Stoker moves to No. 26 St George’s Square, Pimlico<br />
<br />
3 March–12 June 1911 – Bram Stoker writes <i>The Lair of the White Worm</i><br />
<br />
November 1911 – Bram Stoker published <i>The Lair of the White Worm</i><br />
<br />
25 November 1911 – Laura Marx and her husband Paul Lafargue commit suicide<br />
<br />
<b>1912</b><br />
14–15 April 1912 – night of the sinking of the RMS Titanic; Titanic sank at 2.20 am on 15 April<br />
<br />
20 April 1912 – death of Bram Stoker at No. 26 St George’s Square, Pimlico, London<br />
<br />
8 October 1912–30 May 1913 – First Balkan War between the Balkan League (Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro) and the Ottoman Empire<br />
<br />
5 November 1912 – United States presidential election of 1912; the candidates were President William Howard Taft (Republican Party); Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive Party / “Bull Moose Party”); Woodrow Wilson (Democrat Party)<br />
<br />
<b>1913</b><br />
29 June–10 August 1913 – Second Balkan War between Bulgaria and Serbia, Greece and Romania; it ends in defeat for Bulgaria<br />
<br />
10 August 1913 – Treaty of Bucharest<br />
<br />
1913–1914 – Roosevelt–Rondon-Cheerie-Jodi O’Rodio Scientific Expedition, led by Theodore Roosevelt and Cândido Rondon, to the Rio Roosevelt in a remote area of the Brazilian Amazon basin<br />
<br />
<b>1914</b><br />
April 1914 – publication of the short story collection <i>Dracula’s Guest</i>; Florence moves to 4 Kinnerton Studios, Knightsbridge</blockquote>Lord Keyneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06556863604205200159noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4556861365216117920.post-16300682841863995992017-07-07T10:37:00.003-07:002019-11-05T19:03:00.649-08:00Chronology of the 15th Century<blockquote>9 April 1370–14 February 1405 – Timur (Tamerlane) is amir of Transoxania (amir of the Timurid Empire)<br />
<br />
7 December 1383–1388 – Wenceslaus is Duke of Luxembourg:<blockquote>1388–18 January 1411 – Jobst of Moravia (House of Luxembourg)<br />
1411–1443 – Elizabeth of Görlitz</BLOCKQUOTE>31 March 1387–9 December 1437 – Sigismund of Luxembourg is king of Hungary and Croatia:<blockquote><b>House of Luxembourg</b><br />
1378–1388 – Sigismund is Prince-elector of Brandenburg<br />
1411–1415 – Sigismund is Prince-elector of Brandenburg<br />
31 March 1387–9 December 1437 – Sigismund is King of Hungary and Croatia<br />
c. August 1419–9 December 1437 – Sigismund is king of Bohemia<br />
21 July 1411–9 December 1437 – Sigismund is king of Germany<br />
31 May 1433–9 December 1437 – Sigismund is Holy Roman Emperor</BLOCKQUOTE>1389–April 1395 – the Tokhtamysh–Timur war between Tokhtamysh (khan of the Golden Horde) and Timur<br />
<br />
21 January 1390–20 June 1399 – Al-Malik az-Zahir (second reign; Sayf ad-Din Barquq) is Mamluk Sultan<br />
<br />
16 February 1391–21 July 1425 – Manuel II Palaiologos is Byzantine Emperor<br />
<br />
18 June 1391 – battle of the Kondurcha River in the Bulgar Ulus of the Golden Horde between Tokhtamysh and Timur<br />
<br />
4 August 1392–27 October 1430 – Vytautas the Great is Grand Duke of Lithuania<br />
<br />
15 April 1395 – battle of the Terek River between Tokhtamysh and Timur at the Terek River, North Caucasus <br />
<br />
<b>1397</b><br />
January 1397–31 January 1418 – Mircea I the Old (second reign; Basarab) is Voivode of Wallachia:<blockquote>c. October 1394–January 1397 – Vlad the Usurper (Iron Vlad)<br />
January 1397–31 January 1418 – Mircea I the Old (second reign; Basarab)<br />
31 January 1418–August 1420 – sole reign of Mihail I</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1398</b><br />
September–17 December 1398 – Timur’s invasion of the Delhi Sultanate under Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq<br />
<br />
<b>1399</b><br />
1399–1407 – Shadi Beg is Khan of the Golden Horde<blockquote><b>Khans of the Golden Horde</b><br />
1378–1397 – Tokhtamysh Khan<br />
1397–1399 – Temur Qutlugh<br />
1399–1407 – Shadi Beg<br />
1407–1410 – Pulad Khan ibn Shadi Beg<br />
1410–1412 – Temur Khan ibn Temur Qutlugh</BLOCKQUOTE><center><b>1400s</b></center><b>1400</b><br />
1400 – Timur invades Christian Armenia and Georgia<br />
<br />
29 June 1400–1 January 1432 – Alexandru I the Good is Voivode of Moldavia:<blockquote><b>Voivode of Moldavia</b><br />
29 June 1400–1 January 1432 – Alexandru I the Good<br />
1 January 1432–October 1433 – Iliaș I<br />
October 1433–4 August 1435 – Ștefan II<br />
4 August 1435–May 1443 – Iliaș I<br />
4 August 1435–13 July 1447 – Ștefan II<br />
May 1444–1445 – Petru III<br />
8 February 1455–25 March 1455 – Alexandru II<br />
25 March 1455–12 April 1457 – Petru IV Aron<br />
12 April 1457–2 July 1504 – Ștefan III the Great</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1401</b><br />
June 1401 – Timur invades Baghdad:<blockquote>9 April 1370–14 February 1405 – Timur (Tamerlane) is Amir of the Timurid Empire</blockquote><b>1402</b><br />
spring 1402–28 July 1402 – Timur’s invasion of Anatolia<br />
<br />
12 July 1402 – Ming Dynasty prince Zhu Di occupies the Ming capital, Nanjing; the Jianwen Emperor is lost or killed, and Zhu Di takes the throne as the Yongle Emperor<br />
<br />
17 July 1402–12 August 1424 – Yung-lo (the Yongle Emperor) is third emperor of the Ming dynasty<br />
<br />
28 July 1402 – Battle of Ankara: Bayezid captured by Timur and the Ottoman army was defeated<br />
<br />
20 July 1402–5 July 1413 – Ottoman Interregnum, civil war in the Ottoman Empire between Mehmed Çelebi, İsa Çelebi, Musa Çelebi, and Süleyman Çelebi and Mustafa Çelebi; Mehmed Çelebi becomes Sultan Mehmed I in July 1413<br />
<br />
after July 1402 – death of Sultan Mahmud, Khan of the Western Chagatai Khanate:<blockquote>1369/1370 – Timur becomes amir of Transoxania <br />
<b>Khan of the Western Chagatai Khanate</b><br />
1364–1370 – Khabul Shah (executed by Timur)<br />
1370–1384 – Soyurghatmïsh Khan (died 1384) <br />
1384–after July 1402 – Sultan Mahmud</BLOCKQUOTE>December 1402 – Timur captures Smyrna from the Knights of Rhodes<br />
<br />
<b>1403</b><br />
January/February 1403 – Treaty of Gallipoli between Süleyman Çelebi and the Byzantine Empire, the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Knights Hospitaller, and the Duchy of Naxos<br />
<br />
8 March 1403 – death of Bayezid I in captivity at the court of Timur<br />
<br />
April 1403–28 April 1421 – Balša III Stracimirović is last ruler of Zeta<br />
<br />
<b>1404</b><br />
1404–1420 – Dobruja controlled by Wallachia<br />
<br />
26 October 1404–1428 – Jacopo Gattilusio is Lord of Lesbos:<blockquote><b>Lord of Lesbos</b><br />
1384–26 October 1403/1404 – Francesco II Gattilusio<br />
26 October 1404–1428 – Jacopo Gattilusio<br />
1428–30 June 1455 – Dorino Gattilusiov</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1405</b><br />
18 February 1405 – death of Timur (Tamerlane) at Farab<br />
<br />
18 February 1405–13 May 1409 – Khalil Sultan is Timurid ruler of Transoxiana (grandson of Timur)<br />
<br />
February 1405–13 March 1447 – Shah Rukh is ruler of the Timurid Empire<br />
<br />
November 1405–23 May 1412 – Al-Malik an-Nasir (second reign) is Mamluk Sultan:<blockquote><b>List of Circassian Mamluk Sultans</b><br />
21 January 1390–20 June 1399 – Al-Malik az-Zahir (second reign; Sayf ad-Din Barquq)<br />
20 June 1399–20 September 1405 – Al-Malik an-Nasir<br />
20 September 1405–November 1405 – Al-Malik al-Mansur<br />
November 1405–23 May 1412 – Al-Malik an-Nasir (second reign)<br />
23 May–6 November 1412 – Al-Malik al-Adil (Arab Abbasid caliph in Cairo)<br />
6 November 1412–13 January 1421 – Al-Malik al-Mu’ayyad<br />
13 January–29 August 1421 – Al-Malik al-Muzaffar<br />
29 August–30 November 1421 – Al-Malik az-Zahir<br />
30 November 1421–1 April 1422 – Al-Malik as-Salih<br />
1 April 1422–7 June 1438 – Al-Malik al-Ashraf<br />
7 June–9 September 1438 – Al-Malik al-Aziz<br />
9 September 1438–1 February 1453 – Al-Malik az-Zahir<br />
1 February–15 March 1453 – Al-Malik al-Mansur<br />
15 March 1453–26 February 1461 – Al-Malik al-Ashraf</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1406</b><br />
c. 1406? – birth of John Hunyadi in the Hátszeg region<br />
<br />
1406–10 June 1424 – Ernest is Duke of the Inner Austrian duchies of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola:<blockquote><b>Inner Austria</b><br />
10 June 1424–2 December 1463 – Albert VI is Duke of Inner Austria<br />
<br />
<b>Archduke of Austria</b><br />
23 November 1457–2 December 1463 – Albert VI</BLOCKQUOTE>17 March 1406 – death of Ibn Khaldun in Cairo<br />
<br />
4 April 1406–21 February 1437 – James I is King of Scots:<blockquote><b>Stewart</b><br />
21 February 1437–3 August 1460 – James II<br />
3 August 1460–11 June 1488 – James III<br />
11 June 1488–9 September 1513 – James IV</BLOCKQUOTE>11 May 1406–2 December 1407 – Ming–Hồ War between Ming Empire of China and northern Vietnam ruled by the Hồ dynasty<br />
<br />
c. August 1406–c. October 1420 – construction of the Forbidden City<br />
<br />
30 November 1406–4 July 1415 – Gregory XII is Pope:<blockquote>14 November 1417–20 February 1431 – Pope Martin V<br />
3 March 1431–23 February 1447 – Eugene IV is Pope<br />
6 March 1447–24 March 1455 – Nicholas V is Pope</BLOCKQUOTE>25 December 1406–20 July 1454 – John II is King of Castile and León<br />
<br />
<b>1407</b><br />
23 November 1407 – Louis I (Duke of Orléans) assassinated in the streets of Paris, by the orders of the Duke of Burgundy John the Fearless<br />
<br />
23 November 1407–21 September 1435 – Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War between two cadet branches of the French royal family, the House of Orléans (Armagnac faction) and the House of Burgundy (Burgundian faction)<br />
<br />
<b>1408</b><br />
12 December 1408 – Sigismund founds the Order of the Dragon<br />
<br />
<b>1409</b><br />
30 June 1409 – the battle of Sanluri in Sardinia between the Giudicato of Arborea and the Catalan-Sicilian army of King Martin I of Sicily<br />
<br />
<center><b>1410s</b></center><b>1410</b><br />
1410–1720s – Greenland largely cut off by ice<br />
<br />
15 June 1410 – battle of Kosmidion between Musa Çelebi and Süleyman Çelebi at Kosmidion just outside the land walls of Constantinople; allies of Musa (including Vuk Lazarević) desert him and joined Süleyman; victory for Süleyman Çelebi<br />
<br />
15 July 1410 – battle of Grunwald (battle of Tannenberg): Polish and Lithuanian forces under cousins Jogaila and Vytautas the Great defeat the Teutonic Knights<br />
<br />
10 September 1410 – Sigismund first elected as King of the Romans<br />
<br />
<b>1411</b><br />
21 July 1411–9 December 1437 – Sigismund is King of the Romans:<blockquote>31 March 1387–9 December 1437 – Sigismund of Luxembourg is King of Hungary and Croatia<br />
21 July 1411–9 December 1437 – Sigismund is King of the Romans/King of Germany<br />
31 May 1433–9 December 1437 – Sigismund is Holy Roman Emperor</BLOCKQUOTE>February 1411 – Musa Çelebi attacks Edirne and defeats Süleyman<br />
<br />
17 February 1411 – murder of Süleyman Çelebi when fleeing to Byzantine terrirtory<br />
<br />
August–September 1411 – siege of Constantinople by Musa Çelebi<br />
<br />
<b>1412</b><br />
6 January 1412 – birth of Joan of Arc in Domrémy, Duchy of Bar<br />
<br />
16 January 1412 – the Medici family made official bankers of the Papacy<br />
<br />
<b>1413</b><br />
21 March 1413–31 August 1422 – Henry V (Henry of Monmouth) is king of England<br />
<br />
5 July 1413 – battle of Çamurlu between Musa Çelebi and Mehmed Çelebi (sons of Bayezid I) in Çamurlu, near modern day Samokov, Bulgaria<br />
<br />
5 July 1413–26 May 1421 – Mehmed I (Mehmed Çelebi) is Ottoman Sultan<br />
<br />
2 October 1413 – Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania sign the Union of Horodło<br />
<br />
<b>1414</b><br />
7 January 1414–March 1422 – Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg is 28th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights<br />
<br />
28 May 1414–20 May 1421 – Khizr Khan is Sultan of Delhi, first sultan of the Sayyid dynasty<br />
<br />
16 November 1414–22 April 1418 – Council of Constance held in Constance, Germany, an ecumenical council ends the Western Schism by deposing or accepting the resignation of the remaining papal claimants and by electing Pope Martin V <br />
<br />
<b>1415</b><br />
6 July 1415 – execution of Jan Hus in Konstanz, Bishopric of Constance in the Holy Roman Empire<br />
<br />
25 October 1415 – battle of Agincourt, great English victory in the Hundred Years’ War near Azincourt in the County of Saint-Pol, in northern France<br />
<br />
<b>1416</b><br />
2 April 1416–27 June 1458 – Alfonso the Magnanimous is king of Aragon:<blockquote>2 April 1416–27 June 1458 – king of Aragon<br />
1442 – re-unification of Sicily with the Kingdom of Naples<br />
2 June 1442–27 June 1458 – king of Naples and Sicily<br />
1458 – Sicily split from Naples</BLOCKQUOTE>31 January 1418–August 1420 – sole reign of Mihail I (Basarab) is Voivode of Wallachia:<blockquote>c. 1383–1386 – Dan I (Dănești)<br />
23 September 1386–1418 – the two reigns of Mircea I the Old as Voivode of Wallachia<br />
23 September 1386–1395 – Mircea I the Old (first reign; Basarab)<br />
c. October 1394–January 1397 – Vlad the Usurper (Iron Vlad; Dănești)<br />
January 1397–31 January 1418 – Mircea I the Old (second reign; Basarab)<br />
1408–1420 – Mihail I (Basarab)<br />
31 January 1418–August 1420 – sole reign of Mihail I</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1419</b><br />
before 12 February 1419 – Voyk (father of John Hunyadi) died before this date<br />
<br />
16 August 1419 – death of Wenceslaus IV (king of Bohemia from 29 November 1378–16 August 1419)<br />
<br />
10 September 1419–15 June 1467 – Philip III the Good is Duke of Burgundy (cadet line of the Valois dynasty):<blockquote><b>Duke of Burgundy</b><br />
27 April 1404–10 September 1419 – John the Fearless (Valois-Burgundy)<br />
15 June 1467–5 January 1477 – Charles the Bold (Valois) <br />
5 January 1477–27 March 1482 – Mary is Duchess of Burgundy<br />
27 March 1482–25 September 1506 – Philip the Handsome (Habsburg) is Lord of the Netherlands and Duke of Burgundy</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1420s</b><br />
1420 – the King of Aragon purchases most of Sardinia from the Arborea Judicatus<br />
<br />
summer 1420 – Mihail I killed on the battlefield<br />
<br />
summer 1420–1421 – first reign of Dan II of Wallachia:<blockquote>1421–1423 – second reign of Dan II<br />
1423–1424 – third reign of Dan II<br />
1426–1427 – fourth reign of Dan II<br />
1427–1431 – fifth reign of Dan II</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1421</b><br />
12 March 1421 – Vienna pogrom in Erdberg<br />
<br />
26 May 1421–August 1444 – first reign of Murad II (son of Mehmed I)<br />
<br />
28 October 1420 – Beijing formally designated the principal capital of the Chinese empire<br />
<br />
October 1420–1644 – Forbidden City seat of the Ming Dynasty<br />
<br />
<b>1422</b><br />
21 October 1422–22 July 1461 – Charles VII the Victorious is king of France<blockquote>16 September 1380–21 October 1422 – Charles VI the Beloved (Valois)<br />
21 October 1422–19 October 1453 – Henry VI of England (Lancaster)<br />
<b>Valois</b><br />
21 October 1422–22 July 1461 – Charles VII the Victorious<br />
22 July 1461–30 August 1483 – Louis XI the Prudent<br />
30 August 1483–7 April 1498 – Charles VIII the Affable</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1425</b><br />
<br />
21 July 1425–31 October 1448 – John VIII Palaiologos (eldest son of Manuel II Palaiologos) is Byzantine Emperor:<blockquote><b> Byzantine Emperor</b><br />
15 June 1341–12 August 1376 – John V Palaiologos (first reign)<br />
1 July 1379–14 April 1390 – John V Palaiologos (second reign)<br />
17 September 1390–16 February 1391 – John V Palaiologos (third reign)<br />
16 February 1391–21 July 1425 – Manuel II Palaiologos <br />
21 July 1425–31 October 1448 – John VIII Palaiologos (eldest son of Manuel II Palaiologos)<br />
6 January 1449–29 May 1453 – Constantine XI Dragases Palaiologos (son of Manuel II Palaiologos)</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1428</b><br />
between 1428–1431 – birth of Vlad the Impaler in Sighișoara<br />
<br />
<center><b>1430s</b></center><b>1430</b><br />
October 1430–1 August 1432 – Švitrigaila is Grand Duke of Lithuania:<blockquote><b>Grand Duke of Lithuania</b><br />
<b>House of Gediminas</b><br />
4 August 1392–27 October 1430 – Vytautas the Great<br />
October 1430–1 August 1432 – Švitrigaila <br />
1432–20 March 1440 – Sigismund Kęstutaitis<br />
<b>House of Jagiellon</b><br />
29 June 1440–7 June 1492 – Casimir IV Jagiellon<br />
30 July 1492–19 August 1506 – Alexander Jagiellon</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1431</b><br />
February/March 1431–c. September 1436 – Alexander I Aldea (1397–1436) is Voivode of Wallachia<br />
<br />
<b>1432</b><br />
1 June 1432 – battle of San Romano: Florence defeats Siena<br />
<br />
29 June 1432–28 July 1458 – John II of Cyprus is king of Cyprus:<blockquote><b>Kings of Cyprus</b><br />
<b>House of Lusignan</b><br />
9 September 1398–29 June 1432 – Janus of Cyprus<br />
29 June 1432–28 July 1458 – John II of Cyprus<br />
28 July 1458–1464 – Charlotte (Queen of Cyprus)<br />
1463–10 July 1473 – James II of Cyprus<br />
10 July 1473 – 26 August 1474 – James III of Cyprus<br />
26 August 1474–26 February 1489 – Catherine Cornaro (the last monarch of the Kingdom of Cyprus)<br />
February 1489 – Catherine cedes control of Cyprus to the Doge of Venice</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1433</b><br />
31 May 1433 – coronation of Sigismund as Holy Roman Emperor in Rome<br />
<br />
late 1433 – John Hunyadi joins the entourage of Sigismund as court knight<br />
<br />
<b>1434</b><br />
5 September 1434–1 August 1464 – Cosimo di Giovanni de’ Medici (the Elder) is Lord of Florence<br />
<br />
<b>1435</b><br />
1435 – Count John IV of Katzenelnbogen orders Riesling grape variety to be grown in Rüsselsheim<br />
<br />
21 September 1435 – Treaty of Arras between Charles VII of France and Philip III of Burgundy ends the English-Burgundian alliance<br />
<br />
<b>1436</b><br />
after 25 June 1436 – death of Alexander I Aldea<br />
<br />
5 July 1436 – Hussite Wars in Bohemia end; Sigismund accepted as king<br />
<br />
c. September 1436–c. March 1442 – reign of Vlad II Dracul as Voivode of Wallachia<br />
<br />
c. December 1436 – death of Alexander I Aldea?<br />
<br />
<b>1437</b><br />
spring 1437 – Murad II on campaign against the bey of Karaman<br />
<br />
April 1437–February 1438 – peasant rebellion in north-west Transylvania<br />
<br />
9 December 1437 – death of Sigismund, king of Hungary:<blockquote><b>Kings of Hungary</b><br />
<b>House of Luxembourg</b><br />
1387–1437 – Sigismund<br />
<b>House of Habsburg</b><br />
1437–1439 – Albert the Magnanimous <br />
1440–1457 – Ladislaus V the Posthumous<br />
<b>House of Jagiellon</b><br />
1440–1444 – Vladislaus I<br />
6 June 1446 – January 1453 – Regent John Hunyadi<br />
<b>House of Hunyadi</b><br />
1458–1490 – Matthias I</BLOCKQUOTE>18 December 1437–27 October 1439 – Albert the Magnanimous (House of Habsburg) is King of Hungary and Croatia:<blockquote><b>House of Habsburg</b><br />
14 September 1404–27 October 1439 – Albert the Magnanimous is Duke of Austria<br />
18 March 1438–27 October 1439 – Albert the Magnanimous is King-elect of Germany<br />
6 May 1438–27 October 1439 – Albert the Magnanimous King of Bohemia</blockquote><b>1438</b><br />
1 January 1438 – coronation of Albert the Magnanimous as King of Hungary and Croatia in Székesfehérvár<br />
<br />
8 January 1438 – the first session of the Council of Ferrara in the church of St George under the presidency of Cardinal Nicolo Albergati<br />
<br />
August 1438 – Murad II’s raid into Transylvania<br />
<br />
<b>1439</b><br />
September 1439–1445 – John Hunyadi is Ban of Severin<br />
<br />
27 October 1439 – death of Albert the Magnanimous at Neszmély and was buried at Székesfehérvár<br />
<br />
<center><b>1440s</b></center><b>1440</b><br />
8 March 1440 – Hungarian lords elect Vladislaus king<br />
<br />
8 March 1440–10 November 1444 – Vladislaus (Władysław) III of Poland is King of Hungary and Croatia<br />
<br />
15 May 1440/1444–23 November 1457 – Ladislaus the Posthumous King of Hungary and Croatia<br />
<br />
29 June 1440 – Hungarian Diet declares Ladislaus’ coronation invalid<br />
<br />
17 July 1440 – Archbishop Dénes Szécsi crowns Vladislaus (Władysław) III king of Hungary<br />
<br />
17 July 1440–10 November 1444 – Vladislaus (Władysław) III of Poland is King of Hungary and Croatia<br />
<br />
<b>1441</b><br />
February 1441 – John Hunyadi appointed Voivode of Transylvania<br />
<br />
February 1441–1446 – John Hunyadi is voivode of Transylvania:<blockquote><b>Voivodes of Transylvania</b><br />
1441–1446 – John Hunyadi<br />
1446–1448 – Emeric Bebek<br />
1449–1458 – John Rozgonyi (first rule)<br />
1459–1461 – Ladislaus Kanizsai<br />
1459–1460 – John Rozgonyi<br />
1459–1460 – Sebastian Rozgonyi<br />
1461 – Nicholas Kanizsai<br />
1462–1465 – Nicholas Újlaki, with John Pongrác of Dengeleg<br />
1465–1467 – Bertold Ellerbach of Monyorókerék, Count Sigismund Szentgyörgyi<br />
1468–1474 – Nicholas Csupor of Monoszló<br />
1468–1472 – John Pongrác of Dengeleg</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1442</b><br />
22 March 1442 – Ottoman forces were annihilated at Gyulafehérvár in Transylvania by John Hunyadi<br />
<br />
c. March 1442 – Vlad II Dracul leaves Wallachia<br />
<br />
July/August 1442 – Vlad Dracula arrives in Edirne but is imprisoned and taken to the castle of Gallipoli<br />
<br />
August 1442 – Murad II sends Hadım Şehabeddin (Beylerbey/governor of Rumelia) to annex Wallachia<br />
<br />
August 1442–c. September 1443 – Basarab II (Dănești) is Voivode of Wallachia<br />
<br />
2 September 1442 – Ottoman forces defeated at the Ialomița River<br />
<br />
<b>1443</b><br />
September 1443–January 1444 – Long Campaign of John Hunyadi<br />
<br />
c. September 1443–November 1447 – second reign of Vlad II Dracul<br />
<br />
October 1443–November 1444 – the crusade of Varna (called by Pope Eugene IV on 1 January 1443) led by King Władysław III of Poland, John Hunyadi (Voivode of Transylvania), and Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy<br />
<br />
November 1443 – Battle of Nish; Skanderbeg deserted the Ottoman army<br />
<br />
28 November 1443 – Skanderbeg takes Krujë with a forged letter from Sultan Murad; wars of Skanderbeg:<blockquote>December 1443–January 1444 – Skanderbeg seizes Petrela, Prezë, Guri i Bardhë, Svetigrad, Modrič?<br />
2 March 1444 – Skanderbeg summons Albanian princes in Lezhë (controlled by Venice) and they forms League of Lezhë<br />
29 June 1444 – in the Plain of Torvioll Albanian armies under Skanderbeg face Ottoman army under Ali Pasha<br />
10 October 1445 – Ottoman defeat at Ohrid <br />
27 September 1446 – Ottoman defeat in the Battle of Otonetë <br />
1447–1448 – Albanian–Venetian War<br />
14 May 1448 – Ottoman army led by Sultan Murad II and his son Mehmed lays siege to the castle of Svetigrad<br />
June 1450 – two years after Ottoman capture of Svetigrad, Turks lays siege to Krujë<br />
2 September 1457 – Skanderbeg attacks Ottoman forces at Ujebardha and defeated them<br />
August 1461 – Skanderbeg lands in Apulia with 1,000 cavalry and 2,000 infantry<br />
27 November 1463 – George Kastriot (Skanderbeg) declares war on Ottomans and attacks Ohrid<br />
1466 – Sultan Mehmed II leads 30,000 men into Albania and begins the Second Siege of Krujë<br />
23 April 1467 – Skanderbeg attacks Ottoman forces laying siege to Krujë; siege of Krujë broken<br />
17 January 1468 – Skanderbeg fell ill with malaria and died</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1444</b><br />
2 February 1444 – John Hunyadi returns to Buda<br />
<br />
August 1444–September 1446 – first reign of Mehmed II<br />
<br />
10 November 1444 – battle of Varna <br />
<br />
<b>1445</b><br />
10 October 1445 – battle of Mokra: Skanderbeg defeats Ottoman forces under Firuz Pasha near mountain Mokra (today in Makedonski Brod, Macedonia)<br />
<br />
<b>1446</b><br />
6 June 1446 – John Hunyadi becomes regent of Hungary<br />
<br />
September 1446–3 February 1451 – second reign of Murad II<br />
<br />
27 September 1446 – Ottoman defeat in the Battle of Otonetë in Albania<br />
<br />
October 1446 – Murad II invades Attica: Constantine XI returns Thebes to the duchy of Athens<br />
<br />
10 December 1446 – Sultan Murad II destroys the Hexamilion wall; Murad and Turakhan Beg (Ottoman governor of Thessaly) ravage the Peloponnese Peninsula; despotate of the Morea becomes Ottoman vassal state<br />
<br />
<b>1447</b><br />
13 March 1447 – Shah Rukh dies in winter quarters at Ray<br />
<br />
November 1447 – killing of Vlad II Dracul<br />
<br />
November 1447–20 August 1456 – Vladislav II is Voivode of Wallachia<br />
<br />
December 1447–4 October 1448 – Albanian–Venetian War<br />
<br />
December 1447 – Skanderbeg attacks and besieges Dagnum <br />
<br />
<b>1448</b><br />
14 May 1448 – Ottoman army led by Sultan Murad II and his son Mehmed lays siege to the castle of Svetigrad<br />
<br />
23 July 1448 – Skanderbeg defeats Venetian forces at the battle of the Drin River <br />
<br />
4 October 1448 – peace treaty signed between Skanderbeg and Venice <br />
<br />
17 October 1448 – second battle of Kosovo<br />
<br />
31 October 1448 – death of John VIII Palaiologos, the Byzantine emperor<br />
<br />
<b>1449</b><br />
6 January 1449–29 May 1453 – Constantine XI Dragases Palaiologos (son of Manuel II Palaiologos) is Byzantine Emperor:<blockquote><b> Byzantine Emperor</b><br />
15 June 1341–12 August 1376 – John V Palaiologos (first reign)<br />
1 July 1379–14 April 1390 – John V Palaiologos (second reign)<br />
17 September 1390–16 February 1391 – John V Palaiologos (third reign)<br />
16 February 1391–21 July 1425 – Manuel II Palaiologos <br />
21 July 1425–31 October 1448 – John VIII Palaiologos (eldest son of Manuel II Palaiologos)<br />
6 January 1449–29 May 1453 – Constantine XI Palaiologos (son of Manuel II Palaiologos)</BLOCKQUOTE><center><b>1450s</b></center><b>1450</b><br />
25 March 1450–8 March 1466 – Francesco Sforza is Duke of Milan:<blockquote><b>Dukes of Milan<br />
House of Visconti</b><br />
5 September 1395–3 September 1402 – Gian Galeazzo Visconti<br />
3 September 1402–16 May 1412 – Giovanni Maria Visconti<br />
16 May 1412–13 August 1447 – Filippo Maria Visconti<br />
<br />
1447–1450 – Golden Ambrosian Republic<br />
<br />
<b>House of Sforza</b><br />
25 March 1450–8 March 1466 – Francesco Sforza<br />
8 March 1466–26 December 1476 – Galeazzo Maria Sforza <br />
26 December 1476–21 October 1494 – Gian Galeazzo Sforza<br />
21 October 1494–6 September 1499 – Ludovico Sforza<br />
<b>House of Valois-Orléans</b><br />
6 September 1499–16 June 1512 – Louis XII of France<br />
<b>Sforza</b><br />
9 January 1513–5 October 1515 – Massimiliano Sforza<br />
<b>Valois-Angoulême</b><br />
11 October 1515–19 November 1521 – Francis I of France<br />
<b>Sforza</b><br />
4 April 1522–24 October 1535 – Francesco II Sforza<br />
<b>Habsburg-Spain</b><br />
11 October 1540–13 September 1598 – Philip II of Spain</BLOCKQUOTE>June 1450 – two years after Ottoman capture of Svetigrad, Turks lays siege to Krujë<br />
<br />
<b>1451</b><br />
3 February 1451–3 May 1481 – Mehmed II (second reign):<blockquote>25 June 1421–1444 – Murad II<br />
1444–1446 – Mehmed II (first rule; son of Murad II)<br />
1446–3 February 1451 – Murad II <br />
3 February 1451–3 May 1481 – Mehmed II (second reign)<br />
19 May 1481–25 April 1512 – Bayezid II (son of Mehmed II)<br />
25 April 1512–21 September 1520 – Selim I (son of Bayezid II)<br />
30 September 1520–6/7 September 1566 – Suleiman I (son of Selim I)</BLOCKQUOTE>3 February 1451–3 May 1481 – second reign of Mehmed II:<blockquote>28 November 1443–17 January 1468 – Skanderbeg’s war against Ottomans<br />
1447–1448 – Albanian–Venetian War<br />
May–June 1451 – Mehmed II’s Karaman campaign of 1451<br />
6 April–29 May 1453 – siege of Constantinople<br />
29 May 1453 – fall of Constantinople<br />
4–22 July 1456 – siege of Belgrade by Mehmed II <br />
May 1460 – Mehmed II conquers the Morea<br />
31 May 1460 – Ottoman conquest of Mistra, capital of Despotate of Morea<br />
1460 – Mehmed II conquers Genoese colony of Amasra<br />
15 August 1461 – Mehmed II conquers Trebizond and annexes Black Sea coast<br />
November 1461–August 1462 – Vlad III’s war with the Ottomans<br />
June–July 1462 – Mehmed II’s invasion of Wallachia<br />
September 1462 – conquest of Lesbos by Mehmed II<br />
28 July 1463–25 January 1479 – Ottoman–Venetian War<br />
27 November 1463 – Skanderbeg declares war on Ottomans and attacks Ohrid<br />
July–September 1464 – Ottoman siege of Jajce held by Hungarians fails<br />
June 1466–23 April 1467 – second siege of Krujë, Albania, by Mehmed II<br />
17 January 1468 – death of Skanderbeg<br />
1468 – Mehmed II’s Karaman campaign of 1468<br />
10 July–5 August 1470 – the siege of Negroponte and conquest of Negroponte and Euboea<br />
11 August 1473 – battle of Otlukbeli (or Otluk Beli) in which Mehmed II defeats the Aq Qoyunlu (White Sheep Turkomans) led by Uzun Hasan<br />
June–August 1476 – Sultan Mehmed II invades Moldavia<br />
1478–1479 – Mehmed II leads the siege of Shkodra<br />
25 January 1479 – Treaty of Constantinople signed between Venice and Ottomans<br />
23 May–17 August 1480 – Ottoman siege of Rhodes (under Knights Hospitaller)<br />
11 August 1480–August 1481 – Ottoman occupation of Otranto in Italy<br />
3 May 1481 – death of Sultan Mehmed II</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1452</b><br />
1452 – John Hunyadi is Perpetual Count of Beszterce<br />
<br />
16–19 March 1452 – Frederick III is crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Nicholas V in Rome, the last Emperor to be crowned in Rome<br />
<br />
19 March 1452–19 August 1493 – Frederick III is Holy Roman Emperor:<blockquote><b>House of Habsburg</b><br />
1433–1437 – Sigismund is Holy Roman Emperor<br />
2 February 1440–19 August 1493 – Frederick III is King of the Romans<br />
19 March 1452–19 August 1493 – Frederick III is Holy Roman Emperor<br />
16 February 1486–12 January 1519 – Maximilian I is King of the Romans<br />
4 February 1508–12 January 1519 – Maximilian I is Holy Roman Emperor</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1453</b><br />
30 January 1453 – John Hunyadi appointed captain general of the kingdom<br />
<br />
6 April–29 May 1453 – the last siege of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror, sultan of the Ottoman Empire<br />
<br />
29 May 1453 – fall of Constantinople to Mehmed the Conqueror; death of the last Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos<br />
<br />
29 May 1453 – death of Constantine XI Dragases Palaeologus (son of Manuel II)<br />
<br />
19 October 1453 – end of the Hundred Years’ War (24 May 1337–19 October 1453) between English House of Plantagenet and French House of Valois<br />
<br />
<b>1454</b><br />
29 September 1454 – Ottoman force defeated at Kruševac<br />
<br />
<b>1455</b><br />
1455–1456 – rule of Francesco II Acciaioli, last Duke of Athens:<blockquote><b>Duchy of Athens</b><br />
<b>Florentine Acciaioli</b><br />
1388–1394 – Nerio I Acciaioli<br />
1394–1395 – Antonio I Acciaioli<br />
1395–1402 – Venetian control<br />
1402–1435 – Antonio I Acciaioli (restored)<br />
1435–1439 – Nerio II Acciaioli<br />
1439–1441 – Antonio II Acciaioli<br />
1441–1451 – Nerio II Acciaioli<br />
1451–1454 – Chiara Zorzi (duchess consort)<br />
1451–1454 – Francesco I Acciaioli<br />
1455–1456 – Francesco II Acciaioli</BLOCKQUOTE>1455–1485 – the Wars of the Roses in England, a civil war between two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet, (1) the House of Lancaster (associated with a red rose), and (2) the House of York (whose symbol was a white rose):<blockquote><b>House of Lancaster</b><br />
30 September 1399–20 March 1413 – Henry IV<br />
20 March 1413–31 August 1422 – Henry V<br />
31 August 1422–4 March 1461 – Henry VI<br />
<br />
1455–1485 – the Wars of the Roses<br />
<br />
<b>House of York</b><br />
4 March 1461–3 October 1470 – Edward IV<br />
<br />
<b>House of Lancaster </b><br />
3 October 1470–11 April 1471 – Henry VI<br />
<br />
<b>House of York</b><br />
11 April 1471–9 April 1483 – Edward IV (second reign)<br />
9 April 1483–25 June 1483 – Edward V<br />
26 June 1483–22 August 1485 – Richard III<br />
<br />
<b>House of Tudor</b><br />
22 August 1485–21 April 1509 – Henry VII<br />
21 April 1509–28 January 1547 – Henry VIII</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1456</b><br />
c. May 1456 – Lemnos surrenders to the Ottomans:<blockquote>autumn 1456–1458 – Papal force controls Lemnos<br />
1458 – Ottoman conquest of Lemnos<br />
1460–1464 – Demetrius Palaeologus rules Lemnos as an Ottoman vassal<br />
1464 – Lemnos conquered by Venetians <br />
1464–1479 – Venice controls Lemnos<br />
1479 – Venice cedes Lemnos to the Sultan</BLOCKQUOTE>4 June 1456 – Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey takes Athens and duchy of Athens; he besieges Duke Francesco II Acciaioli in the Athenian Acropolis (surrendered in June 1458)<br />
<br />
4–22 July 1456 – siege of Belgrade by Sultan Mehmed II:<blockquote>4 July 1456 – siege of Belgrade begins<br />
14 July 1456 – Hunyadi arrives at Belgrade with his flotilla on the Danube<br />
21 July 1456 – Mehmed II begins assault on Belgrade<br />
22 July 1456 – John of Capistrano and Hunyadi counterattack and rout Ottoman army</BLOCKQUOTE>22 July 1456 – John Hunyadi’s victory at Belgrade<br />
<br />
c. August 1456–c. August 1462 – second reign of Vlad III Drăculea<br />
<br />
11 August 1456 – death of John Hunyadi at Belgrade<br />
<br />
c. 1456 – construction of Poenari Castle <br />
<br />
<b>1457</b><br />
16 March 1457 – Ladislaus V of Hungary has Ladislaus Hunyadi executed<br />
<br />
12 April 1457 – Ștefan cel Mare routes Peter Aaron at Doljești<br />
<br />
c. 12 April 1457–2 July 1504 – Stephen III of Moldavia (Ștefan cel Mare) rules Moldavia:<blockquote>1504–1517 – Bogdan III The One-Eyed<br />
1514 – Moldavia submitted to Ottoman rule</BLOCKQUOTE>23 November 1457 – death of Ladislaus the Posthumous in Prague<br />
<br />
<b>1458</b><br />
24 January 1458–6 April 1490 – Matthias Corvinus I is king of Hungary<br />
<br />
June 1458 – Duke Francesco II Acciaioli surrenders the Athenian Acropolis to the Ottomans<br />
<br />
27 June 1458–25 January 1494 – Ferdinand I is king of Naples:<blockquote><b>Kings of Naples</b><br />
<b>Anjou</b><br />
24 February 1386 – 6 August 1414 – Ladislaus the Magnanimous is king of Naples<br />
6 August 1414 – 2 February 1435 – Joanna II is queen of Naples<br />
<b>Bourbon</b><br />
c. 1416 – James II (Count of La Marche)<br />
<b>Valois-Anjou</b><br />
2 February 1435–2 June 1442 – René of Anjou is king of Naples<br />
<b> Trastámara</b><br />
2 June 1442–27 June 1458 – Alfonso the Magnanimous is king of Naples<br />
27 June 1458–25 January 1494 – Ferdinand I is king of Naples<br />
25 January 1494–23 January 1495 – Alfonso II (abdicated)<br />
23 January 1495–7 September 1496 – Ferdinand II<br />
7 September 1496–1 August 1501 – Frederick I<br />
1501–1504 – union with France<br />
1504–1516 – Ferdinand II of Aragon is King of Naples</BLOCKQUOTE>27 June 1458–20 January 1479 – John II of Aragon and Navarre:<blockquote>27 June 1458–20 January 1479 – king of Aragon<br />
8 September 1425–20 January 1479 – king of Navarre<br />
king of Sicily</BLOCKQUOTE>27 June 1458–19 January 1479 – John II the Great is king of Aragon:<blockquote><b>Kings of Aragon</b><br />
<b>House of Barcelona 1164–1410</b><br />
19 May 1396–31 May 1410 – Martin<br />
<br />
<b>Trastámara 1412–1516</b><br />
24 June 1412–2 April 1416 – Ferdinand I the Honest<br />
2 April 1416–27 June 1458 – Alfonso V the Magnanimous<br />
27 June 1458–19 January 1479 – John II the Great<br />
19 January 1479–23 January 1516 – Ferdinand II the Catholic<br />
23 January 1516–12 April 1555 – Joanna I the Mad<br />
<br />
<b>Habsburg 1516–1700</b><br />
23 January 1516 – 16 January 1556 – Charles I the Emperor</BLOCKQUOTE>19 August 1458–14 August 1464 – Pope Pius II<br />
<br />
1458–September 1462 – Niccolò Gattilusio is the final Lord of Lesbos:<blockquote><b>Lord of Lesbos</b><br />
1384–26 October 1403/1404 – Francesco II Gattilusio<br />
26 October 1404–1428 – Jacopo Gattilusio <br />
1428–30 June 1455 – Dorino Gattilusio <br />
1455–1458 – Domenico Gattilusio <br />
1458–September 1462 – Niccolò Gattilusio</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1459</b><br />
summer 1459 – Ahmed Bey and Hamza Pasha attack the Morea<br />
<br />
1 June 1459–January 1460 – the council of Mantua of 1459, convened by Pope Pius II, who calls for crusade against the Ottomans<br />
<br />
26 September 1459 – Pope Pius II calls for a new crusade<br />
<br />
<center><b>1460s</b></center><b>1460</b><br />
c. 1460 – Antonio Piccolomini builds Castello Piccolomini (Piccolomini castle) in Balsorano, Province of L’Aquila (Abruzzo)<br />
<br />
14 January 1460 – Pope Pius II proclaims a crusade against the Ottomans<br />
<br />
29 May 1460 – Thomas Palaeologus flees to Corfu and then Italy during Ottoman invasion of Morea:<blockquote><b>Despots of the Morea</b><br />
1354–1380 – Manuel Kantakouzenos (restored)<br />
1380–1383 – Matthew Kantakouzenos <br />
1383 – Demetrios I Kantakouzenos <br />
1383–1407 – Theodore I Palaiologos <br />
1407–1443 – Theodore II Palaiologos <br />
1428–1449 – Constantine Palaiologos (from 1449 emperor)<br />
1428–1460 – Thomas Palaiologos <br />
1449–1460 – Demetrios II Palaiologos. </BLOCKQUOTE>May 1460 – Mehmed II conquers the Byzantine despotate of the Morea<br />
<br />
<b>1461</b><br />
July 1461 – fall of Salmeniko Castle, Morea, and its defender Graitzas Palaiologos to the Ottomans<br />
<br />
10 July 1461–25 May 1463 – Stephen Tomašević is the last king of Bosnia<br />
<br />
August 1461 – Skanderbeg landed in Apulia with an expeditionary force of 1,000 cavalry and 2,000 infantry<br />
<br />
November 1461–August 1462 – Vlad III’s war with the Ottomans:<blockquote>4 June 1462 – Ottoman army under Mehmed II crosses the Danube at Nicopolis<br />
17 June 1462 – the night attack at Târgoviște between Vlad III and Mehmed II<br />
July 1462 – Radu at Brăila attempts to incite defection of boyars<br />
July 1462 – Matthias Corvinus leaves Buda for Transylvania<br />
July/August – Matthias Corvinus makes peace with Stephen<br />
August/September 1462 – Matthias’ envoy meets with Pope Pius II at Abbadia<br />
c. 30 September 1462 – Matthias Corvinus arrives in Sibiu<br />
November–December 1462 – Matthias Corvinus in Braşov<br />
November 1462 – Vlad visits Matthias Corvinus in Braşov<br />
c.25/26 November 1462 – Dracula arrested at Piatra Craiului</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1462</b><br />
5 April 1462–6 November 1505 – Ivan III is Grand Prince of Moscow:<blockquote><b>Grand Princes of Moscow</b><br />
19 May 1389–27 February 1425 – Vasily I<br />
27 February 1425–30 March 1434 – Vasily II<br />
31 March 1434–5 June 1434 – Yury of Zvenigorod<br />
5 June 1434–1435 – Vasily Kosoy<br />
1435–1446 – Vasily II<br />
1446–26 March 1447 – Dmitry Shemyaka<br />
27 February 1447–27 March 1462 – Vasily II<br />
5 April 1462–6 November 1505 – Ivan III<br />
6 November 1505–13 December 1533 – Vasily III</BLOCKQUOTE>4 June 1462 – Ottoman army under Mehmed II crosses the Danube at Nicopolis<br />
<br />
17 June 1462 – the night attack at Târgoviște between Vlad III and Mehmed II<br />
<br />
July 1462 – Radu at Brăila attempts to incite defection of boyars<br />
<br />
July 1462 – Matthias Corvinus leaves Buda for Transylvania<br />
<br />
July/August – Matthias Corvinus makes peace with Stephen<br />
<br />
August/September 1462 – Matthias’ envoy meets with Pope Pius II at Abbadia<br />
<br />
1 September 1462 – Mehmed II met at Assos by a fleet and crosses to Lesbos<br />
<br />
September 1462 – conquest of Lesbos by Mehmed II<br />
<br />
c. 30 September 1462 – Matthias Corvinus arrives in Sibiu<br />
<br />
November–December 1462 – Matthias Corvinus in Braşov<br />
<br />
November 1462 – Vlad visits Matthias Corvinus in Braşov<br />
<br />
c.25/26 November 1462 – Dracula arrested at Piatra Craiului<br />
<br />
<b>1463</b><br />
1463–1477 – Genoa under the rule of Milan (no doge)<br />
<br />
1463 – Antonio Todeschini Piccolomini completes the Castello Piccolomini Celano, Province of L’Aquila (Abruzzo):<blockquote>1392 – Pietro De’ Berardi built the walls of the castle<br />
1451 – Leonello Acclozamora builds the main floor and the four towers at the corners</blockquote>3 April 1463 – Isa-Beg Ishaković (governor of the Morea) takes Venetian Argos by treason<br />
<br />
May 1463 – conquest of Bosnia by Mehmed II<br />
<br />
28 July 1463 – the Venetian Senate votes for war on the Sultan<br />
<br />
28 July 1463–25 January 1479 – Ottoman–Venetian War:<blockquote>November 1462 – Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey (Ottoman commander in central Greece) attacks the Venetian fortress of Lepanto (Nafpaktos)<br />
<b>1463</b><br />
3 April 1463 – Isa-Beg Ishaković (governor of the Morea) takes Venetian Argos by treason<br />
28 July 1463 – the Venetian Senate votes for war on the Sultan<br />
August 1463 – Venice retakes Argos and refortified the Isthmus of Corinth, restoring the Hexamilion wall <br />
12 September 1463 – Venice and Matthias Corvinus sign an alliance<br />
23 September–25 December 1463 – siege of Jajce by Matthias Corvinus<br />
19 October 1463 – Venice concludes alliance with the Pope and Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy<br />
20 October 1463 – Venetians suffer major defeat during siege of Acrocorinth and retreat to the Hexamilion and to Nauplia (Nafplion)<br />
16 December 1463 – Matthias Corvinus takes Jajce, capital of Bosnia<br />
<b>1464</b><br />
April–18 May 1464 – the Venetian admiral Orsato Giustinian attacks Lesbos and lays siege to Mytilene<br />
18 May 1464 – Orsato Giustinian forced to end siege of Mytilene<br />
June 1464 – Orsato Giustinian’s second failed attack on Lesbos<br />
July–September 1464 – Ottoman siege of Jajce held by Hungarians fails<br />
11 July 1464 – death of Orsato Giustinian at Modon<br />
14 August 1464 – death of Pope Pius II at Ancona with a crusading army<br />
summer 1464 – Sigismondo Malatesta is Venetian commander in the Morea<br />
August–October 1464 – Venetian siege of Mistra<br />
<b>1465</b><br />
early 1465 – Mehmed II sent a peace offer to the Venetian Senate<br />
<b>1466</b><br />
c. April 1466 – Vettore Cappello captures Imbros, Thasos and Samothrace<br />
June 1466–23 April 1467 – the second siege of Krujë, Albania, by Mehmed II <br />
12 July 1466 – Vettore Cappello lands at Piraeus and attacks Athens<br />
<b>1467</b><br />
23 April 1467 – Skanderbeg attacked the Ottoman forces laying siege to Krujë.<br />
<b>1468</b><br />
17 January 1468 – Skanderbeg fell ill with malaria and died<br />
<b>1470</b><br />
10 July–5 August 1470 – the siege of Negroponte<br />
<br />
<b>1479</b><br />
25 January 1479 – signing of the Treaty of Constantinople between Venice and the Sultan; Venice cedes Shkodra, territories on the Dalmatian coastline, Negroponte (Euboea) and Lemnos; end of the First Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479). </BLOCKQUOTE>August 1463 – Venice retakes Argos and refortified the Isthmus of Corinth, restoring the Hexamilion wall <br />
<br />
12 September 1463 – Venice and Matthias Corvinus sign an alliance<br />
<br />
23 September–25 December 1463 – siege of Jajce by Matthias Corvinus<br />
<br />
19 October 1463 – Venice concludes alliance with the Pope and Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy<br />
<br />
20 October 1463 – Venetians suffer major defeat during siege of Acrocorinth and retreat to the Hexamilion and to Nauplia (Nafplion)<br />
<br />
27 November 1463 – George Kastriot (Skanderbeg) declares war on the Ottomans and attacks Ohrid<br />
<br />
2 December 1463 – death of Albert VI, Archduke of Austria<br />
<br />
2 December 1463–19 August 1493 – Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor) is sole ruler of Austrian lands:<blockquote>25 September 1379 – Treaty of Neuberg between Albert III and his brother Leopold III: division of the Habsburg hereditary lands into Albertinian and Leopoldian line<br />
<br />
<b>Inner Austria: Styria, Carinthia and Carniola</b><br />
7 July 1379–9 July 1386 – Leopold III<br />
July 1386–15 July 1406 – William<br />
July 1406–10 June 1424 – Ernest the Iron<br />
10 June 1424–19 August 1493 – Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor from 19 March 1452)<br />
10 June 1424–2 December 1463 – Albert VI (brother of Emperor Frederick III)<br />
1436 – Frederick III makes a pilgrimage to the Holy Land<br />
2 February 1440 – prince-electors convened at Frankfurt and elected Frederick III King of the Romans <br />
<br />
<b>Archduchy of Austria: Lower Austria and most of Upper Austria</b><br />
<b>Albertinian Line</b><br />
25 September 1379–29 August 1395 – Albert III is Duke of Austria<br />
29 August 1395–14 September 1404 – Albert IV is Duke of Austria<br />
14 September 1404–27 October 1439 – Albert V the Magnanimous<br />
22 February 1440 – birth of Ladislaus the Posthumous (son of Albert V)<br />
1440–23 November 1457 – Ladislaus the Posthumous<br />
<br />
<b>Further Austria/Anterior Austria: Swabian duchy of south-western Germany, Alsace region west of the Rhine, Vorarlberg</b><br />
1406–24 June 1439 – Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets<br />
1446–1490 – Sigismund, Archduke of Austria<br />
<br />
<b>Austria Proper</b><br />
1440–23 November 1457 – Ladislaus the Posthumous<br />
23 November 1457–19 August 1493 – Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor) is ruler of Lower Austria<br />
23 November 1457–2 December 1463 – Albert VI is Archduke of Austria<br />
2 December 1463 – death of Albert VI, Archduke of Austria<br />
2 December 1463–19 August 1493 – Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor) is sole ruler of Austrian lands<br />
29 January–1 June 1485 – the siege of Vienna during the Austrian–Hungarian War between Frederick III and Matthias Corvinus<br />
1 June 1485 – the fall of Vienna to Matthias Corvinus<br />
June 1485–1490 – Vienna is the capital of the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus<br />
6 April 1490 – death of Matthias Corvinus in Vienna</BLOCKQUOTE>16 December 1463 – Matthias Corvinus takes Jajce, capital of Bosnia<br />
<br />
<b>1464</b><br />
29 April 1464 – Matthias Corvinus crowned king of Hungary in Székesfehérvár<br />
<br />
18 May 1464 – Orsato Giustinian forced to end siege of Mytilene<br />
<br />
July–September 1464 – Ottoman siege of Jajce held by Hungarians fails<br />
<br />
11 July 1464 – death of Orsato Giustinian at Modon<br />
<br />
14 August 1464 – death of Pope Pius II at Ancona with a crusading army<br />
<br />
30 August 1464–26 July 1471 – Pope Paul II<blockquote>8 April 1455–6 August 1458 – Callixtus III<br />
19 August 1458–15 August 1464 – Pius II<br />
30 August 1464–26 July 1471 – Paul II</blockquote>August–October 1464 – Venetian siege of Mistra<br />
<br />
<b>1465</b><br />
24–25/26 January 1465 – Ștefan cel Mare besieges and takes Chilia<br />
<br />
12 May 1465 – death of Thomas Palaiologos in exile in Rome<br />
<br />
<b>1466</b><br />
June 1466–23 April 1467 – the second siege of Krujë, Albania, by Mehmed II with an army of 30,000<br />
<br />
<b>1467</b><br />
23 April 1467 – Skanderbeg attacked the Ottoman forces besieging Krujë and ends siege<br />
<br />
November–December 1467 – Matthias I Corvinus invades Moldavia and is defeated at the battle of Baia on 15 December<br />
<br />
15 December 1467 – the battle of Baia between Stephen the Great and Matthias Corvinus; Corvinus was defeated<br />
<br />
<b>1468</b><br />
17 January 1468 – Skanderbeg fell ill with malaria and died<br />
<br />
19 October 1469 – Ferdinand II and Isabella I married in the Palacio de los Vivero in the city of Valladolid<br />
<br />
<b>1469</b><br />
2 December 1469–8 April 1492 – Lorenzo de’ Medici (Lorenzo the Magnificent) rules Florence:<blockquote><b>Lord of Florence</b><br />
5 September 1434–1 August 1464 – Cosimo di Giovanni de’ Medici (the Elder)<br />
1 August 1464–2 December 1469 – Piero di Cosimo de’ Medici (the Gouty)<br />
2 December 1469–8 April 1492 – Lorenzo de’ Medici (Lorenzo the Magnificent)<br />
9 April 1492–9 November 1494 – Piero di Lorenzo de’ Medici (Piero the Unfortunate)<br />
November 1494–23 May 1498 – Girolamo Savonarola<br />
<b>Gonfaloniere for life</b><br />
1502–1512 – Piero Soderini</BLOCKQUOTE><center><b>1470s</b></center><b>1470</b><br />
3 June 1470 – the Ottoman fleet sails out of the Dardanelles<br />
<br />
June 1470 – the Ottoman fleet takes Imbros (but not Lemnos and Skyros)<br />
<br />
10 July–5 August 1470 – the siege of Negroponte between the forces of Sultan Mehmed II and the garrison of the Venetian colony of Negroponte (Chalcis), the capital of the Venetian possession of Euboea; the Ottomans conquer Negroponte and Euboea<br />
<br />
20 August 1470 – the battle of Lipnic between Stephen the Great and the Volga Tatars of the Golden Horde led by Ahmed Khan; Stephen defeats the Tatars<br />
<br />
<b>1471</b><br />
9 August 1471–12 August 1484 – Pope Sixtus IV:<blockquote>8 April 1455–6 August 1458 – Callixtus III<br />
19 August 1458–15 August 1464 – Pius II<br />
30 August 1464–26 July 1471 – Paul II<br />
9 August 1471–12 August 1484 – Sixtus IV<br />
29 August 1484–25 July 1492 – Innocent VIII<br />
11 August 1492–18 August 1503 – Alexander VI</BLOCKQUOTE>July 1472 – University of Ingolstadt founded by Louis the Rich, the Duke of Bavaria<br />
<br />
<b>1473</b><br />
11 August 1473 – Mehmed II defeats the White Sheep Turkmens at the battle of Otlukbeli at Otlukbeli, Erzincan<br />
<br />
<b>1474</b><br />
1474–5 January 1477 – Burgundian Wars between the Dukes of Burgundy and the Old Swiss Confederacy and its allies<br />
<br />
17 March–17 August 1474 – siege of Shkodra<br />
<br />
19 March 1474 – Triadano Gritti elected as Captain-General of Venice<br />
<br />
28 July 1474 – failure of the first Ottoman attack on Shkodra<br />
<br />
15 August 1474 – failure of second Ottoman assault on Shkodra<br />
<br />
17 August 1474 – Ottomans retreat from Shkodra<br />
<br />
September 1474 – George Merula composes “The War of Shkodra”<br />
<br />
<b>1475</b><br />
10 January 1475 – the battle of Vaslui between Stephen III of Moldavia and the Ottoman governor of Rumelia, Hadım Suleiman Pasha, at Podul Înalt near Vaslui; the Ottomans were defeated<br />
<br />
15 January 1475 – Ferdinand II of Aragon becomes <i>jure uxoris</i> King of Castile:<blockquote>1468–23 January 1516 – Ferdinand II of Aragon (king of Sicily)<br />
19 October 1469 – Ferdinand II and Isabella I married in the Palacio de los Vivero in the city of Valladolid<br />
11 December 1474–26 November 1504 – Isabella I of Castile<br />
15 January 1475–26 November 1504 – Ferdinand II of Aragon <i>jure uxoris</i> King of Castile<br />
20 January 1479–23 January 1516 – Ferdinand II, King of Aragon<br />
1504–1516 – Ferdinand II of Aragon is King of Naples<br />
26 November 1504 – death of Isabella I of Castile in in Medina del Campo<br />
26 November 1504–12 April 1555 – Joanna of Castile the Mad (queen of Castile)<br />
12 July–25 September 1506 – Philip I of Castile (King of Castile)<br />
23 January 1516–16 January 1556 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (King of Spain)</BLOCKQUOTE>6 June 1475 – Kaffa surrenders to an Ottoman fleet<br />
<br />
July 1475 – Ottomans establish suzerainty over the Crimean Tatars<br />
<br />
<b>1476</b><br />
March 1476 – Vlad III returns to Transylvania<br />
<br />
June–August 1476 – Sultan Mehmed II invades Moldavia<br />
<br />
26 July 1476 – the battle of Valea Albă (battle of Războieni) at Războieni between Ştefan cel Mare and an Ottoman army under Sultan Mehmed II; Ştefan was defeated and fled north<br />
<br />
August 1476 – Sultan Mehmed II is defeated at the battle of Siret River by a coalition force under the command of Vlad III and Stephen Báthory<br />
<br />
October 1476–February 1477 – 10,000 Ottoman cavalrymen sent into Friuli: area pillaged<br />
<br />
November 1476 – Vlad III the Impaler invades Wallachia from southern Transylvania<br />
<br />
8 November 1476 – Vlad III captures the capital of Târgovişte; he meets with Ştefan cel Mare<br />
<br />
22 December 1476 – Beatrice of Naples (daughter of Ferdinand I of Naples and Isabella of Clermont) marries Matthias Corvinus<br />
<br />
12 December 1476 – Beatrice of Naples is crowned queen of Hungary at Székesfehérvár<br />
<br />
December 1476/January 1477 – death of Vlad the Impaler:<blockquote><b>Princes of Wallachia</b><br />
1456–1462 – Vlad III Drăculea <br />
1462–1473 – Radu III the Fair<br />
1473 – Basarab III Laiotă the Old<br />
1473–1474 – Radu III the Fair<br />
1474 – Basarab III Laiotă the Old<br />
1474 – Radu III the Fair<br />
1474 – Basarab III Laiotă the Old<br />
1474–1475 – Radu III the Fair<br />
January 1475–before 8 November 1476 – Basarab III Laiotă the Old<br />
c. 8 November–December 1476 – Vlad III the Impaler<br />
December 1476–November 1477 – Basarab III Laiotă the Old<br />
November 1477–September 1481 – Basarab IV the Younger (Little Impaler)<br />
spring 1481 – Basarab IV the Younger attacks Moldavia<br />
August 1481 – Mircea III<br />
c. August 1481–before c. 16 November 1481 – Vlad IV the Monk<br />
c. November 1481–c. 23 March 1482 – Basarab IV the Younger (Little Impaler)<br />
13 July 1482 – Basarab IV the Younger is killed by boyars in Glogova<br />
summer 1482–November 1495 – Vlad IV the Monk<br />
1495–1508 – Radu IV the Great<br />
1508–1509 – Mihnea I the Bad</BLOCKQUOTE>c. December 1476–c. 11 November 1477 – Basarab III Laiotă the Old<br />
<br />
<b>1477</b><br />
5 January 1477 – the battle of Nancy, the final battle of the Burgundian Wars, at Nancy between Charles the Bold (Duke of Burgundy) and René II (Duke of Lorraine) and the Swiss Confederacy; Charles is defeated<br />
<br />
May 1477–6 June 1478 – Fourth Siege of Krujë in Albania by the Ottomans<br />
<br />
March 1477 – Matthias Corvinus makes an alliance with the Teutonic Knights and the Bishopric of Ermland against Poland<br />
<br />
c. March 1477–1488 – the Austrian–Hungarian war between Mathias Corvinus (the king of Hungary) and the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III, the Habsburg Archduch of Austria<br />
<br />
summer 1477 – Ottoman siege of the Venetian fortresses of Lepanto and Kruj’e<br />
<br />
August 1477 – Matthias Corvinus invades and occupies Lower Austria<br />
<br />
19 August 1477 – marriage of Mary of Burgundy and Maximilian I (Holy Roman Emperor) in Ghent, bringing her Flemish and Burgundian lands into the Holy Roman Empire<br />
<br />
November 1477 – Ömer bey Turahanoglu crosses the Venetian border and attacks Friuli and raids the Italian plain north of Venice<br />
<br />
2 November 1477 – Venetian army under Vettore Saranzo leaves Venice for Friuli to repel Ottoman attack on Venice<br />
<br />
c. 11 November 1477 – Basarab III Laiotă the Old defeated<br />
<br />
c. 11 November 1477–September 1481 – Basarab IV the Younger (Little Impaler) is prince of Wallachia:<blockquote>December 1476/January 1477–November 1477 – Basarab III Laiotă the Old<br />
c. 11 November 1477–September 1481 – Basarab IV the Younger (Little Impaler)<br />
May–June 1481 – Basarab IV the Younger attacks Moldavia<br />
June/July 1481 – Stephen the Great invades Wallachia<br />
8 July 1481 – battle of Râmnicul Sărat in which Stephen the Great defeats Basarab IV the Younger<br />
August 1481 – Mircea III<br />
c. August 1481–before c. 16 November 1481 – Vlad IV the Monk<br />
c. November 1481–23 March 1482 – Basarab IV the Younger (Little Impaler) (Dănești) is Voivode of Wallachia<br />
23 March 1482 – Basarab Țepeluș cel Tânăr assassinated by boyars in Glogova, Gorj</BLOCKQUOTE>November–December 1477 – fictional date of Peter Tremayne’s <i>Dracula Unborn</i>:<blockquote>c. 1455 – birth of Baron Michelino<br />
c. 1473 – death of Baron Michelino’s mother in Rome<br />
late November 1477 – Baron Michelino travels from Rome on the Via Praesnestina, to Barletta, Dubrovnik, Mileseva, Studenica, Kalenic, Vidin, ferry across the Danube, to a village in Wallachia before the Arges river<br />
28 November 1477 – Baron Michelino travels to Targoviste crossing the Arges river and Dimbovita river<br />
29 November 1477 – Baron Michelino in Targoviste<br />
30 November 1477 – feast of St Andrew’s Day (Ziua Sfântului Andrei) in Romania<br />
30 November 1477 – Baron Michelino travels to Poenari Castle from Targoviste to the Dimbovita valley, Catatenidin vale, the Arges river, Curtea de Arges, Arefu<br />
December 1477 – Baron Michelino and Irene Bathory leave Poenari Castle for Targoviste<br />
1480 – Baron Michelino in Apulia writes his memoir</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1478</b><br />
26 April 1478 – Pazzi conspiracy on Easter Sunday led by Girolamo Riario, Francesco de’ Pazzi, and Francesco Salviati (the archbishop of Pisa), in which Lorenzo de’ Medici and his brother and co-ruler Giuliano attacked in the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in an attempt to seize control of the Florentine government; Lorenzo de’ Medici becomes sole ruler of Florence<br />
<br />
1478–1479 – war of the Pazzi conspiracy (Tuscan war)<br />
<br />
14 May 1478–25 April 1479 – Mehmed II leads the siege of Shkodra (Scutari)<br />
<br />
18 May 1478–4 November 1485 – Giovanni Mocenigo is Doge of Venice:<blockquote><b>Doges of Venice</b><br />
1413–1423 – Tommaso Mocenigo <br />
1423–1457 – Francesco Foscari <br />
1457–1462 – Pasquale Malipiero <br />
1462–1471 – Cristoforo Moro <br />
1471–1473 – Nicolò Tron <br />
1473–1474 – Nicolò Marcello <br />
1474–1476 – Pietro Mocenigo<br />
5 March 1476–6 May 1478 – Andrea Vendramin<br />
18 May 1478–4 November 1485 – Giovanni Mocenigo<br />
19 November 1485–14 August 1486 – Marco Barbarigo<br />
30 August 1486–20 September 1501 – Agostino Barbarigo</BLOCKQUOTE>6 June 1478 – surrender of Krujë<br />
<br />
16 June 1478 – Krujë finally under Ottoman control<br />
<br />
17 June 1478 – Ottoman conquest of Croia<br />
<br />
24 June 1478 – Juan Rejón conquers the Grand Canary island for Isabel and Fernando<br />
<br />
July 1478 – Ottoman raid on Friuli<br />
<br />
7 August 1478 – Ottoman forces invade Friuli<br />
<br />
1 November 1478 – the Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition established Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile<br />
<br />
December 1478 – Venice begins peace talks with Mehmed<br />
<br />
<b>1479</b><br />
25 January 1479 – signing of the Treaty of Constantinople between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire; Venice cedes Shkodra, territories on the Dalmatian coastline, Negroponte (Euboea) and Lemnos; end of the First Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479)<br />
<br />
August 1479–1493 – Stephen V Báthory of Ecsed is Voivode of Transylvania:<blockquote><b>Voivodes of Transylvania</b><br />
1468–1474 – Nicholas Csupor of Monoszló<br />
1468–1472 – John Pongrác of Dengeleg<br />
1472–1475 – Blaise Magyar<br />
1475–1476 – John Pongrác of Dengeleg<br />
1478–1479 – Peter Geréb of Vingárt<br />
1479–1493 – Stephen V Báthory of Ecsed <br />
1493–1498 – Bartholomew Drágfi of Béltek<br />
1493–1495 – Ladislaus Losonci, Jr. <br />
1498–1510 – Count Peter Szentgyörgyi<br />
1510–1526 – John Zápolya</BLOCKQUOTE>13 October 1479 – the battle of Breadfield on the Breadfield Zsibód (Şibot) near the Mureş River, in which the Hungarian army was led by Pál Kinizsi, István Báthory, Vuk Branković, and Basarab Laiotă cel Bătrân defeat the Turks<br />
<br />
<center><b>1480s</b></center><b>1480</b><br />
1480 – rediscovery of Nero’s Golden House on the Oppian hill in Rome<br />
<br />
23 May–17 August 1480 – the Ottoman siege of Rhodes, under the rule of the Knights Hospitaller:<blockquote>23 May 1480 – an Ottoman fleet of 160 ships arrives at Rhodes, at the gulf of Trianda, with 70,000 men<br />
27 July 1480 – the Turks launch an offensive<br />
17 August 1480 – the Ottoman fleet ends the attempt to capture Rhodes</BLOCKQUOTE>28 July 1480 – the Ottoman invasion of Italy; a Turkish fleet of 128 ships arrives near Otranto<br />
<br />
11 August 1480 – Ottoman army takes Otranto in Italy<br />
<br />
11 August 1480–August 1481 – Ottoman occupation of Otranto in Italy:<blockquote>1 May 1481 – the forces of king Ferdinand I of Naples led by his son Alfonso, Duke of Calabria, lay siege to Otranto in Italy<br />
August 1481 – Ottoman surrender of Otranto in Italy<br />
September 1481 – Ottomans evacuate Otranto in Italy</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1481</b><br />
1481 – Dubrovnik accepts Ottoman protection:<blockquote>27 June 1358 – Treaty of Zadar forces Venice to yield all claims to Dalmatia, and Dubrovnik accepts hegemony of King Louis I of Hungary<br />
1399 – Dubrovnik acquires the area between Ragusa and Pelješac (Primorje / Dubrovačko primorje) with Slano<br />
1403–1404 – Bosnian–Ragusan War<br />
1419–1426 – Dubrovnik acquires Konavle region, south of Astarea (Župa dubrovačka)<br />
1458 – Republic of Ragusa signs treaty with the Ottoman Empire to be a tributary of the sultan<br />
1481 – Dubrovnik accepts Ottoman protection</BLOCKQUOTE>spring 1481 – Basarab IV the Younger attacks Moldavia<br />
<br />
3 May 1481 – death of Sultan Mehmed II<br />
<br />
19 May 1481–25 April 1512 – reign of the Ottoman sultan Bayezid II<br />
<br />
8 July 1481 – the battle of Râmnic in which Stephen the Great defeats Basarab IV the Younger<br />
<br />
August 1481 – Ottoman surrender of Otranto in Italy<br />
<br />
<b>1482</b><br />
1482 – Ottoman conquest of Duchy of Saint Sava (parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia):<blockquote><b>Dukes of Saint Sava</b><br />
1435–1466 – Stjepan Vukčić Kosača<br />
1466–1483 – Vladislav Hercegović </BLOCKQUOTE>summer 1482–1495 – Vlad IV Călugărul is Voivode of Wallachia:<blockquote>1481–1482 – Basarab IV The Younger (Little Impaler)<br />
1482–1495 – Vlad IV the Monk<br />
1495–1508 – Radu IV the Great<br />
1508–1509 – Mihnea I the Bad</BLOCKQUOTE>February 1482–2 January 1492 – the Granada War, military campaigns during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, against the Nasrid dynasty’s Emirate of Granada<br />
<br />
July 1482 – the first siege of Hainburg by Matthias I Corvinus<br />
<br />
August–September 1482 – the second siege of Hainburg by Matthias I Corvinus<br />
<br />
<b>1483</b><br />
30 August 1483–7 April 1498 – Charles VIII is king of France<blockquote><b>House of Valois (1328–1589)</b><br />
16 September 1380–21 October 1422 – Charles VI the Beloved<br />
21 October 1422–22 July 1461 – Charles VII <br />
22 July 1461–30 August 1483 – Louis XI <br />
30 August 1483–7 April 1498 – Charles VIII <br />
7 April 1498–1 January 1515 – Louis XII<br />
1 January 1515–31 March 1547 – Francis I</BLOCKQUOTE>1484 – killing of Erazem Lueger by one of his men during the siege of Predjama Castle, Carniola<br />
<br />
29 January–1 June 1485 – the siege of Vienna during the Austrian–Hungarian War between Frederick III and Matthias Corvinus<br />
<br />
1 June 1485 – the fall of Vienna to Matthias Corvinus<br />
<br />
1485–1490 – Vienna is the capital of the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus<br />
<br />
22 August 1485–21 April 1509 – Henry VII is king of England:<blockquote><b>House of York</b><br />
11 April 1471–9 April 1483 – Edward IV (second reign)<br />
9 April 1483–25 June 1483 – Edward V<br />
26 June 1483–22 August 1485 – Richard III<br />
<br />
<b>House of Tudor</b><br />
22 August 1485–21 April 1509 – Henry VII<br />
21 April 1509–28 January 1547 – Henry VIII</BLOCKQUOTE><center><b>1490s</b></center><b>1490</b><br />
6 April 1490 – death of Matthias Corvinus in Vienna<br />
<br />
15 July 1490–13 March 1516 – Vladislaus II is king of King of Hungary and Croatia:<BLOCKQUOTE>27 May 1471–13 March 1516 – Vladislaus II is King of Bohemia<br />
15 July 1490–13 March 1516 – King of Hungary</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1491</b><br />
April 1491 – the eight-month siege of Granada begins <br />
<br />
April 1491–2 January 1492 – the siege of Granada<br />
<br />
7 November 1491 – signing of the Peace of Pressburg between the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and King Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary<br />
<br />
<b>1492</b><br />
2 January 1492 – the fall of Granada to the Spanish<br />
<br />
31 March 1492 – the Alhambra Decree (the Edict of Expulsion) issued by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain (Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon) ordering the expulsion of practicing Jews from the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon and its territories by 31 July 1492<br />
<br />
3 August 1492 – Columbus departs from Castilian Palos de la Frontera at 8 am on a voyage to find a shorter route to India and the Orient with three ships, the <i>Niña</i> (real name Santa Clara), the <i>Pinta</i>, and the <i>Santa Maria</i><br />
<br />
3 August 1492–4 March 1493 – Columbus’ first voyage of discovery, to the Bahamas or Turks and Caicos, Cuba, and Haiti<br />
<br />
11 August 1492–18 August 1503 – Pope Alexander VI<br />
<br />
23 September 1492–16 June 1501 – reign of John I Albert as Polish king:<blockquote><b>Jagiellonian Kings of Poland</b><br />
4 March 1386–1 June 1434 – Władysław II Jagiełło<br />
25 July 1434– 10 November 1444 – Władysław III of Poland<br />
25 June 1447–7 June 1492 – Casimir IV Jagiellon<br />
23 September 1492–16 June 1501 – John I Albert</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1493</b><br />
19 August 1493 – death of Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor) in Linz<br />
<br />
19 August 1493–12 January 1519 – sole rule of Maximilian I as King of the Romans (16 February 1486–12 January 1519) and Holy Roman Emperor (4 February 1508–12 January 1519)<br />
<br />
24 September 1493–August 1494 – Columbus’ second voyage of discovery<br />
<br />
<b>1494</b><br />
16 March 1494 – Maximilian marries Bianca Maria Sforza, a daughter of Galeazzo Maria Sforza, duke of Milan<br />
<br />
September 1494–July 1495 – Charles VIII’s invasion of Italy:<blockquote>19 October 1494 – Charles VIII’s army besieges and takes Mordano <br />
17–28 November 1494 – Charles VIII in Florence<br />
31 December 1494 – the army of Charles VIII enters Rome<br />
1 January 1495 – Charles VIII enters Rome<br />
6 January 1495 – the Pope takes refuge at Castel Sant’Angelo <br />
15 January 1495 – general looting of Rome <br />
31 March 1495 – formation of the League of Venice of Milan, Venice, Pope Alexander VI, King Ferdinand and Emperor Maximilian<br />
22 February 1495 – Charles VIII enters Naples<br />
20 May 1495 – Charles VIII leaves Naples for France<br />
6 July 1495 – the battle of Fornovo near Parma between the Holy League and Charles VIII</BLOCKQUOTE>9 November 1494 – fall of Piero di Lorenzo de’ Medici of Florence and flight of the Medici<br />
<br />
17–28 November 1494 – Charles VIII in Florence<br />
<br />
31 December 1494 – the army of Charles VIII enters Rome<br />
<br />
<b>1495</b><br />
1 January 1495 – Charles VIII enters Rome<br />
<br />
6 January 1495 – the Pope takes refuge at Castel Sant’Angelo <br />
<br />
15 January 1495 – general looting of Rome <br />
<br />
31 March 1495 – formation of the League of Venice of Milan, Venice, Pope Alexander VI, King Ferdinand and Emperor Maximilian<br />
<br />
22 February 1495 – Charles VIII enters Naples:<blockquote><b>Trastámara</b><br />
2 June 1442–27 June 1458 – Alfonso the Magnanimous is king of Naples<br />
27 June 1458–25 January 1494 – Ferdinand I is king of Naples<br />
25 January 1494–23 January 1495 – Alfonso II (abdicated)<br />
23 January 1495–7 September 1496 – Ferdinand II<br />
February–May 1495 – French occupation under Charles VIII<br />
7 September 1496–1 August 1501 – Frederick I<br />
<br />
1501–1504 – union with France<br />
<b>Trastámara</b><br />
personal union of the Kingdom of Aragon<br />
1504–1516 – Ferdinand II of Aragon is King of Naples</blockquote>20 May 1495 – Charles VIII leaves Naples for France<br />
<br />
6 July 1495 – the battle of Fornovo near Parma between the Holy League and Charles VIII<br />
<br />
September 1495–April 1508 – reign of Radu IV the Great:<blockquote>1481–1482 – Basarab IV The Younger (Little Impaler)<br />
1482–1495 – Vlad IV the Monk<br />
1495–1508 – Radu IV the Great<br />
1508–1509 – Mihnea I the Bad</BLOCKQUOTE>25 October 1495–13 December 1521 – Emmanuel I is king of Portugal:<blockquote><b>Kings of Portugal (House of Aviz 1385–1580)</b><br />
14 August 1433–9 September 1438 – Edward<br />
13 September 1438–11 November 1477 – Alphonso V<br />
11 November 1477–15 November 1477 – John II<br />
15 November 1477–28 August 1481 – Alphonso V<br />
28 August 1481–25 October 1495 – John II<br />
25 October 1495–13 December 1521 – Emmanuel I</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1496</b><br />
18 March 1496 – Maximillian issues an order expelling Jews from Styria, Wiener Neustadt and Neukirchen<br />
<br />
7 July 1496 – Ferdinand II returns to Naples after French occupation<br />
<br />
August 1496 – Naples back under the control of Ferdinand II<br />
<br />
5 December 1496 – King Manuel I of Portugal signs the decree of expulsion of Jews and Muslims (to take effect by October 1497)<br />
<br />
<b>1498</b><br />
30 May 1498 – Columbus leaves the port of Sanlúcar with a fleet of six ships on his third voyage<br />
<br />
<b>1499</b><br />
1499–1504 – the Second Italian War (Louis XII’s Italian War or the War over Naples)<br />
<br />
1499–1503 – the Second Ottoman–Venetian War between the Ottomans and Venice for control of territories in the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea and the Adriatic Sea<br />
<br />
12, 20, 22, 25 August 1499 – the battle of Zonchio (battle of Sapienza/First Battle of Lepanto) between the Venetians and Ottomans<br />
<br />
<center><b>1500–1510</b></center><b>1500</b><br />
1504–1516 – Ferdinand II of Aragon is King of Naples<br />
<br />
18 April 1506–18 November 1626 – the construction of new St. Peter’s Basilica<br />
<br />
20 May 1506 – death of Christopher Columbus in Valladolid, Spain<br />
<br />
25 September 1506–25 October 1555 – Charles V is Lord of the Netherlands and Duke of Burgundy:<blockquote>23 January 1516–16 January 1556 – Charles V is King of Spain<br />
12 January 1519–28 April 1521 – Charles V is Archduke of Austria<br />
28 June 1519–27 August 1556 – Charles V is Holy Roman Emperor<br />
26 October 1520 – Charles V is crowned as King of the Germans in Germany<br />
22 February 1530 – Charles V is crowned King of Italy<br />
24 February 1530 – Charles V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Bologna</BLOCKQUOTE><center><b>1510s</b></center>1510 – Ferdinand of Aragon orders the expulsion of Jews from Naples<br />
<br />
1516–22 January 1517 – the Ottoman–Mamluk War of 1516–1517 between Mameluke Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire<br />
<br />
24 January 1517 – the Battle of Ridaniya near Cairo between Selim I and Tuman Bay, in which the Mamelukes were defeated<br />
<br />
April 1519 – Hernán Cortés (1485–1547) and 700 soldiers land near Tabasco on the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico<br />
<br />
28 June 1519–27 August 1556 – Charles V is Holy Roman Emperor<br />
<br />
<center><b>1520s</b></center>22 May 1520 – massacre in the Great Temple of the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan <br />
<br />
1 July 1520 – the Aztec emperor Moctezuma was killed <br />
<br />
13 August 1521 – the Aztec Empire was captured<br />
<br />
1521–1524 – Cortés personally governed Mexico<br />
<br />
26 June–22 December 1522 – the second siege of Rhodes of 1522, in which Knights of Rhodes are expelled by Ottomans<br />
<br />
29 August 1526 – the battle of Mohács between king Louis II of Hungary and Suleiman the Magnificent, fought near Mohács, Kingdom of Hungary</BLOCKQUOTE>Lord Keyneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06556863604205200159noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4556861365216117920.post-71749711444176412572017-06-28T04:52:00.004-07:002019-04-11T01:47:15.016-07:00Chronology of Byzantine Empire 330–1453<blockquote>198–8 April 217 – Caracalla<br />
<br />
c. 208–224 – Artabanus V of Parthia<br />
<br />
winter 215/216–summer 217 – Caracalla’s Parthian war:<blockquote>winter 215–216 – Caracalla in Nicomedia with the army<br />
summer 216 – Caracalla attacks country east of the Tigris near borders of Adiabene<br />
winter 216/217 – Caracalla winters at Edessa <br />
8 April 217 – assassination of Caracalla<br />
summer 217 – battle of Nisibis between Macrinus and King Artabanus V</BLOCKQUOTE>11 April 217–8 June 218 – Macrinus<br />
<br />
16 May 218–11 March 222 – Elagabalus<br />
<br />
11 March 222–18/19 March 235 – Severus Alexander<br />
<br />
28 April 224 – Ardashir I defeats Artabanus V of Parthia at the battle of Hormozdgan; end of Parthian dynasty<br />
<br />
28 April 224–651 – Sasanian Empire<br />
<br />
224–242 – reign of Ardashir I, first king of Sasanian Empire:<blockquote>224–242 – Ardashir I<br />
12 April 240–May 270 – Shapur I<br />
May 270–June 271 – Hormizd I<br />
June 271–September 274 – Bahram I<br />
September 274–293 – Bahram II<br />
293 – Bahram III<br />
293–302 – Narseh<br />
302–309 – Hormizd II<br />
309 – Adur Narseh<br />
309–379 – Shapur II<br />
379–383 – Ardashir II<br />
383–388 – Shapur III<br />
388–399 – Bahram IV<br />
399–21 January 420 – Yazdegerd I</BLOCKQUOTE>28 April 224 – Ardashir I, crowned at Ctesiphon as the sole ruler of Persia (alternative dates: 226 or 6 April 227)<br />
<br />
20 March 235–early May 238 – Maximinus Thrax<br />
<br />
22 April–29 July 238 – Pupienus and Balbinus<br />
<br />
22 March–12 April 238 – Gordian I and Gordian II<br />
<br />
22 April–29 July 238 – Gordian III<br />
<br />
244–249 – Philip the Arab<br />
<br />
249–251 – Decius<br />
<br />
253–260 – Valerian<br />
<br />
253–268 – Gallienus<br />
<br />
September 268–January 270 – Claudius Gothicus<br />
<br />
September 270–September/October 275 – Aurelian<br />
<br />
25 September 275–June 276 – Marcus Claudius Tacitus<br />
<br />
July–September 276 – Florianus<br />
<br />
276–September/October 282 – Probus<br />
<br />
282–283 – Carus<br />
<br />
20 November 284–1 May 305 – reign of Diocletian:<blockquote>20 November 284–July 285 – (in competition with Carinus)<br />
July 285–1 April 286 – (alone)<br />
1 April 286–1 May 305 – (as Senior Augustus of the east, with Maximian in the west)<br />
2 April 286–1 May 305 – Maximian is Augustus of the West<br />
305–306 – Constantius Chlorus is Augustus in the west</BLOCKQUOTE><b>300</b><br />
305–306 – the Synod of Elvira in Hispania Baetica, now Granada in southern Spain<br />
<br />
1 May 305 – in Milan and Nicomedia, Diocletian and Maximian retired simultaneously<br />
<br />
1 May 305–summer 306 – Valerius Severus appointed Caesar of the West<br />
<br />
<table><tr><td class="col1"><b>East</b><br />
1 April 286–1 May 305 – Diocletian Senior Augustus of the east<br />
1 May 305–late April/early May 311 – Galerius Augustus in the East<br />
11 November 308 – Licinius appointed Augustus (Illyricum, Thrace and Pannonia and the West)<br />
310–May 313 – Maximinus II Augustus in the east<br />
311 – Maximinus divides Eastern Empire between Licinius and himself<br />
313–324 – Licinius is Augustus in the east</td> <td class="col2"><b>West</b><br />
2 April 286–1 May 305 – Maximian is Augustus of the West<br />
1 May 305–25 July 306 – Constantius Chlorus is Augustus in the west<br />
25 July 306–29 October 312 – Constantine is Caesar in the west<br />
28 October 306–28 October 312 – Maxentius<br />
11 November 308 – Galerius’ general council at Carnuntum<br />
28 October 312 – battle of the Milvian Bridge between Constantine I and Maxentius</tr><br />
</table><br />
25 July 306–22 May 337 – reign of Constantine the Great:<blockquote>25 July 306–29 October 312 – Constantine is Caesar in the west<br />
309 – Constantine self-proclaimed Augustus<br />
29 October 312 – Constantine enters Rome<br />
29 October 312–19 September 324 – Constantine undisputed Augustus<br />
February 313 – Edict of Milan<br />
3 July 324 – the Battle of Adrianople between Constantine I and Licinius<br />
18 September 324 – the battle of Chrysopolis between Constantine and Licinius<br />
19 September 324–22 May 337 – Constantine is emperor of whole empire<br />
324 – foundation of Constantinople<br />
11 May 330 – dedication of Constantinople</BLOCKQUOTE>summer 306–March/April 307 – Valerius Severus Augustus in the west<br />
<br />
28 October 306 – Maxentius and his father Maximian declared Augusti<br />
<br />
28 October 306–28 October 312 – Maxentius<br />
<br />
late 307 – Galerius leads an invasion of Italy against Maxentius but retreats north with his army<br />
<br />
early 308 – Maximian forced to leave Italy in disgrace after trying to remove his son from power<br />
<br />
11 November 308 – Galerius’ general council at the military city of Carnuntum (with Diocletian, Galerius, and Maximian): Maximian forced to abdicate; Constantine was again demoted to Caesar; Licinius appointed Augustus in the western regions<br />
<br />
11 November 308–313 – Licinius appointed Augustus in the west (Danube, Illyricum, Thrace and Pannonia and the West)<br />
<br />
309 – Maximian returns to the court of Constantine in Gaul<br />
<br />
c. July 310 – Maximian hanged himself<br />
<br />
April/May 311 – death of Galerius on journey from Thessalonica to Romuliana, perhaps Serdica; he is buried in mausoleum at Gamzigrad-Romuliana, part of his palace, in Zaječar in Serbia<br />
<br />
9 June 311 – Licinius in Serdica<br />
<br />
28 October 312 – battle of the Milvian Bridge between Constantine I and Maxentius<br />
<br />
28 October 312 – death of Maxentius while crossing the Tiber in Rome<br />
<br />
3 December 312 – death of Diocletian at his Palace<br />
<br />
February 313 – Edict of Milan<br />
<br />
30 April 313 – battle of Tzirallum between Licinius and Maximinus, at Çorlu, in Tekirdağ Province, in the Turkish region of Eastern Thrace; Maximinus defeated and he flees to Tarsus<br />
<br />
July/August 313 – death of Maximinus II in Tarsus<br />
<br />
<table><tr><td class="col1"><b>East 313–324</b><br />
July/August 313–18 September 324 – Licinius is Augustus I in the East<br />
July–18 September 324 – Martinian is Caesar of Licinius</td> <td class="col2"><b>West 313–324</b><br />
28 October 312–18 September 324 – Constantine the Great is Augustus in the West<br />
1 March 317–326 – Crispus is Caesar of his father Constantine I<br />
25 July 306–22 May 337 – reign of Constantine the Great</tr><br />
</table><br />
1 March 317–326 – Crispus is Caesar of his father Constantine I<br />
<br />
3 July 324 – the Battle of Adrianople between Constantine I and Licinius<br />
<br />
July 324 – battle of the Hellespont, two separate naval clashes between Constantine’s fleet (led by Crispus) and a larger fleet under Licinius’ admiral, Abantus<br />
<br />
18 September 324 – battle of Chrysopolis (modern Üsküdar), near Chalcedon between Constantine I and Licinius; Licinius defeated<br />
<br />
19 September 324–22 May 337 – Constantine is emperor of whole empire<br />
<br />
8 November 324 – foundation of Constantinople when Constantine marks out the perimeter<br />
<br />
winter 324–325? – Constantine tours Asia Minor and Antioch<br />
<br />
spring 325 – death of Licinius in Thessalonica<br />
<br />
20 May–19 June 325 – Constantine presides over the First Ecumenical Council at Nicaea<br />
<br />
spring/summer 326 – execution of Crispus<br />
<br />
11 May 330 – Constantine I dedicates Constantinople<br />
<br />
22 May 337 – death of Constantine at his suburban villa Achyron, near Nicomedia<br />
<br />
summer 337 – killing of Dalmatius (Caesar of Thracia, Achaea and Macedonia)<br />
<br />
September 337 – death of Hannibalianus (nephew of Constantine I and <i>Rex Regum et Ponticarum Gentium</i>)<br />
<br />
9 September 337 – Constantine II, Constantius II and Constans meet at Pannonia and divide the empire<br />
<br />
<table><tr><td class="col1"><b>East</b><br />
337–350 – Constantius II co-Augustus (Constantinople, Thrace, Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Cyrenaica) <br />
18 January 350–11 August 353 – Magnentius</td> <td class="col2"><b>West</b><br />
September 337–340 – Constantine II is Augustus (Gaul, Britannia and Hispania)<br />
337–350 – Constans (Italy, Africa, Illyricum, Pannonia, Macedonia, and Achaea)</tr><br />
</table><br />
337–340 – Constantine II is joint emperor (over Gaul, Hispania, and Britannia) with Constantius II and Constans<br />
<br />
337–3 November 361 – rule of Constantius II:<blockquote>337–340 – Constantius II is co-Augustus (ruling Asian provinces and Egypt) with Constantine II and Constans<br />
340 – killing of Constantine II in an ambush outside Aquileia in civil war with Constans<br />
340–350 – Constantius II is co-Augustus with Constans<br />
350 – assassination of Constans in Helena (now Elne) in the eastern Pyrenees of southwestern Gaul by supporters of the general Magnentius<br />
350–361 – Constantius II is sole Augustus of the Roman Empire</BLOCKQUOTE>350 – assassination of Constans in Helena (now Elne) in the eastern Pyrenees of southwestern Gaul by supporters of the general Magnentius<br />
<br />
350–361 – Constantius II is sole Augustus of the Roman Empire<br />
<br />
351 – battle of Mursa Major between Constantius II and Magnentius<br />
<br />
6 November 355–February 360 – Julian the Apostate is Caesar in Gaul<br />
<br />
3 November 361 – Constantius II dies of fever in Mopsucrene, Cilicia<br />
<br />
3 November 361–26 June 363 – Julian the Apostate is emperor of the entire empire<br />
<br />
11 December 361 – Julian entered Constantinople as sole emperor<br />
<br />
27 June 363–17 February 364 – reign of Jovian<br />
<br />
February 364 – selection of Valentinian I as emperor at Nicaea<br />
<br />
26 February 364–17 November 375 – rule of Valentinian I:<blockquote>26 February–28 March 364 – Valentinian I is Augustus of the whole empire<br />
26 March 364–17 November 375 – Valentinian I is emperor of the west</BLOCKQUOTE>28 March 364 – Valentinian I selects Valens as co-Augustus at Constantinople<br />
<br />
<table><tr><td class="col1"><b>East</b><br />
28 March 364–9 August 378 – Valens</td><td class="col2"><b>West</b><br />
26 February 364–17 November 375 – Valentinian I<br />
17 November 375–25 August 383 – Gratian</td></tr>
</table><br />
28 March 364–9 August 378 – Valens is emperor in the East<br />
<br />
22 November 375–15 May 392 – reign of Valentinian II:<blockquote>375–387 – reign from Milan <br />
388–392 – reign from Vienne</BLOCKQUOTE>17 November 375–25 August 383 – rule of Gratian:<blockquote>17 November 375–9 August 378 – Gratian is senior Augustus of the west<br />
9 August 378–19 January 379 – Gratian is senior Augustus of the whole empire<br />
19 January 379–25 August 383 – Gratian is senior Augustus in the west</BLOCKQUOTE>summer 376 – large numbers of Goths arrive on the Danube River requesting asylum from the Huns, including the Thervings (led by Fritigern and Alavivus) and the Greuthungi (led by Alatheus and Saphrax)<br />
<br />
9 August 378 – the Battle of Adrianople between the emperor Valens and Gothic rebels (Thervings, Greutungs, and non-Gothic Alans) led by Fritigern north of Adrianople<br />
<br />
9 August 378–19 January 379 – Gratian is senior Augustus of the whole empire<br />
<br />
19 January 379 – Theodosius I proclaimed Eastern Emperor at Sirmium<br />
<br />
19 January 379–25 August 383 – Gratian is senior Augustus in the west<br />
<br />
<table><tr><td class="col1"><b>East</b><br />
19 January 379–15 May 392 – Theodosius I is emperor in the East</td> <td class="col2"><b>West</b><br />
19 January 379–25 August 383 – Gratian is senior Augustus in the west<br />
25 August 383 – Gratian assassinated<br />
384–28 August 388 – Magnus Maximus is Western Roman Emperor<br />
22 November 375–15 May 392 – Valentinian II (reign from Vienne 388–392)<br />
22 August 392–6 September 394 – Flavius Eugenius<br />
5–6 September 394 – battle of the Frigidus between Theodosius I and Eugenius</td></tr>
</table><br />
383 – Maximus was proclaimed emperor by his troops<br />
<br />
383 – Magnus Maximus withdrew troops from northern and western Britain<br />
<br />
25 August 383 – Gratian assassinated<br />
<br />
384–28 August 388 – Magnus Maximus is Western Roman Emperor (383: commander of Britain; usurped the throne under Gratian, and by negotiation with emperor Theodosius I emperor in Britannia and Gaul)<br />
<br />
28 August 388 – Magnus Maximus executed in Aquileia<br />
<br />
388 – Theodosius banned marriage between Christians and Jews<br />
<br />
15 May 392–17 January 395 – Theodosius I is emperor of the entire empire<br />
<br />
22 August 392–6 September 394 – Flavius Eugenius<br />
<br />
23 January 393 – accession of Honorius:<blockquote><b>Western Empire</b><br />
23 January 393–15 August 423 – Honorius<br />
20 November 423–May 425 – Joannes<br />
23 October 425–16 March 455 – Valentinian III<br />
17 March–31 May 455 – Petronius Maximus<br />
9 July 455–17 October 456 – Avitus<br />
1 April 457–2 August 461 – Majorian<br />
19 November 461–15 August 465 – Libius Severus<br />
12 April 467–11 July 472 – Anthemius<br />
23 March/July 11–23 October/2 November 472 – Olybrius<br />
c. 3 March 473–June 474 – Glycerius<br />
June 474–28 August 475 – Julius Nepos<br />
31 October 475–4 September 476 – Romulus Augustulus</BLOCKQUOTE>5–6 September 394 – battle of the Frigidus between Theodosius I and Eugenius<br />
<br />
17 January 395 – death of Theodosius in Milan<br />
<br />
395–1 May 408 – Arcadius is emperor in the East:<blockquote><b>Eastern Empire</b><br />
395–1 May 408 – Arcadius<br />
1 May 408–28 July 450 – Theodosius II<br />
450–457 – Marcian<br />
457–474 – Leo I the Thracian<br />
18 January 474–17 November 474 – Leo II <br />
9 February 474–9 January 475 – Zeno <br />
9 January 475–August 476 – Basiliscus<br />
August 476–9 April 491 – Zeno<br />
11 April 491–9 July 518 – Anastasius I Dicorus</BLOCKQUOTE><b>400</b><br />
404 – Honorius expelled Jews (and Samaritans) from the <i>agentes in rebus</i><br />
<br />
1 May 408–28 July 450 – Theodosius II is Eastern emperor<br />
<br />
<table><tr><td class="col1"><b>East</b><br />
395–1 May 408 – Arcadius<br />
1 May 408–28 July 450 – Theodosius II is Eastern emperor<br />
450–457 – Marcian<br />
457–474 – Leo I the Thracian</td> <td class="col2"><b>West</b><br />
23 January 393–15 August 423 – Honorius<br />
20 November 423–May 425 – Joannes<br />
23 October 425–16 March 455 – Valentinian III<br />
17 March–31 May 455 – Petronius Maximus<br />
9 July 455–17 October 456 – Avitus</td></tr>
</table><br />
late 408 – the first siege of Rome by the Goths under Alaric <br />
<br />
December 408 – the Visigoths lift the siege of Rome and withdraw to Etruria<br />
<br />
late 409 – the Visigoths under Alaric renew the siege of Rome<br />
<br />
24 August 410 – the sack of Rome by the Visigoths led by King Alaric<br />
<br />
410 – Romano-British expelled the magistrates of the usurper Constantine III<br />
<br />
late 410 – Alaric dies of illness at Consentia<br />
<br />
411 – Rescript of Honorius tells the British civitates to undertake their own defence <br />
<br />
415 – prohibition of the trying of Christians in the Patriarch’s court and transferral all litigation between Jews and Christians to the jurisdiction of the provincial governors<br />
<br />
418 – Honorius expells Jews from the army and debarred them for the future from all branches of the civil service (the palatine ministries and the agentes in rebus)<br />
<br />
425 – Valentinian III expells Jews from public service and the legal profession<br />
<br />
before 429 – cessation of Jewish Patriarchate <br />
<br />
429 – codification of the Theodosian Code <br />
<br />
c. 450–500 – the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain<br />
<br />
2–16 June 455 – the second of sack of Rome by the Vandals under Geiseric<br />
<br />
<b>500</b><br />
July 518 – accession of Justin I, first emperor of the Justinian Dynasty:<blockquote><b>Justinian Dynasty (518–602)</b><br />
July 518–1 August 527 – Justin I<br />
1 August 527–13/14 November 565 – Justinian I the Great<br />
14 November 565–5 October 578 – Justin II<br />
5 October 578–14 August 582 – Tiberius II Constantine<br />
14 August 582–22 November 602 – Maurice</BLOCKQUOTE>525 – Justinian marries Theodora<br />
<br />
526–532 – the Iberian War between the Byzantines and Sassanids over the eastern Georgian kingdom of Iberia<br />
<br />
c. 527 (or c. 515) – Icel of Mercia:<blockquote><b>Kings of Mercia</b><br />
Cnebba<br />
Cynewald<br />
c. 584–c. 593 – Creoda<br />
c. 593–c. 606 – Pybba<br />
c. 606–c. 626 – Cearl<br />
c. 626–655 – Penda<br />
c. 635–642 – Eowa<br />
c. 653–656 – Peada<br />
655–658 – Oswiu of Northumbria<br />
658–675 – Wulfhere <br />
675–704 – Æthelred I<br />
704–709 – Cœnred<br />
709–716 – Ceolred<br />
716 – Ceolwald<br />
716–757 – Æthelbald<br />
757 – Beornred<br />
757–796 – Offa<br />
787–796 – Ecgfrith<br />
796–821 – Cœnwulf</BLOCKQUOTE>1 August 527–13/14 November 565 – reign of Justinian I the Great<blockquote>13–18 January 532 – Nika riots and revolt against Justinian<br />
June 533–March 534 – the Vandalic War<br />
535–554 – the Gothic War in Italy<br />
540–562 – war with the Sassanid Empire <br />
540 – Justinian I recalls Belisarius<br />
541–542 – the plague of Justinian<br />
544 – Belisarius returns to Italy<br />
28 June 548 – death of Theodora<br />
July 551 – the eastern Mediterranean hit by the 551 Beirut earthquake, with a tsunami</BLOCKQUOTE>June 533–March 534 – the Vandalic War of Justinian, which ends in the conquest of the Vandalic Kingdom of Carthage<br />
<br />
535–554 – the Gothic War between the Justinian I and the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy in Italy, Dalmatia, Sardinia, Sicily and Corsica:<blockquote>535–540 – the first phase ending in the fall of the Ostrogothic capital (Ravenna)<br />
540/541–553 – the second phase of Gothic resistance under Totila against the Byzantine general Narses<br />
17 December 546 – sack of Rome by Totila<br />
554 – Narses defeats an invasion by the Franks and Alamanni</BLOCKQUOTE>541–542 – the plague of Justinian<br />
<br />
17 December 546 – sack of Rome by the Gothic king Totila during the Gothic War of 535–554<br />
<br />
28 June 548 – death of Theodora<br />
<br />
550/558 – composition of the <i>Secret History</i> of Procopius (or in 562)<br />
<br />
551 – last dated event in Procopius’ <i>Wars of Justinian</i><br />
<br />
553 – Justinian’s <i>Novella</i><br />
<br />
spring 568 – Alboin leads the Lombards into Italy:<blockquote>569 – fall of Forum Iulii (Cividale del Friuli) to the Lombards<br />
summer 569 – the Lombards conquer Milan<br />
570 – Lombards conquer Spoleto in Umbria<br />
c. 571 – establishment of the Duchy of Benevento<br />
572 – Pavia falls to the Lombards after a 3-year siege and the first capital city of the new Lombard kingdom of Italy</BLOCKQUOTE>568 – Alboin takes the title King of Italy:<blockquote><b>Lombard Kings in Italy</b><br />
565–572 – Alboin<br />
572–574 – Cleph<br />
574–584 – Rule of the Dukes (Ten year interregnum)<br />
584–590 – Authari<br />
591–c. 616 – Agilulf<br />
c. 616–c. 626 – Adaloald<br />
c. 626–636 – Arioald<br />
636–652 – Rothari<br />
652–653 – Rodoald <br />
653–661 – Aripert I<br />
661–662 – Perctarit and Godepert<br />
662–671 – Grimuald<br />
671 – Garibald<br />
671–688 – Perctarit <br />
688–689 – Alahis<br />
688–700 – Cunincpert<br />
700–701 – Liutpert<br />
701 – Raginpert<br />
701–712 – Aripert II<br />
712 – Ansprand<br />
712–744 – Liutprand<br />
744 – Hildeprand<br />
744–749 – Ratchis<br />
749–756 – Aistulf<br />
756–774 – Desiderius<br />
774–781 – Charlemagne<br />
781–810 – Pepin<br />
810–818 – Bernard<br />
818–839 – Lothair I<br />
839–875 – Louis II</BLOCKQUOTE>572–591 – Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591<br />
<br />
<b>600</b><br />
23 November 602–4 October 610 – reign of the emperor Phocas<br />
<br />
602–628 – Byzantine–Sasanian War <br />
<br />
5 October 610 – accession of Heraclius:<blockquote><b>Heraclian Dynasty (610–695)</b><br />
5 October 610–11 February 641 – Heraclius<br />
11 February–24/26 May 641 – Constantine III<br />
11 February 641–September 641 – Heraklonas<br />
September 641–15 September 668 – Constans II<br />
15 September 668–September 685 – Constantine IV the Bearded<br />
September 685–695 – Justinian II the Slit-nosed</BLOCKQUOTE>June–July 626 – the siege of Constantinople of 626 by the Sassanid Persians and Avars, aided by allied Slavs with a victory for the Byzantines<br />
<br />
September 629 – battle of Mu’tah between Muslim Arabs and Byzantines near the village of Mu’tah, east of the Jordan River<br />
<br />
8 June 632 – death of Muhammad in Medina, at the age of 62/63<br />
<br />
8 June 632–23 August 634 – Abu Bakr is 1st Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate<br />
<br />
23 August 634–3 November 644 – Umar ibn Al-Khattab is 2nd Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate<br />
<br />
January 635 – battle of Fahl (battle of Pella) between the Arabs under Khalid ibn al-Walid Saifullah and Byzantines Theodore the Sacellarius (Saqalar), in Fahl (ancient Pella along the Jordan Valley of Jordan)<br />
<br />
15–August 636 – battle of Yarmouk, major victory for the Arabs under Khalid ibn al-Walid against the Byzantines, near the Yarmouk River, along what today are the borders of Syria–Jordan and Syria–Israel, east of the Sea of Galilee<br />
<br />
672/673–26 May 735 – life of the Venerable Bede<br />
<br />
674–678 – the First Arab Siege of Constantinople by the Umayyad Caliphate under Caliph Mu’awiya I against Emperor Constantine IV<br />
<br />
695 – Justinian II the Slit-nosed is deposed:<blockquote><b>Twenty Years’ Anarchy (695–717)</b><br />
695–698 – Leontios<br />
698–705 – Tiberius III Apsimar<br />
August 705–December 711 – Justinian II the Slit-nosed<br />
December 711–3 June 713 – Philippikos Bardanes<br />
June 713–November 715 – Anastasios II<br />
May 715–25 March 717 – Theodosios III</BLOCKQUOTE>695–714 – reign of Grimoald II (Neustria)<blockquote><b>Mayors of the Palace</b><br />
695–714 – Grimoald II (Neustria)<br />
708–714 – Grimoald II (Neustria, Burgundy)<br />
714–716 – Theudoald (Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy) <br />
715–741 – Charles Martel (Austrasia)<br />
718–741 – Charles Martel (Neustria and Burgundy, Austrasia)<br />
741–747 – Carloman (Austrasia) <br />
741–751 – Pippin the Younger (Neustria and Burgundy)<br />
747–751 – Pippin the Younger (Austrasia, Neustria and Burgundy)</BLOCKQUOTE><b>700</b><br />
711 – Tariq ibn Ziyad (Berber client of Musa bin Nusair, the governor of Islamic Africa) invades Spain with 7,000 Berber men, while Roderic was in the north fighting the Basques:<blockquote>July 711 – battle at the Guadalete River in Cádiz where king Roderic is killed <br />
712 – Musa (governor of Ifriqiya) invades Spain with an army of 18,000<br />
713 – Musa takes Mérida <br />
714 – Saragossa and León conquered<br />
716 – most of Spain conquered by Muslims<br />
721–725 – Septimania conquered<br />
summer 722 – battle of Covadonga and defeat of Muslims; an independent Christian state is created in the north which becomes the Kingdom of Asturias</BLOCKQUOTE>25 March 717–18 June 741 – reign of Leo III the Isaurian<blockquote><b>Isaurian Dynasty (717–802)</b><br />
25 March 717–18 June 741 – Leo III the Isaurian<br />
18 June 741–14 September 775 – Constantine V the Dung-named<br />
June 741/742–2 November 743 – Artabasdos<br />
14 September 775–8 September 780 – Leo IV the Khazar<br />
8 September 780–August 797 – Constantine VI<br />
August 797–31 October 802 – Irene of Athens</BLOCKQUOTE>15 July/August 717–15 August 718 – the second Arab siege of Constantinople of 717–718 by the Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate led by Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik against the emperor Leo III the Isaurian<br />
<br />
10 October 732 – the Battle of Tours between Frankish and Burgundian forces under Charles Martel against an army of the Umayyad Caliphate<br />
<br />
25 January 750 – battle of the Zab between the Umayyad Caliph Marwan II and Abbasid forces under Abdallah ibn Ali, on the banks of the Great Zab river<br />
<br />
25 January 750–1517 – Abbasid Caliphate:<blockquote>25 January 750–10 June 754 – Abul ’Abbas as-Saffaḥ<br />
10 June 754–6 October 775 – Al-Mansur<br />
6 October 775–24 July 785 – Al-Mahdi<br />
24 July 785–14 September 786 – Al-Hadi<br />
14 September 786–24 March 809 – Harun al-Rashid<br />
24 March 809–27 September 813 – Al-Amin<br />
27 September 813–7 August 833 – Al-Ma’mun</BLOCKQUOTE>March 752 – Pippin III became the King of the Franks and the office of mayor abolished<br />
<br />
752–768 – Pepin the Younger<br />
<br />
30 July 762 – foundation of Baghdad by Al-Mansur; decline of Ctesiphon<br />
<br />
766 – the Round City of Al-Mansur in Baghdad complete<br />
<br />
768–771 – Carloman I (Burgundy, Alemannia, southern Austrasia)<br />
<br />
9 October 768–28 January 814 – Charlemagne is King of the Franks:<blockquote>772–804 – Charlemagne’s Saxon wars<br />
773 – Charlemagne invades Italy and pushes the Lombards to Pavia, which they then besiege<br />
773–774 – Charlemagne’s siege of Pavia<br />
10 July 774– Charlemagne crowned King of the Lombards<br />
10 July 774–28 January 814 – Charlemagne is King of the Lombards<br />
787 – Charlemagne attacks the Duchy of Benevento and besieges Salerno<br />
789 – Charlemagne deposes Tassilo and takes Bavaria<br />
790 – Charlemagne’s campaign down the Danube to attack the Avars<br />
25 December 800 – Charlemagne is crowned emperor by the Pope in Old St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome<br />
25 December 800–28 January 814 – Charlemagne is Holy Roman Emperor<br />
805 – Leo III consecrates Aachen Cathedral<br />
28 January 814 – death of Charlemagne in Aachen</BLOCKQUOTE>793 – monastery of Lindisfarne raided by Vikings, Northumberland<br />
<br />
<b>800</b><br />
25 December 800 – coronation of Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor in Old St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome<br />
<br />
25 December 800–28 January 814 – Charlemagne is Holy Roman Emperor<br />
<br />
31 October 802 – accession of Nikephoros I the Logothete:<blockquote><b>Nikephorian Dynasty (802–813)</b><br />
31 October 802–26 July 811 – Nikephoros I the Logothete<br />
26 July 811–2 October 811 – Staurakios<br />
2 October 811–22 June 813 – Michael I Rangabe</BLOCKQUOTE>11 July 813–25 December 820 – Leo V the Armenian<br />
<br />
28 January 814 – death of Charlemagne <br />
<br />
25 December 820 – accession of Michael II the Amorian:<blockquote><b>Amorian dynasty (820–867)</b><br />
25 December 820–2 October 829 – Michael II the Amorian<br />
2 October 829–20 January 842 – Theophilos<br />
20 January 842–23 September 867 – Michael III the Drunkard</BLOCKQUOTE>c. 824 or 827/828 – a group of Andalusian exiles conquers Crete and establishes an independent state<br />
<br />
June 827 – Muslim conquest of Sicily begins (June 827–902)<br />
<br />
840 – Æthelwulf of Wessex defeated at Carhampton, Somerset, by Viking attack from 35 Viking ships<br />
<br />
842–843 – the Byzantines launch a campaign to retake Crete under Theoktistos<br />
<br />
865–878 – invasion and conquest of Northumbria and Mercia by the Great Heathen Army of Vikings:<blockquote>late 865 – Vikings landed in East Anglia <br />
winter 865–866 – Vikings stay in East Anglia<br />
late 866 – Vikings invade Northumbria and take York<br />
867 – Viking army establishes a puppet leader in Northumbria and invades Mercia<br />
c. 867 – army from Wessex and Mercia besieges the city of Nottingham<br />
autumn 868 – Vikings return to Northumbria <br />
winter 868–869 – Vikings winter in York<br />
869–870 – Vikings return to East Anglia and spent the winter at Thetford<br />
871 – the Great Summer Army arrives from Scandinavia, led by Bagsecg<br />
8 January 871 – Great Summer Army defeated at the Battle of Ashdown by West Saxons, led by King Æthelred’s brother Alfred<br />
871–872 – the Great Heathen Army winters in London before returning to Northumbria<br />
872–873 – Great Heathen Army in winter quarters at Torksey in the Kingdom of Lindsey (now part of Lincolnshire)<br />
winter 873–874 – Vikings at winter quarters at Repton in Derbyshire<br />
874 – Great Heathen Army drives the Mercian king into exile and finally conquered Mercia<br />
winter 874–875 – Halfdan leads one band of Vikings north to Northumbria, where he winters by the river Tyne<br />
874–875 – Guthrum, Oscetel, and Anwend lead a second group of Vikings to winter at Cambridge <br />
876 – Halfdan shares out Northumbrian land amongst his men; this becomes the Danelaw<br />
6–12 May 878 – Alfred the Great defeats the Great Heathen Army led by Guthrum at the battle of Edington <br />
878 – the Peace of Wedmore between Alfred the Great and Guthrum (who was baptised and accepted Alfred as his adoptive father)</BLOCKQUOTE>23 September 867 – assassination of Michael III the Drunkard and accession of Basil I the Macedonian:<blockquote><b>Macedonian Dynasty (867–1056)</b><br />
867–2 August 886 – Basil I the Macedonian<br />
886–11 May 912 – Leo VI the Wise<br />
11 May 912–6 June 913 – Alexander<br />
6 June 913–9 November 959 – Constantine VII the Purple-born<br />
17 December 920–16 December 944 – Romanos I Lekapenos<br />
9 November 959–15 March 963 – Romanos II the Purple-born<br />
16 August 963–11 December 969 – Nikephoros II Phokas<br />
11 December 969–10 January 976 – John I Tzimiskes<br />
10 January 976–15 December 1025 – Basil II the Bulgar-Slayer</BLOCKQUOTE>23 April 871–26 October 899 – Alfred the Great is King of Wessex<br />
<br />
878 – Guthrum and his Vikings go to Cirencester, Mercia<br />
<br />
late 879 – Guthrum and his Vikings go to East Anglia<br />
<br />
<b>900</b><br />
927 – Athelstan annexes York <br />
<br />
12 July 927 – Athelstan acknowledged as overlord by King Constantine of Scotland, King Hywel Dda of Deheubarth, Ealdred of Bamburgh, and King Owain of Strathcly, at Eamont, near Penrith<br />
<br />
954 – Eadred of Wessex finally takes York after Viking king Eric dies<br />
<br />
<b>1000</b></blockquote>Lord Keyneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06556863604205200159noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4556861365216117920.post-39838598889465388332017-04-22T07:26:00.001-07:002019-08-09T03:08:22.247-07:00 Chronology from 1900–1940s<blockquote><b>1900</b><br />
c. 1900 – events of Bram Stoker’s novel <i>The Jewel of Seven Stars</i><br />
<br />
20 January 1900 – death of John Ruskin<br />
<br />
February 1900 – Samuel Butler and Henry Festing Jones in Harwich<br />
<br />
23 March 1900–1903 – Arthur Evans’ excavations on Knossus<br />
<br />
April–12 June 1900 – Samuel Butler meets Henry Festing Jones in Genoa; Butler goes to Basel, Genoa, Casale, Pisa, Rome, Segni, Salerno, Paestum, Reggio, Messina, Taormina, Siracusa (2 May 1900), Malta, Siracusa, Palermo, Calatafimi, Albergo Centrale, Trapani, Palermo, Naples, Rome (20 May), Siena, Sammichele, Casale-Monferrato, Basel, London (12 June)<br />
<br />
15 April 1900 – second marriage of Frank Russell (2nd Earl Russell) to Marion Somerville (nee Cooke) in at the Riverside Hotel in Reno<br />
<br />
4–6 July 1900 – US Democratic National Convention of 1900, held at Convention Hall in Kansas City, Missouri; William Jennings Bryan gave a speech called “Imperialism”<br />
<br />
29 July 1900 – Lenin left Russia for Western Europe<br />
<br />
August 1900–July 1901 – Lawrence Waddell in China<br />
<br />
25 August 1900 – death of Friedrich Nietzsche<br />
<br />
September 1900 – Samuel Butler in Wassen<br />
<br />
October 1900 – Mark Twain returns to America<br />
<br />
October 1900 – Samuel Butler’s translation of the <i>Odyssey</i> published<br />
<br />
November 1900–April 1901 – Samuel Butler writes <i>Erewhon Revisited</i><br />
<br />
22 November 1900 – death of Arthur Sullivan<br />
<br />
30 November 1900 – death of Oscar Wilde<br />
<br />
December 1900 – the Atlantic Transport Line (owned by Bernard N. Baker) joins International Navigation Company<br />
<br />
<b>1901</b><br />
1 January 1901 – proclamation of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act (UK) in Centennial Park, Sydney:<blockquote>5 July 1900 – the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act (UK) passed (given Royal Assent by Queen Victoria on 9 July 1900)<br />
1 January 1901–24 September 1903 – Sir Edmund Barton (1849–1920) first Prime Minister of Australia (Protectionist Party)<br />
29–30 March 1901 – first national elections in the Commonwealth of Australia after Federation<br />
9 May 1901 – first Australian Parliament was opened in Melbourne by Prince George (King George V)<br />
9 May 1901–9 May 1927 – the Parliament meets in Parliament House, Melbourne<br />
17 November 1901 – the Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901 that allowed mass deportation of nearly all the Pacific Islanders (“Kanakas”) working in the Queensland sugar industry<br />
23 December 1901 – the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 of the Parliament of Australia<br />
24 September 1903–27 April 1904 – Alfred Deakin is Prime Minister (Protectionist Party)<br />
12 March 1913 – Canberra officially named<br />
9 May 1927 – Australian Commonwealth parliament moves to Canberra</BLOCKQUOTE>22 January 1901 – death of Queen Victoria<br />
<br />
22 January 1901–6 May 1910 – reign of Edward VII<br />
<br />
March–September 1901 – Theodore Roosevelt is Vice President of the United States under William McKinley (president from 4 March 1897–14 September 1901)<br />
<br />
April–24 June 1901 – Samuel Butler travels to Basel, Casale-Monferrato, Pisa (where he joins Henry Festing Jones in May), Rome, Naples, Palermo, Trapani, Palermo, Catania, Taormina, Aci Reale, Messina, Naples, Rome, Ancona, Pesaro, Rimini, Bologna, Parma, Piacenza, Casale-Monferrato, London<br />
<br />
18 July 1901 – Frank Russell (2nd Earl Russell) convicted of bigamy in the House of Lords <br />
<br />
summer 1901 – Bram Stoker attends the Wagner Cycle at Bayreuth?<br />
<br />
22 July 1901 – première of Richard Wagner’s play <i>Der fliegende Holländer</i> (The Flying Dutchman) at Bayreuth<br />
<br />
August 1901–April 1902 – Arthur Conan Doyle’s novel <i>The Hound of the Baskervilles</i> serialised in <i>The Strand Magazine</i><br />
<br />
September 1901 – Samuel Butler in Basel and Wassen<br />
<br />
14 September 1901–4 March 1909 – Theodore Roosevelt is 26th President of the United States<br />
<br />
11 October 1901 – Samuel Butler publishes <i>Erewhon Revisited</i><br />
<br />
31 October 1901–1915 – second marriage in Britain of Frank Russell (2nd Earl Russell) to Marion Somerville (nee Cooke)<br />
<br />
<b>1902</b><br />
1902 – fictional date of the <i>Doctor Who</i> serial “Horror of Fang Rock,” set near Worthing<br />
<br />
28 March–19 May 1902 – Samuel Butler travels to Paris, Casale-Monferrato, Rome, Naples, Palermo (12 April), Naples (11 May), Calis, London (19 May)<br />
<br />
April 1902 – the White Star enters into a provisional agreement with J. P. Morgan<br />
<br />
April 1902–April 1903 – Lenin moved to London<br />
<br />
31 May 1902 – signing of the Treaty of Vereeniging ends the Second Boer War between the South African Republic (with Orange Free State) and the UK, at Melrose House, Pretoria, South African Republic<br />
<br />
18 June 1902 – death of Samuel Butler at a nursing home in St John’s Wood Road, London<br />
<br />
21 June 1902 – Samuel Butler’s funeral near Woking; his ashes buried at Woking<br />
<br />
19 July 1902 – Henry Irving’s farewell performance at the Lyceum<br />
<br />
14 August 1902–1903 – Julius Kaerst associate professor at the University of Leipzig<br />
<br />
1 October 1902 – founding of the International Mercantile Marine Company (IMM), incorporated in New Jersey, formed as a trust from International Navigation Company (operating the Red Star Line and the American Line), Atlantic Transport Line, and the Leyland Line<br />
<br />
2 September 1902 – Rudyard Kipling and his family move to a home called Bateman’s, in Burwash, East Sussex, England<br />
<br />
2 September 1902–18 January 1936 – Rudyard Kipling lives in Bateman’s, in Burwash, East Sussex, England<br />
<br />
December 1902–7 November 1913 – Alfred Russel Wallace moves to a small house called the Old Orchard at Parkstone in Dorset<br />
<br />
December 1902 – the White Star Line purchased by the International Mercantile Marine Company:<blockquote>December 1902–1 January 1927 – White Star Line a constituent company of IMM<br />
1 January 1927–1932 – White Star Line owned by Royal Mail Steam Packet Company<br />
1932–10 May 1934 – Royal Mail Lines Ltd (RML) (chaired by Lord Essendon) takes over White Star Line<br />
10 May 1934 – the White Star Line and Cunard merged to create Cunard-White Star Limited</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1903</b><br />
1903 – Henry Labouchère acquires Villa Christina, near Florence<br />
<br />
January 1903 – Albert Einstein marries Mileva Marić<br />
<br />
1903 – the posthumous publication of Samuel Butler’s <i>The Way of All Flesh</i><br />
<br />
April 1903 – Lenin and his wife left London for Switzerland<br />
<br />
30 April 1903 – début of Henry Irving’s production of <i>Dante</i> at the Theatre Royal<br />
<br />
October 1903–March 1904 – Henry Irving’s 8th American tour<br />
<br />
November 1903 – Bram Stoker’s <i>The Jewel of the Seven Stars</i> published<br />
<br />
11 December 1903–September 1904 – the British expedition to Tibet (Younghusband expedition), the British invasion of Tibet from Sikkim to Lhasa:<blockquote>11 December 1903 – British army departs Gnathong, Sikkim under Brigadier-General James Ronald Leslie Macdonald<br />
31 March 1904 – massacre of Chumik Shenko<br />
11 April 1904 – British reach Gyantse<br />
6 July 1904 – storming of Gyantse Dzong<br />
3 August 1904 – British take Lhasa<br />
7 September 1904 – the Treaty of Lhasa, between Tibet and Britain signed in Lhasa</BLOCKQUOTE>17 December 1903 – the first airplane flight near at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina of the Wright Flyer, the first powered, heavier-than-air machine, by the Wright brothers<br />
<br />
winter 1903/1904–14 January 1929 – Julius Kaerst is chair of history at the University of Würzburg<br />
<br />
<b>1904</b><br />
11 January 1904–May 1906 – Limerick boycott, led by Father John Creagh, a Redemptorist<br />
<br />
8–9 February 1904 – Japanese fleet under Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō attacks Russian fleet at Port Arthur, Korea<br />
<br />
8 February 1904–5 September 1905 – Russo-Japanese War between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea; Russian defeat<br />
<br />
3 August 1904 – British take Lhasa<br />
<br />
7 September 1904 – the Treaty of Lhasa, between Tibet and Britain signed in Lhasa<br />
<br />
3 October 1904–spring 1905 – D. G. Hogarth’s excavation of the Ephesian Artemisium and foundation deposits in Turkey<br />
<br />
8 November 1904 – United States presidential election of 1904; Theodore Roosevelt (who succeeded McKinley in September 1901) elected in his own right<br />
<br />
winter 1904 – Henry Irving’s final provincial tour<br />
<br />
<b>1905</b><br />
1905 – Lawrence Waddell returns to England<br />
<br />
1905 – Arminius Vámbéry retires as professor of Oriental languages at the University of Budapest <br />
<br />
22 January 1905 – unarmed demonstrators in St Petersburg, Russia led by Father Georgy Gapon fired on by soldiers as they marched to the Winter Palace to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II<br />
<br />
22 January 1905–16 June 1907 – Russian Revolution of 1905<br />
<br />
11 August 1905 – the UK Aliens Act 1905 given royal assent, which introduced immigration controls and registration<br />
<br />
c. October 1905 – Charles Prestwich Scott buys the <i>Manchester Guardian</i>:<blockquote>1861–1872 – John Edward Taylor is editor of the <i>Manchester Guardian</i><br />
1872–1 July 1929 – Charles Prestwich Scott is editor of the <i>Manchester Guardian</i><br />
7 August 1895–8 February 1906 – Charles Prestwich Scott is MP for Leigh in the British House of Commons<br />
1 January 1932 – death of Charles Prestwich Scott<br />
1936 – Scott Trust established by John Scott, owner of the <i>Manchester Guardian</i> (Trust dissolved and reformed in 1948)<br />
1959 – <i>Manchester Guardian</i> changes name to <i>The Guardian</i></blockquote>13 October 1905 – death of Sir Henry Irving<br />
<br />
20 October 1905 – public funeral of Sir Henry Irving<br />
<br />
December 1905 – Henry Labouchère announces his retirement<br />
<br />
c. 14 December 1905–15 January 1912 – Henry Labouchère lives in retirement in Italy:<blockquote>summers – Villa d’Este and Cadenabbia<br />
c. October–summer – Villa Christina, near Florence</blockquote>16 December 1905 – Francis Marion Crawford’s short story “For the Blood is the Life” published in <i>Collier’s</i><br />
<br />
<b>1906</b><br />
1906–1908 – Lawrence Waddell Professor of Tibetan at University College London<br />
<br />
1906–1910 – Benedikt Niese is Professor of Ancient History at the University of Halle<blockquote>c. 1881–1885 – Benedikt Niese is Professor of Classical Philology at the University of Breslau<br />
1885–1906 – Benedikt Niese is Professor of Classical Philology at Marburg</BLOCKQUOTE>22 January 1906–11 June 1936 – life of Robert Ervin Howard, creator of the character Conan the Barbarian<br />
<br />
20 March 1906 – Ellen Terry plays Lady Cicely Waynflete in Bernard Shaw’s <i>Captain Brassbound’s Conversion</i><br />
<br />
c. March/April 1906 – Bram Stoker suffers a first stroke<br />
<br />
12 June 1906 – “Ellen Terry Jubilee Commemoration” at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London with various performances, recitals, songs and tableaux vivants; Terry appears as Beatrice in a performance of Act I of <i>Much Ado About Nothing</i><br />
<br />
October 1906 – Bram Stoker’s <i>Personal Reminiscences of Henry Irving</i> published by William Heinemann<br />
<br />
November 1906 – <i>The Vicar of Wakefield</i> opens at the Prince of Wales Theatre; Stoker is business manager<br />
<br />
<b>1907</b><br />
1907 – Bram Stoker moves to 4 Durham Place from 18 St Leonard’s Terrace:<blockquote>1881–1896 – Bram Stoker lives at 27 Cheyne Walk, Chelsea<br />
1896–1907 – Bram Stoker lives at 18 St Leonard’s Terrace, Chelsea<br />
1907–1911 – Bram Stoker moves to 4 Durham Place<br />
1911–20 April 1912 – Bram Stoker moves to No. 26 St George’s Square, Pimlico</blockquote>3 January–8 July 1907 – fictional dates of Bram Stoker’s novel <i>The Lady of the Shroud</i>:<blockquote>23 January 1907 – Rupert Sent Leger at the Castle of Vissarion<br />
2 April 1907 – Teuta Vissarion first visits Rupert Sent Leger<br />
2 July 1907 – Rupert Sent Leger marries Teuta Vissarion at the Church of St. Sava</BLOCKQUOTE>September 1907–May 1913 – Adolf Hitler lives in Vienna<br />
<br />
18 September 1907 – Sir Arthur Conan Doyle marries Miss Jean Leckie at St. Margaret’s Church, Westminster, London; Bram Stoker present<br />
<br />
21 September–14 November 1907 – Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Miss Jean Leckie’s honeymoon in Paris, Berlin, Venice, Rome and Turkey<br />
<br />
12 October 1907–June 1910 – Thomas Edward Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) studied History at Jesus College, Oxford<br />
<br />
c. November 1907–7 July 1930 – Arthur Conan Doyle lives in Windlesham Manor, Crowborough, East Sussex<br />
<br />
<b>1908</b><br />
c. 1908–19 September 1938 – Lawrence Waddell lives at Craigmore, Rothesay, Island of Bute<br />
<br />
January 1908 – Albert Einstein submits his Habilitationsschrift to the Philosophical Faculty II of the University of Bern <br />
<br />
28 February 1908–July 1909 – Albert Einstein is Privatdozent at the University of Bern <br />
<br />
June 1908 – Kenneth Grahame retires from the Bank of England:<blockquote>8 March 1859 – birth of Kenneth Grahame in Edinburgh, Scotland<br />
c. April 1864–1866 – Kenneth Grahame moves to The Mount, Cookham Dean, Berkshire<br />
1868–1876 – Kenneth Grahame at St Edward’s School in Oxford<br />
1 January 1879–June 1908 – Kenneth Grahame works at the Bank of England<br />
22 July 1899 – Kenneth Grahame marries Elspeth Thomson at Fowey<br />
1906 – Kenneth Grahame moves to Mayfield, Cookham Dean<br />
June 1908 – Kenneth Grahame retires from the Bank of England<br />
1910 – Kenneth Grahame moves to Boham’s, Blewbury near Didcot<br />
1924 – Kenneth Grahame returns to England, to Church Cottage, Pangbourne<br />
6 July 1932 – death of Kenneth Grahame in Pangbourne, Berkshire</BLOCKQUOTE>9 June 1908 – King Edward VII of England meets Tsar Nicholas II of Russia on the Russian Imperial Yacht Standart in the Bay of Reval<br />
<br />
15 June 1908 – publication of the novel <i>The Wind in the Willows</i> by British novelist Kenneth Grahame<br />
<br />
July 1908 – the Young Turk Revolution of the Ottoman Empire; this restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and created multi-party politics in the Ottoman parliament<br />
<br />
August 1908–January 1921 – Ezra Pound lives in London<br />
<br />
5 October 1908 – de jure independence of Bulgaria from the Ottoman Empire proclaimed in Tarnovo by Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria (who then took the title of “Tsar”)<br />
<br />
6 October 1908 – Austria-Hungaria publishes the annexation of Bosnia Herzegovina proclamation<br />
<br />
16 October 1908 – first sustained flight in the UK in the biplane “British Army Aeroplane No 1” (“Cody 1”) built by Samuel Franklin Cody at the Army Balloon Factory at Farnborough<br />
<br />
December 1908 – Arthur Evans resigns as Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford<br />
<br />
<b>1909</b><br />
1909 – Thomas Edward Lawrence sets out alone on a three-month walking tour of crusader castles in Ottoman Syria<br />
<br />
7–19 April 1909 – the Great Powers sign amendments to the Treaty of Berlin (of 1878) to settle the Bosnia Herzegovina crisis<br />
<br />
9 April 1909 – Francis Marion Crawford dies at Sorrento on Good Friday at Villa Crawford of a heart attack<br />
<br />
24 June 1909 – Bram Stoker signs the contract for <i>The Lady of the Shroud</i> with William Heinemann <br />
<br />
July 1909 – Bram Stoker published <i>The Lady of the Shroud</i><br />
<br />
6 July 1909 – Albert Einstein submits resignation to the patent office<br />
<br />
15 October 1909 – Albert Einstein appointed associate professor at the University of Zurich; Albert Einstein and Mileva Marić move to University of Zürich<br />
<br />
<b>1910</b><br />
1 February 1910 – death of Benedikt Niese in Halle, Germany<br />
<br />
12 February 1910 – the Chinese invasion of Tibet occupies Lhasa and establishes direct Qing rule in Tibet, and deposes the 13th Dalai Lama (Chinese forces leave in 1913)<br />
<br />
10 March 1910 – death of Karl Lueger in Vienna:<blockquote>8 April 1897–10 March 1910 – Karl Lueger is mayor of Vienna</BLOCKQUOTE>May 1910 – Bram Stoker suffers a second stroke<br />
<br />
6 May 1910 – death of Edward VII<br />
<br />
6 May 1910–20 January 1936 – George V is King of the UK and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India<br />
<br />
30 October 1910 – death of Henrietta Labouchere (Henrietta Hodson) in Florence<br />
<br />
December 1910 – Thomas Edward Lawrence sails for Beirut to work in an archaeological expedition under D. G. Hogarth <br />
<br />
<b>1911</b><br />
1911 – Houston Stewart Chamberlain’s <i>The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century</i> is published in the first English Edition <br />
<br />
1911 – Bram Stoker moves to No. 26 St George’s Square, Pimlico<br />
<br />
March 1911–1914 – Thomas Edward Lawrence works on the excavation site in Carchemish on the Euphrates River on the present day border between Syria and Turkey<br />
<br />
3 March–12 June 1911 – Bram Stoker writes <i>The Lair of the White Worm</i><br />
<br />
April 1911 – Albert Einstein and Mileva Marić move to Prague, where Einstein holds a teaching position at the Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague <br />
<br />
14 June 1911–11 October 1935 – service years of the <i>Olympic</i> of the White Star Line:<blockquote><b>3 Olympic-Class Ocean Liners</b><br />
20 October 1910 – launch of the <i>RMS Olympic</i> at Belfast<br />
14 June 1911–11 October 1935 – service years of the <i>Olympic</i><br />
31 May 1911 – launch of the <i>Titanic</i> at Belfast<br />
10–15 April 1912 – service time of the <i>Titanic</i><br />
26 February 1914 – launch of the <i>HMHS Britannic</i> at Belfast<br />
23 December 1915–21 November 1916 – service years of the <i>HMHS Britannic</i></BLOCKQUOTE>10 October 1911–12 February 1912 – Xinhai Revolution (Chinese Revolution of 1911) overthrows the Qing dynasty, and establishes the Republic of China (ROC)<br />
<br />
November 1911 – Bram Stoker published <i>The Lair of the White Worm</i><br />
<br />
25 November 1911 – Laura Marx and her husband Paul Lafargue commit suicide<br />
<br />
<b>1912</b><br />
15 January 1912 – death of Henry Labouchère in Florence<br />
<br />
30 January 1912–1914 – Albert Einstein appointed professor of theoretical physics at the ETH Zurich (he arrives in August)<br />
<br />
April–November 1912 – Arthur Conan Doyle’s <i>The Lost World</i> is published, in which fictional character Professor Challenger goes on an expedition to a plateau in the Amazon basin of South America<br />
<br />
10 April 1912 – <i>Titanic’s</i> maiden voyage begins on Wednesday at Southampton <br />
<br />
10 April 1912 – 5 pm: <i>Titanic</i> arrives at Cherbourg<br />
<br />
11 April 1912 – 11:30 am Thursday: Titanic arrives at Cork Harbour on the south coast of Ireland<br />
<br />
11 April 1912 – 1:30 pm: <i>Titanic</i> weighs anchor and departed across the Atlantic<br />
<br />
14–15 April 1912 – night of the sinking of the RMS Titanic:<blockquote>8.55 pm – Captain Smith finishes dining in the first-class restaurant<br />
9.20 pm – Captain Smith decides to go to his quarters<br />
10 pm – First Officer Murdoch takes over from Lightoller<br />
11.39 pm – iceberg sighted<br />
11.40 pm – <i>Titanic</i> hits iceberg; Leading Fireman Barrett in Boiler room 6 runs into boiler room 5<br />
c. 11.41 – Captain Smith on the bridge<br />
c. 11.43? – Captain Smith put engine telegraphs to stop and half speed (or slow ahead)<br />
c.11.45 – engines put on stop<br />
c. 11.46 – Bruce Ismay goes to the bridge and sees Captain Smith<br />
c. 11.47 – Bruce Ismay meets Joseph Bell on the main staircase going to bridge, who says pumps will control water<br />
c. 11.47–11.50 – Fireman Barrett and Assistant Shepherd inspect Boiler room 6<br />
c. 11.49 – Smith visits Marconi suite?<br />
c.11.50–c.12.10 – Captain Smith inspects damage with Thomas Andrews<br />
c.11.50–12.30 am – many steerage passengers with luggage move from the bow along Scotland Road to the stern<br />
12.05–12.10 am – Captain Smith goes to mailroom with Chief Purser McElroy and later seen with Thomas Andrews<br />
c. 12.12 am – Captain Smith meets officers in the bridge in the presence of Bruce Ismay and gives order to get the boats out<br />
c. 12.15 am – Captain Smith in Marconi suite tells Bride to prepare to send a CQD but not yet; stewards ordered to rouse passengers and get them on deck with lifebelts<br />
c. 12.20 am – Charles Joughin returns to his room from bakery<br />
12.20–12.30 am – many steerage passengers in Scotland Road with luggage “walking about to and fro; some sitting on their luggage”<br />
c. 12.20–c.12.30 am – Paul Mauge (secretary to the chef of the a la carte restaurant) goes along Scotland Road with sixty restaurant workers<br />
c. 12.22 am – Thomas Andrews seen by William Sloper and Anna Warren going up staircase 3 to bridge; Andrews tells Smith ship will sink in 1–1.5 hours <br />
12.25 am – Smith tells Phillips to call for help and gives ship’s position<br />
c. 12.30 am – Smith speaks to J.J. Astor <br />
12.30 am – Charles Joughin arrives on the boat deck and goes to Boat No. 10.<br />
12.30 am – E Deck starts to flood<br />
c. 12.40 am – Boat 7 on the starboard side is first boat lowered<br />
12.45 am – Boat 5 leaves<br />
c. 12.45 – Joseph Wheat sees five or six men at the stern end of Scotand Road carrying and dragging boxes and bags<br />
12.49 am – Smith in the wheelhouse told <i>Carpathia</i> on way; Smith follows Bride back to the Marconi cabin<br />
c.12.50 am – Captain Smith visits Marconi suite and works out position of <i>Carpathia</i><br />
c. 12.50 am? – Frederick Dent Ray goes down back stairway to Scotland Road and fetches an overcoat from his quarters on the port side on E Deck; he returns forward along Scotland Road and finds it empty and sees Scotland Road flooded up to the main stairway; he sees nobody on the starboard side<br />
12.55 am – Boat 3 lowered<br />
1 am – D Deck starts to flood<br />
1:05 am – Boat 1 lowered with only 12 people including Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon and his wife<br />
c. 1.10 am – Boiler Room 5 floods with water from Boiler Room 6; Fireman Barrett escapes<br />
c. 1.15 am – Thomas Patrick Dillon leaves the engine room and makes his way to the aft well deck<br />
1.20 am – Captain Smith present for lowering of Boat 8<br />
1.25 am – the bow section of the Titanic starts to slowly go underwater<br />
1.30 am – Captain Smith visits wireless cabin and reports engine room flooding<br />
c. 1.30 am – Albert Victor Pearcey (Pantry Steward) leaves Scotland Road largely empty<br />
1:40 am – Boat 13 launched<br />
c. 1.45 am – Joseph Boxhall placed in charge of Boat 2, lowered from the port side with Captain Smith present, who shouts at boats nearby to return<br />
1.50 am – Boat 4 (port) launched<br />
c. 1.50 am – Boat 10 launched on port side<br />
c. 1.55 am – Charles Joughin in his room via Scotland road on E deck<br />
c. 2.00 am – Bruce Ismay leaves ship in Collapsible C<br />
c. 2.05 am – Charles Joughin on B deck throws about 50 deck chairs through the large ports<br />
2:05 am – Collapsible Boat D (port) launched<br />
2:10 am – Charles Joughin on A deck pantry, drinking water, hears a “crash as if something had buckled, as if part of the ship had buckled, and then I heard a rush overhead”<br />
2.10 am – Frederick M. Hoyt jumps overboard and is picked up by Collapsible Boat D<br />
2.10–2.15 am – top of the Grand Staircase floods<br />
c. 2:10 am – Captain Smith with megaphone orders “every man for himself”; he visits Marconi suite and tells Jack Phillips and Harold Bride to abandon their posts<br />
2:15 am – Charles Joughin on the poop deck near the rails sees the time is 2:15 am<br />
2.15 am – Titanic’s angle in the water increases rapidly as water poured into previously unflooded parts of the ship through deck hatches<br />
c. 2.15 am – Harold Bride from top of the officers’ quarters sees Captain Smith dive into the ocean; Lightoller dives into the sea and reaches Collapsible B<br />
c. 2.16 am? – Charles Joughin falls off the rails on the stern?; First Officer William Murdoch shoots himself<br />
2.17 am – the Grand Staircase dome implodes under water pressure<br />
c. 2.17 am – lights go out; forward funnel collapses<br />
c. 2.18 am – ship breaks in two; the stern settles backwards<br />
c. 2.18 am? – Charles Joughin sees ship give “great list over to port and threw everybody in a bunch except myself”?<br />
2.20 am – Titanic sinks (5.22 am GMT London)<br />
2.20–4.10 am – passengers and crew in the water<br />
4.10–9:00 am – rescue of passengers by the <i>Carpathia</i></BLOCKQUOTE>15 April 1912 – 5.22 am GMT London: Titanic sinks<br />
<br />
18 April 1912 – evening, <i>Carpathia</i> arrives at Pier 54 in New York<br />
<br />
19 April–25 May 1912 – US Senate inquiry on the <i>Titanic</i> (subcommittee of the Senate’s Commerce Committee), chaired by Senator William Alden Smith; hearings begin in New York and later move to Washington, D.C.<br />
<br />
20 April 1912 – death of Bram Stoker at No. 26 St George’s Square, Pimlico, London<br />
<br />
24 April 1912 – mutiny of <i>RMS Olympic</i> crew: 284 firemen went on strike<br />
<br />
2 May–3 July 1912 – inquiry into sinking of the <i>RMS Titanic</i> by the British Wreck Commissioner on behalf of the British Board of Trade, overseen by High Court judge Lord Mersey, held at London Scottish Drill Hall, at 59 Buckingham Gate, London<br />
<br />
10 May 1912 – Friday: Charles Joughin gives testimony at the British inquiry into the <i>Titanic</i><br />
<br />
20–23 May 1912 – Charles Lightoller (Second Officer) gives testimony at the British inquiry into the <i>Titanic</i><br />
<br />
c. June 1912–1913 – Thomas Edward Lawrence stays at Carchemish for four excavation seasons<br />
<br />
4–5 June 1912 – J. Bruce Ismay gives testimony at the British inquiry into the <i>Titanic</i><br />
<br />
30 July 1912 – final report of British inquiry into the <i>Titanic</i> published<br />
<br />
August 1912 – Albert Einstein and Mileva Marić move back to Zurich<br />
<br />
autumn 1912–summer 1913 – Karl Julius Beloch is professor of ancient history at the University of Leipzig:<blockquote>21 January 1879–1912 – Karl Julius Beloch is associate professor at University of Rome (full professor of ancient history from 1891–1912)<br />
c. November 1913 – Karl Julius Beloch returns to the University of Rome<br />
c. November 1913–1 February 1929 – Karl Julius Beloch is Professor at the University of Rome</BLOCKQUOTE>8 October 1912–30 May 1913 – First Balkan War between the Balkan League (Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro) and the Ottoman Empire<br />
<br />
9 October 1912 – White Star withdraws <i>Olympic</i> from service and sends it to Belfast for a refit<br />
<br />
5 November 1912 – United States presidential election of 1912; the candidates were President William Howard Taft (Republican Party); Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive Party / “Bull Moose Party”); Woodrow Wilson (Democrat Party)<br />
<br />
4 December 1912 – death of Archibald Gracie IV <br />
<br />
<b>1913</b><br />
January 1913 – J. Bruce Ismay buys Costelloe Lodge, Casla, Ireland<br />
<br />
19 March 1913 – premiere in Germany at the opening night of the Ufa-Pavillon am Nollendorfplatz (Berlin’s first purpose-built, free-standing cinema) of the Italian film <i>Quo Vadis</i> directed by Enrico Guazzoni for Cines<br />
<br />
26 April 1913 – murder of Mary Phagan in Atlanta, Georgia in the National Pencil Company <br />
<br />
29 June–10 August 1913 – Second Balkan War between Bulgaria and Serbia, Greece and Romania; it ends in defeat for Bulgaria<br />
<br />
30 June 1913 – J. Bruce Ismay resigns as president of the IMM and as chairman of the White Star Line<br />
<br />
c. June 1913–summer 1936 – J. Bruce Ismay lives in Costelloe Lodge, Casla, Ireland<br />
<br />
11 June 1913–1938 – service years of the <i>SS Imperator</i> of the Hamburg America Line (Hamburg Amerikanische Paketfahrt Aktien Gesellschaft) <br />
<br />
July 1913 – Max Planck and Walther Nernst invite Einstein to come to Berlin<br />
<br />
7 July 1913 – Bram Stoker’s library auctioned by Sotheby, Wilkinson and Hodge<br />
<br />
10 August 1913 – Treaty of Bucharest<br />
<br />
28 July–26 August 1913 – trial of Frank at Fulton County Superior Court<br />
<br />
15 September 1913 – death of Arminius Vámbéry at the age of 81 in Budapest<br />
<br />
c. November 1913 – Karl Julius Beloch returns to the University of Rome<br />
<br />
c. November 1913–1 February 1929 – Karl Julius Beloch is Professor at the University of Rome<blockquote>21 January 1879–1912 – Karl Julius Beloch is associate professor at University of Rome (full professor of ancient history from 1891–1912)<br />
c. 1914–December 1923 – Karl Julius Beloch’s teaching suspended <br />
December 1923 – Karl Julius Beloch appointed professor of Greek history again at the University of Rome<br />
30 November 1924 – Karl Julius Beloch formally restored as professor of Greek history at the University of Rome<br />
1 February 1929 – death of Karl Julius Beloch in Rome at his desk</BLOCKQUOTE>1913–1914 – Roosevelt–Rondon-Cheerie-Jodi O’Rodio Scientific Expedition, led by Theodore Roosevelt and Cândido Rondon, to the Rio Roosevelt in a remote area of the Brazilian Amazon basin<br />
<br />
winter 1913–1914 – Thomas Edward Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) participates in the Archaeological Survey of Sinai<br />
<br />
<b>1914</b><br />
January 1914 – Woolley and Thomas Edward Lawrence co-opted by the British military as an archaeological smokescreen for a British military survey of the Negev Desert <br />
<br />
February 1914 – Frank Russell leaves Marion Somerville for the Countess Elizabeth von Arnim (1866–1939)<br />
<br />
March–May 1914 – Thomas Edward Lawrence works again at Carchemish<br />
<br />
30 March 1914 – death of Francis Albert Rollo Russell in his London home<br />
<br />
April 1914 – publication of the short story collection <i>Dracula’s Guest</i>; Florence moves to 4 Kinnerton Studios, Knightsbridge<br />
<br />
April 1914 – Albert Einstein and Mileva Marić move to Berlin; Einstein is director at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics (1914–1932) and professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin<br />
<br />
c. 15 May–28 July 1914 – fictional date of Stefan Zweig’s novel <i>Beware of Pity</i>, set in a small garrison town on the border with Hungary (Anton Hofmiller is posted to the town in November 1913)<br />
<br />
29 May 1914 – 2.14 am: sinking of the <i>Empress of Ireland</i> near the mouth of Saint Lawrence River after collision in thick fog with the Norwegian collier <i>SS Storstad</i><br />
<br />
1914–1932 – Albert Einstein is director at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics and professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin<br />
<br />
late 1914 – Mileva Marić returns to Zürich with Albert Einstein’s sons and separates from Einstein<br />
<br />
<b>1915</b><br />
1915 – International Mercantile Marine Co went into receivership<br />
<br />
8 February 1915 – release date of <i>The Birth of a Nation</i> directed by D. W. Griffith<br />
<br />
17 August 1915 – lynching of Leo Frank at Frey’s Gin, two miles east of Marietta, Georgia<br />
<br />
27 October 1915–9 February 1923 – Billy Hughes is Prime Minister of Australia<br />
<br />
23 December 1915–21 November 1916 – service years of the <i>HMHS Britannic</i> of the White Star Line’s Olympic class of steamships<br />
<br />
<b>1916</b><br />
11 February 1916 – marriage of Frank Russell (2nd Earl Russell) and Countess Elizabeth von Arnim (1866–1939); she leaves not long after<br />
<br />
5 June 1916 – death of Herbert Kitchener (1st Earl Kitchener) after the <i>HMS Hampshire</i> hit a mine en route to the Russian port of Arkhangelsk<br />
<br />
15 September 1916 – expulsion of William Morris Hughes from the Australian Labour Party, after Hughes and 24 others had left the party<br />
<br />
16 October 1916 – Lawrence of Arabia sent to the Hejaz on an intelligence-gathering mission led by Ronald Storrs<br />
<br />
<b>1917</b><br />
1917 – Ernest Oppenheimer founds the Anglo American mining company in Johannesburg, South Africa, with financial backing from the American bank J.P. Morgan & Co.<br />
<br />
14 January 1917 – first meeting of Provisional Council of State, the first government of the Kingdom of Poland<br />
<br />
17 February 1917–1931 – the period of the Nationalist Party of Australia, a merger between the conservative Commonwealth Liberal Party and the National Labour Party<br />
<br />
8–16 March 1917 – February Revolution in Petrograd, mass demonstrations and armed clashes with police; on 12 March the Russian army sides with the revolutionaries. Tsar Nicholas II abdicated and the Russian Council of Ministers was replaced by a Russian Provisional Government under Prince Georgy Lvov<br />
<br />
15 March 1917 – abdication of Tsar Nicholas II<br />
<br />
9 April 1917 – Lenin leaves Zurich on a special train provided by the German government<br />
<br />
6 July 1917 – fall of Aqaba<br />
<br />
August 1917 – Benito Mussolini discharged from hospital in Milan<br />
<br />
2 November 1917 – Balfour Declaration: letter from UK Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to Lord Rothschild for transmission to the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland<br />
<br />
7 November 1917–25 October 1922 – the Russian Civil War<br />
<br />
7 November 1917 – the October Revolution (Red October, the October Uprising or the Bolshevik Revolution), the armed insurrection in Petrograd on 25 October 1917 (under the Old Julian calendar); the Winter Palace (the seat of the Provisional government in Petrograd, capital of Russia) captured<br />
<br />
9 November 1917 – text of Balfour Declaration published in the press<br />
<br />
15 December 1917 – Moldavian Democratic Republic proclaimed<br />
<br />
<b>1918</b><br />
1918–1920 – Ronald Syme attends New Plymouth Boys’ High School, New Plymouth, Taranaki, New Zealand<br />
<br />
16 January 1918 – Romanian Army begins a full-scale invasion of Bessarabia: occupation of the whole region completed in early March<br />
<br />
25 January 1918 – Ukrainian People’s Republic (Ukrainian National Republic) proclaims its independence from the Russian Republic<br />
<br />
3 March 1918 – the peace Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, signed by new Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire) to end Russia's participation in World War I<br />
<br />
9 April 1918 – during chaos of the Russian Civil War, the Bessarabian legislature votes in favor of the Union of Bessarabia with Romania<br />
<br />
14 May 1918 – death of James Gordon Bennett Jr. (10 May 1841–14 May 1918), editor of <i>New York Herald</i> from 1 January 1867–1918<br />
<br />
July 1918 – Oswald Spengler publishes volume 1 of <i>Decline of the West</i> (<i>Der Untergang des Abendlandes</i>)<br />
<br />
17 July 1918 – execution of Russian Imperial Romanov family (Tsar Nicholas II, his wife Tsarina Alexandra and their children Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexei) at Yekaterinburg<br />
<br />
autumn 1918–summer 1921 – James Hilton attends Christ’s College, Cambridge, and graduates with a history degree<br />
<br />
1 October 1918 – Lawrence of Arabia enters Damascus around 9 am<br />
<br />
4 October 1918 – Lawrence of Arabia leaves Damascus for Cairo; promoted to colonel<br />
<br />
15 October 1918 – Lawrence of Arabia leaves Egypt for England<br />
<br />
c. 24 October 1918 – Lawrence of Arabia arrives in England<br />
<br />
29 October–9 November 1918 – the first stage of the November Revolution, a civil conflict in the Germany at the end of the First World War <br />
<br />
30 October 1918 – Lawrence of Arabia has a private audience with King George V and refuses all honours for his part in the Arab Revolt<br />
<br />
31 October 1918 – Aster Revolution (Chrysanthemum Revolution) in Hungary led by Count Mihály Károlyi: Hungarian National Council (HNC) protesters, with support of Hungarian soldiers, wearing asters seize public buildings in Budapest; Prime Minister Sándor Wekerle resigns<br />
<br />
3 November 1918–11 August 1919 – second stage of the November Revolution, a civil conflict in the Germany at the end of the First World War<br />
<br />
9 November 1918 – Wilhelm II abdicates as emperor of Germany while at the Imperial Army headquarters in Spa, Belgium<br />
<br />
9 November 1918 – proclamation of the German Republic by Philipp Scheidemann; Friedrich Ebert assumes the chancellery<br />
<br />
9 November 1918–13 February 1919 – Friedrich Ebert is Chancellor of Germany (Social Democratic Party of Germany)<blockquote><b>President of Germany (1919–1945)</b><br />
11 February 1919–28 February 1925 – Friedrich Ebert (SDP)<br />
28 February–12 March 1925 – Hans Luther (acing, non-partisan)<br />
12 March–12 May 1925 – Walter Simons (acting, non-partisan)<br />
12 May 1925–2 August 1934 – Paul von Hindenburg (non-partisan)</BLOCKQUOTE>11 November 1918 – First World War ended<br />
<br />
16 November 1918 – provisional government of Count Mihály Károlyi proclaims the Hungarian People’s Republic with Károlyi named as provisional president<br />
<br />
16 November 1918–11 January 1919 – Mihály Károlyi is acting President of Hungary<br />
<br />
16 November 1918–8 August 1919 – First Hungarian Republic:<blockquote>11 January 1919–21 March 1919 – Mihály Károlyi is 1st President of Hungary<br />
21 March–1 August 1919 – Hungarian Soviet Republic<br />
April 1919 – Czechoslovak control over Carpathian Ruthenia after Czechoslovak troops crush the local militias of the newly formed Hungarian Soviet Republic<br />
16 November 1919 – the army of right-wing former admiral Miklós Horthy marches into Budapest and takes control of Hungary</BLOCKQUOTE>7 December 1918 – Lawrence travels to Paris to bring Emir Feisal to England<br />
<br />
14 December 1918 – the UK general election of 1918:<blockquote><b>Party | Leader | Seats</b><br />
<b>Coalition Government</b><br />
Coalition Conservative | Bonar Law | 332<br />
Coalition Liberal | David Lloyd George | 127<br />
Coalition National Democratic | George Nicoll Barnes | 9<br />
Coalition Labour | 4<br />
<br />
<b>Opposition</b><br />
Labour | William Adamson | 57<br />
Liberal | H. H. Asquith | 36<br />
Conservative | Bonar Law | 47<br />
Sinn Féin | Éamon de Valera | 73<br />
Independent Labour | 2</BLOCKQUOTE>14 December 1918–19 October 1922 – David Lloyd George continues as British Prime Minister<br />
<br />
<b>1919</b><br />
1919–1920 – Biennio Rosso (Two Red Years), two-year period of intense social conflict in Italy<br />
<br />
4–15 January 1919 – the Spartacist uprising (January uprising), a power struggle between the moderate Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) led by Friedrich Ebert and the radical communists of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD), led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg (founders of the Spartacist League)<br />
<br />
10 January–7 June 1919 – John Maynard Keynes is principal Treasury representative at the Versailles Peace Conference<br />
<br />
11 January 1919–21 March 1919 – Mihály Károlyi is 1st President of Hungary<br />
<br />
15 January 1919 – execution of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht<br />
<br />
18 January 1919–21 January 1920 – Versailles Peace Conference (Paris Peace Conference) which ends with the inaugural General Assembly of the League of Nations on 21 January 1920; the treaties:<blockquote>28 June 1919 – Treaty of Versailles with Germany<br />
10 September 1919 – Treaty of Saint-Germain with Austria<br />
27 November 1919 – Treaty of Neuilly with Bulgaria<br />
4 June 1920 – Treaty of Trianon with Hungary<br />
10 August 1920 – Treaty of Sèvres with Turkey (revised by the Treaty of Lausanne on 24 July 1923).</BLOCKQUOTE>January–May 1919 – Lawrence of Arabia attends Paris Peace Conference <br />
<br />
13 February 1919–20 June 1919 – Philipp Scheidemann (Social Democratic Party) is Chancellor of Germany:<blockquote><b><i>Reichskanzler</i> of the Weimar Republic<br />
13 February 1919–21 June 1920 – Social Democratic Party</b><br />
13 February 1919–20 June 1919 – Philipp Scheidemann (Social Democratic Party)<br />
21 June 1919 26 March 1920 – Gustav Bauer (Social Democratic Party)<br />
27 March 1920–21 June 1920 – Hermann Müller (Social Democratic Party)<br />
<br />
25 June 1920–4 May 1921 – Constantin Fehrenbach (Centre Party)<br />
10 May 1921–14 November 1922 – Joseph Wirth (Centre Party)<br />
<br />
22 November 1922–12 August 1923 – Wilhelm Cuno (non-partisan)<br />
13 August 1923–30 November 1923 – Gustav Stresemann (German People’s Party)<br />
30 November 1923–15 January 1925 – Wilhelm Marx (Centre Party)<br />
15 January 1925–12 May 1926 – Hans Luther (non-partisan)<br />
17 May 1926–12 June 1928 – Wilhelm Marx (Centre Party)<br />
28 June 1928– 27 March 1930 – Hermann Müller (Social Democratic Party)<br />
30 March 1930–30 May 1932 – Heinrich Brüning (Centre Party) </BLOCKQUOTE>14 February 1919 – Albert Einstein divorces his first wife Mileva Marić (19 December 1875–4 August 1948), after being separated for five years<br />
<br />
23 March 1919 – Mussolini re-forms the Milan fascio as the <i>Fasci Italiani di Combattimento</i> (Italian Combat Squad), consisting of 200 members<br />
<br />
8 May 1919–November 1938 – Carpathian Ruthenia is part of Czechoslovakia:<blockquote>c. 895–April 1919 – Carpathian Ruthenia part of Hungary or Transylvania<br />
1280–1320 – north-western part of Carpathian Ruthenia part of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia<br />
November 1918–July 1919 – West Ukrainian People’s Republic claims Carpathian Ruthenia<br />
April 1919 – Czechoslovak control after Czechoslovak troops with Romanian forces defeated and crushed the local militias of the newly formed Hungarian Soviet Republic<br />
April 1919–July/August 1919 – Transcarpathia occupied by Romania<br />
8 May 1919 – Carpathian Ruthenia become part of Czechoslovakia in a general meeting of representatives from councils<br />
8 May 1919–November 1938 – Carpathian Ruthenia is part of Czechoslovakia in a general meeting of representatives from councils<br />
2 November 1938 – by First Vienna Award Czechoslovakia cedes small southern area of Carpathian Rus to Hungary<br />
15 March 1939–18 March 1939 – Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine under president Avgustyn Voloshyn<br />
18 March 1939– October 1944 – Hungary annexes Carpathian Ruthenia<br />
28 October 1944 – Soviet Union liberated Carpathian Ruthenia<br />
26 November 1944 – committee led by Ivan Ivanovich Turyanitsa proclaims the separation of Carpathian Ruthenia from Czechoslovakia and to join the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</BLOCKQUOTE>18 June 1919 – Germany given ultimatum to sign Treaty of Versailles<br />
<br />
21 June 1919 – the scuttling of the German fleet by order of Admiral Ludwig von Reuter at the Royal Navy’s base at Scapa Flow, Scotland; the German High Seas Fleet had been interned under the terms of the Armistice<br />
<br />
22 June 1919 – the German Reichstag ratifies the Versailles Treaty<br />
<br />
28 June 1919 – the Versailles Treaty is signed in the Hall of Mirrors in France<br />
<br />
20 July 1919 – birth of Edmund Percival Hillary<br />
<br />
11 August 1919 – the Weimar Constitution is announced<br />
<br />
25 August 1919 – Ludwig Wittgenstein returns to his family in Vienna<br />
<br />
October 1919 – Robert Graves goes up to Oxford University to read English Language and Literature<br />
<br />
16 November 1919 – the army of right-wing former admiral Miklós Horthy marches into Budapest and takes control of Hungary<br />
<br />
December 1919 – John Maynard Keynes publishes <i>The Economic Consequences of the Peace</i><br />
<br />
<center><b>1920s</b></center><b>1920</b><br />
1920–1934 – Ludwig von Mises holds a private seminar (Privatseminar) in his office at the <i>Kammer</i> in Vienna, held fortnightly in university term, on Fridays from 7 to 10 p.m.<br />
<br />
1920 – R. H. Tawney’s “The Sickness of the Acquisitive Society” published in England by the Fabian Society <br />
<br />
1920–1926 – Ludwig Wittgenstein works as a school teacher; Wittgenstein given his first job as a primary school teacher in Trattenbach<br />
<br />
1920 – Frank P. Ramsey won a scholarship to study mathematics in Trinity College, Cambridge<br />
<br />
January 1920–July 1921 – the US Recession of 1920–1921<br />
<br />
26 February 1920 – release date of <i>The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari</i>, directed by Robert Wiene<br />
<br />
1 March 1920–15 October 1944 – Miklós Horthy is regent of the Kingdom of Hungary<br />
<br />
April 1920 – Ludwig von Mises publishes his essay “Die Wirtschaftsrechnung im sozialistischen Gemeinwesen” [Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth] in <i>Archiv fur Sozialwissenschaften</i>, a paper that starts the Socialist Economic Calculation Debate<br />
<br />
August 1920 – Bertrand Russell travels to Russia as part of an official delegation sent by the British government<br />
<br />
August 1920–August 1921 – Bertrand Russell in China<br />
<br />
<b>1921</b><br />
1921 – Ludwig Wittgenstein’s <i>Logisch-Philosophische Abhandlung</i> is published in <i>Annalen der Naturphilosophische</i><br />
<br />
1921–1922 – Ronald Syme attends Victoria University College of Wellington, enrolled in a BA course with majors in Latin and French<br />
<br />
January 1921–c. October 1924 – Ezra Pound lives in Paris<br />
<br />
4 March 1921–2 August 1923 – Warren G. Harding is 29th President of the United States<br />
<br />
April 1921 – the final version of R. H. Tawney’s <i>Acquisitive Society</i> published<br />
<br />
April 1921 – Frank P. Ramsey elected as a new member of the Apostles<br />
<br />
April–25 October 1921 – the 1921 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition (consisting of Charles Howard-Bury, Harold Raeburn, Alexander Kellas, George Mallory, Guy Bullock, Sandy Wollaston, Alexander Heron, Henry Morshead and Edward Wheeler)<br />
<br />
4 May 1921 – the Federal Reserve Bank of New York cuts the discount rate from 7% to 6.5%<br />
<br />
May 1921–November 1921 – the severe depreciation in the exchange value of the mark as the German government begins paying large cash reparations payments<br />
<br />
5 May 1921 – London Ultimatum<br />
<br />
15 May 1921 – 1921 Italian general election; Mussolini wins election to the Chamber of Deputies for the first time<br />
<br />
June 1921–January 1924 – hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic<br />
<br />
31 July 1921 – the Treaty of Trianon effective, the peace agreement signed 4 June 1920 between the Allies and Hungary<br />
<br />
2 August 1921 – John Maynard Keynes publishes <i>A Treatise on Probability</i><br />
<br />
23 August 1921 – accession of Faisal I bin Hussein as king of Iraq:<blockquote><b>Kings of Iraq</b><br />
23 August 1921–8 September 1933 – Faisal I bin Hussein<br />
8 September 1933–4 April 1939 – Ghazi bin Faisal<br />
4 April 1939–14 July 1958 – Faisal II of Iraq<br />
14 July 1958 – the 14 July Revolution (the 1958 Iraqi coup d’état) overthrowing the Hashemite monarchy established by King Faisal I in 1921</BLOCKQUOTE>26 August 1921 – Bertrand Russell arrives back in England<br />
<br />
December 1921 – George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair) leaves Eton<br />
<br />
<b>1922</b><br />
1922 – Moritz Schlick assumes the chair of Naturphilosophie at the University of Vienna (previously held by Ludwig Boltzmann and Ernst Mach)<br />
<br />
2 February 1922 – James Joyce’s modernist novel <i>Ulysses</i> is published in Paris (first serialised in parts in the American journal <i>The Little Review</i> from March 1918–December 1920)<br />
<br />
6 February 1922 – Washington Naval Treaty signed by the governments of the UK, the US, France, Italy, and Japan:<blockquote>17 August 1923 – treaty effective<br />
31 December 1936 – expiration</BLOCKQUOTE>28 February 1922 – Egypt recognised as sovereign state by the British<br />
<br />
4 March 1922 – release date of the German Expressionist horror film <i>Nosferatu, eine Symphonie des Grauens</i> (<i>Nosferatu: A Symphony of Horror</i>), directed by F. W. Murnau<br />
<br />
10 April–19 May 1922 – the Genoa Economic and Financial Conference, held in Genoa, Italy, to plan the restoration of Europe after World War I; this is attended by John Maynard Keynes<br />
<br />
July 1922 – David Lloyd George moves into Bron-y-de house, in Churt, Surrey<br />
<br />
12 July 1922 – Germany demands a moratorium on reparation payments<br />
<br />
August 1922 – Lawrence of Arabia enlisted in the Royal Air Force as an aircraftman<br />
<br />
September 1922 – Ludwig Wittgenstein moves to teach in a secondary school in Hassbach; in November 1922, Wittgenstein moves to teach at a primary school at Puchberg in the Schneeberg mountains<br />
<br />
October 1922–1925 – Joan Robinson at Girton College, Cambridge<br />
<br />
October 1922 – Lydia Lopokova moves into a flat at 41 Gordon Square near 46 Gordon Square (Keynes’ London home)<br />
<br />
19 October 1922 – the Carlton Club meeting, formal meeting of Conservative MPs vote to end the Coalition with the Liberal Party under David Lloyd George<br />
<br />
19 October 1922 – David Lloyd George leaves office as British PM (PM from 6 December 1916–19 October 1922):<blockquote>23 October 1922–22 May 1923 – Andrew Bonar Law (Conservative)<br />
23 May 1923–16 January 1924 – Stanley Baldwin (Conservative)<br />
22 January 1924–4 November 1924 – Ramsay MacDonald (Labour)<br />
4 November 1924–5 June 1929 – Stanley Baldwin</BLOCKQUOTE>27–28 October 1922 – 30,000 Fascist blackshirts gather in Rome to demand the resignation of liberal Prime Minister Luigi Facta and the appointment of a new Fascist government<br />
<br />
28 October 1922 – King Victor Emmanuel III refuses the government request to declare martial law, which led to Facta’s resignation<br />
<br />
30 October 1922 – Mussolini arrives in Rome at 10:50 a.m.; he meets the king; he gives a speech proclaiming his new government; at 7 p.m. Mussolini and members of his cabinet sworn in<br />
<br />
November 1922 – Ludwig Wittgenstein’s <i>Logisch-Philosophische Abhandlung</i> is published in an English translation as <i>Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus</i><br />
<br />
November 1922–July 1927 – George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair) in Burma working in the Indian Imperial Police in Burma<br />
<br />
November 1922 – the Swedish Academy of Sciences awards Albert Einstein the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics<br />
<br />
26 November 1922 – Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon open the tomb of Tutankhamun<br />
<br />
December 1922 – T. S. Eliot’s poem <i>The Waste Land</i> published as a book (first appeared in the United Kingdom in the October issue of <i>The Criterion</i>)<br />
<br />
27 December 1922 – France occupies the Ruhr to force payment of war reparations from Germany in kind<br />
<br />
<b>1923</b><br />
1923 – Frank P. Ramsey graduates from Cambridge<br />
<br />
1923 – Karl Julius Beloch resumes teaching at University of Rome<br />
<br />
1923–1924 – Ronald Syme becomes assistant lecturer in Classics at the Auckland University College; in late 1924 he graduates with Double First Class Honours in Latin and French<br />
<br />
11 January 1923 – the Occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium between 1923 and 1925 when Weimar Republic fails to continue its reparation payments in the aftermath of World War I<br />
<br />
March 1923–May 1924 – Friedrich Hayek visits America<br />
<br />
May 1923 – Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport opened for mixed civilian use<br />
<br />
2 August 1923–4 March 1929 – Calvin Coolidge (Republican) is 30th President of the United States<br />
<br />
September 1923 – Frank P. Ramsey visits Wittgenstein in Vienna<br />
<br />
12 September 1923 – Southern Rhodesia annexed by Britain<br />
<br />
8 November 1923 – the Beer Hall Putsch, a failed coup attempt by the Adolf Hitler with Erich Ludendorff, to seize power in Munich, Bavaria<br />
<br />
6 December 1923 – the United Kingdom general election of 1923. The results:<blockquote><b>Party | Leader | Seats Won</b><br />
Conservative | Stanley Baldwin | 258<br />
Labour | Ramsay MacDonald | 191<br />
Liberal | H. H. Asquith | 158<br />
Nationalist | Joseph Devlin | 3.</BLOCKQUOTE>After the 1923 election, the Conservatives had lost their majority. When they lost a vote of confidence in January 1924 King George V calls on MacDonald to form a minority Labour government, with the support of the Liberals<br />
<br />
11 December 1923 – John Maynard Keynes publishes <i>A Tract on Monetary Reform</i><br />
<br />
<b>1924</b><br />
1924–1933 – Karl Polanyi is senior editor of the <i>Der Österreichische Volkswirt</i> (<i>The Austrian Economist</i>) magazine in Vienna<br />
<br />
January 1924 – end of the hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic<br />
<br />
21 January 1924 – Stanley Baldwin (Conservative) defeated in a vote of confidence<br />
<br />
21 January 1924 – death of Vladimir Lenin<br />
<br />
22 January 1924–4 November 1924 – Ramsay MacDonald (Labour) is Prime Minister of the United Kingdom<br />
<br />
12 February 1924 – Howard Carter opens the sarcophagus of king Tutankhamun<br />
<br />
April–11 June 1924 – the 1924 British Mount Everest expedition (with Charles G. Bruce, George Mallory, Howard Somervell, Edward Norton, Geoffrey Bruce, George Ingle Finch and Andrew Irvine); the second expedition trying to ascend Mount Everest, with three failed attempts. On 8 June, George Mallory and Andrew Irvine disappeared on the third attempt<br />
<br />
6 April 1924 – Italian general election 1924:<blockquote><b>Party | Percentage | Seats</b><br />
National List | 60.09% | 355<br />
Italian People's Party | 9.01% | 39<br />
Unitary Socialist Party | 5.90% | 24<br />
National List bis | 4.85% | 19<br />
Italian Socialist Party | 5.03% | 22<br />
Communist Party of Italy | 3.74% | 19 </BLOCKQUOTE>May 1924 – Friedrich Hayek admitted into Mises’ Privatseminar in Vienna<br />
<br />
26 May 1924 – enactment of the US Immigration Act of 1924 (or Johnson–Reed Act, including the National Origins Act, and Asian Exclusion Act)<br />
<br />
June 1924 – the premiere of Hamilton Deane’s play <i>Dracula</i> at the Grand Theatre, Derby<br />
<br />
13 July 1924 – the death of Alfred Marshall (26 July 1842–13 July 1924)<br />
<br />
July 1924 – Lytton Strachey and Dora Carrington move to Ham Spray House, near Marlborough, Wiltshire<br />
<br />
29 August 1924 – the Dawes Plan agreed by Reichstag<br />
<br />
September 1924 – John Maynard Keynes and Lydia Lopokova at Tilton house, South Downs near Lewes<br />
<br />
October 1924 – Austrian release date of the 1924 Italian silent <i>Quo Vadis</i> directed by Gabriellino D’Annunzio and Georg Jacoby, starring Emil Jannings, Elena Sangro and Lillian Hall-Davis<br />
<br />
October 1924 – Ezra Pound moves to Rapallo, Italy near Genoa<br />
<br />
October 1924–3 May 1945 – Ezra Pound lives in Rapallo, Italy<br />
<br />
23 October 1924 – the Chinese warlord Feng Yuxiang seizes Beijing in a coup<br />
<br />
25 October 1924 – the <i>Daily Mail</i> reports a purported letter from Grigory Zinoviev (President of the Communist International) to the British representative on the Comintern Executive<br />
<br />
29 October 1924 – United Kingdom general election held. The results:<blockquote><b>Party | Leader | Seats Won</b><br />
Conservative | Stanley Baldwin | 412<br />
Labour | Ramsay MacDonald | 151<br />
Liberal | H. H. Asquith | 40<br />
Constitutionalist | - | 7<br />
Communist | Albert Inkpin | 1.</BLOCKQUOTE>Churchill stands as MP for Epping for the Constitutionalist party<br />
<br />
29 October 1924–5 July 1945 – Winston Churchill is Member of Parliament for Epping<br />
<br />
4 November 1924–5 June 1929 – Stanley Baldwin (Conservative) is British Prime Minister<br />
<br />
5 November 1924 – the soldiers of the Chinese warlord Feng Yuxiang expel Puyi, the last Qing emperor of China, from the Forbidden City<br />
<br />
6 November 1924–4 June 1929 – Winston Churchill is Chancellor of the Exchequer<br />
<br />
6 November 1924 – John Maynard Keynes delivers the Sidney Ball lecture at Oxford university on “The End of <i>Laissez-Faire</i>”<br />
<br />
7 November 1924 – death of Augustus Henry Weikman (<i>Titanic’s</i> barber) in Burlington County, Pennsylvania<br />
<br />
30 November 1924 – Karl Julius Beloch formally restored as professor of Greek history at the University of Rome<br />
<br />
winter 1924–1936 – the Vienna Circle, a meeting of logical positivists, is held in weekly discussions. The phases were as follows:<blockquote>1921–1924 – irregular private phase with Hans Hahn and Moritz Schlick<br />
1924–1928 – the Schlick Circle (non-public phase of the Vienna Circle) <br />
1928–1934 – <i>Verein Ernst Mach</i> </BLOCKQUOTE>The circle broke up from 1934 to 1936<br />
<br />
20 December 1924 – Adolf Hitler released from Landsberg Prison in Germany<br />
<br />
<b>1925</b><br />
1 January 1925 – Edwin Hubble announces his discovery that galaxies exist outside the Milky Way<br />
<br />
3 January 1925 – Mussolini gives a speech in the Italian Chamber of Deputies; this marks the beginning of fascist dictatorship<br />
<br />
12 March 1925 – death of Sun Yat-sen (Premier of the Kuomintang of China 10 October 1919–12 March 1925), which leaves a vacuum in the Kuomintang<br />
<br />
3 May 1925 – Oswald Mosley gives a speech on the Birmingham Proposals at the Birmingham Town Hall<br />
<br />
13 May 1925 – the UK Gold Standard Act 1925<br />
<br />
20 May 1925 – C. S. Lewis elected to a fellowship in Magdalen College, Oxford<br />
<br />
20 May 1925–December 1954 – C. S. Lewis is professor of English Literature at Magdalen College, Oxford, with rooms in the New Building (built 1773) <br />
<br />
summer 1925 – Ludwig Wittgenstein visits England and stays with Keynes in Cambridge and Eccles in Manchester<br />
<br />
July 1925 – French and Belgian troops evacuate the Ruhr<br />
<br />
1 July 1925 – Joseph F. Rock publishes “Experiences of a Lone Geographer: An American Agricultural Explorer Makes His Way through Brigand-Infested Central China en Route to the Amne Machin Range, Tibet” in <i>National Geographic</i><br />
<br />
10 July 1925 – in Dayton, Tennessee, the “Monkey Trial” of John Thomas Scopes (a high school science teacher) accused of teaching evolution in violation of a Tennessee state law begins; on July 21, Scopes is found guilty of teaching evolution and fined $100; in 1927, Tennessee Supreme Court overturns the verdict<br />
<br />
26 July 1925 – death of William Jennings Bryan in Dayton, Tennessee<br />
<br />
4 August 1925 – John Maynard Keynes marries Lydia Lopokova at St Pancreas registry office; they take Oatlands house, near Iford for the summer<br />
<br />
8 August 1925 – birth of the ancient historian Ernst Badian in Austria<br />
<br />
August 1925 – John Maynard Keynes publishes <i>The Economic Consequences of Mr Churchill</i><br />
<br />
August 1925 – Oswald Mosley publishes <i>Revolution by Reason</i><br />
<br />
September 1925 – John Maynard Keynes and Lydia Lopokova visit Russia for two weeks; they visit Leningrad and Moscow; they return to England to live at 46 Gordon Square, Keynes’ London home<br />
<br />
October 1925–1927 – Ronald Syme educated at Oriel College, Oxford<br />
<br />
October 1925 – John Maynard Keynes decides to take Tilton house near Lewes<br />
<br />
October 1925 – J. R. R. Tolkien appointed Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon, with a fellowship at Pembroke College, Oxford<br />
<br />
3 October 1925 – birth of Gore Vidal in the cadet hospital of the U.S. Military Academy, at West Point, New York<br />
<br />
November 1925 – Henry Watson Fowler moves to Hinton, St George, Somerset<br />
<br />
December 1925 – John Maynard Keynes publishes <i>A Short View of Russia</i><br />
<br />
10 December 1925 – George Bernard Shaw awarded Nobel Prize<br />
<br />
<b>1926</b><br />
1926 – fictional date of the film <i>The Mummy</i>, directed by Stephen Sommers, starring Brendan Fraser, Rachel Weisz, John Hannah<br />
<br />
1926 – from 1926 Ludwig Wittgenstein takes part in discussions of the Vienna Circle <br />
<br />
1926 – Frank Plumpton Ramsey becomes university lecturer in mathematics at King’s College, Cambridge; later he becomes Director of Studies in mathematics<br />
<br />
17 January 1926 – Ayn Rand (Alisa Rosenbaum) leaves Russia for New York<br />
<br />
19 February 1926 – Ayn Rand arrives in New York<br />
<br />
3 March 1926 – John Maynard Keynes takes possession of Tilton house, South Downs near Lewes which he rents in a 21 year lease<br />
<br />
20 March 1926 – the Canton Coup (or Zhongshan Incident), the purge of Communists in the Chinese Nationalist army in Guangzhou by Chiang Kai-shek<br />
<br />
4–13 May 1926 – the 1926 general strike in the United Kingdom, called by the General Council of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) opposing the British government’s wage reduction for 1.2 million locked-out coal miners<br />
<br />
summer 1926 – Ludwig Lachmann visits the University of Zurich and becomes interested in Austrian economics<br />
<br />
5 June 1926 – Chiang Kai-shek named commander-in-chief of the Chinese National Revolutionary Army<br />
<br />
July 1926 – Hogarth Press publishes <i>The End of Laissez-Faire</i> by John Maynard Keynes<br />
<br />
25 September 1926 – John Maynard Keynes meets with David Lloyd George at Churt with 14 others to discuss a new Liberal radical program<br />
<br />
October 1926–1930 – Anthony Blunt at Trinity College, Cambridge<br />
<br />
October 1926–1939 – period of the Cambridge Five at Cambridge university:<blockquote>October 1926–1930 – Anthony Blunt at Trinity College, Cambridge as an undergraduate<br />
October 1926–1939 – Anthony Blunt’s time at Trinity College, Cambridge<br />
May 1928 – Anthony Blunt elected to the Cambridge Apostles<br />
October 1929–June 1933 – Kim Philby at Trinity College, Cambridge to read History and Economics<br />
October 1930–April 1935 – Guy Burgess arrives at Trinity College, Cambridge<br />
October 1931–October 1934 – Donald Maclean at Trinity College, Cambridge<br />
October 1932 – Anthony Blunt elected a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge<br />
November 1932 – Guy Burgess elected to the Apostles<br />
1 October 1934–1936 – John Cairncross at Trinity College, Cambridge<br />
February 1937–July 1939 – Kim Philby in Spain as a journalist in the Spanish Civil War, from the side of the pro-Franco forces<br />
May 1937–1940 – Kim Philby is a correspondent for <i>The Times</i></BLOCKQUOTE>October 1926–1939 – Anthony Blunt’s time at Trinity College, Cambridge:<blockquote>October 1926–1930 – Anthony Blunt at Trinity College, Cambridge as an undergraduate<br />
October 1927 – Anthony Blunt begins the study of modern languages<br />
May 1928 – Anthony Blunt elected to the Cambridge Apostles<br />
October 1932 – Anthony Blunt elected a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge<br />
1933 – Anthony Blunt visits the Soviet Union<br />
June 1940 – Anthony Blunt recruited by MI5 as a military liaison officer<br />
March 1945 – Anthony Blunt sent to Schloss Friedrichshof in Germany to retrieve letters of Queen Victoria and possibly letters from the Duke of Windsor<br />
1 April 1945–1972 – Anthony Blunt is Surveyor of the King’s Pictures<br />
1947 – Anthony Blunt becomes director of the Courtauld Institute<br />
23 April 1964 – Anthony Blunt secretly confessed to MI5 about his spying<br />
15, 21 November 1979 – Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher reveals Blunt’s guilt as a spy<br />
26 March 1983 – death of Anthony Blunt of heart attack at his London home</BLOCKQUOTE>8 November 1926 – arrest of Antonio Gramsci by Italian fascists<br />
<br />
December 1926 – Piero Sraffa publishes “The Laws of Returns under Competitive Conditions” in the <i>Economic Journal</i> (vol. 36, 1926)<br />
<br />
3–14 December 1926 – Agatha Christie disappears from her house in Styles, Sunningdale, Berkshire; she is found on 14 December 1926 at the Swan Hydropathic Hotel in Harrogate, Yorkshire<br />
<br />
<b>1927</b><br />
1 January 1927 – Royal Mail Steam Packet Company becomes new owner of the White Star Line from International Mercantile Marine<br />
<br />
7 January 1927 – the first transatlantic telephone call from New York City to London<br />
<br />
10 January 1927 – release date of the German expressionist science fiction film <i>Metropolis</i>, directed by Fritz Lang<br />
<br />
14 February 1927 – Deane Hamilton’s play <i>Dracula</i> opens in London at the Little Theatre<br />
<br />
April 1927 – Chiang Kai-shek makes Nanjing the new Kuomintang capital of China<br />
<br />
April 1927 – Nicholas Kaldor arrived in London to study at the LSE; Kaldor enrols for a BSc. in economics from October 1927<br />
<br />
25 April 1927 – birth of Albert Uderzo in Fismes in the Marne department of France<br />
<br />
4 May 1927 – filing of articles of incorporation of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS)<br />
<br />
20–21 May 1927 – Charles Lindbergh makes the first non-stop trans-Atlantic flight from New York to Paris in the monoplane Spirit of St. Louis<br />
<br />
22 June 1927–16 February 1959 – service years of the <i>SS Île de France</i>, built in Saint-Nazaire, France, for the Compagnie Générale Transatlantique (CGT or French Line)<br />
<br />
July 1927 – Piero Sraffa arrived in London; Sraffa accepts an offer by Keynes to take a lectureship at Cambridge university<br />
<br />
1 August 1927–22 December 1936 – first phase of Chinese Civil War between the Kuomintang (KMT) government of the Republic of China and the Communist Party of China (CPC)<br />
<br />
September 1927 – Bertrand Russell and Dora Russell (Dora Black) rent Telegraph House at Harting near Petersfield in Hampshire; they set up an experimental school at Beacon Hill; Russell involved from 1927 to 1932<br />
<br />
October 1927 – Anthony Blunt begins the study of modern languages<br />
<br />
October 1927 – opening of the Broadway adaptation of <i>Dracula</i> at the Fulton Theatre (New York) starring Bela Lugosi; it runs until 19 May 1928<br />
<br />
6 October 1927 – the release date of <i>The Jazz Singer</i>, the first feature-length motion picture with synchronized sound, directed by Alan Crosland and produced by Warner Bros<br />
<br />
<b>1928</b><br />
15 February 1928 – death of Herbert Henry Asquith<br />
<br />
7 March – beginning of the Shakhty Trial in the Soviet Union; Soviet police arrest engineers in the town of Shakhty, who are accused of sabotaging the Soviet economy<br />
<br />
11 March 1928 – Montague Summers’ <i>The Vampire: His Kith and Kin</i> published by K. Paul Trench<br />
<br />
April 1928 – John Maynard Keynes visits Russia<br />
<br />
April 1928–December 1929 – George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair) in Paris<br />
<br />
3 May–11 May 1928 – the Jinan incident, armed conflict between the Japanese Army (with Northern Chinese warlords) and the Kuomintang’s southern army in Jinan, the capital of Shandong<br />
<br />
May 1928 – Anthony Blunt elected to the Cambridge Apostles<br />
<br />
17 June 1928 – Amelia Earhart is flown across the Atlantic by Wilmer Stultz (with copilot/mechanic Louis Gordon) from Trepassey Harbor, Newfoundland to Pwll near Burry Port, South Wales during a flight of 20 hours, 40 minutes in a Fokker F.VIIb/3m<br />
<br />
28 June 1928–27 March 1930 – Hermann Müller is Chancellor of Germany (Social Democratic Party of Germany):<blockquote><b>Reichskanzler of the Weimar Republic</b><br />
30 March 1930–30 May 1932 – Heinrich Brüning is Chancellor (Centre Party)<br />
1 June 1932–17 November 1932 – Franz von Papen (non-partisan)<br />
3 December 1932–28 January 1933 – Kurt von Schleicher (non-partisan)<br />
30 January 1933–30 April 1945 – Adolf Hitler</BLOCKQUOTE>July 1928 – Joan Robinson arrives in London from India<br />
<br />
21 July 1928 – death of Ellen Terry<br />
<br />
27 August 1928 – the Kellogg–Briand Pact (or Pact of Paris) is signed by Germany, France, and the United States, a treaty that outlaws aggressive warfare<br />
<br />
1 October 1928 – Stalin announces the First Five Year Plan<br />
<br />
10 October 1928 – Chiang Kai-shek becomes director of the Chinese State Council<br />
<br />
6 November 1928 – the US presidential election of 1928, between the Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (Republican) and New York Governor Al Smith (Democratic)<br />
<br />
7 December 1928 – birth of Noam Chomsky<br />
<br />
<b>1929</b><br />
1929 – Ronald Syme elected tutor and fellow in ancient history at Trinity College, Oxford<br />
<br />
1929–1931 – the Untouchables under Eliot Ness work to end crimes of Al Capone by enforcing Prohibition laws<br />
<br />
January 1929 – Ludwig Wittgenstein returned to Cambridge<br />
<br />
10 January 1929–8 May 1930 – serialisation of Georges Prosper Remi’s (Hergé) “Tintin in the Land of the Soviets” (“Tintin au pays des Soviets”) in <i>Le Petit Vingtième</i><br />
<br />
17 January 1929 – Popeye the Sailor created by Elzie Crisler Segar first appears in daily King Features comic strip, <i>Thimble Theatre</i><br />
<br />
February 1929 – Trotsky deported from the Soviet Union; he lives in Turkey from 1929 to 1933; in France from 1933 to 1935; in Norway from 1935 to 1936; in Mexico from 1936 to 1940<br />
<br />
1 February 1929 – death of Karl Julius Beloch in Rome at his desk<br />
<br />
11 February 1929 – the Lateran Treaty (Lateran Pacts of 1929) the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See, settling the “Roman Question”; they were ratified by the Italian parliament ratified them on 7 June 1929; Vatican City is recognised as an independent state with financial compensation for the loss of the Papal States<br />
<br />
14 February 1929 – the Saint Valentine’s Day Massacre in Chicago<br />
<br />
March 1929 – Douglas Cole’s <i>The Next Ten Years in British Social and Economic Policy</i> is published<br />
<br />
March 1929 – Lloyd George published a Liberal program in the “Orange Book – We Can Conquer Unemployment” drawn up by Keynes<br />
<br />
4 March 1929 – Herbert Hoover is inaugurated as 31st President of the United States (president from 4 March 1929–4 March 1933)<br />
<br />
7–22 March 1929 – George Orwell admitted to the Hôpital Cochin, Paris from bronchitis<br />
<br />
15 April 1929 – Ayn Rand marries Frank O’Connor<br />
<br />
10 May 1929 – the UK Parliament dissolved<br />
<br />
10 May 1929 – Hubert Henderson and John Maynard Keynes publish <i>Can Lloyd George do it?</I>, a pamphlet in support of the Liberal campaign under the leadership of David Lloyd George<br />
<br />
16 May 1929 – the 1st Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) for the best films of 1927 and 1928, held at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in Los Angeles, California<br />
<br />
21 May 1929 – death of Archibald Primrose (5th Earl of Rosebery) at The Durdans, Epsom, Surrey<br />
<br />
30 May 1929 – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_general_election,_1929">1929 United Kingdom general election</a> was held; Winston Churchill stands as MP for Unionists. The results:<blockquote><b>Party | Leader | Seats Won</b><br />
Conservative | Stanley Baldwin | 260<br />
Labour | Ramsay MacDonald | 287<br />
Liberal | David Lloyd George | 59.</BLOCKQUOTE>The UK Labour Party under Ramsay MacDonald wins 287 seats, but fails to secure a majority and forms a minority Labour government with Liberals<br />
<br />
30 May 1929 – Cynthia (Cimmie) Mosley elected Labour MP for Stoke-on-Trent<br />
<br />
5 June 1929–7 June 1935 – Ramsay MacDonald is British Prime Minister:<blockquote>24 August–27 October 1931 – Ramsay MacDonald forms a National Government with Conservatives, Liberals and a new National Labour group<br />
27 October 1931 – United Kingdom general election<br />
5 November 1931–7 June 1935 – the Second National Ministry in office in the UK<br />
7 June 1935–28 May 1937 – Stanley Baldwin is Prime Minister of Britain</BLOCKQUOTE>7 June 1929 – a Committee headed by American industrialist Owen D. Young submits its first report with the Young Plan, a program for settling German reparations debts after World War I<br />
<br />
August 1929–March 1933 – the contractionary phase of the US Great Depression<br />
<br />
15–17 September 1929 – the First Conference on the Epistemology of the Exact Sciences of logical positivists, held in Prague; this marks the international establishment of the Vienna circle<br />
<br />
October 1929 – publication of the official manifesto of the Vienna Circle called <i>Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung. Der Wiener Kreis</i> (<i>The Scientific Conception of the World. The Vienna Circle</i>)<br />
<br />
October 1929 – Kim Philby goes to Trinity College, Cambridge to read History and Economics<br />
<br />
October 1929 – Winston Churchill in New York<br />
<br />
October 1929 – A. J. Ayer goes up to Christ Church College, Oxford<br />
<br />
October 1929 – Joan Robinson and Austin Robinson return to Cambridge; from 1929–1930 Joan Robinson attends Piero Sraffa’s lectures<br />
<br />
24 October 1929 – “Black Thursday” on the New York stock exchange, the beginning of the US Stock Market Crash of 1929<br />
<br />
29 October 1929 – “Black Tuesday” on the New York stock exchange, the Wall Street Crash of 1929<br />
<br />
5 November 1929 – appointment of the Macmillan Committee (the Committee on Finance and Industry) composed of Hugh Pattison Macmillan (chairman), Ernest Bevin, Lord Bradbury, R. H. Brand, Theodore Gregory, John Maynard Keynes, and Reginald McKenna<br />
<br />
20 December 1929 – the De Beers board elects Ernest Oppenheimer as chairman of De Beers<br />
<br />
<center><b>1930s</b></center><b>1930</b><br />
1930 – Baron Philippe de Rothschild first sells the 1930 vintage under the “Mouton Cadet” label (from Philippe de Rothschild’s place as “cadet,” the youngest son of the family)<br />
<br />
January 1930 – second Hague Conference in which the Young Plan is adopted<br />
<br />
3 January 1930 – death of Julius Kaerst in Würzburg<br />
<br />
24 January 1930 – the UK Labour government announces the establishment of the Economic Advisory Council<br />
<br />
19 January 1930 – death of Frank Plumpton Ramsey<br />
<br />
30 March 1930–30 May 1932 – Heinrich Brüning is Chancellor (Centre Party) of Germany:<blockquote><b>Reichskanzler of the Weimar Republic</b><br />
28 June 1928–27 March 1930 – Hermann Müller (Social Democratic Party of Germany)<br />
30 March 1930–30 May 1932 – Heinrich Brüning is Chancellor (Centre Party)<br />
1 June 1932–17 November 1932 – Franz von Papen (non-partisan)<br />
3 December 1932–28 January 1933 – Kurt von Schleicher (non-partisan)<br />
30 January 1933–30 April 1945 – Adolf Hitler</BLOCKQUOTE>21 April 1930 – release of the US movie <i>All Quiet on the Western Front</i>, adapted from a novel by Erich Maria Remarque<br />
<br />
24 April 1930 – marriage of Edda Mussolini and Galeazzo Ciano (son of Admiral Count Costanzo Ciano)<br />
<br />
May 1930 – Oswald Mosley resigns from his ministerial position within the government of Ramsay MacDonald<br />
<br />
June 1930–August 1932 – the Sino-Tibetan War between Tibet (under the 13th Dalai Lama) and Chinese warlords Ma Bufang and Liu Wenhui and Chiang Kai-shek (leader of the Republic of China)<br />
<br />
17 June 1930 – the US Tariff Act of 1930 (known as the Smoot–Hawley Tariff) signed into law<br />
<br />
30 June 1930 – French troops leave the Rhineland ahead of schedule<br />
<br />
7 July 1930 – death of Arthur Conan Doyle in his house in Crowborough, East Sussex<br />
<br />
28 July 1930 – the Canadian federal election of 1930; Richard Bedford Bennett’s Conservative Party wins a majority government, and defeats the Liberal Party led by Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King<br />
<br />
September 1930–April 1931 – Kurdish revolt in Iraq<br />
<br />
October 1930 – Guy Burgess arrives at Trinity College, Cambridge<br />
<br />
October 1930 – John Maynard Keynes published “Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren” in <i>The Nation and Athenaeum</i><br />
<br />
October 1930 – John Maynard Keynes’ <i>A Treatise on Money</i> published<br />
<br />
December 1930–January 1931 – Albert Einstein visited America<br />
<br />
<b>1931</b><br />
1931 – International Mercantile Marine Co. merged with the Roosevelt Steamship Company to form Roosevelt International Mercantile Marine Company (RIMM)<br />
<br />
1931 – Rudolf Carnap accepts a chair of natural philosophy at the German University in Prague, Czechoslovakia<br />
<br />
January 1931 – the future Edward VIII first meets Wallis Simpson, an American divorcée <br />
<br />
January 1931 – Friedrich Hayek arrives in London; he gives four lectures at the London School of Economics (LSE) that are later published as <i>Prices and Production</i> (1931)<br />
<br />
30 January 1931 – Charlie Chaplin’s silent film <i>City Lights</i> is released<br />
<br />
14 February 1931 – release date of the famous Universal picture <i>Dracula</i> (12 February 1931 in New York), starring Bela Lugosi<br />
<br />
3 March 1931 – death of Frank Russell (2nd Earl Russell), brother of Bertrand Russell, at the Hotel Noailles, Marseilles; Bertrand Russell becomes the third Earl Russell<br />
<br />
6 March 1931 – cremation of Frank Russell (2nd Earl Russell) in St. Pierre cemetery in Marseilles<br />
<br />
20 April 1931 – death of Cosmo Duff-Gordon in 5 Alfred Place, South Kensington, London<br />
<br />
4 May 1931 – Piero Sraffa appointed as Marshall Librarian at Cambridge<br />
<br />
11 May 1931 – the Austrian bank Kreditanstalt collapses<br />
<br />
11 May 1931 – release date of <i>M</i>, directed by Fritz Lang and starring Peter Lorre<br />
<br />
20 May 1931–3 February 1932 – fictional date of James Hilton’s novel <i>Lost Horizon</i>:<blockquote>1713 – Father Perrault arrives in Shangri-La (film)<br />
c. 1719 – Father Perrault arrives in Shangri-La (book)<br />
1734 – Father Perrault begins to live in the reconstructed lamasery<br />
1804 – Austrian Henschell arrives in Shangri-La<br />
1809 – Henschell travels to Peking<br />
1887 – Friedrich Meister visits Tibet<br />
c. 1914 – Hugh Conway at Oxford<br />
c. 1918–1921 – Hugh Conway is a don at Oxford<br />
1921 – Hugh Conway goes to the east<br />
1929–1931 – Hugh Conway in Baskul<br />
20 May 1931 – 10 am: Hugh Conway leaves Baskul (= Kabul? in Afghanistan or India) to Peshawar in India<br />
20 May 1931 – noon: plane refuels in mountain valley, then travels to the east<br />
September–November 1931 – M. V. O. Rutherford in China<br />
5 October 1931 – Hugh Conway arrives in Chung-Kiang (probably Chongqing) where he is discovered in a French mission hospital<br />
November 1931 – Hugh Conway takes a ship from Shanghai to Yokohama, and to Honolulu (bound for San Francisco, US) where he escapes via a boat to Fiji and Bangkok <br />
3 February 1932 – Hugh Conway leaves Bangkok for northern Siam and China<br />
c. May 1932 – a neurologist, M. V. O. Rutherford (a novelist), their old school-friend Wyland Tertius (a secretary at the British embassy) and Sanders have dinner at Tempelhof, Berlin<br />
April 1933? – the neurologist and M. V. O. Rutherford meet in Delhi</BLOCKQUOTE>30 May 1931–18 July 1931 – John Maynard Keynes in America<br />
<br />
summer 1931 – John Kenneth Galbraith arrives in Berkeley, California, to pursue a Master of Science and PhD in agricultural economics<br />
<br />
20 June 1931 – Herbert Hoover announced the Hoover Moratorium (1 year moratorium on German debt payments), approved by Congress and, after some initial resistance by France, by 15 other nations<br />
<br />
1 July 1931 – Joseph F. Rock publishes “Konka Risumgongba, Holy Mountain of the Outlaws” in <i>National Geographic</i>, after his visit to Yading in 1928, which inspires James Hilton <br />
<br />
13 July 1931 – report of the Macmillan Committee on Finance and Industry published (called the Macmillan Report), largely written by Keynes<br />
<br />
24 August 1931 – Ramsay MacDonald forms a National Government with Conservatives, Liberals and a new National Labour group <br />
<br />
September 1931 – Friedrich Hayek publishes <i>Prices and Production</i> (1931)<br />
<br />
3 September 1931–20 October 1932 – serialisation of Georges Prosper Remi’s (or Hergé) Tintin story <i>Tintin in America</i> in the Belgian newspaper <i>Le Vingtième Siècle</i><br />
<br />
18 September 1931 – the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, in which the Kwantung Army of the Empire of Japan invades Manchuria after the Mukden Incident; the invasion occurs from 18 September 1931–27 February 1932<br />
<br />
20 September 1931 – Britain abandoned the gold standard<br />
<br />
October 1931 – Donald Maclean arrives at Trinity College, Cambridge<br />
<br />
17 October 1931 – Al Capone convicted on five tax evasion charges and sentenced to 11 years in prison<br />
<br />
27 October 1931 – United Kingdom general election held. The results:<blockquote><b>Party | Leader | Seats Won</b><br />
<b>National Government</b><br />
Conservative | Stanley Baldwin | 470<br />
Liberal | Herbert Samuel | 33<br />
Liberal National | John Simon | 35<br />
National Labour | Ramsay MacDonald | 13<br />
National | - | 4<br />
<br />
<b>Opposition</b><br />
Labour | Arthur Henderson | 46<br />
Ind. Labour Party | Fenner Brockway | 3<br />
Opposition Liberal | David Lloyd George | 4<br />
Nationalist | Joseph Devlin | 2<br />
New Party | Oswald Mosley | 0.</BLOCKQUOTE>Churchill stands as MP for Epping for the Conservative party; the opposition Liberal party under David Lloyd George is reduced to 4 seats<br />
<br />
5 November 1931–7 June 1935 – the Second National Ministry in office in the UK, which was coalition of National Labour, the Conservative Party, the Liberal Party, and the Liberal National Party<br />
<br />
21 November 1931 – US release date of the famous Universal Pictures movie <i>Frankenstein</i>, starring Boris Karloff<br />
<br />
13 December 1931 – John Maynard Keynes addresses a socialist group on “The Dilemma of Modern Socialism”<br />
<br />
<b>1932</b><br />
1932–1933 – Paul M. Sweezy in London at the London School of Economics for the academic year; he travelled to Vienna during breaks<br />
<br />
1932 – Nicholas Kaldor appointed to an Assistant Lectureship at the LSE<br />
<br />
1932–1934 – John Cairncross spends two years at the Sorbonne in Paris<br />
<br />
1932–1933 – the Soviet famine of major grain-producing areas in the Soviet Union; the Holodomor (or the Great Famine of the Ukraine) is part of this<br />
<br />
21 January 1932 – death of Giles Lytton Strachey from stomach cancer<br />
<br />
January 1932 – John Maynard Keynes visits Hamburg, Germany and Berlin; Keynes meets Heinrich Brüning<br />
<br />
March 1932 – Piero Sraffa publishes his article “Dr. Hayek on Money and Capital” in the <i>Economic Journal</i><br />
<br />
1 March 1932 – Puyi, the last Qing emperor of China, installed by Japanese as the ruler of Manchukuo (the Japanese puppet state); he was officially crowned the emperor of Manchukuo in 1934<br />
<br />
May 1932 – Robert Ervin Howard’s “The Horror from the Mound” published in <i>Weird Tales</i>, set ten miles from Coyote Wells in West Texas<br />
<br />
20 May 1932–25 July 1934 – Engelbert Dollfuss Chancellor of Austria<br />
<br />
20 May 1932 – Amelia Earhart flies from Harbour Grace, Newfoundland to Culmore, north of Derry, Northern Ireland, in a single engine Lockheed Vega 5B, and is the first woman to fly across the Atlantic<br />
<br />
June 1932 – first appearance of the character Conan the Barbarian in <i>Strange Tales of Mystery and Terror</i> in the short story “People of the Dark” by Robert E. Howard<br />
<br />
1 June 1932–17 November 1932 – Franz von Papen is Chancellor of Germany<br />
<br />
16 June–9 July 1932 – Lausanne Conference; the Western nations agree to suspend German reparations payments. Even though it was rejected by US Congress, the pre-Nazi German government still had enough power to refuse to make any more debt repayments<br />
<br />
June 1932 – final exams of A. J. Ayer before his graduation with a Bachelor of Arts from Christ Church College, Oxford; Ayer appointed to a lectureship in philosophy<br />
<br />
June 1932 – A. J. Ayer meets Ludwig Wittgenstein in Whewell’s Court, Trinity College, Cambridge<br />
<br />
6 June 1932 – the US Revenue Act of 1932 signed into law, which raises tax rates across the board<br />
<br />
21 July 1932 – Emergency Relief and Construction Act enacted by Herbert Hoover<br />
<br />
6 July 1932 – death of Kenneth Grahame (author of <i>The Wind in the Willows</i>) in Pangbourne, Berkshire<br />
<br />
August 1932–1933 – Willard Van Orman Quine travels in Europe, meets the Polish logicians Stanislaw Lesniewski and Alfred Tarski, members of the Vienna Circle including Rudolf Carnap, and A. J. Ayer<br />
<br />
September 1932 – Joseph Schumpeter moves to the United States and takes up a professorship at Harvard University<br />
<br />
23 September 1932 – Ibn Saud united his dominions into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with himself as its king<br />
<br />
October 1932 – Anthony Blunt elected a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge<br />
<br />
October 1932–1 March 1933 – Willard Van Orman Quine visits Vienna<br />
<br />
19 October 1932 – a letter signed by Friedrich Hayek, Lionel Robbins and others is printed in the <i>Times</i> rejecting government spending<br />
<br />
November 1932 – Guy Burgess elected to the Apostles<br />
<br />
8 November 1932 – the US presidential election of 1932<br />
<br />
25 November 1932 – A. J. Ayer marries Renée Lees<br />
<br />
December 1932 – second appearance of the character Conan the Cimmerian in Robert E. Howard’s “The Phoenix on the Sword” in <i>Weird Tales</i><br />
<br />
December 1932 – the US Congress rejects the Allied war debt reduction plan agreed on at the Lausanne Conference<br />
<br />
December 1932–March 1933 – Alfred Jules Ayer attended meetings of the Vienna Circle in Vienna, Austria<br />
<br />
3 December 1932–28 January 1933 – Kurt von Schleicher (non-partisan) is Chancellor of Germany:<blockquote><b>Reichskanzler of the Weimar Republic</b><br />
28 June 1928–27 March 1930 – Hermann Müller (Social Democratic Party of Germany)<br />
30 March 1930–30 May 1932 – Heinrich Brüning is Chancellor (Centre Party)<br />
1 June 1932–17 November 1932 – Franz von Papen (non-partisan)<br />
3 December 1932–28 January 1933 – Kurt von Schleicher (non-partisan)<br />
30 January 1933–30 April 1945 – Adolf Hitler</BLOCKQUOTE>8 December 1932–8 February 1934 – serialisation of Georges Prosper Remi’s (or Hergé) Tintin story <i>Cigars of the Pharaoh</i> in the Belgian newspaper <i>Le Vingtième Siècle</i><br />
<br />
22 December 1932 – release date of the Universal Studios film <i>The Mummy</i>, directed by Karl Freund and starring Boris Karloff<br />
<br />
<b>1933</b><br />
1933–1937 – Paul M. Sweezy at Harvard for a doctorate degree<br />
<br />
1933 – Anthony Blunt visits the Soviet Union<br />
<br />
9 January 1933 – George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair) publishes <i>Down and Out in Paris and London</i><br />
<br />
30 January 1933 – Paul von Hindenburg appoints Adolf Hitler as chancellor of Germany<br />
<br />
February–March 1933 – Albert Einstein visits America<br />
<br />
27 February 1933 – in Germany the Reichstag building was set on fire<br />
<br />
28 February 1933 – Paul von Hindenburg passes the Reichstag Fire Decree<br />
<br />
spring 1933 – Ludwig Lachmann comes to England to the LSE from Germany<br />
<br />
1 March–April 1933 – Willard Van Orman Quine visits Prague to see Rudolf Carnap<br />
<br />
March 1933 – Rudolf Hilferding flees Germany to Denmark, and then to Switzerland<br />
<br />
c. March 1933–1938 – Rudolf Hilferding lives in Zurich, Switzerland<br />
<br />
March 1933 – end of the contractionary phase of the US Great Depression<br />
<br />
March 1933 – the Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss dissolved Austria’s National Assembly and ruled by emergency decree<br />
<br />
c. March 1933 – Joan Robinson publishes <i>The Economics of Imperfect Competition</i><br />
<br />
2 March–May 1933 – the failed British Mount Everest expedition (of Lawrence Wager, Percy Wyn-Harris, E. E. Shipton, Hugh Ruttledge, C. G. Crawford and F. S. Smythe) attempts to climb Everest<br />
<br />
4 March 1933 – Franklin Delano Roosevelt became President of the United States (in office from 4 March 1933–12 April 1945)<br />
<br />
5 March 1933 – Federal elections held in Germany; National Socialist German Workers Party 43.91% of the vote; Social Democratic Party of Germany 18.25%; Communist Party of Germany 12.32%; Centre Party 11.25%<br />
<br />
6 March 1933 – Franklin Delano Roosevelt declares a four-day banking holiday in the United States<br />
<br />
9 March 1933 – the US Emergency Banking Act (the Emergency Banking Relief Act) is passed by the United States Congress <br />
<br />
13 March 1933 – the Institute for Social Research or Institut für Sozialforschung (IfS) is closed down by the German government, a research organisation and home of the Frankfurt School and critical theory, moves to Geneva and in 1934 moves to New York City, where it becomes affiliated with Columbia University<br />
<br />
23 March 1933 – the Reichstag voted to pass the Enabling Act, which transforms Hitler’s government into a de facto legal dictatorship<br />
<br />
28 March 1933 – Albert Einstein arrives in Antwerp and formally renounced his German citizenship<br />
<br />
1 April 1933 – Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses in Germany<br />
<br />
7 April 1933 – release date of the Radio Pictures film <i>King Kong</i> (release date in New York 7 March 1933), starring Fay Wray and Robert Armstrong<br />
<br />
19 April 1933 – the United States abandoned the gold standard<br />
<br />
2 May 1933 – Hitler outlawed German trade unions<br />
<br />
June 1933 – Kim Philby graduates from Cambridge with upper second-class honours in economics<br />
<br />
16 June 1933 – the US National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) signed into law by Franklin Delano Roosevelt<br />
<br />
July–October 1933 – Albert Einstein flees from Belgium and lives in England<br />
<br />
31 July 1933 – Fritz Lang flees Berlin<br />
<br />
25 August 1933 – signing of the Haavara Agreement between Nazi Germany and German Jews<br />
<br />
September 1933 – James Hilton publishes his novel <i>Lost Horizon</i><br />
<br />
October 1933 – Albert Einstein returns to the US to the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey<br />
<br />
November 1933 – Karl Polanyi moves to London from Vienna (his wife follows him in 1936)<br />
<br />
26 December 1933 – death of Henry Watson Fowler<br />
<br />
<b>1934</b><br />
1 January 1934 – UK publication of <i>Murder on the Orient Express</i> by Agatha Christie, featuring the fictional detective Hercule Poirot<br />
<br />
30 January 1934 – the US Congress passed the Gold Reserve Act, which nationalised all gold and ordered the Federal Reserve banks to turn over gold supply to the US Treasury<br />
<br />
12 February 1934–16 February 1934 – Austrian Civil War (or February Uprising), the battles between socialist and conservative-fascist forces in Austria, which in Vienna, Graz, Bruck an der Mur, Judenburg, Wiener Neustadt and Steyr <br />
<br />
February 1934 – Kim Philby and Litzi Friedmann are married<br />
<br />
March 1934 – Ludwig von Mises accepted an offer from the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva to become a visiting professor<br />
<br />
May 1934 – publication of <i>I, Claudius</i> by English writer Robert Graves<br />
<br />
9 May–8 June 1934 – John Maynard Keynes in America<br />
<br />
10 May 1934 – the White Star Line and Cunard merged to create Cunard-White Star Limited<br />
<br />
23 May 1934 – deaths of Bonnie Elizabeth Parker (1 October 1910–23 May 1934) and Clyde Chestnut Barrow aka Clyde Champion Barrow (24 March 1909–23 May 1934)<br />
<br />
28 May 1934 – John Maynard Keynes meets Franklin Delano Roosevelt<br />
<br />
June 1934 – Theodor W. Adorno registers at Merton College, Oxford and spends four years at Oxford under the direction of Gilbert Ryle<br />
<br />
12 June 1934 – the German film director Fritz Lang arrives in New York after fleeing Germany<br />
<br />
29 June 1934 – Night of the Long Knives in Germany<br />
<br />
14 June 1934 – Adolf Hitler meets Mussolini in Venice and they travel to Padua for a conference<br />
<br />
July 1934 – Columbia university invites the Institute for Social Research (Frankfurt School) to affiliate with the university and move to America<br />
<br />
14 July 1934 – John Tyndall born at Stork Nest, Topsham Road in Exeter, Devon<br />
<br />
24 July 1934 – death of Hans Hahn, the Austrian mathematician and member of the Vienna circle<br />
<br />
9 August 1934–17 October 1935 – serialisation of Georges Prosper Remi’s (or Hergé) story <i>The Blue Lotus</i>, set in China and mentioning the Japanese invasion of Manchuria<br />
<br />
2 August 1934 – death of Paul von Hindenburg, President of Germany<br />
<br />
9 September 1934 – death of Roger Eliot Fry (14 December 1866–9 September 1934), the English painter and critic<br />
<br />
October 1934 – Donald Maclean graduated from Trinity Hall, Cambridge<br />
<br />
October 1934 – James Hilton publishes his novel <i>Goodbye, Mr. Chips</i> in the UK (release date in the US June 1934)<br />
<br />
1 October 1934–1936 – John Cairncross at Trinity College, Cambridge<br />
<br />
25 October 1934 – Ludwig von Mises begins lecturing at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva<br />
<br />
December 1934 – the short story “The Graveyard Duchess” published in <i>Weird Tales</i> by Flemish Belgian writer Raymundus Joannes de Kremer (under the pseudonym John Flanders)<br />
<br />
December 1934 – Karl Popper publishes <i>Logik der Forschung. Zur Erkenntnistheorie der modernen Naturwissenschaft</i> (<i>The Logic of Scientific Discovery</i>)<br />
<br />
December 1934 – Ludwig von Mises briefly returns to Vienna to work as consultant for the Vienna <i>Kammer</i><br />
<br />
December 1934 – Guy Burgess was recruited as a Soviet spy by Arnold Deutsch<br />
<br />
<b>1935</b><br />
1935 – Ronald Syme elected to lectureship at Oxford<br />
<br />
1935 – fictional date of the <i>Doctor Who</i> serial “The Abominable Snowmen,” set in Tibet at the Detsen Monastery (or in 1930)<br />
<br />
January 1935 – George L. S. Shackle arrives at the LSE as a PhD student of Hayek<br />
<br />
March 1935 – publication of <i>Claudius the God</i> by English writer Robert Graves<br />
<br />
c. March 1935 – fictional date of the film <i>Lost Horizon</i><br />
<br />
16 March 1935 – Adolf Hitler announces rearmament of Germany, construction of an air force, and plans for conscription, in violation of the Treaty of Versailles<br />
<br />
28 March 1935 – the release date of <i>Triumph of the Will</i> directed, produced, edited, and co-written by Leni Riefenstahl about the 1934 Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg<br />
<br />
April 1935 – Guy Burgess leaves Cambridge<br />
<br />
5 April 1935 – <i>Olympic</i>, withdrawn from transatlantic service, leaves New York for the last time <br />
<br />
6 May 1935 – the Silver Jubilee of King George V and Queen Mary<br />
<br />
8 May 1935–1940 – A. J. Ayer elected to a 5-year research studentship (fellowship) at Oxford<br />
<br />
10 May 1935 – New York release date of the famous Universal picture <i>Bride of Frankenstein</i>, starring Boris Karloff<br />
<br />
13 May 1935 – US release date of the famous Universal Pictures movie <i>Werewolf of London</i>, starring Henry Hull<br />
<br />
19 May 1935 – death of T. E. Lawrence in a motorcycle accident in Dorset, near his cottage (Clouds Hill), near Wareham<br />
<br />
7 June 1935–28 May 1937 – Stanley Baldwin is Prime Minister of the UK<br />
<br />
13 June–22 June 1935 – fictional date of the film <i>Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom</i> (1984), set in Pankot Province, in the country along the Yamuna River, 80–100 miles northeast of Delhi and 20–30 miles north of Rampur<br />
<br />
18 June 1935 – the Anglo-German Naval Agreement of 1935, a naval agreement between the UK and Germany; this regulated the size of the <i>Kriegsmarine</i> to 35% of the total tonnage of the Royal Navy; the agreement was renounced by Adolf Hitler on 28 April 1939<br />
<br />
4 July–14 August 1935 – the 1935 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition, including Eric Shipton<br />
<br />
July 1935 – Bertrand Russell and Dora Black divorce<br />
<br />
autumn 1935 – Guy Burgess graduates from Cambridge<br />
<br />
10 September 1935 – assassination of Huey Pierce Long, Jr.<br />
<br />
15 September 1935 – Nuremberg Laws introduced in Germany<br />
<br />
October 1935 – George L. S. Shackle visits Cambridge for a research students’ seminar and listens to a talk by Joan Robinson on Keynes’ work on the <i>General Theory</i>; Shackle becomes a Keynesian<br />
<br />
October 1935 – Donald Maclean begins work at the Foreign Office:<blockquote>October 1935 – Donald Maclean begins work at the Foreign Office<br />
24 September 1938–13 June 1940 – Donald Maclean is Third Secretary at HM Embassy, Paris<br />
c. June 1940–April 1944 – Donald Maclean is Foreign Office’s expert in economic warfare, civil air matters, and military base negotiations<br />
6 May 1944–November 1948 – Donald Maclean is First Secretary of the British embassy in Washington<br />
October 1948–May 1950 – Donald Maclean is head of Chancery at the British embassy in Cairo<br />
May 1950 – Donald Maclean returns to Britain<br />
c. October 1950–25 May 1951 – Donald Maclean is head of the American Department in the Foreign Office<br />
25 May 1951 – Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean flee from Britain to Russia<br />
6 March 1983 – death of Donald Maclean in Russia</BLOCKQUOTE>3 October 1935–May 1936 – the Second Italo-Ethiopian War (Second Italo-Abyssinian War), a colonial between Italy and the Ethiopian Empire; Italy occupied Ethiopia<br />
<br />
11 October 1935 – <i>Olympic</i> leaves Southampton for the last time for Jarrow (arrives on the 13th)<br />
<br />
November 1935 – the election of the first Labour Government in New Zealand under Michael Joseph Savage (23 March 1872–27 March 1940; Prime Minister from 6 December 1935–27 March 1940)<br />
<br />
14 November 1935 – United Kingdom general election 1935. The result:<blockquote><b>Party | Leader | Seats Won</b><br />
<b>National</b><br />
Conservative | Stanley Baldwin | 387<br />
Liberal National | John Simon | 33<br />
National Labour | Ramsay MacDonald | 8<br />
<br />
<b>Opposition</b><br />
Labour | Clement Attlee | 154<br />
Liberal | Herbert Samuel | 21.</BLOCKQUOTE>The result was a reduced majority for the National Government led by Conservative Stanley Baldwin<br />
<br />
December 1935 – Rudolf Carnap moves from Prague to the University of Chicago<br />
<br />
5 December 1935–25 February 1937 – serialisation of Georges Prosper Remi’s (or Hergé) Tintin story <i>The Broken Ear</i> in the Belgian newspaper <i>Le Petit Vingtième</i><br />
<br />
winter 1935 – Karl Polanyi visits the United States<br />
<br />
<b>1936</b><br />
1936–1940 – the future Neoconservative Irving Kristol attends City College of New York<br />
<br />
1936–1938 – the Great Purge (or the Great Terror) in Russia<br />
<br />
January 1936 – Bertrand Russell and Patricia Spence are married<br />
<br />
January 1936 – Alfred Jules Ayer publishes his book <i>Language, Truth and Logic</i><br />
<br />
18 January 1936 – death of Rudyard Kipling<br />
<br />
20 January 1936 – death of George V (reigned 6 May 1910–20 January 1936)<br />
<br />
20 January 1936–11 December 1936 – reign of Edward VIII <br />
<br />
22 January 1936 – fall of the government of Pierre Laval in France<br />
<br />
5 February 1936 – Charlie Chaplin’s film <i>Modern Times</i> is released<br />
<br />
February 1936 – John Maynard Keynes’ <i>The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money</i> is published<br />
<br />
16 February 1936 – Spanish general legislative election, which was won by the Popular Front, a left-wing coalition of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), Republican Left (Spain) (IR), Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (ERC), Republican Union (UR), Communist Party (PCE), Acció Catalana (AC) and other parties<br />
<br />
March 1936 – Charles Coughlin begins publication of his weekly magazine <i>Social Justice</i><br />
<br />
4 March 1936 – the first flight of airship Hindenburg in Germany <br />
<br />
7 March 1936 – reoccupation of the Rhineland by Hitler<br />
<br />
March 1936 – Michał Kalecki arrived in England from Sweden<br />
<br />
25 April–17 June 1936 – 1936 British Mount Everest expedition<br />
<br />
28 April 1936–26 July 1952 – reign of Farouk of Egypt<br />
<br />
9 May 1936 – Italy annexes Ethiopia<br />
<br />
11 May 1936 – release date of the film <i>Dracula’s Daughter</i> by Universal Studios directed by Lambert Hillyer<br />
<br />
June 1936 – Peter Cushing begins to work at the Connaught Theatre in Worthing<br />
<br />
22 June 1936 – murder of Moritz Schlick<br />
<br />
16 July 1936 – assassination attempt on Edward VIII as he rode through Hyde Park, after the Colour ceremony, when George McMahon threw a revolver at the king<br />
<br />
17–18 July 1936 – Spanish coup of July 1936, a group of officers attempt to overthrow the left-wing Popular Front government <br />
<br />
17 July 1936–1 April 1939 – Spanish Civil War<br />
<br />
1–16 August 1936 – the 1936 Summer Olympics held in Berlin, Germany<br />
<br />
August 1936 – King Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson on a private cruise of the Adriatic Sea on board the <i>Nahlin</i><br />
<br />
4 August 1936 – a military coup in Greece by General Ioannis Metaxas<br />
<br />
19–23 August 1936 – the first Moscow show trial<br />
<br />
24 August 1936 – Germany increases duration of compulsory military service from 1 year to 2 years<br />
<br />
26 August 1936 – the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 between the United Kingdom and Egypt signed in London; the UK was required to withdraw all troops from Egypt, except those protecting Suez Canal and its surroundings<br />
<br />
29 August 1936 – the British–American Himalayan Expedition of 1936 (with Peter Lloyd and H. Adams Carter, Bill Tilman and Noel Odell) ascends Nanda Devi<br />
<br />
September 1936–1939 – Gore Vidal attends St. Albans School in Washington<br />
<br />
September 1936 – King Edward VIII received in Turkey on an unofficial visit<br />
<br />
4 September 1936 – Lloyd George visits Hitler at the Berghof<br />
<br />
7 September–7 October 1936 – fictional date of the film <i>Raiders of the Lost Ark</i><br />
<br />
October 1936 – Eric Hobsbawm went up to King’s College, Cambridge to read History<br />
<br />
1 October 1936 – Guy Burgess starts work at the BBC Staff Training College, but soon works an assistant producer in the BBC corporation’s Talks Department<br />
<br />
c. October 1936–November 1938 – Guy Burgess is an assistant producer in the BBC corporation’s Talks Department<br />
<br />
4 October 1936 – Battle of Cable Street, in Cable Street, East End of London, a clash between British Union of Fascists (led by Oswald Mosley) and anti-fascist demonstrators<br />
<br />
5–31 October 1936 – Jarrow March (or the Jarrow Crusade) from Jarrow to London, organised protest march against the unemployment suffered in the Tyneside town of Jarrow<br />
<br />
21 October 1936 – the siege of Madrid begins during the Spanish Civil War<br />
<br />
25 October 1936 – Rome-Berlin Axis pact<br />
<br />
November 1936 – John Cairncross joins the UK Foreign Office:<blockquote>1 October 1934–1936 – John Cairncross at Trinity College, Cambridge<br />
November 1936– December 1938 – John Cairncross works in UK Foreign Office<br />
December 1938–September 1940 – John Cairncross works in the UK Treasury<br />
September 1940–March 1942 – John Cairncross is private secretary to Lord Hankey, minister in Churchill’s cabinet and chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster<br />
March 1942 – Lord Hankey sacked by Churchill<br />
March 1942–c. July 1943? – John Cairncross moves to Bletchley Park to Hut 3<br />
1944 – John Cairncross joins MI6<br />
1944–1945 – John Cairncross at MI6<br />
1945–1952 – John Cairncross returns to work at the Treasury<br />
1952 – John Cairncross resigns from the civil service</BLOCKQUOTE>November 1936 – Edward VIII visits the depressed region of South Wales<br />
<br />
16 November 1936 – Edward VIII tells the British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin at Buckingham Palace of his intention to marry Wallis Simpson<br />
<br />
December 1936 – Abdication crisis in the UK<br />
<br />
11 December 1936 – abdication of the British king Edward VIII<br />
<br />
11 December 1936 – accession of George VI (reigned 11 December 1936–6 February 1952)<br />
<br />
23 December 1936 – George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair) sets out for Spain to fight in the Spanish Civil War; he stays until June 1937<br />
<br />
<b>1937</b><br />
1937 – James Hilton moves to California<br />
<br />
1937 – George L. S. Shackle granted his PhD; he moves to New College, Oxford and took a D.Phil. in 1940<br />
<br />
February 1937 – Bertrand Russell delivers his maiden speech in the House of Lords<br />
<br />
4 February 1937 – Karl Popper sails for New Zealand from London<br />
<br />
February 1937–July 1939 – Kim Philby in Spain as a journalist in the Spanish Civil War, from the side of the pro-Franco forces<br />
<br />
March 1937 – Karl Popper arrives in New Zealand<br />
<br />
2 March 1937 – release date of the Columbia Pictures movie <i>Lost Horizon</i>, directed by Frank Capra, and starring <br />
Ronald Colman and Jane Wyatt<br />
<br />
8 March 1937 – George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair) publishes <i>The Road to Wigan Pier</i><br />
<br />
27 April 1937 – death of Antonio Gramsci in Rome<br />
<br />
15 April 1937–16 June 1938 – serialisation of Georges Prosper Remi’s (or Hergé) story <i>The Black Island</i> in <i>Le Vingtième Siècle</i> magazine<br />
<br />
May 1937 – John Cairncross recruited to the Soviet cause by Arnold Deutsch<br />
<br />
May 1937–June 1938 – the US Recession of 1937–1938<br />
<br />
6 May 1937 – the Hindenburg disaster; the German airship LZ 129 Hindenburg catches fire and is destroyed during its attempt to dock at Naval Air Station Lakehurst in Manchester Township, New Jersey, United States<br />
<br />
12 May 1937 – the coronation of George VI<br />
<br />
25 May 1937 – death of Florence Stoker, wife of Bram Stoker<br />
<br />
28 May 1937–10 May 1940 – Neville Chamberlain is British Prime Minister<br />
<br />
June 1937 – George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair) returns to England from Spain<br />
<br />
c. June 1937 – Peter Cushing joins a company at the Grand Theatre in Southampton<br />
<br />
1 June 1937 – Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan depart from Miami, Florida, to fly around the world:<blockquote>Earhart flies to South America, Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and Lae, New Guinea<br />
29 June 1937 – Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan arrive in Lae, New Guinea<br />
2 July 1937 – midnight GMT Earhart and Noonan take off from Lae Airfield, Papua New Guinea <br />
2 July 1937 – Amelia Earhart disappears in the Pacific Ocean</BLOCKQUOTE>3 June 1937 – ex-king Edward VIII marries Wallis Simpson in the Chateau de Candé near Tours in France<br />
<br />
July 1937 – the Shaksgam Expedition explores and maps the northern approaches to K2 led by Eric Shipton <br />
<br />
2 July 1937 – Amelia Earhart disappears in the Pacific Ocean, en route to Howland Island from Lae, Papua New Guinea, during an attempt to circumnavigate the world by plane, perhaps crashing at 10 am on 2 July 1937<br />
<br />
7 July 1937–9 September 1945 – the Second Sino-Japanese War, the war between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan<br />
<br />
17 July 1937 – F. S. Smythe and his porters see “yeti” tracks on a glacier pass north of the Bhyundar Valley, the Valley of Flowers, India<br />
<br />
9 June 1937 – Theodor W. Adorno sails for New York and stayed there for two weeks<br />
<br />
13 August 1937–26 November 1937 – battle of Shanghai between the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) of the Republic of China (ROC) and the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA)<br />
<br />
15–18 August 1937 – the Chinese fight numerically superior Japanese air force in intense air battles <br />
<br />
18 September 1937–summer 1938 – John Kenneth Galbraith visits Europe and Cambridge University with a postdoctoral fellowship:<blockquote>18 September 1937 – Galbraith sails from Manhattan<br />
October 1937 – John Kenneth Galbraith visits Cambridge<br />
December 1937 – John Kenneth Galbraith visits Bruges, Ghent, Brussels, Aachen, Cologne, Hamburg, Göttingen, Flensburg <br />
24 December 1937 – Copenhagen<br />
25 December 1937 – Sweden<br />
May 1938 – Paris, Chartres, Compiègne, Amiens, Verdun, Burgundy, Provence, Geneva, Riviera, Genoa, Pisa, Siena, Rome, Naples, Florence, Ravenna, Venice, Vienna, Prague, Munich<br />
summer 1938 – Berlin, East Prussia, Paris, Loire valley, Brittany, Rotterdam<br />
October 1938 – back in Harvard</BLOCKQUOTE>21 September 1937 – J. R. R. Tolkien publishes <i>The Hobbit, or There and Back Again</i><br />
<br />
9 October–2 December 1937 – the Zemu glacier expedition of John Hunt and C. R. Cooke, to visit the Zemu glacier and find a route reaching the col between Kangchenjunga and the Twins, known as the North col<br />
<br />
11–23 October 1937 – the Duke and Duchess of Windsor’s tour of Germany of 1937: <blockquote>11 October 1937 – the Windsors arrive at Berlin’s Friedrichstraße station<br />
22 October 1937 – Duke of Windsor meets Hitler at the Berghof<br />
22 October 1937 – the Windsors dine at the Munich home of Rudolf and Ilse Hess in Harlaching; they stay at the Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten</BLOCKQUOTE>17 October 1937 – Bruce Ismay dies of a stroke in Mayfair, London <br />
<br />
November 1937 – while ascending the Zemu glacier, Lord Hunt and H. W. Tilman found strange “yeti” tracks in the snow<br />
<br />
1 November 1937 – Agatha Christie publishes the book <i>Death on the Nile</i> with the fictional detective Hercule Poirot<br />
<br />
13 December 1937–January 1938 – the Nanking Massacre (or Rape of Nanking), the mass murder and mass rape committed by Japanese troops against the people of Nanjing, the capital of the Republic of China during the Second Sino-Japanese War<br />
<br />
<b>1938</b><br />
10 February 1938 – king Carol II of Romania suspended the 1923 constitution and seized emergency powers<br />
<br />
16 February 1938 – Theodor W. Adorno sails for New York and moves to America<br />
<br />
8 March 1938–22 October 1940 – Joseph P. Kennedy is United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom<br />
<br />
9 March 1938 – Schuschnigg scheduled an Austria plebiscite on the issue of unification with Germany on 13 March 1938<br />
<br />
12 March 1938 – Austria was annexed by the Third Reich<br />
<br />
April 1938 – A. J. Ayer visits America<br />
<br />
25 April 1938 – <i>Homage to Catalonia</i> by George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair), a personal account of the Spanish Civil War, is published<br />
<br />
May 1938–August 1939 – the German Expedition to Tibet of 1938–1939, a German scientific expedition led by the German zoologist Ernst Schäfer (14 March 1910–21 July 1992) <br />
<br />
26 May 1938 – the House Committee on Un-American Activities established as a special investigating committee, to investigate disloyalty and subversion, either communist or fascist; it was chaired by Martin Dies, Jr. and Dies Committee (from 1938–1944)<br />
<br />
2 June 1938–26 June 1938 – fictional date of the film <i>Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade</i><br />
<br />
4 June 1938 – Sigmund Freud and his wife Martha leave Vienna on the Orient Express for Britain<br />
<br />
6 June 1938 – Sigmund Freud and his wife Martha arrive in London at Victoria Station<br />
<br />
14 July 1938 – the Manifesto of Race (“Manifesto della razza”) published by the government of Mussolini (favoured Jews were exempted)<br />
<br />
4 August 1938 – 10 August 1939 – serialisation of Georges Prosper Remi’s (or Hergé) Tintin story <i>King Ottokar's Sceptre</i> in the Belgian newspaper <i>Le Vingtième Siècle</i><br />
<br />
October 1938 – enactment of the Racial Laws in Fascist Italy<br />
<br />
17 October 1938 – death of Karl Kautsky, the Czech-Austrian philosopher and Marxist theoretician, in Amsterdam<br />
<br />
30 October 1938 – Orson Welles’ radio broadcast of <i>The War of the Worlds</i>, an episode of the American radio drama anthology series The Mercury Theatre on the Air<br />
<br />
<br />
September 1938–30 March 1939 – George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair) in French Morocco <br />
<br />
15 September 1938 – Chamberlain travels to Berchtesgaden to meet with Hitler about the Sudeten crisis<br />
<br />
17 September 1938 – Bertrand Russell sails for America on the <i>Britannic</i><br />
<br />
September 1938 – Bertrand Russell begins a year appointment at the University of Chicago<br />
<br />
19 September 1938 – death of Lawrence Waddell at Craigmore, Rothesay, Island of Bute<br />
<br />
23 September 1938 – the new military government in Czechoslovakia issues a decree for general mobilization<br />
<br />
30 September 1938 – Adolf Hitler, Neville Chamberlain, Benito Mussolini and Édouard Daladier signed the Munich Agreement<br />
<br />
30 September 1938 – the Czechoslovak government capitulates and agrees to the Munich Agreement<br />
<br />
30 September 1938 – Neville Chamberlain returns to Britain and gives his “peace for our time” speech to a crowd at Heston Aerodrome <br />
<br />
1–10 October 1938 – annexation of the Sudetenland by Germany<br />
<br />
9 November 1938 – murder of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath in Paris by Herschel Grynszpan<br />
<br />
9–10 November 1938 – Kristallnacht, a pogrom against Jews throughout Nazi Germany; from 12–13 November a similar attack happened in the Free City of Danzig<br />
<br />
December 1938 – Guy Burgess begins to work for MI6’s D Section<br />
<br />
23 December 1938–10 February 1939 – the Catalonia Offensive in Spain by the Nationalist Army of Franco to take Republican-held Catalonia<br />
<br />
<b>1939</b><br />
1939 – Stefan Zweig’s novel <i>Beware of Pity</i> (in German called <i>Ungeduld des Herzens</i> / “The Heart's Impatience”) is published<br />
<br />
5 January 1939 – Josef Beck (Poland’s Foreign Minister) meets with Hitler at Berchtesgaden, to discuss German claims on Danzig and issues with the Polish Corridor<br />
<br />
26 January 1939 – fall of Barcelona to Franco’s forces. The Nationalist Army of Franco began the Catalonia Offensive on December 23, 1938<br />
<br />
10 February 1939 – Peter Cushing arrives in New York to pursue an acting career in Hollywood<br />
<br />
14 March 1939 – Slovakia seceded from Czechoslovakia and became a separate pro-Nazi state<br />
<br />
14 March 1939 – marriage of George Shackle and Gertrude Courtney (Susan) Rowe<br />
<br />
15 March 1939 – German troops marched into Czechoslovakia<br />
<br />
April 1939 – Ernst Badian and his family sail from Genoa for Christchurch, New Zealand<br />
<br />
14 April 1939 – publication date of the novel <i>The Grapes of Wrath</i> by John Steinbeck<br />
<br />
May 1939–23 May 1940 – period of The Right Club, a small group of far right British led by the Scottish Unionist MP Archibald Ramsay, in opposition to war with Germany<br />
<br />
May–June 1939 – George VI and Queen Elizabeth tour Canada and the United States<br />
<br />
22 May 1939 – signing of the Pact of Steel, the Pact of Friendship and Alliance between Germany and Italy<br />
<br />
27 May 1939 – the German ocean liner MS St. Louis arrives in Havana harbour but the Cuban government refuses entry to Cuba to 908 refugees from Europe<br />
<br />
6 June 1939 – St. Louis sails back to Europe <br />
<br />
summer 1939 – Eric Hobsbawm in Paris carrying out research work on North Africa<br />
<br />
June 1939 – Gore Vidal leaves New York for a trip to Europe<br />
<br />
July 1939 – Ludwig Wittgenstein visits Vienna and Berlin<br />
<br />
23 August 1939 – Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact signed between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in Moscow<br />
<br />
25 August 1939 – US release date of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer movie <i>The Wizard of Oz</i>, starring Judy Garland<br />
<br />
27 August 1939 – the underground Cabinet War Rooms (under the Treasury building in the Whitehall area of Westminster) become fully operational<br />
<br />
1 September 1939 – Germany invaded Poland<br />
<br />
<b>1 September 1939–2 September 1945 – World War II</b><br />
<br />
1 September 1939 – Operation Pied Piper began, which officially relocated more than 3.5 million people <br />
<br />
3 September 1939 – UK and France declare war on Germany; Churchill was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty<br />
<br />
3 September 1939–9 May 1940 – Phoney War (French: Drôle de guerre; German: Sitzkrieg) <br />
<br />
3 September 1939 – the speech of George VI to the British Empire on the outbreak of World War Two<br />
<br />
7 September 1939 – Ronald Syme publishes <i>The Roman Revolution</i><br />
<br />
17 September 1939 – Stalin ordered his own invasion of Poland<br />
<br />
17 September–6 October 1939 – Soviet invasion of Poland<br />
<br />
23 September 1939 – death of Sigmund Freud in London<br />
<br />
27 September 1939 – Warsaw surrendered to German troops encircling its borders<br />
<br />
September 1939 – Turing designing the bombe<br />
<br />
17 October 1939 – release date of Frank Capra’s film <i>Mr. Smith Goes to Washington</i><br />
<br />
by 5 November 1939 – the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) moves to Peterhouse College in Cambridge<br />
<br />
30 November 1939 – Soviet Union attacks Finland in what would become known as the Winter War<br />
<br />
30 November 1939–13 March 1940 – the Winter War, the military conflict between the Soviet Union and Finland <br />
<br />
<center><b>1940s</b></center><b>1940</b><br />
5 January 1940 – Leslie Hore-Belisha (1st Baron Hore-Belisha) dismissed as Secretary of State for War (28 May 1937–5 January 1940)<br />
<br />
18 January 1940 – Edward VIII flies to London and reports to Ironside, meets Churchill and persuades the military to lift the ban on visiting the front<br />
<br />
24 January 1940 – release date of the film <i>The Grapes of Wrath</i>, directed by John Ford and based on John Steinbeck’s 1939 novel<br />
<br />
February 1940 – John Maynard Keynes publishes his pamphlet <i>How to Pay for the War</i><br />
<br />
16 February 1940 – Eric Hobsbawm enrolled in 560th Field Company of the Royal Engineers in Cambridge<br />
<br />
18 March 1940 – delivery and installation of Turing’s bombe to Bletchley Park; second bombe, named “Agnus dei,” later shortened to Agnes, or Aggie, was equipped with Welchman's diagonal board, and was installed on 8 August 1940; during 1940, 178 messages were broken on the two machines<br />
<br />
18 March 1940 – Hitler meets Mussolini on the Brenner Pass<br />
<br />
21 March 1940–16 June 1940 – Paul Reynaud is Prime Minister of France<br />
<br />
3 April 1940–May 1940 – the Katyn massacre, a series of mass executions of Polish intelligentsia carried out by the NKVD at several places, named after the Katyn Forest<br />
<br />
9 April 1940 – the German invasion of Denmark:<blockquote>9 April 1940 – 4:15 am: German forces invade Denmark at Sæd, Rens, Padborg and Krusaa<br />
5:18 am: landing of a battalion of German forces at Copenhagen<br />
6:00 am: Danish government capitulates in exchange for retaining political independence in domestic matters</BLOCKQUOTE>9 April–10 June 1940 – Norwegian Campaign between Norway (and the Allies) and Germany; Germans land in several Norwegian ports and take Oslo<br />
<br />
May 1940–January 1945 – operation of Auschwitz concentration camp:<blockquote>May 1940 – Auschwitz I<br />
c. November 1941– Auschwitz II-Birkenau<br />
October 1942–January 1945 – Monowitz (Monowitz-Buna or Auschwitz III)<br />
November 1943 – Auschwitz II (Birkenau) and Auschwitz III (Monowitz) camps to become separate concentration camps</BLOCKQUOTE>by May 1940–c. April 1941 – Ronald Syme is Press Attache to the British Legation at Belgrade; at the fall of Belgrade he went to Ankara<br />
<br />
7–8 May 1940 – the Norway Debate (Narvik Debate), debate in the House of Commons about the Norwegian Campaign<br />
<br />
10 May 1940 – Germany invades Belgium, France, Luxembourg and the Netherlands; Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom upon the resignation of Neville Chamberlain<br />
<br />
10 May 1940–6 July 1940 – German war against Belgium, France, Luxembourg and the Netherlands<br />
<br />
10 May 1940 – 26 July 1945 – Churchill as Prime Minister<br />
<br />
10 May 1940 – Germany invades Belgium, France, Luxembourg and the Netherlands:<blockquote>8 am – Chamberlain holds an emergency war cabinet <br />
11.30 am – a second war cabinet in Britain<br />
4.30 pm – third war cabinet in Britain<br />
Labour tells Chamberlain that they will not serve in a coalition government under him; Chamberlain decides to resign in favour of Churchill<br />
Churchill goes to the palace</BLOCKQUOTE>13 May 1940 – Churchill’s “blood, toil, tears, and sweat” speech in the Commons<br />
<br />
14 May 1940 – 1.20–3.30 pm: Germany aircraft attacks on Dutch city of Rotterdam; 900 civilians died and 85,000 others homeless<br />
<br />
14 May 1940 – by 16:50: Henri Winkelman (Supreme Commander of the Dutch forces) surrenders to Germany<br />
<br />
14 May 1940 – early morning: Keynes suffers a heart attack<br />
<br />
May–June 1940 – Keynes lecturing in Cambridge<br />
<br />
15 May 1940 – from this day after the Luftwaffe destroyed the centre of Rotterdam, the RAF also carried out operations east of the Rhine, attacking industrial and transportation targets<br />
<br />
15 May 1940 – in a cabinet meeting, Churchill approves strategic bombing of Germany from 15 May to lure the German airforce over Britain, to relieve the pressure on France<br />
<br />
16 May 1940 – Churchill flies to Paris to meet Reynaud<br />
<br />
17 May 1940 – Germans enter Brussels and also take Antwerp<br />
<br />
17 May 1940 – Churchill charges Chamberlain to study evacuation of the BEF through the Channel ports<br />
<br />
19 May 1940 – Trinity Sunday morning, Churchill at Chartwell<br />
afternoon – Cabinet meeting London<br />
<br />
20 May 1940 – Tyler Kent (American diplomat who stole thousands of secret documents while working as a cipher clerk at the US Embassy in London) arrested under the Official Secrets Act<br />
<br />
21 May 1940 – the battle of Arras, an Allied counter-attack against the flank of the German Army, near Arras; Anglo-French attack makes early gains but was repulsed after 10 km advance and forced to withdraw after dark<br />
<br />
22 May 1940 – French and British accept the Weygand Plan<br />
<br />
22 May 1940 – UK War Cabinet agrees to amend Defence Regulation 18B to allow internment of those with sympathy towards enemy powers<br />
<br />
22–26 May 1940 – siege of Calais<br />
<br />
23 May 1940 – Oswald Mosley interned under Defence Regulation 18B<br />
<br />
24 May 1940 – 11.42 am: Hitler decides to halt the German offensive<br />
<br />
25 May 1940 – the Allied forces, British and French alike, retreat to Dunkirk<br />
<br />
25 May 1940 – Churchill’s decision to pull out the BEF telephoned to Reynaud<br />
<br />
26 May 1940 – Reynaud visits London<br />
<br />
26 May 1940 – UK National Day of Prayer on Sunday<br />
<br />
26 May 1940 – Hitler orders advance on Dunkirk<br />
<br />
26 May–4 June 1940 – Operation Dynamo, the Battle of Dunkirk: the defence and evacuation of British and allied forces in Europe <br />
<br />
28 May 1940 – Belgium surrenders to the Germans; King Leopold III of Belgium surrenders and is interned<br />
<br />
28 May 1940 – Edward VIII (Duke of Windsor) driven from Paris to Biarritz<br />
<br />
28 May 1940 – the May 1940 War Cabinet Crisis:<blockquote>Churchill meets with his 25-member Outer Cabinet; he rejects negotiation with Italy<br />
7 pm – Churchill meets with War Cabinet </BLOCKQUOTE>30 May 1940 – crucial British Cabinet meeting: Churchill wins a vote on continuing the war, in spite of vigorous arguments by Lord Halifax and Chamberlain<br />
<br />
May 1940 – British start aerial war on German cities<br />
<br />
June 1940 – Anthony Blunt recruited by MI5 as a military liaison officer<br />
<br />
by 4 June 1940 – over 338,000 Allied troops evacuated from Dunkirk, including 228,000 British and 110,000 French<br />
<br />
4 June 1940 – Churchill gives his “We shall fight on the beaches” speech to the House of Commons<br />
<br />
5 June 1940 – German army begins second phase of the invasion of France (Fall Rot) by attacking across the Somme and Aisne rivers<br />
<br />
7 June 1940 – King Haakon VII of Norway (reigned 18 November 1905−21 September 1957), the Norwegian Royal Family and government evacuated from Tromsø on aboard HMS Devonshire to UK<br />
<br />
10 June 1940 – Italy declares war on France and the United Kingdom. Norway surrenders<br />
<br />
14 June 1940 – Paris occupied by German troops<br />
<br />
14 June 1940 – Germans penetrate the Maginot Line south of Saarbrücken<br />
<br />
15 June 1940 – USSR invades Lithuania<br />
<br />
16 June 1940 – USSR invades Estonia and Latvia<br />
<br />
16 June 1940 – c. 8 pm: Marshal Pétain becomes Premier:<blockquote>16 June 1940–17 April 1942 – Marshal Pétain is Prime Minister of France<br />
11 July 1940–20 August 1944 – Chief of the French State</blockquote>16 June 1940 – General de Gaulle in Britain:<blockquote>afternoon 16 June 1940 – de Gaulle at 10 Downing Street for talks on Anglo-French political union<br />
18:30 16 June 1940 – de Gaulle takes off from London on a British aircraft and lands at Bordeaux at around 22:00<br />
22:00 16 June 1940 – de Gaulle learns he is no longer a minister; Reynaud had resigned; Pétain becomes prime minister</BLOCKQUOTE>17 June 1940 – de Gaulle’s flight to London:<blockquote>9:00 am – de Gaulle and Edward Spears fly to London <br />
12:30 – De Gaulle lands at Heston Airport<br />
3 pm – De Gaulle visits Churchill at 10 Downing Street</BLOCKQUOTE>17 June 1940 – 15:48: RMS Lancastria (a British Cunard liner) bombed by a Junkers Ju 88 and sunk c. 4:08 pm off the French port of St. Nazaire during Operation Ariel, with 3,000–5,800 fatalities<br />
<br />
18 June 1940 – 3:49 pm: Churchill gives his “This was their finest hour” speech to the House of Commons for 36 minutes<br />
<br />
18 June 1940 – 7 pm: de Gaulle gives his “Appeal of 18 June” speech on the BBC<br />
<br />
22 June 1940 – Franco-German armistice signed; 22 June, France signed an armistice at Compiègne with Germany that gave Germany control over the north and west of the country, including Paris and all of the Atlantic coastline<br />
<br />
24 June 1940 – signing of the Italian–French armistice<br />
<br />
26 June 1940 – Romania agrees to withdraw from Northern Bukovina, Hertza and Bessarabia<br />
<br />
28 June–3 July 1940 – Soviet occupation of Northern Bukovina, Hertza and Bessarabia<br />
<br />
28 June 1940 – Keynes offered membership of a consultative council for the Treasury<br />
<br />
30 June 1940 – Germany invades the Channel Islands<br />
<br />
1 July 1940 – the government of Pétain moves to Vichy<br />
<br />
3 July 1940 – the British attack and destroy the French navy at its Mers El Kébir base on the coast of French Algeria, fearing that it would fall into German hands<br />
<br />
4 July–9 October 1940 – Piero Sraffa interned in the Isle of Man as an enemy alien<br />
<br />
6 July 1940 – 3 pm: Hitler returns to Berlin<br />
<br />
11 July 1940–20 August 1944 – Philippe Pétain is Chief of State of Vichy France<br />
<br />
12 July 1940 – Luftwaffe attacks on Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland<br />
<br />
16 July 1940 – Hitler signs Directive No. 16 (Operation Sealion)<br />
<br />
19 July 1940 – Friday: Hitler gives a speech to the Reichstag with offer of peace with Britain<br />
<br />
22 July 1940–15 January 1946 – period of the UK Special Operations Executive (SOE)<br />
<br />
July 1940 – Kim Philby appointed as instructor in the art of clandestine propaganda at the SOE’s training establishment in Beaulieu, Hampshire<br />
<br />
23 July 1940 – Hitler goes to Bayreuth<br />
<br />
25 July 1940 – Ludwig von Mises leaves Europe from Lisbon by ship for America<br />
<br />
August 1940–1943 – Karl Polanyi teaches at Bennington College in Vermont<br />
<br />
August 1940–c. 6 April 1941 – Ronald Syme serves as Press Attache for the British Legation in Belgrade<br />
<br />
3 August 1940 – Ludwig von Mises arrives in New York<br />
<br />
July–September 1940 – Luftwaffe attacked RAF Fighter Command to gain air superiority as a prelude to invasion<br />
<br />
17 August 1940 – Hitler declares a blockade of the British Isles<br />
<br />
1 August 1940 – Edward VIII and the Duchess leave Lisbon on aboard the American Export Lines steamship Excalibur for Bermuda <br />
<br />
9 August 1940 – Edward VIII arrives in Bermuda<br />
<br />
12 August 1940 – Keynes given a general commission and placed on several committees of the UK Treasury, with an office in Treasury Chambers in Great George Street<br />
<br />
18 August 1940–16 March 1945 – Edward VIII is Governor of the Bahamas<br />
<br />
24 August 1940 – German aircraft mistakenly bomb London including church in Cripplegate, accidentally dictating the future shape of the Battle of Britain.<br />
<br />
25 August 1940 – Churchill orders the bombing of Berlin in retaliation for the previous night's bombing of London<br />
<br />
30 August 1940 – the bombing of England continues; London is now bombed in retaliation for the bombing of Berlin<br />
<br />
30 August 1940 – the Second Vienna Award (2nd of two territorial disputes arbitrated by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy): Northern Transylvania (including all of Maramureș and part of Crișana) assigned to Hungary<br />
<br />
4 September 1940 – Hitler declares the Luftwaffe would “erase” British cities as a reprisal for the R.A.F. bombing of Berlin<br />
<br />
5 September 1940 – General Ion Antonescu becomes Prime Minister of Romania, and King Carol transfers most of his dictatorial powers to him. The political history of Romania:<blockquote>5 September 1940–23 August 1944 – General Ion Antonescu is Prime Minister of Romania<br />
<br />
6 September 1940 – abdication of Carol II of Romania (8 June 1930–6 September 1940)<br />
<br />
6 September 1940–30 December 1947 – second reign of Michael I of Romania; Michael makes Ion Antonescu <i>conducător</i> (leader), or effective dictator of Romania<br />
<br />
14 September 1940–14 February 1941 – the National Legionary State in Romania, a one-party totalitarian dictatorship dominated by the Iron Guard in conjunction with Prime Minister Ion Antonescu<br />
<br />
23 September 1940 – Charles Coughlin announces in <i>Social Justice</i> that he was forced off radio<br />
<br />
23 November 1940 – Romania signs the Tripartite Pact, and formally joins the Axis Powers<br />
<br />
21–23 January 1941 – the Legionnaires’ rebellion and the Bucharest pogrom in Bucharest, Romania; after the privileges of the Iron Guard were reduced by Ion Antonescu, the Iron Guard stages a failed rebellion; the Iron Guard movement was banned and 9,000 of its members were imprisoned<br />
<br />
14 February 1941 – the National and Social State proclaimed in Romania<br />
<br />
23 August 1944 – King Michael’s Coup, a coup d’état led by King Michael I of Romaniain 1944 to remove the government of Ion Antonescu<br />
<br />
1 June 1946 – execution of Ion Antonescu by military firing squad near Jilava</BLOCKQUOTE>7 September 1940 – in one of the major misjudgements of the war, the Luftwaffe shifts its focus to London, away from the RAF airfields<br />
<br />
7 September 1940–21 May 1941 – The Blitz<br />
<br />
7 September 1940 – first major raid in this regard took place on London<br />
<br />
13 September 1940 – Keynes gives a BBC broadcast to the empire and the US on UK finance<br />
<br />
18 September 1940 – a landmine explodes opposite Keynes’ house in London<br />
<br />
by 24 September 1940 – Kim Philby a Section D officer in SIS<br />
<br />
24 September 1940 – Berlin suffers a large bombing raid by the RAF<br />
<br />
24 September 1940 – release date of the German movie <i>Jud Süß</i>, directed by Veit Harlan<br />
<br />
27 September 1940 – the Tripartite Pact is signed in Berlin by Germany, Italy, and Japan, promising mutual aid. Its informal name “Axis”<br />
<br />
15 October 1940 – New York release date of Charlie Chaplin’s film <i>The Great Dictator</i> (release date in London 7 March 1941)<br />
<br />
17 October 1940–18 October 1941 – serialisation of Georges Prosper Remi’s (or Hergé) Tintin story <i>The Crab with the Golden Claws</i> in the Belgian newspaper <i>Le Soir Jeunesse</i><br />
<br />
22 October 1940 – Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. (US Ambassador to the UK: 8 March 1938–22 October 1940) sails for America<br />
<br />
28 October 1940 – the Italian Royal Army launches attacks into Greece from Italian-held Albania and begins the Greco-Italian War<br />
<br />
28 October 1940–23 April 1941 – Greco-Italian War (Italian Campaign in Greece):<blockquote>25 November 1935–1 April 1947 – George II (Glücksburg) is king of Greece<br />
13 April 1936–29 January 1941 – Ioannis Metaxas is Prime Minister of Greece<br />
29 January 1941–18 April 1941 – Alexandros Koryzis is Prime Minister of Greece<br />
21–29 April 1941 – Emmanouil Tsouderos is Prime Minister of Greece<br />
28 October–13 November 1940 – Italian offensive against Greece<br />
14 November 1940–6 January 1941 – Greek counter-offensive<br />
20 April 1941 – 18:00: Georgios Tsolakoglou signs Greek protocol of surrender<br />
23 April 1941 – King George II flees the Greek mainland for Crete, and then Egypt<br />
27 April 1941 – Germans occupy Athens</BLOCKQUOTE>5 November 1940 – President Roosevelt wins a third term<br />
<br />
9 November 1940 – Neville Chamberlain dies of cancer at the age of 71<br />
<br />
6–9 December 1940 – British and Indian troops of the Western Desert Force launch Operation Compass, an offensive against Italian forces in Egypt<br />
<br />
28 December 1940 – Greco-Italian War continues to go badly for the Italians and the Greeks hold roughly one-quarter of Albania: Italy requests military assistance from Germany against the Greeks<br />
<br />
29 December 1940 – large German air-raids on London; St Paul’s Cathedral is damaged<br />
<br />
<b>1941</b><br />
1941 – Karl Theodore Dussik from the University of Vienna uses ultrasound for brain imagining <br />
<br />
1941–1942 – Ronald Syme works at the British Embassy at Ankara <br />
<br />
1941–1945 – Ernst Badian enrolled in BA at Canterbury College, University of New Zealand; he graduates with an BA in 1945; an MA in 1946<br />
<br />
January 1941–June 1944 – Guy Burgess rejoins the BBC Talks Department<br />
<br />
January 1941 – UK Treasury moves out of Great George Street to the top of Whitehall<br />
<br />
January 1941 – Halifax set sail for the US as British Ambassador to the United States<br />
<br />
11 February 1941 – death of Rudolf Hilferding in La Santé, Paris<br />
<br />
11 March 1941 – United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signs the Lend Lease Act (now passed by the full Congress) allowing Britain, China, and other allied nations to purchase military equipment and to defer payment until after the war<br />
<br />
24 March 1941 – Rommel attacks and reoccupies El Agheila, Libya in his first offensive. The British retreat and within three weeks are driven back to Egypt<br />
<br />
28 March 1941 – suicide of Virginia Woolf<br />
<br />
3 April 1941 – suicide of Pál Teleki (Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Hungary) in opposition to German invasion of Yugoslavia via Hungary:<blockquote>1 March 1920–15 October 1944 – Miklós Horthy (Admiral Horthy) is Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary<br />
<b> Prime Minister of Hungary</b><br />
14 May 1938–16 February 1939 – Béla Imrédy<br />
16 February 1939–3 April 1941 – Pál Teleki<br />
3 April 1941–7 March 1942 – László Bárdossy<br />
9 March 1942–22 March 1944 – Miklós Kállay<br />
March 1944 – Germans occupy Hungary<br />
16 October 1944–28 March 1945 – Ferenc Szálasi is Leader of the Nation and Prime Minister (Arrow Cross Party)</BLOCKQUOTE>6 April 1941 – Forces of Germany, Hungary, and Italy, moving through Romania and Hungary, initiate the invasions of Yugoslavia and Greece<br />
<br />
6–18 April 1941 – the German invasion of Yugoslavia (April War or Operation 25):<blockquote>6–7/8 April 1941 – Operation Retribution, German bombing of Belgrade<br />
12 April 1941 – Hungarian Third Army invades Yugoslavia<br />
12 April 1941 – Germans occupy Belgrade<br />
17 April 1941 – Foreign Minister Aleksandar Cincar-Marković and General Milojko Janković signs armistice and unconditional surrender all Yugoslav troops</BLOCKQUOTE>c. 25 April 1941–c. July 1942 – Ronald Syme Press Attache at the British Embassy, Ankara<br />
<br />
8 May–28 July 1941 – John Maynard Keynes in America<br />
<br />
10 May 1941 – 17:45–23:06: Rudolf Hess’ flight from Augsburg-Haunstetten airfield, Augsburg, Bavaria to Floors Farm, Eaglesham, south of Glasgow<br />
<br />
20 May 1941 – German paratroopers land on Crete; the battle for Crete will continue for seven days<br />
<br />
1 June 1941 – Commonwealth forces complete the withdrawal from Crete<br />
<br />
4 June 1941 – Wilhelm II dies of a pulmonary embolus in Doorn, Netherlands <br />
<br />
22 June 1941 – Operation Barbarossa begins<br />
<br />
30 June 1941 – the Declaration of Ukrainian Independence announced by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) under Stepan Bandera in Lviv:<blockquote>30 June–September 1941 – Ukrainian national government, led by Stepan Bandera; leader of the government was Yaroslav Stetsko<br />
September 1941–August 1944 – Reichskommissariat Ukraine administered by Reichskommissar Erich Koch</BLOCKQUOTE>5 July 1941 – Stepan Bandera transferred to Berlin after arrest<br />
<br />
9 August 1941 – Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill meet at NS Argentia, Newfoundland. The Atlantic Charter is created, signed, and released to the world press<br />
<br />
September 1941–August 1944 – Reichskommissariat Ukraine administered by Reichskommissar Erich Koch<br />
<br />
5 September 1941 – US release date of Orson Welles’ movie <i>Citizen Kane</i>; 1 May 1941 release date at the Palace Theatre<br />
<br />
29–30 September 1941 – the Babi Yar ravine massacre outside Kiev<br />
<br />
October 1941–November 1943 – Operation Reinhard in Poland:<blockquote>1 October 1941–22 July 1944 – Lublin/Majdanek<br />
16 March 1942 – Operation Reinhard begins<br />
March 1942 – Majdanek converted into killing center<br />
17 March 1942–June 1943 – Bełżec<br />
16 May 1942–14 October 1943 – Sobibór<br />
22 July 1942–October 1943 – Treblinka<br />
19 October 1943 – Odilo Globočnik announces completion of Operation Reinhard</BLOCKQUOTE>20 October 1941–21 May 1942 – serialisation of Georges Prosper Remi’s (or Hergé) story <i>The Shooting Star</i> in <i>Le Soir</i> magazine<br />
<br />
30 November, 8 December 1941 – Rumbula massacre in which about 25,000 Jews were killed in or on the way to Rumbula forest near Riga, Latvia<br />
<br />
7 December 1941 – Japanese planes attacked the United States Naval Base at Pearl Harbour<br />
<br />
8 December 1941 – just after midnight, Japanese invasion of Malaya began<br />
<br />
<table><tr><td class="col1">8 December 1941–11 April 1943<br />
23 June 1944–18 January 1945</td> <td class="col2">– Chełmno extermination camp</tr><br />
<br />
</table><br />
8 December 1941 – the US Congress declares war on the Empire of Japan an hour after the Infamy Speech of Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered to a Joint Session of Congress<br />
<br />
11 December 1941 – the US Congress declares war on Germany; the vote was 88–0 in the Senate and 393–0 in the House<br />
<br />
12 December 1941 – release date of the famous Universal Pictures movie the <i>The Wolf Man</i>, starring Lon Chaney, Jr.<br />
<br />
<b>1942</b> <br />
20 January 1942 – Wannsee Conference in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee, called by the director of the Reich Main Security Office SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich<br />
<br />
March 1942–c. July 1943? – John Cairncross moves to Bletchley Park to Hut 3<br />
<br />
11 June 1942–14 January 1943 – serialisation of Georges Prosper Remi’s (or Hergé) Tintin story <i>The Secret of the Unicorn</i> in the Belgian newspaper <i>Le Soir</i><br />
<br />
c. July 1942–May 1945 – Ronald Syme is Professor of Classical Philology at University of Istanbul<br />
<br />
August 1942 – Heinrich Himmler tells Karl Wolff (Chief of Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS) of Operation Reinhard<br />
<br />
23 August 1942–2 February 1943 – the battle of Stalingrad<br />
<br />
8 November 1942 – Operation Torch, the British-American invasion of French North Africa during the North African Campaign; three amphibious Allied task forces attack areas of Morocco (targeting Casablanca and Safi) and Algeria (Oran and Algiers)<br />
<br />
21 December 1942 – death of Franz Boas<br />
<br />
<b>1943</b><br />
1943–1948 – Ludwig Lachmann teaches at the University of Hull<br />
<br />
January–May 1943 – Christopher Lee works as an intelligence officer for the RAF in North Africa<br />
<br />
23 January 1943 – US release date of the movie <i>Casablanca</i>, starring Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman<br />
<br />
February–September 1943 – Hergé’s <i>Red Rackham’s Treasure</i> serialised daily in <i>Le Soir</i><br />
<br />
13 March 1943 – assassination attempt on Hitler by Henning von Tresckow at Smolensk on the Eastern Front, when Lieutenant Colonel Heinz Brandt is given a bottle of Cointreau that was a bomb<br />
<br />
10 April 1943 – marriage of Peter Cushing and Helen Beck<br />
<br />
13 April 1943 – Reichssender Berlin broadcast to the world of the discovery of the Katyn forest massacre near Smolensk<br />
<br />
15 April 1943 – Ayn Rand publishes <i>The Fountainhead</i><br />
<br />
19 April–16 May 1943 – Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, the 1943 act of Jewish resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto in German-occupied Poland<br />
<br />
c. May 1943–May 1944 – the Bengal famine of 1943 in Bengal Province of pre-partition India; between 1.5 and 4 million people died of starvation, malnutrition and disease<br />
<br />
May 1943 – de Gaulle moved his headquarters to Algiers<br />
<br />
12 May 1944 – death of Harold Godfrey Lowe (5th officer of the RMS Titanic) in Deganwy, Wales<br />
<br />
July 1943 – Gore Vidal enlists in the army after his graduation; he serves from December 1944 to March 1945<br />
<br />
5 July 1943–23 August 1943 – the battle of Kursk:<blockquote>5–16 July 1943 – the Operation Citadel German offensive<br />
12 July–23 August 1943 – Soviet offensive with the Kursk Strategic Offensive Operation and Operation Kutuzov</BLOCKQUOTE>19 October 1943 – Odilo Globočnik announces to Himmler the completion of Operation Reinhard<br />
<br />
December 1943–September 1944 – first serialisation of <i>The Seven Crystal Balls</i> in <i>Le Soir</i>; story cancelled after Allied liberation in September 1944, when Hergé accused of collaborating with Germans<br />
<br />
<b>1944</b><br />
1944 – Karl Polanyi’s <i>The Great Transformation</i> is published<br />
<br />
1944–1945 – John Cairncross at MI6<br />
<br />
March 1944 – mass production of penicillin at an old ice factory in Brooklyn by Charles Pfizer & Co. under its vice-president John L. Smith<br />
<br />
19 March 1944 – German troops occupy Hungary<br />
<br />
June 1944 – Guy Burgess accepts employment in the News Department of the Foreign Office<br />
<br />
3 June 1944 – de Gaulle flies back to the UK<br />
<br />
20 July 1944 – Claus von Stauffenberg and other conspirators attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler at the Wolf's Lair field headquarters near Rastenburg, East Prussia; Operation Valkyrie<br />
<br />
21 July 1944 – Stauffenberg, 1st Lieutenant Werner von Haeften, General Friedrich Olbricht, and Colonel Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim executed before 1 am by firing squad in the courtyard of the Bendlerblock<br />
<br />
26 August 1944 – de Gaulle liberates Paris<br />
<br />
September 1944 – publication of Friedrich Hayek’s <i>The Road to Serfdom</i> by the University of Chicago Press<br />
<br />
September 1944 – Kim Philby appointed by Major General Stewart Menzies, Director-General of MI6 as head of Section IX (Soviet Affairs)<br />
<br />
10 November 1944 – Churchill flew to Paris to a reception by de Gaulle and the two together were greeted by thousands of cheering Parisians on the next day<br />
<br />
<b>1945</b><br />
1945 – John Cairncross returns to work at the Treasury<br />
<br />
1945 – Karl Popper publishes <i>The Open Society and Its Enemies</i><br />
<br />
26 March 1945 – Lloyd George died of cancer aged 82<br />
<br />
7 May 1945 – SHAEF headquarters in Rheims the Allies accepted Germany’s surrender<br />
<br />
8 May 1945 – Victory in Europe Day<br />
<br />
5 July 1945 – United Kingdom general election of 1945; some polls in some constituencies delayed until 12 July and in Nelson and Colne until 19 July, because of local wakes weeks <br />
<br />
17 July–2 August 1945 – Potsdam Conference was held at Cecilienhof, the home of Crown Prince Wilhelm Hohenzollern, in Potsdam, occupied Germany<br />
<br />
26 July 1945 – United Kingdom general election results counted and declared on 26 July owing in part to the time it took to transport the votes of those serving overseas<br />
<br />
26 July 1945 – Churchill resigns as British Prime Minister<br />
<br />
26 July 1945–26 October 1951 – Clement Attlee as British Prime Minister<br />
<br />
15 August 1945 – Emperor Hirohito issues a radio broadcast announcing the Surrender of Japan<br />
<br />
17 August 1945 – George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair) publishes <i>Animal Farm: A Fairy Story</i> in Britain; on 26 August 1946 in the US<br />
<br />
2 September 1945 – The Japanese Instrument of Surrender is signed on the deck of the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay<br />
<br />
2 September 1945 – formal end of WWII<br />
<br />
5 September 1945 – Singapore is officially liberated by British and Indian troops<br />
<br />
9 September 1945 – The Japanese troops in China formally surrender, end of the Second Sino-Japanese War<br />
<br />
24 October 1945 – the United Nations officially comes into existence on the ratification of the UN Charter by the five permanent members of the Security Council (France, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the UK and the US) and a majority of the other 46 signatories<br />
<br />
22 December 1945 – death of Otto Neurath in Britain<br />
<br />
<b>1946</b><br />
January 1946 – Karl Popper arrives back in England from New Zealand<br />
<br />
6 January 1946 – the first meeting of the UN General Assembly (with 51 nations present) and the Security Council takes place in London (the General Assembly selected New York City as the site for the headquarters of the United Nations; the facility was completed in 1952)<br />
<br />
20 January 1946 – de Gaulle abruptly resigned <br />
<br />
5 March 1946 – Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri<br />
<br />
21 April 1946 – John Maynard Keynes dies at his home Tilton in Firle, Sussex<br />
<br />
22 July 1946 – release date of the film <i>Beware of Pity</i>, starring Lilli Palmer, Albert Lieven and Cedric Hardwicke<br />
<br />
13 August 1946 – death of H. G. Wells<br />
<br />
20 December 1946 – release date of Frank Capra’s film <i>It’s a Wonderful Life</i></blockquote>Lord Keyneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06556863604205200159noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4556861365216117920.post-30266967286425758362017-03-07T04:58:00.002-08:002020-04-13T07:45:49.445-07:00Chronology from 1945 to 1970<blockquote>1943–1957 – period of Archers Film Productions (Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger Productions), a production company<br />
<br />
12 September 1943 – Mussolini rescued from his prison at the Hotel Campo Imperatore in the Gran Sasso raid on by a special Fallschirmjäger (paratroopers) unit and Waffen-SS commandos led by Major Otto-Harald Mors; Otto Skorzeny was also present<br />
<br />
September 1943–May 1945 – the Italian Social Republic (Republic of Salò) based in Salò, Lake Garda, near Brescia<br />
<br />
<b>1944</b><br />
9 June 1944 – UK release date of the film <i>The Way Ahead</i>, directed by Carol Reed, starring David Niven, Stanley Holloway, William Hartnell<br />
<br />
c. 10/11 June 1944 – Bertrand Russell returns to Britain at Firth of Forth<br />
<br />
c. August 1944 – Bertrand Russell moves to rooms in Trinity College, Cambridge to begin 5 year lectureship<br />
<br />
October 1944 – Bertrand Russell begins lectures at Cambridge as a Fellow of Trinity<br />
<br />
October 1944–c. February 1949 – Bertrand Russell teaches at Cambridge as part of his Fellowship at Trinity<br />
<br />
<b>1945</b><br />
1945–1950 – George Shackle at the Economic Section of the Cabinet Office<br />
<br />
1945 – Karl Popper publishes <i>The Open Society and Its Enemies</i><br />
<br />
1945–c. April 1952 – John Cairncross returns to work at the Treasury in the Ministry of Supply<br />
<br />
1945 – Bertrand Russell’s <i>A History of Western Philosophy</i> is published by Allen & Unwin<br />
<br />
1945–1969 – Ludwig von Mises is a visiting professor at New York University<br />
<br />
January 1944 – Bertrand Russell moves to Grosvenor Lodge, Cambridge<br />
<br />
April 1945–2 December 1947 – Kenneth Williams in India, Ceylon and Singapore on military service<br />
<br />
28 April 1945 – the execution of Mussolini in the Clara Petacci in the village of Giulino di Mezzegra near Lake Como<br />
<br />
7 May 1945 – SHAEF headquarters in Rheims the Allies accepted Germany’s surrender<br />
<br />
8 May 1945 – Victory in Europe Day<br />
<br />
June 1945–c. 5 June 1959 – J. R. R. Tolkien is Merton Professor of English Language and Literature and a Fellow at Merton College, Oxford<br />
<br />
25 June 1945–9 November 1951 – Einar Gerhardsen is Prime Minister of Norway (Labour Party)<br />
<br />
c. July 1945–1950 – George Shackle at the Economic Section of the Cabinet Office under James Meade<br />
<br />
5 July 1945 – United Kingdom general election of 1945; some polls in some constituencies delayed until 12 July and in Nelson and Colne until 19 July, because of local wakes weeks:<blockquote><b>Party | Leader | Seats | Vote</b><br />
Labour | Clement Attlee | 393 | 47.7%<br />
Conservative | Winston Churchill | 197 | 36.2%<br />
Liberal | Sir Archibald Sinclair, Bt | 12 | 9.0%<br />
Liberal National | Ernest Brown | 11 | 2.9%<br />
Communist | Harry Pollitt | 2 | 0.4</BLOCKQUOTE>13 July 1945–19 December 1949 – Ben Chifley (Joseph Benedict Chifley) is Prime Minister of Australia (Labour)<br />
<br />
17 July–2 August 1945 – Potsdam Conference was held at Cecilienhof, the home of Crown Prince Wilhelm Hohenzollern, in Potsdam, occupied Germany<br />
<br />
26 July 1945 – United Kingdom general election results counted and declared on 26 July owing in part to the time it took to transport the votes of those serving overseas<br />
<br />
26 July 1945 – Churchill resigns as British Prime Minister<br />
<br />
26 July 1945–26 October 1951 – Clement Attlee as British Prime Minister<br />
<br />
15 August 1945 – Emperor Hirohito issues a radio broadcast announcing the Surrender of Japan<br />
<br />
17 August 1945 – George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair) publishes <i>Animal Farm: A Fairy Story</i> in Britain; on 26 August 1946 in the US<br />
<br />
2 September 1945 – The Japanese Instrument of Surrender is signed on the deck of the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay<br />
<br />
2 September 1945 – formal end of WWII<br />
<br />
5 September 1945 – Singapore is officially liberated by British and Indian troops<br />
<br />
9 September 1945 – Japanese troops in China formally surrender, end of the Second Sino-Japanese War<br />
<br />
October 1945–c. August 1946 – A. J. Ayer is tutorial fellow at Wadham college, Oxford:<blockquote>c. August 1946–c. September 1959 – A. J. Ayer is Grote Professor of the Philosophy of Mind and Logic in the University College, London<br />
September 1959–c. December 1978 – A. J. Ayer is Wykeham Professor of Logic at New College, Oxford</blockquote>24 October 1945 – the United Nations officially comes into existence on the ratification of the UN Charter by the five permanent members of the Security Council (France, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the UK and the US) and a majority of the other 46 signatories<br />
<br />
22 December 1945 – death of Otto Neurath in Britain<br />
<br />
1945–1955 – fictional date of the film <i>The Godfather</i> (1972), directed by Francis Ford Coppola, starring Marlon Brando, Al Pacino, James Caan<br />
<br />
<b>1946</b><br />
1946 – Ernst Badian completes degree at Canterbury University College:<blockquote>c. 1940–1944 – BA in Classics<br />
1945 – MA in French <br />
1946 – MA in Latin</BLOCKQUOTE>1946 – Christopher Lee retires from the RAF<br />
<br />
5 January 1946 – Karl Popper arrives back in England from New Zealand<br />
<br />
January 1946–January 1949 – Karl Popper a reader in logic and scientific method at the London School of Economics<br />
<br />
6 January 1946 – the first meeting of the UN General Assembly (with 51 nations present) and the Security Council takes place in London (the General Assembly selected New York City as the site for the headquarters of the United Nations; the facility was completed in 1952)<br />
<br />
15 January 1946 – Heinrich Harrer and Peter Aufschnaiter arrive in Lhasa<br />
<br />
15 January 1946–January 1952 – Heinrich Harrer in Tibet:<blockquote>May 1939–August 1939 – Nanga Parbat Expedition, including Heinrich Harrer<br />
1939–29 April 1944 – Heinrich Harrer in prison<br />
29 April 1944 – Heinrich Harrer and six others (including Rolf Magener and Heins von Have, Aufschnaiter, Bruno Treipel, Hans Kopp and Sattler) escaped from a British camp in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, British India</BLOCKQUOTE>20 January 1946 – de Gaulle abruptly resigned<br />
<br />
1 February 1946 – Eric Hobsbawm resumes his studies at Cambridge<br />
<br />
23 February–August 1946 – creation and filming of <i>Black Narcissus</i>:<blockquote>23 February–3 May 1946 – production stills and sketches created <br />
16 May–22 August 1946 – principal photography for <i>Black Narcissus</i> at Pinewood Studios, with Palace of Mopu set constructed and filmed at Pinewood, with Leonardslee gardens, Horsham, West Sussex, used as the valley below Mopu</BLOCKQUOTE>5 March 1946 – Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri<br />
<br />
21 April 1946 – John Maynard Keynes dies at his home Tilton in Firle, Sussex<br />
<br />
24 April 1946 – cremation of John Maynard Keynes in Brighton; his ashes were scattered on the Downs above Tilton<br />
<br />
2 May 1946 – a memorial service held at Westminster Abbey for John Maynard Keynes<br />
<br />
June 1946–16 December 1965 – W. Somerset Maugham lives in Villa Mauresque, Cap Ferrat, French Riviera<br />
<br />
4 June 1946–21 September 1955 – Juan Perón is President of Argentina<br />
<br />
7 June 1946 – BBC television re-opens after the war<br />
<br />
22 July 1946 – release date of the film <i>Beware of Pity</i>, starring Lilli Palmer, Albert Lieven and Cedric Hardwicke<br />
<br />
10 July 1946–17 August 1953 – Alcide De Gasperi is Prime Minister of Italy<br />
<br />
c. August 1946–c. September 1959 – A. J. Ayer is Grote Professor of the Philosophy of Mind and Logic in the University College, London<br />
<br />
13 August 1946 – death of H. G. Wells<br />
<br />
11 October 1946–14 October 1969 – Tage Erlander is Prime Minister of Sweden (Social Democrat)<br />
<br />
25 October 1946 – Karl Popper debates Wittgenstein at the Morals Sciences Club in Cambridge, with Bertrand Russell present<br />
<br />
December 1946–October 1948 – Guy Burgess becomes additional private secretary Hector McNeil, Minister of State at the Foreign Office <br />
<br />
20 December 1946 – release date of Frank Capra’s film <i>It’s a Wonderful Life</i><br />
<br />
25 December 1946 – Sid James arrived in London <br />
<br />
<b>1947</b><br />
1947–1948 – Ernst Badian is Junior lecturer in classics, Victoria University, New Zealand <br />
<br />
January 1947–18 April 1958 – Ezra Pound held in St. Elizabeths Hospital, Chestnut Ward, US<br />
<br />
February 1947 – Kim Philby appointed head of British intelligence for Turkey, and First Secretary at the British Consulate<br />
<br />
24 February 1947–1982 – Eric Hobsbawm at Birkbeck College, London, as lecturer in history 1947–1959; reader 1959; professor 1970<br />
<br />
10 April 1947 – creation of The Mont Pelerin Society at a conference organized by Friedrich Hayek at Mont Pèlerin, the Swiss resort<br />
<br />
26 May 1947 – release date of the film <i>Black Narcissus</i>, starring Deborah Kerr<br />
<br />
c. June 1947–c. September 1949 – Nicholas Kaldor is Director of the UN Research Commission for Europe at Geneva<br />
<br />
c. June 1947 – Nicholas Kaldor resigned from the LSE<br />
<br />
July 1947–1953 – Karl Polanyi teaches at Columbia University as Professor of Economics in New York; he retired in 1953:<blockquote>November 1933 – Karl Polanyi moves to London from Vienna (his wife follows him in 1936)<br />
November 1933–c. August 1940 – Karl Polanyi lives in England<br />
August 1940–1943 – Karl Polanyi teaches at Bennington College in Vermont<br />
July 1947–1953 – Karl Polanyi at Columbia University as Professor of Economics in New York<br />
1953–23 April 1964 – Karl Polanyi lives in Pickering, Ontario, Canada</BLOCKQUOTE>18 July 1947 – the Indian Independence Act 1947 is given royal assent; the act partitioned British India into India and Pakistan<br />
<br />
15 August 1947 – British India partitioned into India and Pakistan<br />
<br />
15 August 1947–27 May 1964 – Jawaharlal Nehru is 1st Prime Minister of India, which becomes a new independent state<br />
<br />
September–November 1947 – the 1947 Jammu massacres in the Jammu region of the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India<br />
<br />
October 1947 – Eric Hobsbawm moves to 5 Wilberforce House, Clapham Common North Side, South London<br />
<br />
October 1947 – the House on Un-American Activities Committee holds nine days of hearings in Los Angeles about communists in Hollywood<br />
<br />
22 October 1947–1 January 1949 – Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948, sometimes known as the First Kashmir War, was fought between India and Pakistan over the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu from 1947 to 1948<br />
<br />
November 1947 – Orson Welles’s arrival in Rome to star in the movie <i>Black Magic</i><br />
<br />
November 1947–1956 – Orson Welles in Europe<br />
<br />
2 December 1947 – Kenneth Williams returns to Britain from the far east<br />
<br />
30 December 1947 – forced abdication of King Michael I in Romania:<blockquote>6 March 1945–2 June 1952 – Petru Groza is Prime Minister of Romania<br />
30 December 1947–13 April 1948 – Constantin Ion Parhon is President of the Provisional Presidium of the Republic<br />
13 April 1948–12 June 1952 – Constantin Ion Parhon is President of the Presidium of the Great National Assembly<br />
2 June 1952–2 October 1955 – Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej is Prime Minister<br />
1955–19 March 1965 – Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party</blockquote><b>1948</b><br />
c. 1948 – Ernst Badian leaves New Zealand for University College, Oxford<br />
<br />
c. 1948–1950 – Ernst Badian at University College, Oxford<br />
<br />
1948–1972 – Ludwig Lachmann is Professor of Economics and Economic History at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa<br />
<br />
4 January 1948 – Burma’s declaration of independence from the UK<br />
<br />
30 January 1948 – assassination of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi<br />
<br />
February 1948–January 1949 – 1948 Palestinian exodus (the Nakba)<br />
<br />
February 1948–1973 – period of the Union Movement (renamed the Action Party in 1973), founded by Oswald Mosley<br />
<br />
c. 14 February 1948–February 1949 – Old Vic (Laurence Olivier’s repertory theatre company) on a year-long tour of Australasia, in Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, Hobart, Tasmania, Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin<br />
<br />
4 May 1948 – release date of the British film <i>Hamlet</i>, directed by Sir Laurence Olivier, starring Laurence Olivier, Peter Cushing, Christopher Lee<br />
<br />
14 May 1948 – 4 pm: the Israeli Declaration of Independence by David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and Chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine<br />
<br />
15 May 1948 – midnight: British Mandate for Palestine expires<br />
<br />
15 May 1948–10 March 1949 – the 1948 Arab–Israeli War (the Israeli War of Independence) between Israel and the Arab League (Egypt, Iraq, Syria, Transjordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Yemen)<br />
<br />
26 May 1948 – the 1948 parliamentary election of South Africa, in which The United Party (led by the incumbent Prime Minister Jan Smuts) was defeated by the Reunited National Party (Herenigde Nasionale Party in Afrikaans), led by Daniel Francois Malan<br />
<br />
4 June 1948–30 November 1954 – Daniel François Malan is Prime Minister of South Africa (National Party)<br />
<br />
21 June 1948 – the <i>Empire Windrush</i> (from Kingston, Jamaica) docks at the Port of Tilbury, near London, with 1027 passengers began disembarking the next day, including around 400 West Indian immigrants<br />
<br />
24 June 1948–12 May 1949 – the Berlin Blockade: the Soviet Union blocks the Western Allies’ railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Western control<br />
<br />
26 June 1948–30 September 1949 – the Western Allies organise the Berlin airlift (to carry supplies to the people of West Berlin)<br />
<br />
30 June 1948 – UK release date of film <i>Oliver Twist</i>, starring Alec Guinness<br />
<br />
July 1948–March 1953 – Peter Byrne works for the Dooars Tea Company, at Bhogotpore T E, Ghatia, Tondoo (in the Nagarakata district)<br />
<br />
30 July 1948 – royal assent given to the British Nationality Act 1948, which creates the status of “Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies” (CUKC) as the national citizenship of the United Kingdom and its colonies<br />
<br />
2 September 1948–10 March 1949 – Golda Meir is Israel’s minister plenipotentiary to the Soviet Union<br />
<br />
16 September 1948–23 February 1950 – serialisation of <i>TinTin: Land of Black Gold</i> in Tintin magazine<br />
<br />
October 1948–May 1950 – Donald Maclean is head of Chancery at the British embassy in Cairo:<blockquote>October 1935 – Donald Maclean begins work at the Foreign Office<br />
24 September 1938–13 June 1940 – Donald Maclean is Third Secretary at HM Embassy, Paris<br />
c. June 1940–April 1944 – Donald Maclean is Foreign Office’s expert in economic warfare, civil air matters, and military base negotiations<br />
6 May 1944–November 1948 – Donald Maclean is First Secretary of the British embassy in Washington<br />
October 1948–May 1950 – Donald Maclean is head of Chancery at the British embassy in Cairo<br />
May 1950 – Donald Maclean returns to Britain<br />
c. October 1950–25 May 1951 – Donald Maclean is head of the American Department in the Foreign Office<br />
25 May 1951 – Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean flee from Britain to Russia<br />
6 March 1983 – death of Donald Maclean in Russia</BLOCKQUOTE>2 October 1948 – the Bukken Bruse disaster: a Short Sandringham passenger aircraft crashed on a flight from Oslo in the bay near Trondheim, Norway; Bertrand Russell survived <br />
<br />
16 October 1948 – Golda Meir visits a Moscow synagogue during Rosh Hashanah (New Year) and is greeted by 10,000 Jewish Russians<br />
<br />
November 1948 – the Soviet Union launches a campaign against bourgeois nationalism in the Soviet Union and Jewish culture<br />
<br />
22 November 1948 – release of the British anthology film <i>Quartet</i>, adapted from W. Somerset Maugham stories<br />
<br />
<b>1949</b><br />
1949 – Paul M. Sweezy publishes <i>Karl Marx and the Close of His System and Böhm-Bawerk’s Criticism of Marx</i> (August M. Kelley, New York)<br />
<br />
1949 – Ronald Syme elected as Camden Professor of Ancient History at Oxford; he retired in 1970<br />
<br />
January 1949–October 1969 – Karl Popper is professor of logic and scientific method at the University of London<br />
<br />
January 1949 – George Orwell leaves for a sanatorium at Cranham, Gloucestershire, with Richard Rees<br />
<br />
c. February 1949 – Bertrand Russell retires to Wales and leaves Cambridge<br />
<br />
22 March–19 April 1949 – Bertrand Russell in Marseille, Rome; Casa Cuseni, Taormina, Sicily<br />
<br />
April 1949–May 1950 – Bertrand Russell lives in Ffestiniog<br />
<br />
May 1949 – the first issue of Paul M. Sweezy and Leo Huberman’s <i>Monthly Review</i><br />
<br />
22 May 1949 – death of James Forrestal at the National Naval Medical Center (NNMC) in Bethesda, Maryland<br />
<br />
23 May 1949 – creation of the Federal Republic of Germany<br />
<br />
June 1949 – George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair) publishes <i>Nineteen Eighty-Four</i><br />
<br />
13 June 1949 – release date of <i>Kind Hearts and Coronets</i>, directed by Robert Hamer, starring Dennis Price, Joan Greenwood, Valerie Hobson and Alec Guinness<br />
<br />
c. July 1949–1955 – Tom Baker is novice religious brother with the De la Mennais Brothers (from Ploërmel in Brittany in France) at the La Maison de Bon Secours in Jersey, and in Shropshire:<blockquote>1955–1957 – Tom Baker undertakes national service in the Royal Army Medical Corps<br />
1956 – Tom Baker studies at the Rose Bruford College of Speech and Drama, Sidcup<br />
1961–1966 – Tom Baker’s first marriage<br />
1968–1971 – Tom Baker in the National Theatre</BLOCKQUOTE>14 August 1949 – federal elections held in West Germany to elect the first Bundestag<br />
<br />
19 August 1949 – US release date of the movie <i>Black Magic</i>, directed by Gregory Ratoff, starring Orson Welles<br />
<br />
September 1949 – Bertrand Russell elected a life fellow at Trinity College<br />
<br />
3 September 1949 – George Orwell moves into University College Hospital, London<br />
<br />
15 September 1949–11 October 1963 – Konrad Adenauer is first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany<br />
<br />
29 September 1949–1975 – Nicholas Kaldor is a fellow and lecturer of King’s College, Cambridge; Reader in Economics 1952; Professor in 1966:<blockquote>1932 – Nicholas Kaldor appointed to an Assistant Lectureship at the LSE<br />
1932–c. June 1947 – Nicholas Kaldor at the LSE<br />
c. June 1947–c. September 1949 – Nicholas Kaldor is Director of the UN Research Commission for Europe at Geneva<br />
c. June 1947 – Nicholas Kaldor resigned from the LSE</BLOCKQUOTE>October 1949 – Kim Philby arrives in Washington as British intelligence liaison to the US intelligence agencies<br />
<br />
October 1949–June 1951 – Kim Philby in Washington as First Secretary to the British Embassy and chief British intelligence representative in Washington<br />
<br />
October 1949 – Theodor W. Adorno left America and returns to Germany, where he teaches at Frankfurt University<br />
<br />
December 1949–September 1951 – Pitești Prison reeducation experiments, in Pitești, Romania<br />
<br />
10 December 1949 – the Australian federal election of 1949; Ben Chifley defeated by Robert Menzies<br />
<br />
13 December 1949 – Peter Fraser leaves office as Prime Minister of New Zealand (27 March 1940–13 December 1949 for Labour)<br />
<br />
13 December 1949–20 September 1957 – Sidney Holland is Prime Minister of New Zealand (National)<br />
<br />
19 December 1949–26 January 1966 – Robert Menzies is Prime Minister of Australia<br />
<br />
31 December 1949 – Cunard acquired Cunard-White Star’s assets and operations, and reverted to the name “Cunard” on January 1, 1950<br />
<br />
<center><b>1950s</b></center><b>1950</b><br />
1950–1964 – Franz Altheim is professor at Freie Universität Berlin<br />
<br />
1950–1952 – Ernst Badian holds a scholarship at the British School at Rome<br />
<br />
1950–1960 – construction of a dam north of the town of Bicaz, creating Lake Izvorul Muntelui (Lake Bicaz)<br />
<br />
1950–c. December 1951 – George Shackle is a reader at the University of Leeds<br />
<br />
8 January 1950 – death of Joseph Schumpeter<br />
<br />
21 January 1950 – death of George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair) at University College Hospital, London<br />
<br />
February 1950 – Friedrich Hayek submits a letter of resignation to the London School of Economics (LSE); Hayek teaches at the University of Chicago (from 1950–1962)<br />
<br />
February 1950–20 November 1952 – Benedetto Croce after a stroke in February 1950 suffers paralysis<br />
<br />
23 February 1950 – British general election gave Labour a massively reduced majority of five<br />
<br />
23 February 1950 – Enoch Powell elected as Conservative MP for Wolverhampton South West in the UK general election 1950<br />
<br />
16 March 1950 – Enoch Powell made his maiden speech in parliament<br />
<br />
30 March 1950–7 September 1950 – serialisation of Hergé’s <i>TinTin: Destination Moon</i> in Tintin magazine<br />
<br />
19 April 1950 – Ludwig Lachmann gives inaugural lecture at the University of the Witwatersrand<br />
<br />
May 1950–5 July 1956 – Bertrand Russell lives mainly in 41 Queen’s Road, Richmond, Surrey:<blockquote>c. 15 May 1944 – Bertrand Russell leaves America<br />
c. 10/11 June 1944 – Bertrand Russell returns to Britain at Firth of Forth<br />
January 1944 – Bertrand Russell moves to Grosvenor Lodge, Cambridge<br />
10 October 1945 – Bertrand Russell sells Grosvenor Lodge<br />
August 1946 – Bertrand Russell leaves Grosvenor Lodge?<br />
December 1946–April 1947 – Bertrand Russell lives in London at 27 Dorset House, Gloucester Place, London<br />
October 1948 – Bertrand Russell acquires a flat, 18 Dorset House, Gloucester Place, London<br />
4–9 October 1948 – Bertrand Russell lectures in Norway<br />
11–18 December 1948 – Bertrand Russell lectures in Italy <br />
April 1949–May 1950 – Bertrand Russell lives in Ffestiniog<br />
30 June 1949 – Bertrand Russell awarded Order of Merit at Buckingham Palace from George VI<br />
May 1950–17 December 1953 – Bertrand Russell lives mainly in 41 Queen’s Road, Richmond, Surrey, with his son John<br />
17 January–21 February 1950 – Bertrand Russell at Ruskin College, Oxford to lecture on science and society<br />
July–August 1950 – Bertrand Russell visits Australia on a lecture tour<br />
8 February 1953 – Bertrand Russell leases 29 Millbank, London<br />
16 April–14 May 1953 – Bertrand Russell visits Scotland<br />
17 December 1953 – Bertrand Russell’s son and his wife leave Queen’s Road<br />
11–16 April 1955 – Bertrand Russell in Rome<br />
June 1955 – Bertrand Russell leases Plas Penrhyn in Penrhyndeudraeth, Merionethshire, Wales as a holiday home<br />
5 July 1956 - Bertrand Russell moves to Plas Penrhyn, Wales from 41 Queen’s Road, Richmond, Surrey; Plas Penrhyn is his principal home<br />
5 July 1956–2 February 1970 – Bertrand Russell lives in Plas Penrhyn in Penrhyndeudraeth, Merionethshire, Wales<br />
3 September 1958 – Bertrand Russell leases 43 Hasker Street, London<br />
2 February 1970 – death of Bertrand Russell in Penrhyndeudraeth, Wales</BLOCKQUOTE>25 June 1950–27 July 1953 – Korean War<br />
<br />
July 1950–17 April 1951 – Guy Burgess works in the British embassy in Washington as second secretary<br />
<br />
1 August 1950 – release of the British anthology film <i>Trio</i>, based on three short stories by W. Somerset Maugham<br />
<br />
September 1950 – <i>The Authoritarian Personality</i> is published, by Theodor W. Adorno, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel Levinson, and Nevitt Sanford, who were working at the University of California, Berkeley<br />
<br />
October 1950 – China invades Tibet<br />
<br />
October 1950–June 1986 – Karl Popper lives in Fallowfield, Penn, Buckinghamshire<br />
<br />
16 October 1950 – C. S. Lewis publishes <i>The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe</i> (the novel is set in 1940)<br />
<br />
2 November 1950 – death of George Bernard Shaw at the age of 94 at Shaw’s Corner, Ayot St Lawrence, in Hertfordshire, England<br />
<br />
7 November 1950–7 January 1951 – Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah is king of Nepal<br />
<br />
17 November 1950 – Tenzin Gyatso becomes the 14th Dalai Lama <br />
<br />
<b>1951</b><br />
1951 – Albert Uderzo meets René Goscinny<br />
<br />
7 January 1951–13 March 1955 – Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah is king of Nepal<br />
<br />
March 1951 – Oswald Mosley leaves Britain for Ireland<br />
<br />
March 1951–1953 – Oswald Mosley lives Eyrecourt in Galway<br />
<br />
7 May 1951 – Guy Burgess returns to England <br />
<br />
11 May 1951 – Guy Burgess summoned to the Foreign Office and dismissed<br />
<br />
25 May 1951 – Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean flee from Britain to Russia<br />
<br />
c. June 1951–30 August 1963 – Guy Burgess lives in the Soviet Union<br />
<br />
23 May 1951 – signing of the Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet by Ngapoi Ngawang in Beijing<br />
<br />
June 1951 – Kim Philby returns from America to Britain and interrogated for several days by MI6<br />
<br />
July 1951 – resignation of Kim Philby from MI6<br />
<br />
27 August–21 November 1951 – the 1951 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition led by Eric Shipton reconnoitres possible routes for climbing Mount Everest from Nepal; the best one found was through the Khumbu Icefall, Western Cwm and South Col; Edmund Hillary is part of the expedition<br />
<br />
15 October 1951 – C. S. Lewis publishes <i>Prince Caspian</i>, second volume of the <i>The Chronicles of Narnia</i> <br />
<br />
25 October 1951 – United Kingdom general election. The results:<blockquote><b>Party | Leader | Seats Won</b><br />
Labour | Clement Attlee | 295<br />
Conservative | Winston Churchill | 302<br />
National Liberal | James Stuart | 19<br />
Liberal | Clement Davies | 6.</BLOCKQUOTE>The Conservatives won.<br />
<br />
26 October 1951–6 April 1955 – Winston Churchill is British Prime Minister<br />
<br />
November 1951 – the Himalayan expedition of Eric Shipton (with Michael Ward, Bill Murray, and Tom Bourdillon), while scouting for a new route to Everest, discover so-called “yeti” tracks in the snow near the head of Menlung Glacier<br />
<br />
9 November 1951–22 January 1955 – Oscar Torp is Prime Minister of Norway (Labour Party)<br />
<br />
14 November 1951 – release of the British anthology film <i>Encore</i>, an adaptation of three short stories by W. Somerset Maugham<br />
<br />
c. December 1951–1969 – George L. S. Shackle is Brunner Professor Economics Science, University of Liverpool (Emeritus Professor after 1969)<br />
<br />
<b>1952</b><br />
1952 – effective cure for tuberculosis in the discovery of “triple therapy” (streptomycin, para-aminosalicylic acid and isoniazid)<br />
<br />
1952–1954 – Ernst Badian is assistant lecturer at the University of Sheffield <br />
<br />
1952–1954 – John Tyndall undertakes his national service in West Germany<br />
<br />
1952 – 15 million TV sets in the US; 1.2 million in the UK<br />
<br />
1952 – Heinrich Harrer’s <i>Seven Years in Tibet: My Life Before, During and After</i> (Sieben Jahre in Tibet. Mein Leben am Hofe des Dalai Lama) published in Vienna<br />
<br />
1952–1953 – Stalin orders a campaign to remove Jews from positions of authority, including the state security services<br />
<br />
6 February 1952 – death of George VI; accession of Elizabeth II<br />
<br />
c. 8 February 1952 – Oswald Mosley and Diana move into Clonfert Palace, East Galway, Ireland:<blockquote>February 1955–1963 – Oswald Mosley owns the house Ileclash, outside Fermoy, Co. Cork over the Blackwater, as his new Irish home</BLOCKQUOTE>15 February 1952 – funeral of George VI at St George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle<br />
<br />
April 1952 – John Cairncross interviewed by Jim Skardon<br />
<br />
c. April 1952 – John Cairncross resigns from the Treasury in the Ministry of Supply<br />
<br />
May 1952 – purge of Romanian communist Ana Pauker and her allies in the Secretariat (Vasile Luca and Teohari Georgescu)<br />
<br />
August 1952 – C. S. Lewis first meets Joy Davidman Gresham<br />
<br />
12–13 August 1952 – the “Night of the Murdered Poets” in the Soviet Union, 13 of the most prominent Yiddish writers of the Soviet Union executed on the orders of Stalin<br />
<br />
18 September 1952 – Charlie Chaplin boards the RMS Queen Elizabeth with his family but the next day has his re-entry revoked<br />
<br />
3 October 1952–January 1960 – the Mau Mau Uprising in the British Kenya Colony (1920–1963)<br />
<br />
3 October 1952 – British nuclear weapon detonated in Australia: the UK the third nuclear weapons state<br />
<br />
20 November 1952 – death of Benedetto Croce in Naples<br />
<br />
20 November 1952 – the Prague Trial: Rudolf Slánský (General Secretary of the KSČ) and 13 leading party members accused of Trotskyite conspiracy and convicted in Czechoslovakia<br />
<br />
5–9 December 1952 – Great Smog of London, caused by cold weather, an anticyclone and windless conditions, and airborne pollutants (from the use of coal) from Friday, 5 December to Tuesday, 9 December 1952<br />
<br />
8 December 1952 – death of Charles Lightoller during London’s Great Smog of 1952<br />
<br />
15 December 1952 – Bertrand Russell marries Edith Finch, his fourth wife<br />
<br />
<b>1953</b><br />
1953 – Noam Chomsky and his wife Carol Doris Schatz visit England, France, Switzerland and Italy, and 6 weeks at a kibbutz in Israel<br />
<br />
1953–1955 – Edwin Judge attends King’s College, Cambridge<br />
<br />
1953–23 April 1964 – Karl Polanyi lives in Pickering, Ontario, Canada<br />
<br />
January 1953 – Charlie Chaplin and his family move to Manoir de Ban, overlooking Lake Geneva in Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland<br />
<br />
5 January 1953 – first public stage première of Samuel Beckett’s play <i>Waiting for Godot</i> (“En attendant Godot”) at the Théâtre de Babylone, Paris<br />
<br />
13 January 1953 – the Soviet newspaper <i>Pravda</i> reports the “Doctors’ plot”<br />
<br />
14 January 1953–4 May 1980 – Josip Broz Tito President of Yugoslavia<br />
<br />
20 January 1953 – Dwight D. Eisenhower sworn in as 34th President of the US<br />
<br />
20 January 1953–20 January 1961 – Dwight D. Eisenhower is President of the United States<br />
<br />
8 February 1953 – Bertrand Russell leases 29 Millbank, London<br />
<br />
18 February 1953 – arrest of Ana Pauker<br />
<br />
28 February 1953 – James Watson and Francis Crick (University of Cambridge) announce discovery of the structure of the DNA molecule<br />
<br />
5 March 1953 – death of Stalin<br />
<br />
14 March 1953 – Nikita Khrushchev selected as First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party<br />
<br />
17 March–21 April 1953 – broadcast dates of the BBC TV series <i>Robin Hood</i>, starring Patrick Troughton<br />
<br />
c. 31 March 1953 – Peter Byrne resigns from the Dooars Tea Company and takes a concession at the western end of Kanchanpur, Nepal<br />
<br />
12 April–30 May 1953 – the 1953 British Mount Everest expedition, led by Colonel John Hunt, with Charles Evans, Tom Bourdillon, Alfred Gregory, Edmund Hillary, George Lowe and Tenzing Norgay<br />
<br />
13 April 1953 – publication of <i>Casino Royale</i> by Ian Fleming<br />
<br />
29 May 1953 – Edmund Hillary and Nepalese Sherpa mountaineer Tenzing Norgay became the first climbers to reach the summit of Mount Everest<br />
<br />
2 June 1953 – coronation of Queen Elizabeth II as monarch of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon <br />
<br />
18 June 1953 – the Egyptian Republic was declared<br />
<br />
19 June 1953 – execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg at Sing Sing Correctional Facility in Ossining, New York<br />
<br />
10 July 1953 – Soviet newspaper <i>Pravda</i> announces that Lavrentiy Beria deposed as head of the NKVD<br />
<br />
27 July 1953 – end of the Korean War<br />
<br />
31 July 1953 – death of Robert A. Taft (3 January 1953–31 July 1953: Senate Majority Leader) in New York Hospital of cancer, son of President William Howard Taft<br />
<br />
15–19 August 1953 – the 1953 Iranian coup d’état, the overthrow of the democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh in favour of the shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, with help from the United Kingdom and the United States<br />
<br />
27 August 1953 – release date of the American romantic comedy film <i>Roman Holiday</i>, directed by William Wyler, starring Gregory Peck, Audrey Hepburn<br />
<br />
14 September 1953–14 October 1964 – Nikita Khrushchev is First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union:<blockquote>14 September 1953–14 October 1964 – Nikita Khrushchev is First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</blockquote>c. December 1953 – Oswald Mosley moves to France<br />
<br />
<b>1954</b><br />
1954–1965 – Ernst Badian is a lecturer at University of Durham<br />
<br />
January 1954 – <i>Daily Mail</i> Snowman Expedition leaves Kathmandu<br />
<br />
January–June 1954 – <i>Daily Mail</i> Snowman Expedition in Nepal<br />
<br />
7 January 1954 – UK release date of the film <i>The Million Pound Note</i>, directed by Ronald Neame, starring Gregory Peck, Ronald Squire, and Wilfrid Hyde-White<br />
<br />
23 February 1954 – first mass vaccination of children against polio in Pittsburgh, US<br />
<br />
25 February 1954–8 March 1954 – Gamal Abdel Nasser is Prime Minister of Egypt<br />
<br />
1 March–22 May 1954 – Billy Graham in London for evangelical preaching at Harringay Arena and Wembley Stadium<br />
<br />
13 March–7 May 1954 – Battle of Dien Bien Phu, last battle of First Indochina War between the French Union’s French Far East Expeditionary Corps and the Viet Minh communist-nationalists<br />
<br />
13 April 1954 – Arthur Chesterton founds the League of Empire Loyalists (LEL) at Caxton Hall in London<br />
<br />
13 April 1954–7 February 1967 – period of the League of Empire Loyalists (LEL)<br />
<br />
18 April 1954–29 September 1962 – Gamal Abdel Nasser is Prime Minister of Egypt<br />
<br />
26 April–20 July 1954 – the Geneva Conference in Geneva, Switzerland to settle issues resulting from the Korean War and the First Indochina War<br />
<br />
7 June 1954 – death of Alan Turing<br />
<br />
18–27 June 1954 – the 1954 Guatemalan coup d’état, a covert operation CIA to depose the democratically-elected Guatemalan President Jacobo Árbenz; it installs the military dictatorship of Carlos Castillo Armas<br />
<br />
7 July 1954–26 July 1957 – Carlos Castillo Armas is President of the Republic of Guatemala for the National Liberation Movement (MLN) party<br />
<br />
29 July 1954 – J. R. R. Tolkien publishes <i>The Fellowship of the Ring</i>, the first volume of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i><br />
<br />
1 August 1954 – end of the First Indochina War<br />
<br />
29 September–31 October 1954 – period of the play <i>Saint Joan</i> (written by George Bernard Shaw) at the Arts Theatre in London, starring Siobhan McKenna and Kenneth Williams as Dauphin (second run from 8 February–28 May 1955 at the St Martin’s Theatre)<br />
<br />
November 1954 – release date of the Planet Filmplays film <i>The Snow Creature</i>, directed by W. Lee Wilder, starring Paul Langton, Leslie Denison<br />
<br />
1 November 1954–19 March 1962 – the Algerian War, between France and the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN)<br />
<br />
2 November 1954–30 June 1961 – broadcast dates of the BBC radio comedy <i>Hancock’s Half Hour</i>, starring Tony Hancock, Sidney James, Moira Lister, Andrée Melly, Hattie Jacques, Bill Kerr and Kenneth Williams (who left in series 6 from September–29 December 1959)<br />
<br />
11 November 1954 – J. R. R. Tolkien publishes <i>The Two Towers</i>, the second volume of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i><br />
<br />
December 1954–August 1963 – C. S. Lewis is Professor of Medieval and Renaissance English at Magdalene College, Cambridge, and moves to Cambridge<br />
<br />
24 December 1954 – Laos’s full independence from France<br />
<br />
<b>1955</b><br />
1955 – Peter Byrne ends his career as big game hunter<br />
<br />
1955–1957 – Tom Baker undertakes national service in the Royal Army Medical Corps<br />
<br />
January 1955 – British Lion Films Ltd formed; Roy and John Boulting took over Shepperton Studios:<blockquote>30 September 1936–February 2000 – Pinewood Studios owned by The Rank Organisation (from 1995 the Rank Group)<br />
30 September 1936 – Pinewood Studios studio complex built by J. Arthur Rank officially opened<br />
23 April 1937–7 February 1996 – period of The Rank Organisation<br />
February 2001 – merger of Pinewood and Shepperton Studios; creation of Pinewood Shepperton plc</BLOCKQUOTE>22 January 1955–28 August 1963 – Einar Gerhardsen is Prime Minister of Norway (Labour Party)<br />
<br />
10 February 1955 – US Seventh Fleet helps the Republic of China evacuate Chinese Nationalist army from the Tachen Islands to Taiwan<br />
<br />
14 March 1955–31 January 1972 – Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah is king of Nepal<br />
<br />
6 April 1955 – Winston Churchill steps down as British Prime Minister<br />
<br />
6 April 1955–10 January 1957 – Anthony Eden (Conservative) is Prime Minister of the United Kingdom<br />
<br />
May 1955–c. September 1956 – Edwin Judge is Sir James Knott Fellow in Ancient History, King’s College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, University of Durham<br />
<br />
21 May 1955 – Billy Graham preaches by royal invitation in the private chapel of Windsor Castle and meets the Queen<br />
<br />
June 1955 – Bertrand Russell leases Plas Penrhyn in Penrhyndeudraeth, Merionethshire, Wales; from 5 July 1956 this is his principal home<br />
<br />
22 September 1955 – commercial television (ITV) starts broadcasting in London area<br />
<br />
October 1955–1958 – Geoffrey Harcourt at King’s College, Cambridge working on a PhD (under Kaldor and Ronald Henderson)<br />
<br />
October 1955 – Kim Philby officially cleared by Foreign Secretary Harold Macmillan<br />
<br />
20 October 1955 – J. R. R. Tolkien publishes <i>The Return of the King</i>, the third volume of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i><br />
<br />
3 November 1955–26 June 1963 – David Ben-Gurion is Prime Minister of Israel (Mapai)<br />
<br />
7 November 1955 – Kim Philby officially cleared from spying by Foreign Secretary Harold Macmillan<br />
<br />
<b>1956</b><br />
11 February 1956 – Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean appear in the National Hotel in Moscow before a hastily summoned press conference<br />
<br />
25 February 1956 – Nikita Khrushchev gives a secret speech denouncing Stalin at the 20th Soviet Party Congress<br />
<br />
March 1956 – Peter Byrne travels to the Rathong valley, Sikkim, where he meets Tenzing Norgay; he returns to Gangtok<br />
<br />
23 April 1956 – Helen Joy Davidman marries C. S. Lewis in a civil marriage at the register office, 42 St Giles’, Oxford<br />
<br />
c. April 1956 – Peter Byrne learns of Tom Slick in Darjeeling from Tenzing Norgay’s wife<br />
<br />
c. June 1956–1962 – Tibetan guerillas begin warfare in Tibet in the Kham and Amdo regions, which later spreads to other areas of Tibet<br />
<br />
13 June 1956 – British forces complete their withdrawal from the occupied Suez Canal Zone<br />
<br />
July 1956 – fictional date of opening and end of the novel <i>The Remains of the Day</i> by Kazuo Ishiguro (1958 in the film):<blockquote>1936 – departure of Miss Kenton to Weymouth, Cornwall from Darlington Hall near Oxford</blockquote>5 July 1956–2 February 1970 – Bertrand Russell lives in Plas Penrhyn in Penrhyndeudraeth, Merionethshire, Wales<br />
<br />
19 July 1956 – the US State Department rejects American financial assistance for the Egyptian High Dam <br />
<br />
26 July 1956 – Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal<br />
<br />
August 1956 – Kim Philby sent to Beirut as Middle East correspondent for <i>The Observer</i> and <i>The Economist</i>; his journalism is a cover for renewed MI6 work<br />
<br />
August 1956–23 January 1963 – Kim Philby in Beirut, Lebanon<br />
<br />
September 1956–1968 – Edwin Judge is Lecturer, Senior Lecturer & Reader in History, University of Sydney<br />
<br />
11 September 1956 – meeting of the Institute for Radio Engineers at MIT: 3 papers presented by Allen Newell and Herbert Simon, George A. Miller, and Noam Chomsky; foundation of fields of modern linguistics and artificial intellgence<br />
<br />
October 1956 – Joy Davidman admitted to Churchill Hospital, Oxford, and diagnosed with incurable cancer<br />
<br />
October 1956–May 1959 – David Irving at the Imperial College (Royal College of Science) studying physics<br />
<br />
5 October 1956 – release date of the film <i>The Ten Commandments</i>, directed by Cecil B. DeMille and starring Charlton Heston and Yul Brynner<br />
<br />
23 October–10 November 1956 – Hungarian Revolution of 1956:<blockquote>18 April 1955–24 October 1956 – András Hegedüs is Prime Minister of Hungary<br />
23 October 1956 – 20,400 protesters convene next to the statue of József Bem and move to the Parliament Building<br />
24 October 1956–4 November 1956 – Imre Nagy is Prime Minister of Hungary<br />
1 November 1956 – Soviet forces enter Hungary<br />
4 November 1956 – Soviet tanks enter Budapest<br />
4 November 1956–28 January 1958 – János Kádár Prime Minister of Hungary<br />
11 November 1956 – last insurgents defeated</BLOCKQUOTE>29 October 1956–7 November 1956 – the Suez Crisis (Tripartite Aggression), the invasion of Egypt by Israel, followed by the United Kingdom and France<br />
<br />
31 October 1956–1 January 1958 – serialisation of Hergé’s <i>The Red Sea Sharks</i> in Tintin magazine<br />
<br />
9 December 1956 – death of Charles Joughin in a hospital in Paterson, New Jersey<br />
<br />
<b>1957</b><br />
1957 – Noam Chomsky is promoted to the position of associate professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)<br />
<br />
1957 – Ayn Rand publishes <i>Atlas Shrugged</i><br />
<br />
January 1957 – Peter Byrne meets Tom Slick in Delhi<br />
<br />
10 January 1957–19 October 1963 – Harold Macmillan (Conservative) is Prime Minister of the United Kingdom<br />
<br />
February 1957 – publication of <i>Syntactic Structures</i> by Noam Chomsky, which introduces the idea of transformational generative grammar<br />
<br />
9 March 1957 – Peter Byrne and his party leave Darjeeling for Nepal<br />
<br />
14 March–10 April 1957 – Tom Slick and Peter Byrne carry out reconnaissance in the Arun Khola Valley: Dharan, Dara Pani (day 1), Dhankuta (day 2), Pokribas (17 March), Legua Ghat, Kathia Ghat (19 March), Tumlingtar, the Arun river crossed at Sati Ghat (20 March), Choyang, confluence of the Arun and Choyang Khola (23 March), Walung, Kampalung, confluence of the Sangkua and Arun (10 April); they discover 3 sets of bipedal tracks, one of which they follow for 4 miles near the Chhoyang Khola Valley, Nepal<br />
<br />
21 March 1957 – Reverend Peter Bide marries C. S. Lewis and Joy Davidman in hospital<br />
<br />
c. 28 March 1957 – Joy Davidman left Wingfield Hospital and moves to The Kilns<br />
<br />
March 1957–13 July 1960 – marriage of C. S. Lewis and Joy Davidman<br />
<br />
2 May 1957 – release date of the film <i>The Curse of Frankenstein</i>, directed by Terence Fisher, and starring Peter Cushing and Christopher Lee <br />
<br />
1 August 1957 – release of the volume of German Foreign Office documents relating to Edward VIII’s time in Spain<br />
<br />
26 August 1957 – release date of the film <i>The Abominable Snowman</i>, starring Peter Cushing and Forrest Tucker<br />
<br />
31 August 1957 – Federation of Malaya’s independence from the British Empire<br />
<br />
12 December 1957–12 December 1960 – Walter Nash is Prime Minister of New Zealand (Labour)<br />
<br />
<b>1958</b><br />
1958–1982 – Geoffrey Harcourt at the University of Adelaide as a lecturer (chair in Economics at Adelaide from 1967–1982)<br />
<br />
20 February 1958 – Italian release date of the film <i>Le fatiche di Ercole</i> (<i>The Labours of Hercules</i> or <i>Hercules</i>), starring Steve Reeves; US release date 22 July 1959<br />
<br />
c. 24 February–c. 22 June 1958 – the Slick-Johnson Snowman Expedition, led by Gerald Russell and Peter and Bryan Byrne: Biratnagar, Walung (base for Peter Byrne’s team), Barun area (March), all members regroup at Moyam (6 April), Chhoyang (April), Cepua (second base), Arun/Chhoyang Khola valley area (May), Sola Khumbu, members regroup at lamasery of Thyangboche (29 May), expedition returns on 4 June<br />
<br />
27 March 1958–14 October 1964 – Nikita Khrushchev is Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union<br />
<br />
April 1958 – John Bean and John Tyndall form the National Labour Party (NLP) based in Thornton Heath, Croydon, after leaving the League of Empire Loyalists<br />
<br />
April 1958–27 February 1960 – period of the National Labour Party (NLP)<br />
<br />
8 May 1958 – release date of the film UK <i>Dracula</i>, directed by Terence Fisher and starring Christopher Lee and Peter Cushing<br />
<br />
1 June 1958 – release date of <i>The Revenge of Frankenstein</i>, directed by Terence Fisher, starring Peter Cushing<br />
<br />
1 June 1958 – de Gaulle became Premier and was given emergency powers for six months by the National Assembly, fulfilling his desire for parliamentary legitimacy<br />
<br />
1 June 1958–8 January 1959 – de Gaulle Prime Minister of France<br />
<br />
7 June 1958 – Ian Donald, Tom Brown and John MacVicar report use of ultrasound on live patients in “Investigation of Abdominal Masses by Pulsed Ultrasound” published in <i>The Lancet</i> <br />
<br />
16 June 1958 – execution of Imre Nagy<br />
<br />
July 1958 – Ezra Pound arrived in Naples from America<br />
<br />
3 July 1958 – release date of <i>A Night to Remember</i>, directed by Roy Ward Baker, with story by Walter Lord, starring Kenneth More, Laurence Naismith, Frank Lawton<br />
<br />
12 July 1958 – Ezra Pound arrives at Schloss Brunnenburg at Dorf Tirol above Merano in the Adige valley, Italian Tyrol<br />
<br />
12 July 1958–May 1959 – Ezra Pound lives in Schloss Brunnenburg, Dorf Tirol, Italian Tyrol<br />
<br />
30 August–5 September 1958 – Notting Hill race riots in Notting Hill, England<br />
<br />
31 August 1958 – release date of <i>Carry On Sergeant</i>, the first in the series of <i>Carry On</i> films<br />
<br />
2 September 1958–6 September 1966 – Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd is Prime Minister of South Africa (National Party)<br />
<br />
17 September 1958–25 November 1959 – serialisation of Georges Prosper Remi’s (or Hergé) story <i>Tintin in Tibet</i> in <i>Tintin</i> magazine<br />
<br />
28 September 1958 – a French referendum took place and 79.2 percent of those who voted supported the new constitution and the creation of the Fifth Republic<br />
<br />
10 November 1958 – Hope Diamond sold to the National Museum of Natural History<br />
<br />
December 1958–January 1959 – Peter Cushing and Helen Beck stay in Whitstable<br />
<br />
<b>1959</b><br />
c. January 1959–11 August 1994 – Peter Cushing has second house in Whitstable (moves permanently in c. 1969)<br />
<br />
1959–1970 – Orson Welles in Europe<br />
<br />
January 1959 – Peter Byrne obtains pieces of the Pangboche Hand from Pangboche, Nepal<br />
<br />
8 January 1959–28 April 1969 – de Gaulle President of the French Republic<br />
<br />
1–2 February 1959 – Dyatlov Pass incident: death of nine ski hikers in Dyatlov Pass, northern Ural Mountains, Soviet Union<br />
<br />
March 1959 – George Lincoln Rockwell begins his National Socialist movement<br />
<br />
c. March–December 1959 – Slick-Johnson Snowman Expedition, with Peter Byrne<br />
<br />
10–21 March 1959 – the 1959 Tibetan uprising in Lhasa, the capital of the Tibet Area<br />
<br />
17 March 1959 – Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama) flees Lhasa<br />
<br />
29 March 1959–16 July 1977 – broadcast date of <i>The Navy Lark</i>, a radio sitcom about a British Royal Navy frigate named HMS Troutbridge, produced by Alastair Scott Johnston, starring Leslie Phillips, Jon Pertwee, Judy Cornwell, Heather Chasen, and Ronnie Barker<br />
<br />
30 March 1959 – Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama) flees Tibet crossing into India<br />
<br />
18 April 1959 – Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama) reaches Tezpur in Assam<br />
<br />
May 1959 – Ezra Pound leaves Brunnenburg and lives in an apartment in Rapallo<br />
<br />
c. 5 June 1959 – J. R. R. Tolkien retires as Merton Professor of English Language and Literature at Merton College, Oxford<br />
<br />
19 August 1959 – the “Radcliffe Report” is published on British monetary policy by the Committee on the Working of the Monetary System, under Lord Radcliffe<br />
<br />
September 1959–c. December 1978 – A. J. Ayer is Wykeham Professor of Logic at New College, Oxford:<blockquote>c. August 1946–c. September 1959 – A. J. Ayer is Grote Professor of the Philosophy of Mind and Logic in the University College London</blockquote>8 October 1959 – Oswald Mosley stands in the 1959 general election at Kensington North<br />
<br />
8 October 1959 – the UK general election:<blockquote><b>Party | Leader | Seats</b><br />
Conservative | Harold Macmillan | 365<br />
Labour | Hugh Gaitskell | 258<br />
Liberal | Jo Grimond | 6<br />
Independent Conservative | - | 1<br />
10 January 1957–19 October 1963 – Harold Macmillan (Conservative) is Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</BLOCKQUOTE>29 October 1959–14 July 1960 – René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo’s <i>Asterix the Gaul</i> first serialised in <i>Pilote</i> magazine<br />
<br />
18 November 1959 – release date of <i>Ben-Hur</i>, directed by William Wyler, produced by Sam Zimbalist for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, starring Charlton Heston<br />
<br />
<b>1960</b><br />
1960 – Piero Sraffa publishes <i>The Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities</i><br />
<br />
January 1960 – Peter Byrne arrives in America<br />
<br />
February 1960 – Friedrich Hayek publishes <i>The Constitution of Liberty</i><br />
<br />
27 February 1960 – British National Party (BNP) founded after the merger of the National Labour Party (NLP) with the White Defence League<br />
<br />
27 February 1960–7 February 1967 – British National Party<br />
<br />
27 March 1960 – Yevgeny Ivanov posted to London as Soviet assistant naval attaché<br />
<br />
3 April 1960 – George Lincoln Rockwell makes his first public address delivered on the Mall, in Washington<br />
<br />
27 May 1960 – Piero Sraffa publishes <i>The Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities</i>; Italian publication on 6 June 1960<br />
<br />
16 June 1960 – suicide of Francis Parker Yockey in a jail cell in San Francisco<br />
<br />
13 July 1960 – death of Helen Joy Davidman<br />
<br />
September 1960–1 October 1961 – Luigi Pasinetti is at Nuffield College, Oxford<br />
<br />
September 1960–June 1961 – the World Book Encyclopedia scientific expedition to the Himalayas, led by Sir Edmund Hillary and Marlin Perkins, to study adaptation to high altitude and to search for the yeti<br />
<br />
2 September 1960 – establishment of the Assembly of Tibetan Peoples’ Deputies (ATPD)<br />
<br />
5 October 1960 – South African republic referendum; 52.29% of voters endorse withdrawal from the British Commonwealth and the establishment of a Republic of South Africa<br />
<br />
7 October 1960 – US release date of the film <i>Spartacus</i>, directed by Stanley Kubrick, starring Kirk Douglas and Laurence Olivier<br />
<br />
24 October 1960 – Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama) and his entourage move to Dharamsala<br />
<br />
13 November 1960–29 December 1996 – Guatemalan Civil War between the government and various leftist rebel groups supported chiefly by ethnic Maya indigenous people and Ladino peasants<br />
<br />
12 December 1960–7 February 1972 – Keith Holyoake is Prime Minister of New Zealand (National)<br />
<br />
<center><b>1960s</b></center><b>1961</b><br />
1961–1963 – David Irving registered as a student at University College, studying political science and economics; he dropped out by 1962<br />
<br />
1961–1975 – University of Canterbury is moved to the Christchurch suburb of Ilam<br />
<br />
January 1961 – Oswald Mosley debates the issue of Commonwealth immigration at a University College, London, seconded by David Irving<br />
<br />
8 January 1961 – referendum on self-determination for Algeria was held in France<br />
<br />
14 January 1961 – death of Ernest Thesiger in his London home<br />
<br />
20 January 1961 – John F. Kennedy inaugurated as US president (in office 20 January 1961–22 November 1963)<br />
<br />
17 March 1961 – marriage of Christopher Lee and Birgit “Gitte” Krøncke<br />
<br />
4 April 1961 – John F. Kennedy approves the Bay of Pigs final invasion plan<br />
<br />
17 April 1961 – the Bay of Pigs Invasion, failed military invasion of Cuba by the CIA-sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 from 17–20 April<br />
<br />
5 May 1961 – the first US astronaut, Alan Shepard, launched on a suborbital flight aboard Freedom 7 on a Mercury-Redstone rocket<br />
<br />
30 May 1961 – John F. Kennedy meets Ben-Gurion to discuss the nuclear issue at the Waldorf Astoria hotel in New York<br />
<br />
31 May 1961 – establishment of the republic of South Africa<br />
<br />
20/21 June 1961 – Eon Productions under Albert R. “Cubby” Broccoli and Harry Saltzman secure financing from United Artists with a 6-movie contract<br />
<br />
July 1961 – René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo’s <i>Asterix le Gaulois</i> (Asterix the Gaul) published as full book by Dargaud<br />
<br />
July 1961 – Stephen Ward introduces Christine Keeler to John Profumo, 5th Baron Profumo, the Secretary of State for War, at a pool party at Cliveden, the Buckinghamshire mansion owned by Lord Astor<br />
<br />
6 July 1961 – incorporation of Eon Productions in the UK by producers Albert R. “Cubby” Broccoli and Harry Saltzman under the holding company Danjaq<br />
<br />
July–August 1961? – affair between John Profumo and Christine Keeler<br />
<br />
October 1961 – A. B. Bosworth enters Keble College, Oxford <br />
<br />
1 October 1961–September 1976 – Luigi Pasinetti is an Assistant Lecturer and Fellow of King’s College, Cambridge<br />
<br />
October 1961 – Fritz Fischer’s <i>Griff nach der Weltmacht: Die Kriegzielpolitik des kaiserlichen Deutschland 1914–1918</i> (<i>Germany’s Aims in the First World War</i>) published<br />
<br />
<b>1962</b><br />
1962 – Joan Robinson becomes a Fellow of Newnham College, Cambridge:<blockquote>1931 – Joan Robinson becomes assistant lecturer in economics<br />
1937 – Joan Robinson becomes a lecturer <br />
1949 – Joan Robinson becomes reader in economics<br />
1965 – Joan Robinson becomes full professor and fellow of Girton College<br />
1979 – first female honorary fellow of King’s College</BLOCKQUOTE>c. spring 1962–1 November 1972 – Ezra Pound lives in summer at Sant’Ambrogio above Rapallo and Gulf of Tigullio, and in winter at a house in the Calle Querini in Venice<br />
<br />
13 April 1962 – UK release date of <i>Carry On Cruising</i>, directed by Gerald Thomas<br />
<br />
18 April 1962 – royal assent given to Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962<br />
<br />
20 April 1962 – John Tyndall founded National Socialist Movement (NSM)<br />
<br />
1 June 1962 – Friedrich Hayek leaves New York for Naples (arriving on 13 June)<br />
<br />
c. 15 June 1962–July 1968 – Friedrich Hayek is professor at the University of Freiburg, Germany<br />
<br />
3 July 1962 – France recognised Algerian independence<br />
<br />
August 1962–1 November 1973 – Laurence Olivier is first director of National Theatre<br />
<br />
6 August 1962 – Jamaica attains full independence from Britain<br />
<br />
5 October 1962 – release date of the James Bond film <i>Dr. No</i> in the United Kingdom<br />
<br />
6 October 1962 – Tom Slick, Texas-based businessman, dies in an airplane crash in Montana<br />
<br />
11 October 1962–8 December 1965 – the Second Vatican Council (Vatican II), 21st ecumenical council of the Catholic Church, held at St. Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican<br />
<br />
14 October 1962 – death of Charlie Williams, Kenneth Williams’ father<br />
<br />
16–28 October 1962 – Cuban missile crisis<br />
<br />
27 October 1962 – Kennedy secretly agrees to remove all US missiles in Turkey and possibly southern Italy<br />
<br />
20 November 1962 – the US government announces the end of the blockade on Cuba from 6:45 pm EST<br />
<br />
10 December 1962 – release date of the film <i>Lawrence of Arabia</i>, directed by David Lean and starring Peter O’Toole<br />
<br />
<b>1963</b><br />
1963 – Meyerdirk & Wright begins production of first commercial hand-held articulated arm compound contact B-mode scanner; ultrasound becomes generally available for medical use<br />
<br />
January 1963–December 1967 – Sydney Newman is Head of Drama at the BBC<br />
<br />
January 1963 – Gore Vidal and Austen leave for Italy; they take an apartment on Via Giulia in Rome<br />
<br />
23 January 1963 – Kim Philby vanishes from Beirut<br />
<br />
January 1963–11 May 1988 – Kim Philby in the Soviet Union for the remainder of his life<br />
<br />
21 March 1963 – Labour MP George Wigg asks a question in the House about the rumours linking Profumo with Keeler<br />
<br />
21 March–3 August 1963– the Profumo affair:<blockquote>July 1961 – Stephen Ward introduces Christine Keeler to John Profumo, 5th Baron Profumo, the Secretary of State for War, at a pool party at Cliveden, the Buckinghamshire mansion owned by Lord Astor<br />
July–August 1961? – affair between John Profumo and Christine Keeler<br />
9 August 1961 – Profumo interviewed informally by Sir Norman Brook, the Cabinet Secretary, who warns Profumo not to mix with Stephen Ward’s circle<br />
December 1962 – Yevgeny Ivanov recalled to Moscow<br />
14 December 1962 – Johnny Edgecombe fires five shots at the house of Stephen Ward<br />
21 March 1963 – Labour MP George Wigg asks a question in the House about the rumours linking Profumo with Keeler<br />
22 March 1963 – John Profumo states he is innocent in the House<br />
18 April 1963 – Christine Keeler attacked at the home of a friend<br />
May 1963 – Lewis Morley takes naked photographic portrait of Christine Keeler<br />
4 June 1963 – John Profumo forced to admit he had lied to the House; he resigns from office, from the House, and from the Privy Council<br />
5 June 1963 – announcement of John Profumo’s resignation<br />
5–7 June 1963 – trial of Aloysius “Lucky” Gordon <br />
8 June 1963 – Stephen Ward arrested on charges of immorality offences<br />
17 June 1963 – House of Commons debate on Profumo’s resignation<br />
24 June 1963 – <i>Daily Mirror</i> publishes a story “Prince Philip and the Profumo Scandal”<br />
22–31 July 1963 – trial of Stephen Ward for living off the proceeds of prostitution<br />
30 July 1963 – Stephen Ward takes overdose of sleeping tablets<br />
3 August 1963 – death of Stephen Ward<br />
26 September 1963 – Denning report into the Profumo Scandal published<br />
18 October 1963 – resignation of Harold Macmillan as Prime Minister<br />
December 1963 – conviction of Christine Keeler for perjury</BLOCKQUOTE>4 May 1963 – civil rights protesters dispersed in Birmingham, Alabama<br />
<br />
22 March 1963 – John Profumo states he is innocent in the House<br />
<br />
4 June 1963 – John Profumo forced to admit he had lied to the House; he resigns from office, from the House, and from the Privy Council<br />
<br />
5 June 1963 – announcement of John Profumo’s resignation<br />
<br />
5–7 June 1963 – trial of Aloysius “Lucky” Gordon <br />
<br />
8 June 1963 – Stephen Ward arrested on charges of immorality offences<br />
<br />
17 June 1963 – House of Commons debate on Profumo’s resignation<br />
<br />
24 June 1963 – <i>Daily Mirror</i> publishes a story “Prince Philip and the Profumo Scandal”<br />
<br />
26–29 June 1963 – John F. Kennedy visits Ireland<br />
<br />
26 June 1963 – David Ben-Gurion steps down as Prime Minister of Israel:<blockquote><b>Prime Ministers of Israel</b><br />
3 November 1955–26 June 1963 – David Ben-Gurion (Mapai)<br />
26 June 1963–26 February 1969 – Levi Eshkol (Mapai)<br />
26 February–17 March 1969– Yigal Allon (Alignment Labor)<br />
17 March 1969–3 June 1974 – Golda Meir (Alignment Labor)<br />
3 June 1974–20 June 1977 – Yitzhak Rabin (Alignment Labor)<br />
20 June 1977–10 October 1983 – Menachem Begin (Likud)<br />
10 October 1983–13 September 1984 – Yitzhak Shamir (Likud) </BLOCKQUOTE>1 July 1963 – Kim Philby’s flight to Moscow officially confirmed<br />
<br />
15 July 1963 – C. S. Lewis falls ill, admitted to the hospital, and suffers a heart attack at 5:00 pm the next day and lapsed into a coma<br />
<br />
22–31 July 1963 – trial of Stephen Ward for living off the proceeds of prostitution<br />
<br />
30 July 1963 – Stephen Ward takes overdose of sleeping tablets<br />
<br />
3 August 1963 – death of Stephen Ward<br />
<br />
6 August 1963 – C. S. Lewis discharged from Acland Hospital, and returns to live at The Kilns, Oxford <br />
<br />
6 August 1963 – C. S. Lewis resigns as Professor of Medieval and Renaissance English at Magdalene College, Cambridge<br />
<br />
28 August 1963 – the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, at which Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his 17-minute speech, later known as “I Have a Dream”<br />
<br />
30 August 1963 – death of Guy Burgess in the Soviet Union<br />
<br />
11 September 1963 – release date of Hammer film <i>The Kiss of the Vampire</i>, directed by Don Sharp<br />
<br />
26 September 1963 – Denning report into the Profumo Scandal published<br />
<br />
11 October 1963 – release date of the James Bond film <i>From Russia with Love</i> in the United Kingdom<br />
<br />
18 October 1963 – resignation of Harold Macmillan as Prime Minister<br />
<br />
19 October 1963–16 October 1964 – Alec Douglas-Home is British Prime Minister (Conservative)<br />
<br />
7 November 1963 – UK release date of <i>Carry On Cabby</i>, directed by Gerald Thomas<br />
<br />
22 November 1963 – the assassination of John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas, at 12:30 pm Central Standard Time on Friday; Lyndon B. Johnson sworn in as President on Air Force One in Dallas on 22 November 1963<br />
<br />
22 November 1963 – death of C. S. Lewis<br />
<br />
23 November–14 December 1963 – broadcast dates of the Doctor Who serial <i>An Unearthly Child</i>:<blockquote>23 November 1963 – “An Unearthly Child” debuts on the BBC at 5.15 p.m.<br />
30 November 1963 – “The Cave of Skulls”<br />
7 December 1963 – “The Forest of Fear”<br />
14 December 1963 – “The Firemaker” </BLOCKQUOTE>23 November 1963–12 September 1964 – broadcast dates of Season 1 of <i>Doctor Who</i>:<blockquote>23 November 1963–14 December 1963 – “An Unearthly Child”<br />
21 December 1963–1 February 1964 – “The Daleks”<br />
8 February 1964–15 February 1964 – “The Edge of Destruction”<br />
22 February 1964–4 April 1964 – “Marco Polo”<br />
11 April 1964–16 May 1964 – “The Keys of Marinus”<br />
23 May 1964–13 June 1964 – “The Aztecs”<br />
20 June 1964–1 August 1964 – “The Sensorites”<br />
8 August 1964–12 September 1964 – “The Reign of Terror”<br />
Susan Foreman – “An Unearthly Child” to “Dalek Invasion of Earth” <br />
Barbara Wright – “An Unearthly Child” to “The Chase”<br />
Ian Chesterton – “An Unearthly Child” to “The Chase”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
October 1963 – “An Unearthly Child” set in London<br />
November 1963 – “Remembrance of the Daleks”<br />
100,000 BC – “An Unearthly Child”<br />
c. 4000 BC (or 400 AD) – “Genesis of the Daleks” set on Skaro<br />
3,750 BC (1400 AD; 1963?; far future) – “The Daleks” set on Skaro<br />
c. 1450 – “The Aztecs”<br />
c.2,764 AD – “The Sensorites,” set on Maitland’s ship, Sense Sphere<br />
July 1794 – “The Reign of Terror,” set in Paris</BLOCKQUOTE>25 November 1963 – a Requiem Mass held for John F. Kennedy at the Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle<br />
<br />
30 November 1963 – “An Unearthly Child” broadcast again<br />
<br />
12 December 1963 – independence of Republic of Kenya from Britain (formerly the Colony and Protectorate of Kenya)12 December 1963 – independence of Republic of Kenya from Britain (formerly the Colony and Protectorate of Kenya)<br />
<br />
21 December 1963–1 February 1964 – broadcast dates of the Doctor Who serial <i> The Daleks</i>:<blockquote>21 December 1963 – “The Dead Planet”<br />
28 December 1963 – “The Survivors”<br />
4 January 1964 – “The Escape”<br />
11 January 1964 – “The Ambush”<br />
18 January 1964 – “The Expedition”<br />
25 January 1964 – “The Ordeal”<br />
1 February 1964 – “The Rescue”</BLOCKQUOTE>December 1963 – conviction of Christine Keeler for perjury<br />
<br />
<b>1964</b><br />
1964–1966 – Geoffrey Harcourt at University of Cambridge, University Lecturer in Economics and Politics<br />
<br />
17 January 1964 – US publication date of Roald Dahl’s novel <i>Charlie and the Chocolate Factory</i><br />
<br />
22 February–4 April 1964 – broadcast dates of the <i>Doctor Who</i> serial “Marco Polo”:<blockquote>22 February 1964 – “The Roof of the World”<br />
29 February 1964 – “The Singing Sands”<br />
7 March 1964 – “Five Hundred Eyes”<br />
14 March 1964 – “The Wall of Lies”<br />
21 March 1964 – “Rider from Shang-Tu”<br />
28 March 1964 – “Mighty Kublai Khan”<br />
4 April 1964 – “Assassin at Peking”</BLOCKQUOTE>23 February 1964 – UK release date of <i>Carry On Jack</i>, directed by Gerald Thomas<br />
<br />
23 April 1964 – death of Karl Polanyi in Pickering, Ontario, Canada<br />
<br />
23 April 1964 – Anthony Blunt secretly confessed to MI5 about his spying:<blockquote>October 1926–1930 – Anthony Blunt at Trinity College, Cambridge as an undergraduate<br />
October 1927 – Anthony Blunt begins the study of modern languages<br />
May 1928 – Anthony Blunt elected to the Cambridge Apostles<br />
October 1932 – Anthony Blunt elected a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge<br />
1933 – Anthony Blunt visits the Soviet Union<br />
June 1940 – Anthony Blunt recruited by MI5 as a military liaison officer<br />
March 1945 – Anthony Blunt sent to Schloss Friedrichshof in Germany to retrieve letters of Queen Victoria and possibly letters from the Duke of Windsor<br />
1 April 1945–1972 – Anthony Blunt is Surveyor of the King’s Pictures<br />
1947 – Anthony Blunt becomes director of the Courtauld Institute<br />
23 April 1964 – Anthony Blunt secretly confessed to MI5 about his spying<br />
15, 21 November 1979 – Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher reveals Blunt’s guilt as a spy<br />
26 March 1983 – death of Anthony Blunt of heart attack at his London home</BLOCKQUOTE>6 May 1964 – premiere of <i>Entertaining Mr Sloane</i> in London at the New Arts Theatre, written by Joe Orton; transferred to the West End’s Wyndham’s Theatre on 29 June 1964<br />
<br />
8 May 1964 – release date of <i>The Evil of Frankenstein</i> directed by Freddie Francis, starring Peter Cushing<br />
<br />
27 May 1964 – Italian release date of <i>Terror in the Crypt</i>, directed by Camillo Mastrocinque and starring Christopher Lee<br />
<br />
12 June 1964 – Nelson Mandela and two of his co-accused found guilty on four charges, condemned to life imprisonment<br />
<br />
12 June 1964–11 February 1990 – Nelson Mandela imprisoned<br />
<br />
2 July 1964 – the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, and outlawed racial segregation in schools, employment, and public accommodations, is signed by Lyndon B. Johnson:<blockquote>10 February 1964 – Civil Rights Act passes in the House<br />
19 June 1964 – passes in the Senate <br />
2 July 1964 – House agrees to Senate amendment</BLOCKQUOTE>12 August 1964 – death of Ian Fleming in Canterbury of a heart attack<br />
<br />
18 September 1964 – release date of the James Bond film <i>Goldfinger</i> in the United Kingdom<br />
<br />
17 September 1964–25 March 1972 – broadcast dates of <i>Bewitched</i> on ABC, starring Elizabeth Montgomery and Dick York<br />
<br />
14 October 1964 – Nikita Khrushchev is forced to resign as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union<br />
<br />
14 October 1964–10 November 1982 – Leonid Brezhnev is General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Brezhnev becomes Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union on 16 June 1977<br />
<br />
31 October 1964–24 July 1965 – broadcast dates of Season 2 (1964–1965) of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring William Hartnell:<blockquote>31 October 1964–14 November 1964 – “Planet of Giants”<br />
21 November 1964–26 December 1964 – “The Dalek Invasion of Earth”<br />
2 January 1965–9 January 1965 – “The Rescue”<br />
16 January 1965– 6 February 1965 – “The Romans”<br />
13 February 1965–20 March 1965 – “The Web Planet”<br />
27 March 1965–17 April 1965 – “The Crusade”<br />
24 April 1965–15 May 1965 – “The Space Museum”<br />
22 May 1965–26 June 1965 – “The Chase”<br />
3 July 1965–24 July 1965 – “The Time Meddler”<br />
Vicki – “The Rescue” to “The Myth Makers”<br />
Steven Taylor – “The Chase” to “The Savages”<br />
Dodo Chaplet – “The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve” to “The War Machines”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
June 1969 – “Planet of Giants,” set in England<br />
c. 2,164 – “The Dalek Invasion of Earth,” set in London and Bedfordshire<br />
c. 2,494 – “The Rescue,” set on the planet Dido<br />
c. 15 June–19 July 64 – “The Romans” before the Great Fire of Rome, set north of Assessium (Assisi) and in Rome<br />
October 1191 (or 1192) – “The Crusade,” set in Jaffa, Palestine<br />
c. 2,693–2,965 AD – “The Space Museum,” on Xeros<br />
Fictional dates of the <i>Doctor Who</i> serial “The Chase”:<blockquote>Aridius<br />
1966 – New York City<br />
1872 – Mary Celeste<br />
1996 – Festival of Ghana<br />
Mechanus</BLOCKQUOTE>August/September 1066 – fictional date of the <i>Doctor Who</i> serial “The Time Meddler,” set in Northumbria, north of the Humber river</BLOCKQUOTE>23 November 1964 – UK publication date of Roald Dahl’s novel <i>Charlie and the Chocolate Factory</i><br />
<br />
<b>1965</b><br />
1965–1969 – Ernst Badian is professor of ancient history, University of Leeds<br />
<br />
2–9 January 1965 – broadcast dates of the Doctor Who serial <i>The Rescue</i>:<blockquote>2 January 1965 – “The Powerful Enemy”<br />
9 January 1965 – “Desperate Measures” </BLOCKQUOTE>16 January–6 February 1965 – broadcast dates of the Doctor Who serial <i>The Romans</i>:<blockquote>16 January 1965 – “The Slave Traders”<br />
23 January 1965 – “All Roads Lead to Rome”<br />
30 January 1965 – “Conspiracy”<br />
6 February 1965 – “Inferno”</BLOCKQUOTE>24 January 1965 – death of Winston Churchill<br />
<br />
30 January 1965 – the state funeral service of Winston Churchill held at St Paul’s Cathedral<br />
<br />
1 February 1965 – premiere of <i>Loot</i> in Cambridge, written by Joe Orton, starring Geraldine McEwan, Kenneth Williams, Duncan Macrae and Ian McShane, directed by Peter Wood; first run ended in a flop at Wimbledon on 20 March 1965<br />
<br />
23 August 1965 – release date of the film <i>Dr. Who and the Daleks</i>, starring Peter Cushing<br />
<br />
25 August 1965 – Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 (the Hart–Celler Act) passed in the House:<blockquote>22 September 1965 – Hart–Celler Act passes the Senate (76–18) with amendment<br />
30 September 1965 – House agrees to Senate amendment (320–70)<br />
3 October 1965 – signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson<br />
30 June 1968 – Hart–Celler Act effective</BLOCKQUOTE>22 September 1965 – the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 (or the Hart–Celler Act) is passed in the US Senate (25 August 1965 in the House); effective from 30 June 1968<br />
<br />
3 October 1965 – the Hart–Celler Act signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson<br />
<br />
11 September 1965–16 July 1966 – broadcast dates of Season 3 (1965–1966) of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring William Hartnell:<blockquote>11 September 1965–2 October 1965 – “Galaxy 4”<br />
9 October 1965 – “Mission to the Unknown”<br />
16 October 1965–6 November 1965 – “The Myth Makers”<br />
13 November 1965–29 January 1966 – “The Daleks’ Master Plan”<br />
5 February 1966–26 February 1966 – “Massacre of St Bartholomew’s Eve”<br />
5 March 1966–26 March 1966 – “The Ark”<br />
2 April 1966–23 April 1966 – “The Celestial Toymaker”<br />
30 April 1966–21 May 1966 – “The Gunfighters”<br />
28 May 1966–18 June 1966 – “The Savages”<br />
25 June 1966–16 July 1966 – “The War Machines”<br />
Polly – “The War Machines” to “The Faceless Ones”<br />
Ben Jackson – “The War Machines” to “The Faceless Ones”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
c. 1,200 BC – “The Myth Makers,” set in Troy<br />
Fictional dates of the <i>Doctor Who</i> serial “The Daleks’ Master Plan”: <blockquote>4,000 AD – set on Kembel, Desperus, Central City, Mira<br />
25 December 1965 – Liverpool<br />
1921 – Hollywood<br />
21st century – London<br />
c. 2500 BC – Tigus, Egypt <br />
Unnamed ice planet</BLOCKQUOTE>23 August 1572 – “The Massacre,” set in Paris<br />
10,000,000 AD – “The Ark”<br />
October 1881 – “The Gunfighters,” set in Tombstone, US<br />
12–20 July 1966 – “The War Machines” (broadcast from 25 June–16 July 1966), set in London</BLOCKQUOTE>18 September 1965–26 May 1970 – broadcast dates of <i>I Dream of Jeannie</i> on NBC, starring Barbara Eden and Larry Hagman<br />
<br />
8 December 1965 – royal assent given to the UK Race Relations Act 1965, the first legislation to outlaw discrimination on the grounds of colour, race, or ethnic or national origins in public places<br />
<br />
16 December 1965 – death of W. Somerset Maugham in the Anglo-American Hospital in Nice<br />
<br />
21 December 1965 – release date of the James Bond film <i>Thunderball</i> in the United States; released in the UK on 29 December 1965<br />
<br />
<b>1966</b><br />
January 1966 – Paul A. Baran and Paul M. Sweezy publish <i>Monopoly Capital: An Essay on the American Economic and Social Order</i> (Monthly Review Press)<br />
<br />
31 March 1966 – Oswald Mosley stands in the 1966 UK general election at Shoreditch and Finsbury<br />
<br />
6–9 April 1966 – conference called “Man the Hunter” held at the Center for Continuing Education, University of Chicago, which promulgates myths about hunter-gatherers<br />
<br />
June 1966 – Gore Vidal and Austen take the Via di Torre Argentina, Rome, Italy<br />
<br />
June 1966–1993 – Gore Vidal has a house in Rome at Via di Torre Argentina until 1993 when he lives year round in La Rondinaia<br />
<br />
August 1966 – George Lincoln Rockwell holds a rally in Chicago against a desegregation effort led by Martin Luther King, Jr. <br />
<br />
5 August 1966 – release date of the film <i>Daleks – Invasion Earth: 2150 A.D.</i>, starring Peter Cushing<br />
<br />
8 September–29 December 1966 – 1966 episodes of Season 1 of <i>Star Trek: The Original Series</i>:<blockquote>8 September 1966 – “The Man Trap”<br />
15 September 1966 – “Charlie X”<br />
22 September 1966 – “Where No Man Has Gone Before”<br />
29 September 1966 – “The Naked Time”<br />
6 October 1966 – “The Enemy Within”<br />
13 October 1966 – “Mudd’s Women”<br />
20 October 1966 – “What Are Little Girls Made of?”<br />
27 October 1966 – “Miri”<br />
3 November 1966 – “Dagger of the Mind”<br />
10 November 1966 – “The Corbomite Maneuver”<br />
17 and 24 November 1966 – “The Menagerie”<br />
8 December 1966 – “The Conscience of the King”<br />
15 December 1966 – “Balance of Terror”<br />
29 December 1966 – “Shore Leave”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
2258 AD – events of <i>Star Trek</i> (2009) (alternate timeline)<br />
2259 AD – events of <i>Star Trek: Into Darkness</i> (alternate timeline)<br />
2265–2270 AD – James T. Kirk as captain of the starship Enterprise on a historic five-year mission<br />
2266–2267 AD – Star Trek season 1 (1966–1967)<br />
2267–2268 AD – Star Trek season 2 (1967–1968)<br />
2268–2269 AD – Star Trek season 3 (1968–1969)<br />
2273 AD – <i>Star Trek: The Motion Picture</i> (1979)<br />
2285 AD – <i>The Wrath of Khan</i> (1982) and <i>The Search for Spock</i> (1984)<br />
2286 AD – <i>The Voyage Home</i> (1986) <br />
2287 AD – <i>The Final Frontier</i> (1989)<br />
2371 AD – <i>Generations</i> (1994)<br />
2364–2370 AD – <i>The Next Generation</i> seasons 1–7 (1987–1994)<br />
2387 AD – <i>Star Trek</i> (2009)</BLOCKQUOTE>6 September 1966 – Hendrik Verwoerd assassinated in Cape Town, after entering the House of Assembly<br />
<br />
10 September 1966–29 October 1966 – broadcast dates of first part of Season 4 (1966–1967) of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring William Hartnell:<blockquote>10 September 1966–1 October 1966 – “The Smugglers”<br />
8 October 1966–29 October 1966 – “The Tenth Planet”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
1600s – fictional date of the <i>Doctor Who</i> serial “The Smugglers,” set in Cornwall<br />
December 1986 – fictional date of the <i>Doctor Who</i> serial “The Tenth Planet,” set at the Snowcap space tracking station in Antarctica</BLOCKQUOTE>13 September 1966–2 October 1978 – Balthazar Johannes “B. J.” Vorster is Prime Minister of South Africa<br />
<br />
27 September 1966–28 November 1967 – serialisation of <i>Flight 714 to Sydney</i> in Tintin magazine<br />
<br />
5 November 1966–21 June 1969 – period of <i>Doctor Who</i> with Patrick Troughton as the Second Doctor<br />
<br />
5 November 1966–1 July 1967 – broadcast dates of Season 4 (1966–1967) of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Patrick Troughton:<blockquote>5 November 1966–10 December 1966 – “The Power of the Daleks”<br />
17 December 1966–7 January 1967 – “The Highlanders”<br />
14 January 1967–4 February 1967 – “The Underwater Menace”<br />
11 February 1967–4 March 1967 – “The Moonbase”<br />
11 March 1967–1 April 1967 – “The Macra Terror”<br />
8 April 1967–13 May 1967 – “The Faceless Ones”<br />
20 May 1967–1 July 1967 – “The Evil of the Daleks”<br />
“The Evil of the Daleks” (May 1967)–“Fury from the Deep” (20 April 1968) – Victoria Waterfield is a companion of the Doctor<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
2,220 AD – “Power of the Daleks,” set on Vulcan<br />
1746 – “The Highlanders,” set in Scotland<br />
after 1968 – “The Underwater Menace,” on extinct volcanic island and Atlantis<br />
2070 – “The Moonbase,” set on the Moon<br />
2100–2200 (or 2600) – “The Macra Terror” set on unnamed Earth colony<br />
20 July 1966 – “The Faceless Ones,” set in Gatwick Airport and in Earth orbit<br />
Fictional dates of the <i>Doctor Who</i> serial “The Evil of the Daleks”:<blockquote>20 July 1966 – Gatwick Airport<br />
2 June 1866 – England near Canterbury<br />
Skaro</BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE><b>1967</b><br />
1967 – English translation of Fritz Fischer’s <i>Griff nach der Weltmacht: Die Kriegzielpolitik des kaiserlichen Deutschland 1914–1918</i> (<i>Germany’s Aims in the First World War</i>) by C.A. Macartney published<br />
<br />
1967–2007 – A. B. Bosworth is lecturer, Senior Lecturer (1972), Assistant Professor (1975) and Professor of Classics and Ancient History (1980) at the University of Western Australia<br />
<br />
5 January–13 April 1967 – 1967 episodes of Season 1 of <i>Star Trek: The Original Series</i>:<blockquote>5 January 1967 – “The Galileo Seven”<br />
12 January 1967 – “The Squire of Gothos”<br />
19 January 1967 – “Arena”<br />
26 January 1967 – “Tomorrow is Yesterday”<br />
2 February 1967 – “Court Martial”<br />
9 February 1967 – “The Return of the Archons”<br />
16 February 1967 – “Space Seed”<br />
23 February 1967 – “A Taste of Armageddon”<br />
2 March 1967 – “This Side of Paradise”<br />
9 March 1967 – “The Devil in the Dark”<br />
23 March 1967 – “Errand of Mercy”<br />
30 March 1967 – “The Alternative Factor”<br />
6 April 1967 – “The City on the Edge of Forever”<br />
13 April 1967 – “Operation: Annihilate!” </BLOCKQUOTE>7 February 1967 – foundation of the National Front (NF) by A. K. Chesterton, after the merger of the League of Empire Loyalists and the British National Party<br />
<br />
5–10 June 1967 – the Six-Day War<br />
<br />
8 June 1967 – the USS <i>Liberty</i> incident, during the Six-Day War (5–10 June 1967)<br />
<br />
1 July 1967–7 August 1970 – the War of Attrition between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, the PLO and their allies from 1967 to 1970<br />
<br />
29 July 1967 – the USS Forrestal fire in the Gulf of Tonkin, caused by an electrical anomaly firing a Zuni rocket on a McDonnell Douglas F-4B Phantom, which struck an external fuel tank of a A-4 Skyhawk; flammable jet fuel spilled across the flight deck, ignited, and triggered a chain-reaction of explosions killing 134 sailors and injured 161<br />
<br />
9 August 1967 – murder of Joe Orton by Kenneth Halliwell in Islington, London<br />
<br />
25 August 1967 – murder of George Lincoln Rockwell while leaving a laundromat in Arlington, Virginia<br />
<br />
2 September 1967–1 June 1968 – broadcast dates of Season 5 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Patrick Troughton:<blockquote>2 September 1967–23 September 1967 – “The Tomb of the Cybermen”<br />
30 September 1967–4 November 1967 – “The Abominable Snowmen”<br />
11 November 1967–16 December 1967 – “The Ice Warriors”<br />
23 December 1967–27 January 1968 – “The Enemy of the World”<br />
3 February 1968–9 March 1968 – “The Web of Fear”<br />
16 March 1968–20 April 1968 – “Fury from the Deep”<br />
27 April 1968–1 June 1968 – “The Wheel in Space”<br />
Jamie McCrimmon – “The Highlanders” to “The War Games”<br />
Victoria Waterfield – “The Evil of the Daleks” to “Fury from the Deep”<br />
Zoe Heriot – “The Wheel in Space” (27 April 1968) to “The War Games” (21 June 1969)<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
2,486 AD – “The Tomb of the Cybermen,” set on Telos<br />
1935 – “The Abominable Snowmen,” set in Tibet at the Detsen Monastery (or in 1930)<br />
c. 5000 – “The Ice Warriors,” set on Brittanicus Base<br />
2018 – “The Enemy of the World,” set in Australia and Europe<br />
c. 1968/ February 1969/1975 – “The Web of Fear,” set on London<br />
1968 – “Fury from the Deep,” set in England<br />
2079 – “The Wheel in Space,” set on Silver Carrier, Space Station W3</BLOCKQUOTE>4–9 September 1967 – location shooting for the <i>Doctor Who</i> serial “The Abominable Snowmen” at the mountain pass at Nant Ffrancon, North Wales<br />
<br />
15 September–29 December 1967 – 1967 episodes of Season 2 of <i>Star Trek: The Original Series</i>:<blockquote>15 September 1967 – “Amok Time”<br />
22 September 1967 – “Who Mourns for Adonais?”<br />
29 September 1967 – “The Changeling”<br />
6 October 1967 – “Mirror, Mirror”<br />
13 October 1967 – “The Apple”<br />
20 October 1967 – “The Doomsday Machine”<br />
27 October 1967 – “Catspaw”<br />
3 November 1967 – “I, Mudd”<br />
10 November 1967 – “Metamorphosis”<br />
17 November 1967 – “Journey to Babel”<br />
1 December 1967 – “Friday’s Child”<br />
8 December 1967 – “The Deadly Years”<br />
15 December 1967 – “Obsession”<br />
22 December 1967 – “Wolf in the Fold”<br />
29 December 1967 – “The Trouble with Tribbles” </BLOCKQUOTE>30 September–4 November 1967 – broadcast dates of the Doctor Who serial <i>The Abominable Snowmen</i>:<blockquote>30 September 1967 – Episode One<br />
7 October 1967 – Episode Two<br />
14 October 1967 – Episode Three<br />
21 October 1967 – Episode Four<br />
28 October 1967 – Episode Five<br />
4 November 1967 – Episode Six</BLOCKQUOTE>October 1967–February 1970 – the US experiences a spike in inflation owing to bidding up of wages with low unemployment<br />
<br />
c. October 1967–1970 – Christopher Hitchens at Balliol College, Oxford<br />
<br />
26 October 1967 – John McCain shot down over Hanoi, North Vietnam<br />
<br />
<b>1968</b><br />
5 January–29 March 1968 – 1968 episodes of Season 2 of <i>Star Trek: The Original Series</i>:<blockquote>5 January 1968 – “The Gamesters of Triskelion”<br />
12 January 1968 – “A Piece of the Action”<br />
19 January 1968 – “The Immunity Syndrome”<br />
2 February 1968 – “A Private Little War”<br />
9 February 1968 – “Return to Tomorrow”<br />
16 February 1968 – “Patterns of Force”<br />
23 February 1968 – “By Any Other Name”<br />
1 March 1968 – “The Omega Glory”<br />
8 March 1968 – “The Ultimate Computer”<br />
15 March 1968 – “Bread and Circuses”<br />
29 March 1968 – “Assignment: Earth”</BLOCKQUOTE>31 January 1968 – the Viet Cong launch the Tet Offensive<br />
<br />
1 March 1968 – royal assent to the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968, which reduced the rights of citizens of the Commonwealth of Nations countries to migrate to the UK; the 1968 Act was superseded by the Immigration Act 1971<br />
<br />
April 1968 – UK Race Relations Bill<br />
<br />
4 April 1968 – murder of Martin Luther King<br />
<br />
20 April 1968 – Enoch Powell’s notorious address to the General Meeting of the West Midlands Area Conservative Political Centre, which became known as the “Rivers of Blood” speech<br />
<br />
30 May 1968 – President Charles de Gaulle disbands the French parliament<br />
<br />
6 June 1968 – death of Randolph Spencer-Churchill (1911–1968), son of Winston<br />
<br />
6 June 1968 – death of Robert F. Kennedy after being shot in the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California by Sirhan Bishara Sirhan<br />
<br />
August 1968–November 1971 – J. R. R. Tolkien lives in retirement in Bournemouth<br />
<br />
10 August 1968–21 June 1969 – broadcast dates of Season 6 (1968–1969) of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Patrick Troughton:<blockquote>10 August 1968–7 September 1968 – “The Dominators”<br />
14 September 1968–12 October 1968 – “The Mind Robber”<br />
2 November 1968–21 December 1968 – “The Invasion”<br />
28 December 1968–18 January 1969 – “The Krotons”<br />
25 January 1969–1 March 1969 – “The Seeds of Death”<br />
8 March 1969–12 April 1969 – “The Space Pirates”<br />
19 April 1969–21 June 1969 – “The War Games”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
? – “The Dominators” on Dulkis<br />
? – “The Mind Robber” out of space-time in realm of the Master<br />
spring 1969/1971/1979 – “The Invasion,” set in London<br />
? – “The Krotons” on Gond planet<br />
2090 AD – “The Seeds of Death,” set on space museum on Earth<br />
2150 AD? – “The Space Pirates,” set on Space Beacon Alpha 4, V-41, LIZ 79, Ta</BLOCKQUOTE>25 October 1968 – royal assent given to Race Relations Act 1968, which makes it illegal to refuse housing, employment, or public services to a person on the grounds of colour, race, ethnic or national origins (repealed by the Race Relations Act 1976)<br />
<br />
5 November 1968 – the United States presidential election of 1968. Richard Nixon and Spiro Agnew (Republican) defeat Vice President Hubert Humphrey (Democratic). The results:<blockquote><b>Candidate | Electoral Votes</b><br />
Richard Nixon | 301<br />
Hubert Humphrey | 191<br />
George Wallace | 46.</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1969</b><br />
1969–1971 – Ernst Badian is State professor of classics at University of New York, Buffalo<br />
<br />
20 January 1969 – Richard Nixon inaugurated as US president. Nixon’s cabinet appointments:<blockquote><b>Vice President</b><br />
20 January 1969–10 October 1973 – Spiro Agnew<br />
6 December 1973–9 August 1974 – Gerald Ford<br />
<b>White House Chief of Staff</b><br />
20 January 1969–30 April 1973 – Harry R. Haldeman<br />
4 May 1973–21 September 1974 – Alexander Haig<br />
21 September 1974–20 November 1975 – Donald Rumsfeld<br />
20 November 1975–20 January 1977 – Dick Cheney<br />
<b>White House Domestic Affairs Advisor</b><br />
4 November 1969–30 April 1973 – John Ehrlichman<br />
1 May 1973–8 January 1974 – Melvin Laird<br />
<b>White House Adviser and Speechwriter</b><br />
Patrick Buchanan<br />
<b>White House Counsel</b><br />
20 January 1969–4 November 1969 – John Ehrlichman<br />
6 November 1969–9 July 1970 – Charles Colson<br />
9 July 1970–30 April 1973 – John Dean<br />
30 April 1973–9 August 1974 – Leonard Garment<br />
<b>National Security Advisor</b><br />
20 January 20 1969–3 November 1975 – Henry Kissinger<br />
3 November 1975–20 January 1977 – Brent Scowcroft<br />
<b>US Secretary of State</b><br />
22 January 1969–3 September 1973 – William P. Rogers<br />
22 September 1973–20 January 1977 – Henry Kissinger<br />
<b>US Secretary of the Treasury</b><br />
22 January 1969–11 February 1971 – David M. Kennedy<br />
11 February 1971–12 June 1972 – John Connally<br />
12 June 1972–8 May 1974 – George P. Shultz<br />
9 May 1974–20 January 1977 – William E. Simon<br />
<b>Secretary of Defense</b><br />
22 January 1969–29 January 1973 – Melvin Laird<br />
30 January 1973–24 May 1973 – Elliot Richardson<br />
2 July 1973–19 November 1975 – James R. Schlesinger<br />
20 November 1975–20 January 1977 – Donald Rumsfeld<br />
<b>US Attorney General</b><br />
21 January 1969–1 March 1972 – John N. Mitchell<br />
12 June 1972–30 April 1973 – Richard Kleindienst<br />
25 May 1973–20 October 1973 – Elliot Richardson (resigned)<br />
4 January 1974–2 February 1975 – William B. Saxbe<br />
2 February 1975–20 January 1977 – Edward H. Levi<br />
<b>Chair of the Federal Reserve</b><br />
2 April 1951–1 February 1970 – William M. Martin<br />
1 February 1970–31 January 1978 – Arthur F. Burns<br />
<b>Director of Central Intelligence</b><br />
30 June 1966–2 February 1973 – Richard Helms<br />
2 February 1973–2 July 1973 – James R. Schlesinger<br />
2 July 1973–4 September 1973 – Vernon A. Walters (acting)<br />
4 September 1973–30 January 1976 – William Colby<br />
30 January 1976–20 January 1977 – George H. W. Bush<br />
<b>Director of FBI</b><br />
1 July 1935–2 May 1972 – J. Edgar Hoover<br />
3 May 1972–27 April 1973 – L. Patrick Gray<br />
30 April 1973–9 July 1973 – William Ruckelshaus<br />
9 July 1973–15 February 1978 – Clarence M. Kelley</BLOCKQUOTE>20 January 1969–9 August 1974 – Richard Nixon is US president<br />
<br />
23 February–2 March 1969 – Richard Nixon’s state visit to Europe:<blockquote>23–24 February 1969 – Brussels, Belgium to the 23rd meeting of North Atlantic Council<br />
24–26 February 1969 – informal visit to London, United Kingdom <br />
26–27 February 1969 – West Berlin and Bonn, West Germany; address to the Bundestag<br />
27–28 February 1969 – Rome, Italy<br />
28 February–2 March 1969 – Paris, France; meeting with President Charles de Gaulle<br />
2 March 1969 – Vatican City; audience with Pope Paul VI</BLOCKQUOTE>2–15 March 1969 – the Sino-Soviet border conflict of 1969: Chinese and Soviet troops fight on Zhenbao (Damansky) Island on the Ussuri (Wusuli) River<br />
<br />
5 March 1969 – Arthur Kinsella (New Zealand Minister of Education) formally opens the Burns Building (Arts Building), University of Otago<br />
<br />
19 April 1969–21 June 1969 – UK broadcast date of “The War Games,” a serial of British science fiction television series <i>Doctor Who</i> starring Patrick Troughton<br />
<br />
28 April 1969 – President Charles de Gaulle resigns the presidency at noon<br />
<br />
8 April 1969–20 July 1969 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who</i> serials “The Impossible Astronaut” and “Day of the Moon”<br />
<br />
5 June 1969 – release date of the film <i>The Italian Job</i>, directed by Peter Collinson, starring Michael Caine, Noël Coward, Benny Hill<br />
<br />
16 July 1969 – Saturn V AS-506 launches Apollo 11 at 13:32:00 UTC (9:32:00 EDT) from the Kennedy Space Center’s Launch Complex, Cape Canaveral, Florida<br />
<br />
20 July 1969 – 20:18 UTC, Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin land the lunar module <i>Eagle</i> on the moon at the Sea of Tranquility, as part of the United States Apollo 11 first manned mission to land on the Moon<br />
<br />
26 July–3 August 1969 – Richard Nixon’s state visits to Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, South Vietnam, India, Pakistan, Romania, and the UK:<blockquote>26–27 July 1969 – visit to Manila, Philippines to meet with President Ferdinand Marcos<br />
27–28 July 1969 – visit to Jakarta, Indonesia, to meet with President Suharto<br />
28–30 July 1969 – visit to Bangkok, Thailand<br />
30 July 1969 – visit to Saigon, South Vietnam to meet with President Nguyen Van Thieu<br />
31 July–1 August 1969 – visit to New Delhi, India<br />
1–2 August 1969 – visit to Lahore, Pakistan<br />
2–3 August 1969 – Richard Nixon visits Bucharest, Romania, to meet with President Nicolae Ceaușescu<br />
3 August 1969 – Richard Nixon meets Prime Minister Harold Wilson in Britain</BLOCKQUOTE>August 1969 – the Sino-Soviet border conflict of 1969 along the western section of the Sino-Soviet border in Xinjiang; the Tasiti incident; the Bacha Dao incident; the Tielieketi Incident<br />
<br />
8 September 1969 – Richard Nixon visits Mexico for the dedication of Amistad Dam with President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz<br />
<br />
October 1969 – Karl Popper retires as professor of logic and scientific method at the University of London<br />
<br />
December 1969–1977 – Friedrich Hayek is professor at the University of Salzburg, Austria<br />
<br />
<b>1970</b><br />
1970–4 September 1989 – Ronald Syme is Fellow of Wolfson College, Oxford<br />
<br />
3 January 1970–8 June 1974 – period of <i>Doctor Who</i> with Jon Pertwee as the Third Doctor<br />
<br />
3 January 1970–20 June 1970 – broadcast dates of Season 7 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Jon Pertwee:<blockquote>3, 10, 17, 24 January 1970 – “Spearhead from Space”<br />
31 January 1970; 7, 14, 21, 28 February 1970; 7, 14 March 1970 – “Doctor Who and the Silurians”<br />
21, 28 March 1970; 4, 11, 18, 25 April 1970; 2 May 1970 – “The Ambassadors of Death”<br />
9, 16, 23, 30 May 1970; 6, 13, 20 June 1970 – “Inferno”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
1971 – “The Invasion”<br />
1972–October 1973? – the Third Doctor’s exile on Earth<br />
1972 – “Spearhead from Space”<br />
1972 – “Doctor Who and the Silurians”<br />
1972 – “The Ambassadors of Death”<br />
c. 23 July 1972 – “Inferno”<br />
summer 1972 – “Terror of the Autons”<br />
winter 1972 – “The Claws of Axos” </BLOCKQUOTE>2 February 1970 – death of Bertrand Russell in Penrhyndeudraeth, Wales<br />
<br />
15 March 1970 – the first operational Soviet SAM site in Egypt completed<br />
<br />
9 May 1970–20 June 1970 – UK broadcast date of “Inferno,” a serial of British science fiction television series <i>Doctor Who</i> starring Jon Pertwee<br />
<br />
15 and 16 March 1970 – Don Whillans while at the base camp of Machapuchare (near the south base camp of Annapurna I) on Chris Bonington’s Annapurna South Face expedition claims to see a yeti<br />
<br />
16 March–30 May 1970 – 1970 British Annapurna South Face expedition<br />
<br />
18 June 1970 – the United Kingdom general election of 1970. The Conservatives under Edward Heath won:<blockquote><b>Party | Candidate | Seats</b><br />
Conservative | Edward Heath | 330 <br />
Labour | Harold Wilson | 288 <br />
Liberal | Jeremy Thorpe | 6 <br />
SNP | William Wolfe | 1. </BLOCKQUOTE>19 June 1970–4 March 1974 – Edward Heath is British Prime Minister. Prime Ministers:<blockquote><b>Labour</b><br />
16 October 1964–19 June 1970 – Harold Wilson<br />
<b>Conservative</b><br />
19 June 1970–4 March 1974 – Edward Heath <br />
<b>Labour</b><br />
4 March 1974 – 5 April 1976 – Harold Wilson<br />
5 April 1976 – 4 May 1979 – James Callaghan<br />
<b>Conservative</b><br />
4 May 1979–28 November 1990 – Margaret Thatcher.</BLOCKQUOTE>August 1970 – Senator Ted Kennedy introduces a bipartisan bill for universal national health insurance<br />
<br />
7 August 1970 – a cease-fire agreement between Israel and Egypt; Egypt begins to move SAM batteries into the zone <br />
<br />
<b>1971</b><br />
1971 – Gore Vidal buys the “La Rondinaia” (“Swallow’s Nest”), a villa in Ravello on the Amalfi coast, Italy, built by Lord Grimthorpe<br />
<br />
2 January 1971–19 June 1971 – broadcast dates of Season 8 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Jon Pertwee:<blockquote>2, 9, 16, 23 January 1971 – “Terror of the Autons”<br />
30 January 1971; 6, 13, 20, 27 February 1971; 6 March 1971 – “The Mind of Evil”<br />
13, 20, 27 March 1971; 3 April 1971 – “The Claws of Axos”<br />
10, 17, 24 April 1971; 1, 8, 15 May 1971 – “Colony in Space”<br />
22, 29 May 1971; 5, 12, 19 June 1971 – “The Dæmons”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
mid-1972 – “Inferno”<br />
late 1972–1973/1974 – Jo Grant is Doctor’s companion<br />
late 1972 – “Terror of the Autons”<br />
late 1972 – “The Mind of Evil”<br />
winter 1972–1973 – “The Claws of Axos”<br />
c. March 1973 – “Colony in Space”<br />
2 March 2,472 AD – “Colony in Space,” set on Uxarieus<br />
April/May 1973 – “The Dæmons” </BLOCKQUOTE>14 January 1971 – death of Helen Cushing<br />
<br />
18 February 1971 – opening of the play <i>Captain Brassbound’s Conversion</i> at the Cambridge Theatre, London, starring Ingrid Bergman, Joss Ackland, Kenneth Williams<br />
<br />
10 April–15 May 1971 – UK broadcast date of “Colony in Space,” a serial of British science fiction television series <i>Doctor Who</i> starring Jon Pertwee<br />
<br />
22 May–19 June 1971 – UK broadcast date of “The Daemons,” a serial of British science fiction television series <i>Doctor Who</i> starring Jon Pertwee<br />
<br />
13 August 1971 – Richard Nixon ends Bretton Woods by suspending the convertibility of the dollar into gold; he freezes wages and prices for 90 days to combat inflation and imposes an import surcharge of 10 percent<br />
<br />
autumn 1971 – Gore Vidal first visits “La Rondinaia” (“Swallow’s Nest”), a villa in Ravello on the Amalfi coast, Italy, built by Lord Grimthorpe<br />
<br />
30 September 1971 – foundation of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) by the Protestant fundamentalist leader Ian Paisley at the height of the Troubles<br />
<br />
28 October 1971 – royal assent given to the Immigration Act 1971<br />
<br />
November 1971–2 September 1973 – J. R. R. Tolkien lives near High Street, Oxford<br />
<br />
<b>1972</b><br />
1 January 1972–24 June 1972 – broadcast dates of Season 9 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Jon Pertwee:<blockquote>1, 8, 15, 22 January 1972 – “Day of the Daleks”<br />
29 January 1972; 5, 12, 19 February 1972 – “The Curse of Peladon”<br />
26 February 1972; 4, 11, 18, 25 March 1972; 1 April 1972 – “The Sea Devils”<br />
8, 15, 22, 29 April 1972; 6, 13 May 1972 – “The Mutants”<br />
20, 27 May 1972; 3, 10, 17, 24 June 1972 – “The Time Monster”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
12–14 September 1973 – “Day of the Daleks” at Auderly House<br />
c. 2173 / 22nd century – “Day of the Daleks” in an alternative earth<br />
3150–4000 – Galactic Federation<br />
3885 AD – “The Curse of Peladon” set on Peladon<br />
September 1973 – “The Sea Devils” set in Fortress Island and HMS Seaspite, south coast of England<br />
2,973 AD – “The Mutants,” set on Solos Earth Empire<br />
c. 29 September 1973 – “The Time Monster” set in Wootton<br />
c. 1500 BC – “The Time Monster” in Atlantis<br />
1,560 BC – eruption of Santorini volcano destroys Minoans on Crete</BLOCKQUOTE>21–28 February 1972 – US President Richard Nixon’s 1972 visit to China<br />
<br />
15 May 1972 – George Wallace is shot five times by Arthur Bremer while campaigning at the Laurel Shopping Center in Laurel, Maryland<br />
<br />
June 1972 – Gore Vidal moves into “La Rondinaia” (“Swallow’s Nest”), a villa in Ravello on the Amalfi coast, Italy, built by Lord Grimthorpe<br />
<br />
June 1972–August 2004 – Gore Vidal lives in “La Rondinaia” (“Swallow’s Nest”), a villa in Ravello on the Amalfi coast, Italy<br />
<br />
June 1972–December 1974 – spike in US inflation from (1) an explosion in commodity prices from 1972; (2) wage–price spirals, and (3) the first oil shock<br />
<br />
17 June 1972 – Virgilio González, Bernard Barker, James McCord, Eugenio Martínez, and Frank Sturgis arrested at the Watergate Complex in the DNC office<br />
<br />
June 1972–January 1973 – secret meetings between Bob Woodward and “Deep Throat” (W. Mark Felt, deputy director of the FBI) take place at an underground parking garage in Rosslyn<br />
<br />
23 June 1972 – Nixon orders that administration officials should make Richard Helms (Director of the CIA) and Vernon A. Walters (Deputy Director) request that L. Patrick Gray (Acting Director of the FBI) end the FBI’s investigation into the Watergate break-in on the grounds of national security; the tape of this is latter known as the “smoking gun” tape<br />
<br />
4 August 1972 – Idi Amin (President of Uganda) orders the expulsion of Asian minorities<br />
<br />
21–23 August 1972 – the 1972 US Republican National Convention, held at the Miami Beach Convention Center in Miami Beach, Florida<br />
<br />
1 November 1972 – death of Ezra Pound in Civil Hospital of Venice<br />
<br />
6 November 1972 – premiere of the play <i>My Fat Friend</i> at the Theatre Royal, Brighton, written by Charles Laurence, starring Jennie Linden, Kenneth Williams, John Inman; transferred to the Rex Theatre in Wilmslow, and 6 December opened in West End at the Globe Theatre in London<br />
<br />
7 November 1972 – the United States presidential election of 1972, between Republican incumbent President Richard Nixon and Senator George McGovern of South Dakota (Democrat). The results:<blockquote><b>Candidate | Electoral Votes</b><br />
Richard Nixon | 520 <br />
George McGovern | 17.</BLOCKQUOTE>30 December 1972–23 June 1973 – broadcast dates of Season 10 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Jon Pertwee:<blockquote>30 December 1972, 6, 13, 20 January 1973 – “The Three Doctors”<br />
27 January 1973; 3, 10, 17 February 1973 – “Carnival of Monsters”<br />
24 February 1973; 3, 10, 17, 24, 31 March 1973 – “Frontier in Space”<br />
7, 14, 21, 28 April 1973; 5, 12 May 1973 – “Planet of the Daleks”<br />
19, 26 May 1973; 2, 9, 16, 23 June 1973 – “The Green Death”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
October 1973? – “The Three Doctors”<br />
4 June 1926 – <i>SS Bernice</i> disappears in the Indian Ocean<br />
late 1973 – “Carnival of Monsters”<br />
3073 AD? – “Carnival of Monsters” set on Inter Minor in the Acteon Galaxy, or Acteon Group<br />
2,540 AD – “Frontier in Space,” set on Earth, the Moon, Draconia, and Ogron planet <br />
c. 2,540 AD – “Planet of the Daleks,” set on Spiridon<br />
1973/1974 – “The Green Death” in London and Llanfairfach, Wales</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1973</b><br />
1 January 1973 – the UK enters the European Communities (EC) (or “Common Market”)<br />
<br />
7 April–12 May 1973 – broadcast date of “Planet of the Daleks,” a serial of British science fiction television series <i>Doctor Who</i> starring Jon Pertwee<br />
<br />
9 April 1973 – death of Warren Lewis in the Kilns, Oxford<br />
<br />
30 April 1973 – Nixon fires John Ehrlichman and John Dean; H. R. Haldeman resigns<br />
<br />
2 September 1973 – death of J. R. R. Tolkien<br />
<br />
October 1973–March 1974 – first oil shock: Middle Eastern producers of oil institute an embargo on oil exports<br />
<br />
6–25 October 1973 – the Yom Kippur War, between a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria against Israel; fighting mostly takes place in the Sinai and the Golan Heights (territories occupied by Israel since the Six-Day War of 1967)<br />
<br />
10 October 1973 – Vice President Agnew resigns amid allegations of bribery, tax evasion and money laundering from his time as governor of Maryland<br />
<br />
10 October 1973 – death of Ludwig von Mises at the age of 92 in New York<br />
<br />
20 October 1973 – the Saturday Night Massacre: Richard Nixon fires independent special prosecutor Archibald Cox and resignations of Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus<br />
<br />
15 December 1973–8 June 1974 – broadcast dates of Season 11 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Jon Pertwee:<blockquote>15, 22, 29 December 1973, 5 January 1974 – “The Time Warrior”<br />
12, 19, 26 January 1974, 2, 9, 16 February 1974 – “Invasion of the Dinosaurs”<br />
23 February 1974; 2, 9, 16 March 1974 – “Death to the Daleks”<br />
23, 30 March 1974; 6, 13, 20, 27 April 1974 – “The Monster of Peladon”<br />
4, 11, 18, 25 May 1974; 1, 8 June 1974 – “Planet of the Spiders” <br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
1972–October 1974/1976 – the Third Doctor’s exile on Earth<br />
1974/1975? – “Time Warrior”<br />
1189–1192 – “Time Warrior”?<br />
13th century – “Time Warrior”?<br />
c. March 1974 / 1975 – “Invasion of the Dinosaurs” in London<br />
c. March 1974? / 1975 – “Five Doctors,” 3rd Doctor is abducted by Borusa to Gallifrey<br />
2500–2600? AD – “Death to the Daleks” set on Exxilon<br />
3935 AD – “The Monster of Peladon” set on Peladon, 50 years after Doctor’s last visit<br />
c. March 1974 / 1976 – “Planet of the Spiders” in London<br />
6433 AD? – “Planet of the Spiders” on Metebelis III<br />
3 April 1974? – regeneration of Third Doctor<br />
4–5 April 1974? – “Robot”<br />
4–5 April 1976? – “Robot”<br />
spring/summer 1976? (January 1976/1980) – “Terror of the Zygons” set in Tulloch Moor and Westminster<br />
June 1976 – “The Android Invasion” on Oseidon and Devesham<br />
autumn 1976 – “The Seeds of Doom” in Antarctica and England<br />
late 1976? – Lethbridge-Stewart retires from UNIT<br />
7 June 1977 – “Mawdryn Undead”<br />
1979 – Sergeant Benton leaves UNIT and becomes a used car salesman<br />
1983 – “Mawdryn Undead”<br />
1983 – “Five Doctors,” at UNIT headquarters<br />
December 1986 – “The Tenth Planet”<br />
1990s – “Battlefield” at Carbury</BLOCKQUOTE>20 December 1973 – UK release date of the film <i>The Golden Voyage of Sinbad</i>, directed by Gordon Hessler, starring John Phillip Law, Tom Baker, Takis Emmanuel<br />
<br />
<b>1974</b><br />
1974–1987 – Ludwig Lachmann travels to New York City each year and collaborates on research with Israel Kirzner <br />
<br />
15 February 1974 – Tom Baker announced as the Fourth Doctor<br />
<br />
23 February 1974 – the MP Enoch Powell announces his resignation from the Conservative Party<br />
<br />
4 May 1974–8 June 1974 – broadcast date of “Planet of the Spiders,” the final serial of British science fiction television series <i>Doctor Who</i> with Jon Pertwee<br />
<br />
9 May 1974 – the US House Judiciary Committee opens impeachment hearings against the President Nixon, televised on the major networks<br />
<br />
1 July 1974 – death of Juan Perón<br />
<br />
24 July 1974 – the US Supreme Court rules unanimously that the full White House tapes must be released<br />
<br />
5 August 1974 – Nixon’s “smoking gun” White House tape is made public<br />
<br />
9 August 1974 – the resignation of Richard Nixon as US president, after an address to the nation on television the previous evening<br />
<br />
8 September 1974 – Gerald Ford’s presidential pardon of Richard Nixon<br />
<br />
9 October 1974 – announcement of the award of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics to Friedrich Hayek and the Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal<br />
<br />
10 October 1974 – the UK general election of October 1974 to elect 635 members of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom:<blockquote><b>Party | Leader | MPs</b><br />
Labour | Harold Wilson | 319<br />
Conservative | Edward Heath | 277<br />
Liberal | Jeremy Thorpe | 13<br />
SNP | William Wolfe | 11<br />
UUP | Harry West | 6<br />
Plaid Cymru | Gwynfor Evans | 3<br />
DUP | Ian Paisley | 1<br />
National Front | John Kingsley Read | 0.</BLOCKQUOTE>10 October 1974 – Harold Wilson re-elected as Labour PM:<blockquote><b>UK Prime Ministers</b><br />
16 October 1964–19 June 1970 – Harold Wilson (Labour)<br />
19 June 1970–4 March 1974 – Edward Heath (Conservative)<br />
4 March 1974–5 April 1976 – Harold Wilson (Labour)<br />
5 April 1976–4 May 1979 – James Callaghan (Labour)</BLOCKQUOTE>10 October 1974–11 June 1987 – Enoch Powell returns to Parliament as Ulster Unionist MP for South Down, Northern Ireland<br />
<br />
10 October 1974–11 June 1987 – Enoch Powell is MP for South Down, Northern Ireland<br />
<br />
28 December 1974–10 May 1975 – broadcast dates of Season 12 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Tom Baker: <blockquote>28 December 1974; 4, 11, 18 January 1975 – “Robot”<br />
25 January 1975; 1, 8, 15 February 1975 – “The Ark in Space”<br />
22 February 1975; 1 March 1975 – “The Sontaran Experiment”<br />
8, 15, 22, 29 March 1975; 5, 12 April 1975 – “Genesis of the Daleks”<br />
19, 26 April 1975; 3, 10 May 1975 – “Revenge of the Cybermen”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
3 April 1974 (1976/1980)? – regeneration of Third Doctor<br />
4–5 April 1974 (1976) – “Robot”<br />
1976? – Lethbridge-Stewart retires from UNIT<br />
16087 AD – “The Ark in Space” on Nerva Beacon<br />
16087 AD – “The Sontaran Experiment” set on Earth<br />
c. 4000 BC (or 400 AD) – “Genesis of the Daleks” set on Skaro<br />
c. 2900–3000 AD (or 2875/ 2890 AD) – “Revenge of the Cybermen” on Nerva Beacon<br />
and Voga</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1975</b><br />
1975–1987 – Ludwig Lachmann (as visiting professor) organises the Austrian Economics Seminar at New York University each winter semester<br />
<br />
13 April 1975–13 October 1990 – the Lebanese Civil War<br />
<br />
1 May 1975 – relocation of the University of Canterbury to the Christchurch suburb of Ilam completed<br />
<br />
5 June 1975 – United Kingdom European Communities referendum of 1975, a referendum held on support for UK membership of the European Communities (EC) (or “Common Market”); it had entered on 1 January 1973 under Edward Heath<br />
<br />
30 August 1975–6 March 1976 – broadcast dates of Season 13 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Tom Baker:<blockquote>30 August 1975; 6, 13, 20 September 1975 – “Terror of the Zygons”<br />
27 September 1975; 4, 11, 18 October 1975 – “Planet of Evil”<br />
25 October 1975; 1, 8, 15 November 1975 – “Pyramids of Mars”<br />
22, 29 November 1975; 6, 13 December 1975 – “The Android Invasion”<br />
3, 10, 17, 24 January 1976 – “The Brain of Morbius”<br />
31 January 1976; 7, 14, 21, 28 February 1976; 6 March 1976 – “The Seeds of Doom”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
spring/summer 1976? (or January 1976/ 1980) – “Terror of the Zygons” set in Tulloch Moor and Westminster<br />
37166 AD – “Planet of Evil” on Zeta Minor<br />
5089 BC – Sutekh cornered by fellow Osirans on Earth in Egypt<br />
spring/summer 1911 – “Pyramids of Mars” set in England and Mars<br />
1980? – “Pyramids of Mars,” alternate earth (Sarah says she is from 1980)<br />
8911 AD – Sutekh the Osiran dies of old age in a time corridor<br />
June 1976 – “The Android Invasion” on Oseidon and Devesham<br />
4723 AD? – “The Brain of Morbius” set on Karn<br />
autumn 1976 – “The Seeds of Doom” in Antarctica and England<br />
late 1976? – Lethbridge-Stewart retires from UNIT<br />
7 June 1977 – “Mawdryn Undead”<br />
1979 – Sergeant Benton leaves UNIT and becomes a used car salesman<br />
1983 – “Mawdryn Undead”<br />
1983 – “Five Doctors,” at UNIT headquarters</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1976</b><br />
1976/1977? – meeting of Peter Byrne, John Hunt, Michael Ward, and Don Whillans in London, to discuss the yeti<br />
<br />
21 March–4 April 1976 – filming of <i>Star Wars</i> in Tunisia<br />
<br />
7 April–13–18 May 1976 – filming of <i>Star Wars</i> in Elstree Studios, England <br />
<br />
13–18 May–16 July 1976 – filming of <i>Star Wars</i> in Shepperton Studios, England<br />
<br />
September 1976 – Luigi Pasinetti returns to the Università Cattolica Milano<br />
<br />
4 September 1976–2 April 1977 – broadcast dates of Season 14 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Tom Baker: <blockquote>4, 11, 18, 25 September 1976 – “The Masque of Mandragora”<br />
2, 9, 16, 23 October 1976 – “The Hand of Fear”<br />
30 October 1976; 6, 13, 20 November 1976 – “The Deadly Assassin”<br />
1, 8, 15, 22 January 1977 – “The Face of Evil”<br />
29 January 1977; 5, 12, 19 February 1977 – “The Robots of Death”<br />
26 February 1977; 5, 12, 19, 26 March 1977; 2 April 1977 – “The Talons of Weng-Chiang”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
1492 – “The Masque of Mandragora” set in San Martino, Italy and Mandragora Helix<br />
late 1976 – “The Hand of Fear” in England and Kastria<br />
late 1976 – Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart retires<br />
? – “The Deadly Assassin”<br />
20,000 AD? – “The Face of Evil” on unnamed planet and inside Xoanon<br />
2865 AD? – “The Robots of Death” set in Storm Mine 4<br />
1889 – “The Talons of Weng-Chiang” set in London</BLOCKQUOTE>2 November 1976 – the United States presidential election of 1976 between Jimmy Carter with Walter Mondale and President Gerald Ford with Bob Dole (the U.S. Senator from Kansas). The results:<blockquote><b>Candidate | Electoral vote</b><br />
Jimmy Carter | 297<br />
Gerald Ford | 240.</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1977</b><br />
March 1977 – filming of <i>Star Wars</i> at the Mayan Tikal city in Guatemala<br />
<br />
17 April 1977–1 March 1982 – broadcast dates of <i>In Search of...</i>, narrated by Rod Serling and Leonard Nimoy, and created by Alan Landsburg<br />
<br />
25 May 1977 – US release date of <i>Star Wars: Episode IV: A New Hope</i> directed by George Lucas<br />
<br />
3 September 1977–11 March 1978 – broadcast dates of Season 15 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Tom Baker:<blockquote>3, 10, 17, 24 September 1977 – “Horror of Fang Rock”<br />
1, 8, 15, 22 October 1977 – “The Invisible Enemy”<br />
29 October 1977; 5, 12, 19 November 1977 – “Image of the Fendahl”<br />
26 November 1977; 3, 10, 17 December 1977 – “The Sun Makers”<br />
7, 14, 21, 28 January 1978 – “Underworld”<br />
4, 11, 18, 25 February 1978; 4, 11 March 1978 – “The Invasion of Time”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
1902 – “Horror of Fang Rock,” set near Worthing<br />
3150–4000 – Galactic Federation<br />
c. 4100–4200 – Second Great and Bountiful Human Empire<br />
5,000 AD – “The Invisible Enemy” set on Titan Base, Bi-Al Foundation<br />
1977 – “Image of the Fendahl” set in Fetch Priory, Fetchborough<br />
3,000,000 AD? – “The Sun Makers” set on Megropolis One, Pluto<br />
? – “Underworld” set at edge of the cosmos on the <i>R1C</i><br />
? – “The Invasion of Time” set on Gallifrey</BLOCKQUOTE>26 September 1977 – live action filming of the BBC series <i>Blake’s 7</i> begins at Ealing film studios (continues until 15 March 1978)<br />
<br />
5 November 1977 – death of René Goscinny<br />
<br />
<b>1978</b><br />
2 January 1978–21 December 1981 – broadcast dates of <i>Blake’s 7</i>, a BBC British science fiction television series<br />
<br />
2 January–27 March 1978 – broadcast dates of Series 1 of the TV series <i>Blake’s 7</i>:<blockquote>Series 1:<br />
2 January 1978 – “The Way Back”<br />
9 January 1978 – “Space Fall”<br />
16 January 1978 – “Cygnus Alpha”<br />
23 January 1978 – “Time Squad”<br />
30 January 1978 – “The Web”<br />
6 February 1978 – “Seek-Locate-Destroy”<br />
13 February 1978 – “Mission to Destiny”<br />
20 February 1978 – “Duel”<br />
27 February 1978 – “Project Avalon”<br />
6 March 1978 – “Breakdown”<br />
13 March 1978 – “Bounty”<br />
20 March 1978 – “Deliverance”<br />
27 March 1978 – “Orac”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
c. 2,500 AD – formation of the Federation <br />
2,700–2,800 AD – fictional date of <i>Blakes 7</i> (or 2,800–2,900 AD)<br />
<br />
c. 2,557 AD? – Dorian begins building underground base on Xenon<br />
c. 2,653 AD? – planet Destiny colonised on the edge of the galaxy<br />
c. 2,714 AD? – Ensor goes into hiding (40 years before Orac)<br />
c. 2,724 AD? – Control moved from Earth to Star One<br />
c. 2,735 AD? – Hal Mellanby flees earth<br />
c. 2,747 AD? – Egrorian disappears from Space Research Institute (10 years before “Orbit”)<br />
c. 2,748 AD? – Del Tarrant attends courses at the Space Research Institute<br />
c. 2,748 AD – first period of dissidence of Blake<br />
c. 2,748 AD? – experiments on Bucol-2 begin (6 years before Galactic War)<br />
c. 2,752 AD? – date of “The Way Back”<br />
c. 2,753 AD? – date of “Destiny”<br />
5–6 years – events of “The Way Back” to “Blake”<br />
c. 2,753 AD? – the first expedition to Virn is wiped out (5 years before “Sand”)<br />
c. 2,754 AD? – “Orac”<br />
c. 2,754 AD? – “Pressure Point” (at least a year after “The Way Back”)<br />
c. 2,754 AD? – “Voice from the Past” (Ven Glynd states two years separate “Way Back” and “Voice from the Past”)<br />
c. 2,754 AD? – “Star One”<br />
c. 2,754–2,757 AD? – Servalan is President of Terran Federation<br />
c. 2,754 AD? – Inter-Galactic War<br />
c. 2,757 AD? – “Rescue”<br />
c. 2,757 AD? – “Orbit”<br />
c. 2,757 AD? – “Stardrive” (c. 3 years after Federation collapse)<br />
c. 2,758 AD? – “Sand”<br />
c. 2,758 AD? – “Blake”</BLOCKQUOTE>November 1978 – John Hunt and his wife discover “yeti” footprints near the Khumbu Glacier, Nepal<br />
<br />
<b>1979</b><br />
2 September 1978–24 February 1979 – broadcast dates of Season 16 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Tom Baker: <blockquote>2, 9, 16, 23 September 1978 – “The Ribos Operation”<br />
30 September 1978; 7, 14, 21 October 1978 – “The Pirate Planet”<br />
28 October 1978; 4, 11, 18 November 1978 – “The Stones of Blood”<br />
25 November 1978; 2, 9, 16 December 1978 – “The Androids of Tara”<br />
23, 30 December 1978; 6, 13 January 1979 – “The Power of Kroll”<br />
20, 27 January 1979; 3, 10, 17, 24 February 1979 – “The Armageddon Factor”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
3773 AD? (or far future) – “The Ribos Operation”<br />
1978 – “The Pirate Planet” on Zanak and Calufrax<br />
late 1978 – “The Stones of Blood” in Boscombe Moor, Cornwall<br />
2378 AD – “The Androids of Tara” on Tara<br />
5000–5100 AD – “The Power of Kroll” on Delta III<br />
1979? – “The Armageddon Factor” on Atrios, Zeos, the third planet</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1979</b><br />
9 January–3 April 1979 – broadcast dates of Series 2 of <i>Blake’s 7</i>:<blockquote>9 January 1979 – “Redemption”<br />
16 January 1979 – “Shadow”<br />
23 January 1979 – “Weapon”<br />
30 January 1979 – “Horizon”<br />
6 February 1979 – “Pressure Point”<br />
13 February 1979 – “Trial”<br />
20 February 1979 – “Killer”<br />
27 February 1979 – “Hostage”<br />
6 March 1979 – “Countdown”<br />
13 March 1979 – “Voice from the Past”<br />
20 March 1979 – “Gambit”<br />
27 March 1979 – “The Keeper”<br />
3 April 1979 – “Star One.” </BLOCKQUOTE>3 May 1979 – the UK general election of 1979:<blockquote><b>Party | Leader | Seats</b><br />
Conservative | Margaret Thatcher | 339<br />
Labour | James Callaghan | 269 <br />
Liberal | David Steel | 11<br />
SNP | William Wolfe | 2<br />
UUP | Harry West | 5<br />
National Front | John Tyndall | 0<br />
Plaid Cymru | Gwynfor Evans | 2<br />
DUP | Ian Paisley | 3.</BLOCKQUOTE>June 1979 – 25th anniversary of the climbing of Mount Everest<br />
<br />
June 1979 – John Hunt’s article “Unseen Yeti” published in <i>The Geographical Magazine</i> (vol. 519: 629–635).<br />
<br />
1 September 1979–12 January 1980 – broadcast dates of Season 17 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Tom Baker: <blockquote>1, 8, 15, 22 September 1979 – “Destiny of the Daleks”<br />
29 September 1979; 6, 13, 20 October 1979 – “City of Death”<br />
27 October 1979; 3, 10, 17 November 1979 – “The Creature from the Pit”<br />
24 November 1979; 1, 8, 15 December 1979 – “Nightmare of Eden”<br />
22, 29 December 1979; 5, 12 January 1980 – “The Horns of Nimon”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
c. 4949 (or 4500/5440 AD) – “Destiny of the Daleks” set on Skaro<br />
c. 4949–c. 5039 AD – last years of the Dalek-Movellan War<br />
May/June 1979 – “City of Death” in Paris<br />
1505 – “City of Death” in Florence <br />
1979? – “The Creature from the Pit” on Chloris<br />
2116 AD – “Nightmare of Eden” set on the <i>Empress</i> <br />
? – “The Horns of Nimon” on Skonnos</BLOCKQUOTE>22 November 1979 – broadcast date of “In Search of... The Abominable Snowman,” narrated by Leonard Nimoy<br />
<br />
<b>1980</b><br />
7 January–31 March 1980 – broadcast dates of Series 3 of the TV series <i>Blake’s 7</i>:<blockquote>7 January 1980 – “Aftermath”<br />
14 January 1980 – “Powerplay”<br />
21 January 1980 – “Volcano”<br />
28 January 1980 – “Dawn of the Gods”<br />
4 February 1980 – “The Harvest of Kairos”<br />
11 February 1980 – “City at the Edge of the World”<br />
18 February 1980 – “Children of Auron”<br />
25 February 1980 – “Rumours of Death”<br />
3 March 1980 – “Sarcophagus”<br />
10 March 1980 – “Ultraworld”<br />
17 March 1980 – “Moloch”<br />
24 March 1980 – “Death-Watch”<br />
31 March 1980 – “Terminal.”</BLOCKQUOTE>30 August 1980–21 March 1981 – broadcast dates of Season 18 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Tom Baker: <blockquote>30 August 1980; 6, 13, 20 September 1980 – “The Leisure Hive”<br />
27 September 1980; 4, 11, 18 October 1980 – “Meglos”<br />
25 October 1980; 1, 8, 15 November 1980 – “Full Circle”<br />
22, 29 November 1980; 6, 13 December 1980 – “State of Decay”<br />
3, 10, 17, 24 January 1981 – “Warriors’ Gate”<br />
31 January 1981; 7, 14, 21 February 1981 – “The Keeper of Traken”<br />
28 February 1981; 7, 14, 21 March 1981 – “Logopolis”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
October 1980 – “The Five Doctors” with the 4th Doctor at Cambridge<br />
late 1980 – “The Leisure Hive” on Brighton Beach<br />
2290 AD – “The Leisure Hive” set on Argolis<br />
late 1980 – “Meglos” set on Zolfa-Thura and Tigella <br />
c. 2400–c. 3000 – period of the Earth Empire<br />
3150–4000 – Galactic Federation<br />
2127 AD (or 2180) AD – the <i>Hydrax</i> pulled through a CVE into E-Space with the Great Vampire<br />
3127 AD – “State of Decay” set in E-Space <br />
3127 AD? – “Full Circle”<br />
1981 – “The Keeper of Traken” on Traken<br />
28 February 1981 – “Logopolis” set in London, Pharos Project, Sussex</BLOCKQUOTE>4 November 1980 – the United States presidential election of 1980 between the Democratic incumbent President Jimmy Carter (with Vice President Walter Mondale from Minnesota) and the Republican Ronald Reagan (former Governor from California) with George H. W. Bush. The results:<blockquote><b>Candidate | Electoral vote</b><br />
Ronald Reagan | 489<br />
Jimmy Carter | 49.</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1981</b><br />
1981 – Stephen Jay Gould publishes <i>The Mismeasure of Man</i><br />
<br />
20 January 1981 – inauguration of Ronald Reagan as US president<br />
<br />
20 January 1981–20 January 1989 – Ronald Reagan is US president<br />
<br />
30 March 1981 – release date of the film <i>Chariots of Fire</i>, directed by Hugh Hudson<br />
<br />
12 June 1981 – US release date of the film <i>Raiders of the Lost Ark</i>, directed by Steven Spielberg, and starring Harrison Ford, Karen Allen, John Rhys-Davies, and Denholm Elliott<br />
<br />
19 June 1981 – release date of the film <i>The Cannonball Run</i>, directed by Hal Needham, and starring Burt Reynolds, Jackie Chan, and Roger Moore<br />
<br />
24 June 1981 – release date of the film <i>For Your Eyes Only</i>, directed by John Glen<br />
<br />
10 July 1981 – US release date of the film <i>Escape from New York</i>, directed by John Carpenter, starring Kurt Russell, Lee Van Cleef, Ernest Borgnine, Donald Pleasence<br />
<br />
21 August 1981 – release date of the film <i>An American Werewolf in London</i>, directed by John Landis, and starring David Naughton, Jenny Agutter and Griffin Dunne<br />
<br />
28 September–21 December 1981 – broadcast dates of Series 4 of <i>Blake’s 7</i>, a BBC British science fiction television series<br />
<br />
6 November 1981 – US release date of the film <i>Time Bandits</i>, directed by Terry Gilliam and starring Sean Connery, John Cleese, Ian Holm, Michael Palin, and Peter Vaughn<br />
<br />
<b>1982</b><br />
4 January 1982–30 March 1982 – broadcast dates of Season 19 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Tom Baker:<blockquote>4, 5, 11, 12 January 1982 – “Castrovalva”<br />
18, 19, 25, 26 January 1982 – “Four to Doomsday”<br />
1, 2, 8, 9 February 1982 – “Kinda”<br />
15, 16, 22, 23 February 1982 – “The Visitation”<br />
1, 2 March 1982 – “Black Orchid”<br />
8, 9, 15, 16 March 1982 – “Earthshock”<br />
22, 23, 29, 30 March 1982 – “Time-Flight”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
1981 – “Logopolis” set in London, Pharos Project, Sussex<br />
13.8 billion years ago – “Castrovalva” at the Big Bang<br />
? – “Castrovalva” set on Castrovalva in Andromeda Galaxy in Phylox series <br />
1981 – “Four to Doomsday” set on Monarch’s ship <br />
3150–4000 – Galactic Federation<br />
c. 3850 AD – “Kinda” set on planet Deva Loka<br />
August–September 1666 – “The Visitation” set in area near Heathrow Airport and London<br />
11 June 1925 – 3 pm: “Black Orchid” set at Cranleigh Hall <br />
2526 AD – “Earthshock” set on Earth and in solar system on Briggs’ freighter <br />
1982 – “Time-Flight” set in Heathrow Airport<br />
201.3–145 million years ago – Jurassic period<br />
140,000,000 BC (140 million years ago) – “Time-Flight” set in ancient Britain near Heathrow Airport</BLOCKQUOTE>7 April 1982 – foundation of the far-right British National Party (BNP) at a press conference in Victoria by John Tyndall<br />
<br />
4 June 1982 – US release date of the film <i>Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan</i>, directed by Nicholas Meyer<br />
<br />
6 June 1982–June 1985 – the 1982 Lebanon War (First Lebanon War), a war between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in Lebanon<br />
<br />
11 June 1982 – US release date of the film <i>E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial</i>, directed by Steven Spielberg<br />
<br />
14 June–21 August 1982 – Israeli forces lay siege to Beirut <br />
<br />
25 June 1982 – US release date of the film <i>Blade Runner</i>, directed by Ridley Scott, and starring Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, and Sean Young<br />
<br />
July 1982 – Stephen Jay Gould diagnosed with peritoneal mesothelioma, a form of cancer<br />
<br />
12 August 1982 – President Ronald Reagan calls Menachem Begin and insists that attacks on Beirut be halted<br />
<br />
17 December 1982 – US release date of the film <i>Tootsie</i>, directed by Sydney Pollack, and starring Dustin Hoffman and Bill Murray<br />
<br />
17 December 1982 – US release date of the film <i>The Dark Crystal</i>, directed by Jim Henson and Frank Oz<br />
<br />
<b>1983</b><br />
18 April–26 August 1983 – principal filming of <i>Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom</i>:<blockquote>18 April–May 1983 – filming begins in Kandy, Sri Lanka<br />
5 May 1983 – filming moves to Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire, England <br />
26 August – principal photography finishes</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1984</b><br />
5 January 1984–16 March 1984 – broadcast dates of Season 21 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Peter Davison:<blockquote>5, 6, 12, 13 January 1984 – “Warriors of the Deep”<br />
19, 20 January 1984 – “The Awakening”<br />
26, 27 January 1984; 2, 3 February 1984 – “Frontios”<br />
8, 15 February 1984 – “Resurrection of the Daleks”<br />
23, 24 February 1984; 1, 2 March 1984 – “Planet of Fire”<br />
8, 9, 15, 16 March 1984 – “The Caves of Androzani”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
2084 AD – “Warriors of the Deep” set on Sea Base 4<br />
1984 – “The Awakening” set in Little Hodcombe<br />
10,000,040 AD – “Frontios”<br />
1984 – “Resurrection of the Daleks” set in London docklands<br />
c. 5039 AD – “Resurrection of the Daleks” set in Prison Station<br />
9 May 1984 – “Planet of Fire” set in Lanzarote and Sarn<br />
5000–5100 AD – “The Caves of Androzani” set on Androzani Minor and Major</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1984</b><br />
22 March–30 March 1984 – broadcast dates of Season 21 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Colin Baker:<blockquote>22, 23, 29, 30 March 1984 – “The Twin Dilemma”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
2310 AD – “The Twin Dilemma” set on Titan III and Jaconda</BLOCKQUOTE>6 November 1984 – 1984 United States presidential election:<blockquote>Candidate | Party | % | Electoral<br />
vote<br />
Ronald Wilson Reagan | Republican | 58.77% | 525<br />
Walter Mondale | Democratic | 40.56% | 13<br />
David Bergland | Libertarian | 0.25% | 0</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1985</b><br />
5 January–30 March 1985 – – broadcast dates of Season 22 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Colin Baker:<blockquote>5, 12 January 1985 – “Attack of the Cybermen”<br />
19, 26 January 1985 – “Vengeance on Varos”<br />
2, 9 February 1985 – “The Mark of the Rani”<br />
16, 23 February 1985; 2 March 1985 – “The Two Doctors”<br />
9, 16 March 1985 – “Timelash”<br />
23, 30 March 1985 – “Revelation of the Daleks”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
1985 – “Attack of the Cybermen” in London<br />
2530 AD (or 2495) – “Attack of the Cybermen” on Telos<br />
late 2200s – “Vengeance on Varos” on Varos<br />
1822? – “The Mark of the Rani” in Killingworth<br />
summer 1985? – “The Two Doctors” set in Space Station Camera and Seville<br />
1885 – “Timelash” in Karfel and Scotland<br />
c. 4100–4200 – Second Great and Bountiful Human Empire<br />
4610 AD? (post 3700–3800 AD) – “Revelation of the Daleks” on Tranquil Repose, Necros</BLOCKQUOTE>spring 1985 – David Horowitz publishes an article for <i>The Washington Post Magazine</i> entitled “Lefties for Reagan”<br />
<br />
29 September 1985–21 May 1992 – broadcast dates of US TV series <i>MacGyver</i><br />
<br />
10 October 1985 – death of Orson Welles in his Hollywood house<br />
<br />
15 November 1985 – signing of the Anglo-Irish Agreement at Hillsborough Castle by Margaret Thatcher and the Irish Taoiseach, Garret FitzGerald<br />
<br />
<b>1986</b><br />
1986 – David Horowitz publishes “Why I Am No Longer a Leftist” in <i>The Village Voice</i><br />
<br />
6 September–6 December 1986 – broadcast dates of Season 23 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Colin Baker:<blockquote>6, 13, 20, 27 September 1986 – “The Mysterious Planet”<br />
4, 11, 18, 25 October 1986 – “Mindwarp”<br />
1, 8, 15, 22 November 1986 – “Terror of the Vervoids”<br />
29 November 1986; 6 December 1986 – “The Ultimate Foe”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
2,000,000 AD – “The Mysterious Planet” on Earth<br />
2379 AD – “Mindwarp” on Thoros-Beta<br />
c. 2400–c. 3000 – period of the Earth Empire<br />
2986 AD – “Terror of the Vervoids” on The Hyperion III <br />
? – “The Ultimate Foe”</BLOCKQUOTE>9 October 1986 – launch date of Fox Broadcasting Company<br />
<br />
<b>1987</b><br />
11 July 1987–21 August 1988 – broadcast date of the TV series <i>Werewolf</i><br />
<br />
17 July 1987 – release date of the film <i>RoboCop</i>, directed by Paul Verhoeven, starring Peter Weller, Nancy Allen, Daniel O’Herlihy, Ronny Cox<br />
<br />
7 September–7 December 1987 – broadcast dates of Season 24 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Sylvester McCoy:<blockquote>7, 14, 21, 28 September 1987 – “Time and the Rani”<br />
5, 12, 19, 26 October 1987 – “Paradise Towers”<br />
2, 9, 16 November 1987 – “Delta and the Bannermen”<br />
23, 30 November 1987; 7 December 1987 – “Dragonfire”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
? – “Time and the Rani” on Lakertya<br />
before 2158 – “Paradise Towers” in Paradise Towers<br />
1959 – “Delta and the Bannermen” in South Wales<br />
post-1959 – “Delta and the Bannermen” in Toll port G715<br />
c. 2,000,000 AD – “Dragonfire” Iceworld, Svartos </BLOCKQUOTE><b>1988</b><br />
15 April 1988 – death of Kenneth Williams in his Osnaburgh Street flat, London<br />
<br />
8 August 1988 – release date of <i>Straight Outta Compton</i>, debut studio album of N.W.A on Ruthless Records label<br />
<br />
6 September 1988–16 February 1993 – broadcast date of <i>Count Duckula</i>, a British animated television series created by British studio Cosgrove Hall Films<br />
<br />
5 October 1988–4 January 1989 – broadcast dates of Season 25 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Sylvester McCoy:<blockquote>5, 12, 19, 26 October 1988 – “Remembrance of the Daleks”<br />
2, 9, 16 November 1988 – “The Happiness Patrol”<br />
23, 30 November 1988; 7 December 1988 – “Silver Nemesis”<br />
14, 21, 28 December 1988; 4 January 1989 – “The Greatest Show in the Galaxy”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
29–30 November 1963 – “Remembrance of the Daleks” in Shoreditch<br />
2300–2400 – “The Happiness Patrol” on Terra Alpha<br />
November 1988 – “Silver Nemesis” in Windsor, England<br />
5089 AD? – “The Greatest Show in the Galaxy”</BLOCKQUOTE><b>1989</b><br />
4 September 1989 – death of Ronald Syme from cancer after collapsing in his room in August in Wolfson College, Oxford<br />
<br />
6 September 1989–6 December 1989 – broadcast dates of Season 26 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Sylvester McCoy:<blockquote>6, 13, 20, 27 September 1989 – “Battlefield”<br />
4, 11, 18 October 1989 – “Ghost Light”<br />
25 October 1989; 1, 8, 15 November 1989 – “The Curse of Fenric”<br />
22, 29 November 1989; 6 December 1989 – “Survival”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
1990s – “Battlefield” at Carbury<br />
1883 – “Ghost Light” in Gabriel Chase, England<br />
1943 – “The Curse of Fenric” at Maiden’s Point<br />
c. 1989 – “Survival” in Perivale and Cheetah World</BLOCKQUOTE>December 1989 – Ice Cube leaves hip hop group N.W.A.</BLOCKQUOTE>Lord Keyneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06556863604205200159noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4556861365216117920.post-55102434540815142252017-03-06T04:25:00.002-08:002017-03-07T07:31:24.651-08:00Chronology of 1,000 BC to 476 AD<blockquote><b>1,000 BC</b><br />
1,000–750 BC – The Dark Age in Greece<br />
<br />
c. 1000 BC – proto-Thracians in the Balkans from which Dacians and Thracians develop<br />
<br />
c. 950–900 BC – migration of Arameans and Suteans into Babylonia; in the late 10th or early 9th century BC the Chaldeans followed<br />
<br />
965–925 BC – traditional date of Solomon, king of the ancient Israelites<br />
<br />
911–612 BC – the Neo-Assyrian Empire:<blockquote><b>Kings of Assyria</b><br />
911–891 BC – Adad-nirari II<br />
891–884 BC – Tukulti-Ninurta II<br />
883–859 BC – Ashurnasirpal II<br />
859–824 BC – Shalmaneser III<br />
824–811 BC – Shamshi-Adad V<br />
811– 808 BC – Shammurāmat (or Sammuramat), regent<br />
811–783 BC – Adad-nirari III<br />
783–773 BC – Shalmaneser IV<br />
772–755 BC – Ashur-dan III<br />
755–745 BC – Ashur-nirari V<br />
745–727 BC – Tiglath-Pileser III <br />
727–722 BC – Shalmaneser V<br />
722–705 BC – Sargon II<br />
705–681 BC – Sennacherib<br />
681–669 BC – Esarhaddon<br />
668–c. 627 BC – Ashurbanipal<br />
c. 631–c. 627 BC – Ashur-etil-ilani<br />
626 BC – Sin-shumu-lishir <br />
c. 627 – 612 BC – Sinsharishkun <br />
612–c. 609 BC – Ashur-uballit II (ruled from the city of Harran)</BLOCKQUOTE><b>900 BC</b><br />
<br />
c. 900–700 BC – time of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villanovan_culture">Villanovan culture proper (Villanovan II)</a>, which developed to Etruscan culture<br />
<br />
c. 900–800 BC – Scythians (Eastern Iranian speakers) migrate into southern Russia <br />
<br />
860–590 BC – the era of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu">kingdom of Urartu</a> (or Kingdom of Ararat or Van), an Iron Age kingdom situated on Lake Van in the Armenian Highlands. See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Urartu_860_840-en.svg">map</a><br />
<br />
859–824 BC – reign of Shalmaneser III<br />
<br />
850 BC – the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III conquers Babylon and makes it king subject to Assyria<br />
<br />
811– 808 BC – Shammurāmat (or Sammuramat) is regent of Assyria for her son Adad-nirari III; she becomes the legendary queen Semiramis in Greek myth<br />
<br />
<b>800 BC</b><br />
<br />
c. 800 BC – possible migration of Tyrsenian-speakers from north-west Anatolia to Lemnos (with the Lemnian language)<br />
<br />
800–500 BC – Tyrsenian culture on Lemnos<br />
<br />
c. 800–c. 500 BC – Hallstatt culture in Western and Central Europe, within which was the Proto-Celtic homeland<br />
<br />
c. 800 BC – Iranian speakers who became the Medes and Persians migrate into Iran?<br />
<br />
776 BC – traditional date of the first Olympic Games<br />
<br />
760–656 BC – the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty of Egypt (or the Nubian Dynasty or the Kushite Empire), the last dynasty of the Third Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt<br />
<br />
760–740 BC – time of Eumelus of Corinth, a semi-legendary early Greek poet, who supposedly wrote the <i>Titanomachy</i>, <i>Corinthiaca</i>, <i>Europia</i> (<i>Bougonia</i>), and <i>Return from Troy</i><br />
<br />
750–650 BC – time of Hesiod, author of <i>Works and Days</i>, <i>Theogony</i>, and <i>Shield of Heracles</i><br />
<br />
750–480 BC – the Archaic Period in Greece<br />
<br />
750–700 BC – Homeric poems the <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i> written down<br />
<br />
747–721 BC – rule of Piye, the Kushite king and founder of the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty of Egypt who ruled from Napata in Nubia<br />
<br />
743–724 BC – the First Messenian War between Messenia and Sparta<br />
<br />
738 BC – Tiglath-Pileser III occupies Philistia and invaded Israel<br />
<br />
732 BC – Assyria takes the Aramean state of Damascus, deporting many of its inhabitants <br />
<br />
c. 728 – the Kushite Nubian ruler Piye invades Upper and Lower Egypt<br />
<br />
727 BC – Babylonia becomes independent of Assyria<br />
<br />
722 BC – Shalmaneser V dies during the siege of Samaria; Sargon II takes Samaria, ending the northern Kingdom of Israel and deporting 27,000 people into captivity<br />
<br />
716–678 BC – rule of Gyges, founder of the Mermnad dynasty of Lydian kings<br />
<br />
c. 714 BC – the Cimmerians (from the Pontic steppe) attacked Urartu <br />
<br />
c. 710–650 BC – the Lelantine War, the war between Chalcis and Eretria in Euboea over the control of the fertile Lelantine Plain on the island of Euboea; many other city states join in <br />
<br />
705 BC – the Cimmerians defeated by Assyrian forces under Sargon II; the Cimmerians conquered Phrygia in 696/5<br />
<br />
<b>700 BC</b><br />
<br />
c. 700 BC – dating of Hesiod’s <i>Works and Days</i> and <i>Theogony</i><br />
<br />
687 BC – office of archon is established in Athens<br />
<br />
685–668 BC – the Second Messenian War between Messenia and Sparta, after a helot slave rebellion <br />
<br />
679 BC – Cimmerians and Scythians cross the Taurus Mountains and attack Assyrian colonies in Cilicia<br />
<br />
677 BC – Esarhaddon sacks Sidon<br />
<br />
673 BC – Esarhaddon raids Egypt <br />
<br />
671 BC – Assyrian invasion of Egypt by Esarhaddon; Esarhaddon drives Pharaoh Taharqa back to Nubia<br />
<br />
664–610 BC – rule of Psamtik I (Psammeticus), the first of Saite or Twenty-Sixth Dynasty of Egypt<br />
<br />
663 BC – Assyrian invasion of Egypt; sack of Thebes<br />
<br />
652 BC – the Cimmerians sacked Sardis, the capital of Lydia <br />
<br />
645–560 BC – Sparta fights wars with Tegea<br />
<br />
632 BC – the Athenian aristocrat Cylon invades Attica from Megara<br />
<br />
626–539 BC – Neo-Babylonian empire<br />
<br />
c. 619 BC – the Cimmerians are defeated by Alyattes of Lydia <br />
<br />
612 BC – alliance of Medes, Babylonians and Susianians conquer the Assyrian capital Nineveh<br />
<br />
610–595 BC – the reign of Necho II, a Pharaoh of the 26th Dynasty<br />
<br />
609 BC – battle of Carchemish<br />
<br />
c. 609 BC – Necho II (610–595) constructs a canal from the Nile to the Red Sea; he also founds Tell el-Maskhuta<br />
<br />
c. 605–c. 562 BC – reign of Nebuchadnezzar II, king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire<br />
<br />
<b>600 BC</b><br />
<br />
590–580 BC – the reforms of Solon (c. 638–c.558 BC) in ancient Athens<br />
<br />
559–530 BC – reign of Cyrus the Great<br />
<br />
546–528/27 BC – the tyrant Peisistratos controlled Athens<br />
<br />
539 BC – Babylon conquered by Cyrus the Great<br />
<br />
528/27 BC–514 BC – rule of the tyrant Hipparchus (528/27 BC–514 BC) and Hippias (528/27 BC–511/10 BC) in Athens<br />
<br />
514 BC – assassination of the Athenain tyrant Hipparchus<br />
<br />
511/10 BC – the tyrant Hippias from Athens expelled by the Spartans<br />
<br />
507–501 BC – Cleisthenes takes power and reforms Athenian democracy<br />
<br />
<b>500 BC</b><br />
<br />
480–322 BC – the Greek Classical Period<br />
<br />
480–479 BC – the Persian invasion of Greece<br />
<br />
480 BC – lions (the <i>Panthera leo europaea</i>) common in Greece; by 300 BC they were dying out and were extinct by c. 100 BC<br />
<br />
478 BC – the Delian League founded as an alliance of Greek states<br />
<br />
460–445 – First Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta:<blockquote>460 BC – the battle of Oenoe<br />
<br />
457 BC – Athenians defeated at Tanagra<br />
<br />
457 BC – the battle of Oenophyta and defeat of Aegina <br />
<br />
c. 451 – five year truce <br />
<br />
449–448 BC – Second Sacred War <br />
<br />
447 BC – the revolt of Boeotia from Athens and Athenian defeat at Coronea <br />
<br />
446–445 BC – conflict ends with the Thirty Years’ Peace</BLOCKQUOTE>431–404 BC – the Peloponnesian War in Greece<br />
<br />
431–404 BC – the Peloponnesian War in ancient Greece:<blockquote>431–421 BC – the Archidamian war; Sparta invaded Attica and Athens uses naval power to attack Sparta; ended with the Peace of Nicias (421 BC)<br />
<br />
421 BC – Peace of Nicias <br />
<br />
421–413 – the middle phase of the Peloponnesian War<br />
<br />
415–413 BC – the Sicilian Expedition by Athens to Sicily<br />
<br />
413–404 – the Decelean War (or Ionian War); Sparta incites revolts within Athens’ empire<br />
<br />
405 BC – the Athenian fleet defeated at battle of Aegospotami</BLOCKQUOTE>404 BC – the Thirty Tyrants in Athens<br />
<br />
404–371 BC – the Spartan hegemony in Greece; ended by the Battle of Leuctra (371 BC)<br />
<br />
<b>400 BC</b><br />
396–395 BC – the king of Sparta Agesilaus II invades Asia Minor<br />
<br />
395–387 BC – the Corinthian War; the city states of Argos, Thebes, Corinth and Athens fight Sparta<br />
<br />
387/386 – King’s Peace, peace settlement in Greece<br />
<br />
379/378 – expulsion of the Spartan garrison from Thebes<br />
<br />
378–355 BC – the Second Athenian League in Greece<br />
<br />
371 BC – the Greek city state Thebes defeats Sparta at the battle of Leuctra <br />
<br />
371–362 BC – the Theban hegemony in Greece; ended by the Battle of Mantinea (362 BC)<br />
<br />
370–369 BC – Thebes liberates Messenia<br />
<br />
362 BC – Athens and other Greek cities defeat Thebes in the battle of Mantinea<br />
<br />
357–355 BC – the Social War in Greece, a rebellion against Athens by its allies in the Second Athenian League <br />
<br />
359–336 BC – reign of Philip II of Macedon<br />
<br />
356–346 BC – Third Sacred War; the city of Delphi seized by the Phocians<br />
<br />
348 BC – Philip II captures Olynthos <br />
<br />
346 BC – the Peace of Philocrates ends the Sacred war and conflict between Athens and Macedonia<br />
<br />
338 BC – the Macedonian king Philip II defeats the Greeks at the Battle of Chaeronea<br />
<br />
336 BC – the assassination of Philip II<br />
<br />
336–323 BC – the reign of Alexander the Great <br />
<br />
April/May–October 324 – Leosthenes supervises transport of mercenaries from Asia<br />
<br />
<center><b>320s</b></center><b>323</b><br />
11 June 323 – death of Alexander the Great<br />
<br />
c. June 323–July 320 – Perdiccas as regent<br />
<br />
June 323 – Athenian boule orders Leosthenes to enrol mercenaries<br />
<br />
late July 323 – beginning of the Lamian War<br />
<br />
July 323–322 BC – Lamian War<br />
<br />
autumn 323 – beginning of the siege of Lamia<br />
<br />
November 323–February 322 – siege of Antipater in Lamia<br />
<br />
winter 323/322 – death of Leosthenes<br />
<br />
<b>322</b><br />
winter/spring – death of Leonnatus when attempting to raise the siege in Lamia<br />
<br />
spring 322 – Peithon defeats veterans<br />
<br />
May/June 322 – Athenian fleet defeated by Cleitus at Amorgos<br />
<br />
July 322 – Perdiccas in Cappadocia<br />
<br />
July/August 322 – battle of Crannon<br />
<br />
November 322 – death of Demosthenes<br />
<br />
322/321 BC – democracy overthrown at Athens by Antipater<blockquote><b>Athenian Political History</b><br />
322/321 BC – democracy overthrown at Athens by Antipater<br />
321–319/318 BC – regime of Phocion<br />
319/318 BC – democratic revolution at Athens<br />
spring 318 BC – democratic revolution at Athens and the overthrow of Phocion<br />
May 318 – death of Phocion<br />
spring 318–July 317 – restored democracy at Athens<br />
July 317–307 BC – rule of the tyrant Demetrius of Phalerum at Athens<br />
August 307 BC – Demetrius Poliorcetes captures Athens; Demetrius of Phalerum flees from Athens; nominal democracy restored<br />
307–c. 300 – democracy at Athens<br />
c. 300–295 – rule of the tyrant Lachares in Athens<br />
summer 295 – Athens surrenders to Demetrius the Besieger<br />
287–260 – Athenian democracy restored<br />
260 – Antigonus Gonatas captures Athens and abolished democracy.</BLOCKQUOTE><b>321</b><br />
spring 321 – arrival of Nicaea and Cleopatra in Asia; marriage of Perdiccas and Nicaea<br />
<br />
summer 321 – marriage of Adea and Philip III<br />
<br />
<center><b>310s</b></center><b>320</b><br />
spring 320 – beginning of the First Diadoch War<br />
<br />
spring–c. July 320 – the First Diadoch War<br />
<br />
May/June 320 – Eumenes defeats Neoptolemus and Craterus<br />
<br />
c. July 320 – murder of Perdiccas in Egypt (spring or summer 320)<br />
<br />
summer 320 – intervention by Antipater<br />
<br />
August/September 320 – Triparadisus conference where Antipater becomes regent<br />
<br />
14 November 320 – Seleucus enters Babylon<br />
<br />
winter 320 – Eumenes in Celaenae for the winter; Alcetas defeats Asander<br />
<br />
<b>319</b><br />
winter 319 – Antipater returns to Europe<br />
<br />
spring 319 – Eumenes defeated by Antigonus and retreats to Nora<br />
<br />
July 319 – Antigonus defeats Alcetas<br />
<br />
summer 319 – death of Antipater; death of Demades; Polyperchon is regent<br />
<br />
319/318 BC – democratic revolution at Athens; Cassander flees to Antigonus in Asia<br />
<br />
<b>318</b><br />
spring 318 BC – democratic revolution at Athens and the overthrow of Phocion<br />
<br />
spring 318 – Second Diadoch War; Ptolemy occupies Phoenicia and Syria<br />
<br />
May 318 – death of Phocion; Cassander in the Piraeus<br />
<br />
summer 318 – Eumenes in Cilicia; revolt of Peithon <br />
<br />
autumn 318 – Antigonus defeats Polyperchon; Eumenes in Phoenica<br />
<br />
winter 318 – Eumenes released from Nora<br />
<br />
<b>317</b><br />
317–316 BC – production of the <i>Dyskolos</i> at the Lenaea<br />
<br />
spring 317 – Cassander is regent; Eumenes in Susa<br />
<br />
summer 317 – Cassander invades Macedonia<br />
<br />
July 317 – Cassander (the king of Macedonia 305–297 BC) appoints Demetrius of Phalerum as ruler of Athens<br />
<br />
July 317–307 BC – rule of the tyrant Demetrius of Phalerum at Athens<br />
<br />
September 317 – Eumenes leaves Phoenicia for the East<br />
<br />
between October–December 317 – murder of king Philip III Arrhidaeus and Eurydice<br />
<br />
<b>316</b><br />
winter 316 – death of Olympias (High); Antigonus defeats Eumenes (High)<br />
<br />
spring 316 – Eumenes takes control of armies of Upper Satrapies<br />
<br />
May 316 – Eumenes arrives in Susa<br />
<br />
late spring – Cassander invades Macedonia successfully; siege of Pydna begins<br />
<br />
summer 316 – Seleucus’ flight to Egypt (High)<br />
<br />
July 316 – battle of Coprates betwen Eumenes and Antigonus <br />
<br />
August 316 – Antigonus in Media<br />
<br />
October/November 316 – battle of Paraetacene<br />
<br />
October 316–September 315 – Cassander rebuilds Thebes<br />
<br />
December 316 – battle of Gabene<br />
<br />
<b>315</b><br />
January 315 – death of Eumenes<br />
<br />
spring 315 – murder of Olympias by Cassander after siege of Pydna ends (Low Chronology)<br />
<br />
spring 315–December 311 – Third Diadoch War (High)<br />
<br />
spring 315 – Cassander founds Thessalonica<br />
<br />
c. summer 315 – Cassander restores Thebes; Cassander invades the Peloponnesus<br />
<br />
summer 315 – Seleucus’ flight to Egypt from Babylon<br />
<br />
July 315 – Cassander at the Nemean games<br />
<br />
summer 315 – Antigonus declares the freedom of Greece (High)<br />
<br />
autumn 315 – Ptolemy seizes Cyprus<br />
<br />
<b>314</b><br />
November 314 – fall of Tyre (High)<br />
<br />
spring 314–winter 311 – Third Diadoch War (Low)<br />
<br />
spring 314 – Third Diadoch War begins; Antigonus in Syria<br />
<br />
summer 314 – proclamation of Tyre: Antigonus declares himself regent and declares the freedom of Greece (Low); Antigonus in Phoenicia; capture of Joppa and Gaza; siege of Tyre<br />
<br />
winter 314–313 – Antigonus winters at Tyre<br />
<br />
<b>313</b><br />
summer 313 – siege of Tyre ends<br />
<br />
<b>312</b><br />
<br />
autumn 312 – battle of Gaza; Ptolemy in Greece<br />
<br />
<b>311</b><br />
22 February 311 – Ptolemy controls Phoenicia and Palestine<br />
<br />
May 311 – Babylonian war; Seleucus in Babylonia<br />
<br />
13 May–1 June 311 – Seleucus arrives in Babylon <br />
<br />
May–summer 311 – Ptolemy’s invasion of Syria<br />
<br />
c. summer 311 – Nicanor (satrap of Media) and Euagoras (satrap of Aria) march on Babylon, but are defeated near the Tigris<br />
<br />
autumn 311–310 – Seleucus takes Ecbatana, Susa, Elam, and Media <br />
<br />
September 311 – Seleucus conquest of Media and Elam<br />
<br />
winter 311 – peace treaty that ends Third Diadoch War<br />
<br />
<center><b>300–310</b></center><b>310</b><br />
spring 310 – Demetrius attacks Babylon unsucessfully<br />
<br />
August 310 – Antigonus arrives in Babylon <br />
<br />
<b>309</b><br />
March 309 – Antigonus leaves Babylon<br />
<br />
spring 309 – Ptolemy conquers Cyprus<br />
<br />
summer 309 – Antigonus attacks the countryside around Babylon <br />
<br />
30/31 August 309 – Antigonus returns to Syria after losing a battle with Seleucus<br />
<br />
August 309 – Ptolemy in Greece<br />
<br />
autumn 309 – Antigonus in Syria<br />
<br />
<b>308</b><br />
winter 308 – Ptolemy leaves Greece<br />
<br />
spring 308 – Seleucus’ eastern expedition begins<br />
<br />
<b>307</b><br />
spring 307–summer 301 – Fourth Diadoch War<br />
<br />
June 307 – Seleucus in Bactria; liberation of Athens<br />
<br />
307–300 – restored democracy at Athens<br />
<br />
<b>306</b><br />
spring 306 – battle of Salamis<br />
<br />
summer 306 – Antigonus the One-Eyed becomes king<br />
<br />
<b>305</b><br />
spring 305 – Demetrius Poliorcetes begins the siege of Rhodes<br />
<br />
spring 305–spring 304 – Demetrius Poliorcetes’ siege of Rhodes<br />
<br />
<b>304</b><br />
304 BC – Polyperchon still alive<br />
<br />
spring 304 – Demetrius Poliorcetes attacks Athens<br />
<br />
spring 304–winter 302/301 – Demetrius Poliorcetes’ campaigns in Greece<br />
<br />
summer–autumn 304 – Seleucus’ India war<br />
<br />
summer 304 – armistice at Rhodes; Seleucus in India<br />
<br />
autumn 304 – Demetrius the Besieger in Greece<br />
<br />
<b>302</b><br />
spring 302–spring 301 – Fourth Diadoch War<br />
<br />
summer 302 – Lysimachus invades Asia <br />
<br />
summer–autumn 302 – Demetrius Poliorcetes’ campaign in Thessaly<br />
<br />
winter 301 – armistice; Ptolemy in Syria<br />
<br />
summer 301 – battle of Ipsus<br />
<br />
autumn 301 – Lysimachus occupies Phrygia; Ptolemy occupies Phoenicia<br />
<br />
<b>300 BC</b><br />
c. 300–295 – rule of the tyrant Lachares in Athens<br />
<br />
<center><b>290s</b></center>297 – death of Cassander<br />
<br />
c. spring 295–spring 294 – Demetrius Poliorcetes’ blockade of Athens<br />
<br />
spring 294 – Demetrius Poliorcetes conquers Athens after a blockade<br />
<br />
autumn 294 – Demetrius the Besieger proclaimed king of Macedonia<br />
<br />
294–287 – rule of Demetrius the Besieger as king of Macedon <br />
<br />
289 – Demetrius the Besieger defeats Pyrrhus<br />
<br />
<center><b>280s</b></center>287–260 – Athenian democracy restored<br />
<br />
summer 287 – Lysimachus and Pyrrhus divide Macedonia<br />
<br />
283 – death of Demetrius the Besieger<br />
<br />
January 282 – death of Ptolemy I<br />
<br />
February 281 – battle of Corupedion; Lysimachus killed at the battle of Corupedium <br />
<br />
September 281 BC – Seleucus I Nicator is assassinated in the Thracian Chersonese by by Ptolemy Keraunos near Lysimachia <br />
<br />
September 281–261 BC – sole rule of the Seleucid king Antiochus I Soter<blockquote>278 BC – Gauls invade Anatolia<br />
275 BC – Antiochus I defeats Gauls using Indian war elephants<br />
274–271 BC – First Syrian War <br />
27 March 268 BC – Antiochus I lays the foundation for the Ezida Temple in Borsippa</BLOCKQUOTE>278 BC – Gauls invade Anatolia<br />
<br />
275 BC – Antiochus I defeats Gauls using Indian war elephants <br />
<br />
274–271 BC – First Syrian War <br />
<br />
27 March 268 BC – Antiochus I lays the foundation for the Ezida Temple in Borsippa<br />
<br />
260 – Antigonus Gonatas captures Athens and abolished democracy<br />
<br />
260–253 BC – Second Syrian War <br />
<br />
246–241 BC – Third Syrian War <br />
<br />
219–217 BC – Fourth Syrian War<br />
<br />
300 BC–AD 300 – the Iron Age Yayoi period in Japan<br />
<br />
250 BC–400 AD – Roman Warm Period or the Roman climatic optimum<br />
<br />
<b>1 AD</b><br />
<br />
500 AD – Slavic-speaking people rapidly expand from a homeland in eastern Poland and western Ukraine<br />
<br />
950–1250 AD – Medieval Warm Period.</BLOCKQUOTE><blockquote><b>Bronze Age</b><br />
c. 3,300–1,200 BC – Bronze Age in Near East<br />
c. 3,200–600 BC – Bronze Age in Europe<br />
c. 3000–1200 BC – Bronze Age in South Asia<br />
<br />
<b>Iron Age</b><br />
1,200 BC–500 BC – Iron Age in Ancient Near East<br />
1,200 BC–1 BC – Iron Age in Europe<br />
1,200 BC–200 BC – Iron Age in India <br />
600 BC–200 BC – Iron Age in China</BLOCKQUOTE><b>BIBLIOGRAPHY</b>Lord Keyneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06556863604205200159noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4556861365216117920.post-5048262280835758712017-03-03T09:08:00.000-08:002020-02-24T03:43:00.931-08:00Chronology of the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s<blockquote>16–27 December 1989 – the Romanian Revolution, the civil unrest in Romania beginning in Timișoara and spreading throughout the nation, which ends in a show trial and execution of Communist leader Nicolae Ceaușescu and the end of Communist rule<br />
<br />
25 December 1989 – execution of Nicolae Ceaușescu and Elena Ceaușescu<br />
<br />
20 January 1989–20 January 1993 – George H. W. Bush is president of the United States<br />
<br />
20 December 1989–31 January 1990 – US invasion of Panama, codenamed Operation Just Cause, removes dictator Manuel Noriega<br />
<br />
<center><b>1990s</b></center><b>1990</b><br />
March 1990 – the UK far-right Official National Front disbanded<br />
<br />
2 March 1990 – US release date of the film <i>The Hunt for Red October</i>, directed by John McTiernan<br />
<br />
13 July 1990 – US release date of the film <i>Ghost</i>, directed by Jerry Zucker and starring Patrick Swayze, Demi Moore, Whoopi Goldberg<br />
<br />
30 March 1990 – US release date of the film <i>Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles</i>, directed by Steve Barron<br />
<br />
25 May 1990 – US release date of the film <i>Back to the Future Part III</i>, directed by Robert Zemeckis<br />
<br />
1 June 1990 – US release date of the film <i>Total Recall</i>, directed by Paul Verhoeven, and starring Arnold Schwarzenegger<br />
<br />
29 June 1990 – US release date of the film <i>Die Hard 2</i>, directed by Renny Harlin<br />
<br />
2–4 August 1990 – the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait<br />
<br />
14 August 1990 – release date of <i>100 Miles and Runnin’</i> by N.W.A. <br />
<br />
19 September 1990 – US release date of the film <i>Goodfellas</i>, directed by Martin Scorsese<br />
<br />
9 November 1990 – US release date of the film <i>Dances with Wolves</i>, directed by and starring Kevin Costner<br />
<br />
21 November 1990 – US release date of the film <i>Predator 2</i>, directed by Stephen Hopkins<br />
<br />
28 November 1990 – resignation of Margaret Thatcher as British Prime Minister after a challenge for the leadership of the Conservative Party by Michael Heseltine<br />
<br />
29 November 1990 – the Immigration Act of 1990 is signed into law by George H. W. Bush; this increased total immigration to 700,000 immigrants per year for the fiscal years 1992–1994, and 675,000 per year from 1995<br />
<br />
<b>1991</b><br />
17 January – 28 February 1991 – the Gulf War (or Operation Desert Storm), a war waged by the coalition forces of 35 nations led by the United States against Iraq to liberate Kuwait from Iraqi invasion and annexation:<blockquote>2–4 August 1990 – the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait<br />
2 August 1990–17 January 1991 – Operation Desert Shield<br />
17 January – 28 February 1991 – Operation Desert Storm</BLOCKQUOTE>7 February–29 September 1991 – Jean-Bertrand Aristide is President of Haiti<br />
<br />
28 May 1991 – release date of <i>Niggaz4Life</i>, the second and final studio album by N.W.A.<br />
<br />
10 July 1991–31 December 1999 – Boris Yeltsin is 1st President of Russia<br />
<br />
31 March 1991–12 November 2001 – the Yugoslav Wars, a series of ethnic wars and insurgencies from 1991 to 2001 inside the former Yugoslavia:<blockquote>25 June 1991 – Slovenian declaration of independence <br />
27 June–6 July 1991 – Ten-Day War (or the Slovenian Independence War) between the Slovenian Territorial Defence and the Yugoslav People’s Army (YPA) ended with the Brioni Accords<br />
31 March 1991–12 November 1995 – Croatian War of Independence between Croat forces and the Serb-controlled Yugoslav People’s Army (JNA) ends with Croatian victory<br />
6 April 1992–14 December 1995 – the Bosnian War within Bosnia and Herzegovina between Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina forces and those of the self-proclaimed Bosnian Serb and Bosnian Croat entities<br />
5 March 1998–11 June 1999 – the Kosovo War within Kosovo between Federal Republic of Yugoslavia forces and Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) of Albanians, with air support from the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) from 24 March 1999<br />
24 March–10 June 1999 – NATO bombing of Yugoslavia (Operation Allied Force)<br />
12 June 1999–1 June 2001 – insurgency in the Preševo Valley, a conflict between the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the ethnic Albanian separatists of the Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac (UÇPMB); this ends in Yugoslav victory<br />
22 January–12 November 2001 – an insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia by the ethnic Albanian National Liberation Army (NLA) against the Republic of Macedonia ending with the Ohrid Agreement</BLOCKQUOTE>19–21 August 1991 – the 1991 Soviet coup d’état attempt (or August Coup), an attempt by members of the Soviet Union’s government to take control of the country from Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev<br />
<br />
19–21 August 1991 – Crown Heights riot in Brooklyn, New York City by black residents<br />
<br />
29 September 1991 – the 1991 Haitian coup d’état against President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, led by the Haitian army, and Raoul Cédras (Army General), and Phillipe Biamby (Army Chief of Staff) and Michel François (Chief of the National Police)<br />
<br />
29 September 1991–12 October 1994 – military junta rule in Haiti under Raoul Cédras:<blockquote>29 September 1991 – the 1991 Haitian coup d’état<br />
30 September–8 October 1991 – Raoul Cédras is Leader of the Haitian Military Junta<br />
2 July 1991–10 October 1994 – Raoul Cédras is Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Haiti<br />
8 October 1991–19 June 1992 – Joseph Nérette (Provisional President)<br />
19 June 1992–15 June 1993 – Marc Bazin (Acting President)<br />
12 May 1994–12 October 1994 – Émile Jonassaint (Provisional President)</BLOCKQUOTE>30 October–1 November 1991 – Madrid Conference of 1991, held in Madrid, hosted by Spain and co-sponsored by the United States and the Soviet Union<br />
<br />
31 October 1991 – Robert Maxwell arrives in Gibraltar and boards his yacht, and sets sail for Madeira<br />
<br />
5 November 1991 – death of Robert Maxwell off the Canary Islands<br />
<br />
25 December 1991 – Mikhail Gorbachev announces his resignation as President of the Soviet Union; the office was abolished and its functions handed over to Russian President Boris Yeltsin<br />
<br />
26 December 1991 – the Soviet Union was dissolved by declaration number 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union; the declaration acknowledges the independence of the former Soviet republics and creates the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)<br />
<br />
<b>1992</b><br />
23 March 1992 – death of Friedrich Hayek<br />
<br />
13 July 1992 – Yitzhak Shamir leaves office as prime minister of Israel<br />
<br />
13 July 1992–4 November 1995 – Yitzhak Rabin is Prime Minister of Israel (Labor Party)<br />
<br />
3 November 1992 – US presidential election of 1992, with George H. W. Bush (Republican) against Bill Clinton (Democratic, who was Arkansas Governor), and independent Texas businessman Ross Perot:<blockquote><b>Candidate | Electoral Vote | Popular Vote</b><br />
Bill Clinton | 370 | 44,909,806<br />
George H. W. Bush | 168 | 39,104,550<br />
Ross Perot | 0 | 19,743,821.</BLOCKQUOTE>Ross Perot won 18.91% of the popular vote, and may have helped to elect Clinton<br />
<br />
12 November 1992–7 November 1996 – broadcast dates of 3 original series of <i>Absolutely Fabulous</i><br />
<br />
<b>1993</b><br />
20 January 1993 – George H. W. Bush leaves office as president of the United States<br />
<br />
<b>20 January 1993–20 January 2001 – Presidency of Bill Clinton</b><blockquote><b>Vice President</b><br />
20 January 1993–20 January 2001 – Al Gore<br />
<br />
<b>White House Staff Secretary</b><br />
20 January 1993–30 June 1995 – John Podesta<br />
<br />
<b>White House Chief of Staff</b><br />
20 January 1993–17 July 1994 – Mack McLarty<br />
17 July 1994–20 January 1997 – Leon Panetta<br />
20 January 1997–20 October 1998 – Erskine Bowles<br />
20 October 1998–20 January 2001 – John Podesta<br />
<br />
<b>Senior Advisors to the President</b><br />
20 January 1993–7 November 1998 – Rahm Emanuel (Political Affairs)<br />
7 June 1993–10 December 1996 – George Stephanopoulos (Strategic Planning Policy)<br />
19 August 1997–20 January 2001 – Sidney Blumenthal (Political Affairs Communications Policy)<br />
<br />
<b>White House Counsel</b><br />
20 January 1993–8 March 1994 – Bernard Nussbaum<br />
8 March 1994–1 October 1994 – Lloyd Cutler<br />
1 October 1994–1 November 1995 – Abner Mikva<br />
1 November 1995–February 1997 – Jack Quinn<br />
February 1997–September 1999 – Chuck Ruff<br />
September 1999–20 January 2001 – Beth Nolan<br />
<br />
<b>National Security Advisor</b><br />
20 January 1993–14 March 1997 – Anthony Lake<br />
14 March 1997–20 January 2001 – Sandy Berger<br />
<br />
<b> US Secretary of State</b><br />
20 January 1993–17 January 1997 – Warren Christopher<br />
23 January 1997–20 January 2001 – Madeleine Albright<br />
<br />
<b>Director of the National Economic Council</b><br />
25 January 1993–11 January 1995 – Robert Rubin<br />
21 February 1995–12 December 1996 – Laura Tyson<br />
12 December 1996–20 January 2001 – Gene Sperling<br />
<br />
<b>US Secretary of the Treasury</b><br />
20 January 1993–22 December 1994 – Lloyd Bentsen <br />
11 January 1995–2 July 1999 – Robert Rubin<br />
2 July 1999–20 January 2001 – Lawrence “Larry” Summers<br />
<br />
<b>Secretary of Defense</b><br />
21 January 1993–3 February 1994 – Les Aspin<br />
3 February 1994–23 January 1997 – William Perry<br />
24 January 1997–20 January 2001 – William Cohen<br />
<br />
<b>Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency</b><br />
November 1991–August 1995 – James R. Clapper<br />
August 1995–February 1996 – Kenneth Minihan<br />
February 1996–July 1999 – Patrick M. Hughes<br />
July 1999–July 2002 – Thomas R. Wilson<br />
<br />
<b>United States Central Command (CENTCOM) Commander</b><br />
9 August 1991–5 August 1994 – General Joseph P. Hoar<br />
5 August 1994–13 August 1997 – General J. H. Binford Peay III<br />
13 August 1997–6 July 2000 – General Anthony Zinni<br />
6 July 2000–7 July 2003 – General Tommy Franks<br />
<br />
<b>Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</b><br />
1 October 1989–30 September 1993 – General Colin Powell<br />
1 October 1993–24 October 1993 – Admiral David E. Jeremiah<br />
25 October 1993–30 September 1997 – General John Shalikashvili<br />
1 October 1997–30 September 2001 – General Henry Shelton<br />
<br />
<b>US Attorney General</b><br />
11 March 1993–20 January 2001 – Janet Reno<br />
<br />
<b>Chair of the Federal Reserve</b><br />
11 August 1987–31 January 2006 – Alan Greenspan<br />
<br />
<b>Director of Central Intelligence</b><br />
5 February 1993–10 January 1995 – R. James Woolsey Jr. <br />
10 May 1995–15 December 1996 – John M. Deutch<br />
16 December 1996–11 July 1997 – George Tenet (acting)<br />
11 July 1997–11 July 2004 – George Tenet</BLOCKQUOTE>20 January 1993 – Bill Clinton inaugurated as the 42nd President of the United States (in office from 20 January 1993–20 January 2001)<br />
<br />
5 February 1993 – Bill Clinton signed the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 <br />
<br />
12 February 1993 – US release date of the film <i>Groundhog Day</i>, directed by Harold Ramis, starring Bill Murray, Andie MacDowell, and Chris Elliott<br />
<br />
28 February–19 April 1993 – the Waco siege, a siege of a compound belonging to the group Branch Davidians by American federal and Texas state law enforcement <br />
<br />
26 February 1993 – US release date of the film <i>Falling Down</i>, directed by Joel Schumacher, and starring Michael Douglas and Robert Duvall<br />
<br />
19 April 1993 – the end of the Waco siege: the FBI launches an assault on the Branch Davidian Mount Carmel Center; in total, 76 people died, including David Koresh<br />
<br />
25 April 1993 – referendum in Russia held on continued privatization and Yeltsin’s economic policy. Yeltsin narrowly wins with funding from George Soros<br />
<br />
7 May 1993 – US release date of the film <i>Dave</i>, directed by Ivan Reitman, and starring Kevin Kline and Sigourney Weaver, and Frank Langella<br />
<br />
11 June 1993 – US release date of the film <i>Jurassic Park</i> directed by Steven Spielberg<br />
<br />
18 June 1993 – US release date of the film <i>Last Action Hero</i>, directed John McTiernan, and starring Arnold Schwarzenegger, Austin O’Brien, and Charles Dance <br />
<br />
26 June 1993 – Bill Clinton orders cruise missile attack on the Iraqi Intelligence Service’s (IIS) principal command and control complex in Baghdad, publicly announced as retaliation for the assassination attempt by the IIS on former President George H. W. Bush while he was visiting Kuwait in April 1993<br />
<br />
July 1993 – the foundation of New Zealand First, a New Zealand nationalist and populist party, by Winston Peters who resigned from the National Party<br />
<br />
16 July 1993 – US release date of the film <i>Free Willy</i> directed by Simon Wincer<br />
<br />
20 July 1993 – suicide of Vincent Walker “Vince” Foster<br />
<br />
23 July 1993 – US release date of the film <i>Coneheads</i>, directed by Steve Barron, and starring Dan Aykroyd, Jane Curtin and Michelle Burke<br />
<br />
6 August 1993 – US release date of the film <i>The Fugitive</i>, directed by Andrew Davis and starring Harrison Ford and Tommy Lee Jones<br />
<br />
10 August 1993 – Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 (or the Deficit Reduction Act of 1993) signed into law by Bill Clinton<br />
<br />
3 September 1993 – foundation of the UK Independence Party (UKIP) as the renamed version of the Anti-Federalist League <br />
<br />
10 September 1993–19 May 2002 – the American science fiction drama X-Files airs on Fox, with 9 seasons and 202 episodes<br />
<br />
10 September 1993 – US release date of the film <i>True Romance</i>, directed by Tony Scott, written by Quentin Tarantino, and starring Christian Slater, Patricia Arquette, Dennis Hopper, Val Kilmer, Gary Oldman, Brad Pitt, and Christopher Walken<br />
<br />
22 September 1993 – Bill Clinton makes a speech to Congress about health care reform, and a plan for universal coverage<br />
<br />
8 October 1993 – US release date of the film <i>Demolition Man</i>, directed by Marco Brambilla, and starring Sylvester Stallone and Wesley Snipes<br />
<br />
24 November 1993 – US release date of the film <i>Mrs. Doubtfire</i>, directed by Chris Columbus and starring Robin Williams, Sally Field, Pierce Brosnan, and Harvey Fierstein<br />
<br />
30 November 1993 – Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (Brady Act) signed into law by Bill Clinton; this introduced a 5 day waiting period on gun purchases<br />
<br />
15 December 1993 – US release date of the film <i>Schindler’s List</i> directed by Steven Spielberg, starring Liam Neeson and Ralph Fiennes<br />
<br />
<b>1994</b><br />
4 February 1994 – US release date of the film <i>Romeo is Bleeding</i>, directed by Peter Medak and starring Gary Oldman and Lena Olin<br />
<br />
1 April 1994 – broadcast date of <i>The X-Files</i> episode “Shapes”, the 19th episode of the first season<br />
<br />
27 April 1994 – the first general election in South Africa in which citizens of all races allowed to take part, with universal adult suffrage. The results:<blockquote>African National Congress | Nelson Mandela | 252<br />
National Party | F. W. de Klerk | 82<br />
Inkatha Freedom Party | Mangosuthu Buthelezi | 43<br />
Freedom Front | Constand Viljoen | 9</BLOCKQUOTE>29 April 1994 – death of Russell Amos Kirk, American conservative<br />
<br />
10 May 1994 – Nelson Mandela inaugurated in Pretoria as President of South Africa (from 10 May 1994–14 June 1999), under the interim Constitution of South Africa (27 April 1994–3 February 1997)<br />
<br />
15 June 1994 – former US President Jimmy Carter negotiates an agreement with North Korea to freeze its nuclear weapons program <br />
<br />
17 June 1994 – US release date of the film <i>Wolf</i>, directed by Mike Nichols, and starring Jack Nicholson, Michelle Pfeiffer, James Spader<br />
<br />
31 July 1994 – UN Security Council Resolution 940 authorises a US-led force to restore Aristide to office in Haiti<br />
<br />
6 July 1994 – US release date of the film <i>Forrest Gump</i>, directed by Robert Zemeckis and starring Tom Hanks, Robin Wright, Gary Sinise, Mykelti Williamson and Sally Field<br />
<br />
11 August 1994 – death of Peter Cushing in Pilgrims Hospice in Canterbury<br />
<br />
September 1994 – Bill Clinton deploys a large US military force to Haiti<br />
<br />
14 September 1994 – US release date of the film <i>Léon: The Professional</i>, directed by Luc Besson, and starring Jean Reno and Gary Oldman<br />
<br />
October 1994 – publication of highly controversial book <i>The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life</i> by psychologist Richard J. Herrnstein and political scientist Charles Murray<br />
<br />
12 October 1994–7 February 1996 – Jean-Bertrand Aristide is President of Haiti<br />
<br />
14 October 1994 – US release date of the film <i>Pulp Fiction</i>, directed by Quentin Tarantino, and starring John Travolta, Samuel L. Jackson, and Uma Thurman<br />
<br />
21 October 1994 – signing of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreed_Framework">Agreed Framework between the United States of America and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea</a>, an agreement to establish a new North Korean nuclear energy program with nuclear proliferation-resistant, light-water reactor power plants; the agreement effectively broke down in 2003<br />
<br />
4 November 1994 – US release date of the film <i>Mary Shelley's Frankenstein</i>, directed by Kenneth Branagh and starring Kenneth Branagh and starring Robert De Niro, Kenneth Branagh, Tom Hulce, Helena Bonham Carter, Ian Holm, John Cleese, and Aidan Quinn<br />
<br />
11 November 1994 – US release date of the film <i>Interview with the Vampire</i>, directed by Neil Jordan, and starring Tom Cruise and Brad Pitt<br />
<br />
18 November 1994 – US release date of the film <i>Star Trek Generations</i>, directed by David Carson, and starring Patrick Stewart, Walter Koenig and William Shatner<br />
<br />
29 November 1994 – Yeltsin signs a decree to privatize Channel 1 without an auction; the new name is Russian Public Television (ORT). The Russian state retained 51 per cent of the shares, with the rest divided up among Yeltsin’s wealthy supporters like Berezovsky, Khodorkovsky, Friedman, and Smolensky<br />
<br />
28 December 1994 – US release date of the film <i>The Madness of King George</i>, directed by Nicholas Hytner and starring Nigel Hawthorne, Helen Mirren, and Ian Holm<br />
<br />
<b>1995</b><br />
January 1995–May 2015 – Alan Rusbridger is editor of <i>The Guardian</i><br />
<br />
7 January 1995 – death of Murray Rothbard<br />
<br />
26 March 1995 – death of Eric Lynn Wright (Eazy-E)<br />
<br />
11 November 1995 – broadcast date of BBC documentary about the life of Enoch Powell called “Odd Man Out”<br />
<br />
24 November 1995 – UK release of the James Bond film <i>GoldenEye</i>, directed by Martin Campbell, and starring Pierce Brosnan<br />
<br />
December 1995 – founding of Antiwar.com, in response to the Bosnian war, as a nonprofit foundation, under the Randolph Bourne Institute, based in Atherton, California<br />
<br />
December 1995–June 1999 – Michael F. Scheuer serves as Chief of the Bin Laden Issue Station (“Alec Station”), and from 12 September 2001–November 2004 as Special Advisor to the Chief of Alec Station<br />
<br />
<b>1996</b><br />
7 February 1996–7 February 2001 – René Préval is President of Haiti<br />
<br />
8 February 1996 – Bill Clinton signs the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996">Telecommunications Act of 1996</a> (which amends the Communications Act of 1934), an act which deregulated broadcast and telecommunications markets and which allowed for media cross-ownership; effective from 8 February 1996; it was passed the House on 12 October 1995<br />
<br />
May–June 1996 – Alan Sokal (a physics professor at New York University and University College London) announces that his article “Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity” published in the <i>Social Text</i> spring/summer “Science Wars” 1996 issue is fraudulent; he makes the announcement in the article “A Physicist Experiments with Cultural Studies,” <i>Lingua Franca</i> (1996: 62–64)<br />
<br />
16 June 1996 – first round of the Russian Presidential elections<br />
<br />
26 June 1996 – Yeltsin suffers a heart attack<br />
<br />
July 1996–February 1997 – filming of <i>Titanic</i>:<blockquote>16 May 1996 – shooting begins in Mexico<br />
July 1996 – filming at Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, with expedition scenes on the <i>Akademik Mstislav Keldysh</i><br />
September 1996 – production moves to the newly built Fox Baja Studios in Rosarito, Mexico, where a full scale RMS Titanic <br />
18 February 1997 – filming nears completion<br />
March 1997 – editing of film begins</BLOCKQUOTE>3 July 1996 – second round of the Russian Presidential elections; President Boris Yeltsin defeats the Communist challenger Gennady Zyuganov<br />
<br />
3 September 1996 – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq">US cruise missile strikes on Iraq</a> (Operation Desert Strike) against air defense targets in southern Iraq, in response to an Iraqi offensive in the Kurdish Civil War<br />
<br />
7 October 1996–21 April 2017 – broadcast date of <i>The O’Reilly Factor</i> (originally <i>The O’Reilly Report</i>), a cable television news and talk show on Fox News hosted by Bill O’Reilly<br />
<br />
5 November 1996 – the US presidential election of 1996 <br />
<br />
<b>1997</b><br />
20 January 1997–20 October 1998 – John Podesta is Bill Clinton’s White House Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations<br />
<br />
March 1997 – the book <i>Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies</i> is first published by W. W. Norton, written by Jared Diamond, professor of geography and physiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA); the book is subsequently published in the UK as <i>Guns, Germs, and Steel: A Short History of Everybody for the Last 13,000 Years</i> by Vintage in 1998<br />
<br />
May 1997 – founding of WorldNetDaily (WND), an American news and opinion website and online news aggregator, by Joseph Farah, with headquarters in Washington, D.C.<br />
<br />
1 May 1997 – the UK general election of 1997:<blockquote><b>Party | Leader | Vote Percentage | Seats</b><br />
Labour | Tony Blair | 43.2% | 418<br />
Conservative | John Major | 30.7% | 165<br />
Liberal Democrat | Paddy Ashdown | 16.8% | 46<br />
SNP | Alex Salmond |2.0% | 6<br />
SDLP | John Hume | 0.6% | 3<br />
UUP | David Trimble | 0.8% | 10<br />
Plaid Cymru | Dafydd Wigley | 0.5% | 4<br />
Sinn Féin | Gerry Adams | 0.4% | 2<br />
DUP | Ian Paisley | 0.3% | 2<br />
UKIP | Alan Sked | 0.3% | 0<br />
BNP | John Tyndall | 0.1% | 0</BLOCKQUOTE>2 May 1997–27 June 2007 – Tony Blair is Prime Minister of the United Kingdom<br />
<br />
2 May 1997 – US release date of film <i>Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery</i>, directed by Jay Roach, and starring Mike Myers, Elizabeth Hurley, Robert Wagner, Seth Green and Michael York<br />
<br />
7 May 1997 – US release date of the film <i>The Fifth Element</i>, directed by Luc Besson, and starring Bruce Willis, Gary Oldman and Milla Jovovich<br />
<br />
23 May 1997 – US release date of the film <i>The Lost World: Jurassic Park</i>, directed by Steven Spielberg, and starring Jeff Goldblum and Julianne Moore<br />
<br />
2 July 1997 – US release date of the film <i>Men in Black</i>, directed by Barry Sonnenfeld and starring Tommy Lee Jones and Will Smith<br />
<br />
25 July 1997 – US release date of the film <i>Air Force One</i>, directed by Wolfgang Petersen, and starring Harrison Ford and Gary Oldman<br />
<br />
31 August 1997 – death of Princess Diana (née Diana Spencer) in a car crash in the Pont de l’Alma road tunnel in Paris, along with Dodi Fayed<br />
<br />
8 October 1997 – US release date of the film <i>Seven Years in Tibet</i>, directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud, and starring Brad Pitt and David Thewlis<br />
<br />
17 October 1997 – UK release date of the film <i>Wilde</i>, directed by Brian Gilbert, and starring Stephen Fry<br />
<br />
24 October 1997 – US release date of the film <i>Gattaca</i>, directed by Andrew Niccol, and starring Ethan Hawke, Uma Thurman, Jude Law, Loren Dean, Ernest Borgnine, and Gore Vidal<br />
<br />
7 November 1997 – US release date of the film <i>Starship Troopers</i>, directed by Paul Verhoeven, and starring Casper Van Dien, Dina Meyer, Denise Richards, Jake Busey, and Michael Ironside<br />
<br />
26 November 1997 – US release date of the film <i>Alien: Resurrection</i>, directed by Jean-Pierre Jeunet and starring Sigourney Weaver, Winona Ryder and Ron Perlman<br />
<br />
5 December 1997 – US release date of the film <i>Good Will Hunting</i>, directed by Gus Van Sant, and starring Robin Williams, Matt Damon, Ben Affleck, Minnie Driver and Stellan Skarsgård<br />
<br />
12 December 1997 – UK release of the James Bond film <i> Tomorrow Never Dies</i>, directed by Roger Spottiswoode, and starring Pierce Brosnan<br />
<br />
19 December 1997 – US release date of the film <i>Titanic </i>, directed by James Cameron, starring Leonardo DiCaprio, Kate Winslet, and Billy Zane<br />
<br />
<b>1998</b><br />
1998 – retirement of Ernst Badian from Harvard<br />
<br />
8 February 1998 – death of the British politician Enoch Powell (16 June 1912–8 February 1998)<br />
<br />
3 April 1998 – US release date of the film <i>Lost in Space</i>, directed by Stephen Hopkins, and starring William Hurt, Matt LeBlanc, and Gary Oldman<br />
<br />
19 June 1998 – US release date of the film <i>The X-Files</i>, directed by Rob Bowman, and starring David Duchovny, Gillian Anderson, Mitch Pileggi, John Neville, and William B. Davis<br />
<br />
24 July 1998 – US release date of the film <i>Saving Private Ryan</i>, directed by Steven Spielberg, and starring Tom Hanks<br />
<br />
2 August 1998–18 July 2003 – Second Congo War<br />
<br />
20 August 1998 – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Infinite_Reach">Operation Infinite Reach</a>, American cruise missile strikes on al-Qaeda bases in Khost, Afghanistan, and the Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum, Sudan<br />
<br />
20 October 1998–20 January 2001 – John Podesta is Bill Clinton’s White House Chief of Staff<br />
<br />
31 October 1998 – the Iraq Liberation Act of 1998, a United States Congressional statement of policy stating “It should be the policy of the United States to support efforts to remove the regime headed by Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq.”<br />
<br />
4 November 1998 – US release date of the film <i>Gods and Monsters</i>, directed by Bill Condon, and starring Ian McKellen and Brendan Fraser<br />
<br />
<b>1999</b><br />
24 March–10 June 1999 – NATO bombing of Yugoslavia (Operation Allied Force)<br />
<br />
26 March 1999 – first post of Justin Raimondo at Antiwar.com called “Allied Farce: A Wartime Diary”<br />
<br />
28 March 1999–10 August 2003 – broadcast period of the original series of <i>Futurama</i>, US science fiction cartoon created by Matt Groening for Fox<br />
<br />
31 March 1999 – US release date of the film <i>The Matrix</i>, directed by the Wachowski Brothers, and starring Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne, Carrie-Anne Moss, Hugo Weaving, and Joe Pantoliano<br />
<br />
5 April 1999 – the Russian Prosecutor’s Office issues an arrest warrant for Berezovsky for his involvement in a scam involving Aeroflot ticket sales<br />
<br />
7 May 1999 – release date of the film <i>The Mummy</i>, directed by Stephen Sommers and starring Brendan Fraser, Rachel Weisz, John Hannah, and Kevin J. O’Connor<br />
<br />
12 May 1999–9 August 1999 – Sergei Stepashin is Prime Minister of Russia<br />
<br />
19 May 1999 – US release date of the film <i>Star Wars: Episode I. The Phantom Menace</i>, directed by George Lucas<br />
<br />
10 June 1999–2019 – Nigel Farage is Member of the European Parliament for South East England<br />
<br />
11 June 1999 – Russian military rejects Kremlin’s capitulation and orders Russian troops to seize the airport in Pristina, Kosovo. Yeltsin loses control over his military<br />
<br />
14 June 1999–24 September 2008 – Thabo Mbeki is President of South Africa<br />
<br />
2 August 1999–14 September 1999 – war of Dagestan in Russia; this begins when Chechnya-based Islamic International Brigade (IIB) invades the neighbouring Russian republic of Dagestan on 7 August 1999<br />
<br />
9 August 1999 – Yeltsin fires Prime Minister Sergei Sephashin and replaced him with Vladimir Putin<br />
<br />
16 August 1999–7 May 2000 – Vladimir Putin is Prime Minister of Russia (he becomes acting Prime Minister from 9 August 1999–16 August 1999)<br />
<br />
26 August 1999–15 April 2009 – Second Chechen War:<blockquote>26 August 1999–May 2000 – battle phase of the war<br />
25 December 1999–6 February 2000 – battle of Grozny, the siege and assault of the Chechen capital Grozny by Russia<br />
June 2000–15 April 2009 – insurgency phase<br />
2 April 2003 – the 2003 Constitution of the Chechen Republic goes into force<br />
June 2000–September 2004 – Chechen insurgents use suicide attacks in and outside Chechnya.</BLOCKQUOTE>3 October 1999 – Austrian parliamentary elections in which the Freedom Party of Austria won 26.9% of the vote<br />
<br />
12 November 1999 – President Bill Clinton signs the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act">Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act (GLBA)</a> (or the Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999), which repealed parts of the Glass–Steagall Act (1933) and removes barriers between banking companies, securities companies and insurance companies; effective from 12 November 1999; it was passed in the House on 1 July 1999<br />
<br />
26 November 1999 – UK release of the James Bond film <i>The World is Not Enough</i> directed by Michael Apted, and starring Pierce Brosnan<br />
<br />
31 December 1999 – in an announcement, Boris Yeltsin resigns and announces that Prime Minister Vladimir Putin is acting president, with elections due to take place on 26 March 2000<br />
<br />
31 December 1999–7 May 2000 – Vladimir Putin is acting president of Russia<br />
<br />
<center><b>2000s</b></center><b>2000</b><br />
26 March 2000 – the Russian Presidential elections of 2000. The candidates were Vladimir Putin (Independent) who won 53.4% of the vote, Gennady Zyuganov (Communist Party) who won 29.5% of the vote, and Grigory Yavlinsky (Social Liberal Party)<br />
<br />
May 2000 – President Vladimir Putin established direct rule in Chechnya<br />
<br />
<b>7 May 2000–7 May 2008 – Vladimir Putin is president of Russia</b>:<blockquote>12 May 1999–9 August 1999 – Sergei Stepashin is Prime Minister of Russia<br />
9 August 1999–16 August 1999 – Vladimir Putin is acting Prime Minister of Russia<br />
16 August 1999–7 May 2000 – Vladimir Putin is Prime Minister of Russia<br />
31 December 1999–7 May 2000 – Vladimir Putin is acting president of Russia<br />
8 May 2008–7 May 2012 – Vladimir Putin is Prime Minister of Russia<br />
7 May 2012–2019 – Vladimir Putin is president of Russia</BLOCKQUOTE>11 May 2000 – Vladimir Gusinsky arrested on fraud charges in the privatization of a St. Petersburg television company, Russian Video. Gusinsky thrown into Moscow’s most notorious prison, Butyrskaya<br />
<br />
17 July 2000 – Bashar al-Assad takes power in Syria<br />
<br />
20 July 2000 – Vladimir Gusinsky signs secret agreement to sell his business empire for $300 million; 27 July prosecutors drop all charges against Gusinsky and he flies to Spain, never to return to Russia<br />
<br />
28 July 2000 – Vladimir Putin meets with 18 most powerful businessmen in Russia for an unprecedented discussion<br />
<br />
28 September 2000 – Ariel Sharon and an escort of over 1,000 Israeli police officers visit the Temple Mount complex, site of the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque; Sharon declares Temple Mount complex will remain under perpetual Israeli control, which sparks <br />
<br />
28 September 2000–8 February 2005 – Second Intifada (Al-Aqsa Intifada), Palestinian uprising against Israel by the Palestinian National Authority and various Palestinian militant groups<br />
<br />
29 December 2000 – US release date of the film <i>Shadow of the Vampire</i> directed by E. Elias Merhige, and starring John Malkovich and Willem Dafoe<br />
<br />
<b>2001</b><br />
2001–July 2008 – Zimbabwe hyperinflation<br />
<br />
20 January 2001 – Bill Clinton issues 140 pardons and commutations on his last day of office, including Almon Glenn Braswell, Marc Rich, Susan McDougal, and Roger Clinton<br />
<br />
<b>20 January 2001–20 January 2009 – Presidency of George W. Bush</b><blockquote><b>Vice President of the United States</b><br />
20 January 2001–20 January 2009 – Dick Cheney<br />
<br />
<b>Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States</b><br />
20 January 2001–1 November 2005 – I. Lewis “Scooter” Libby<br />
<br />
<b>White House Chief of Staff</b><br />
20 January 2001–14 April 2006 – Andrew Card<br />
14 April 2006–20 January 2009 – Joshua Bolten<br />
<br />
<b>Senior Advisor to the President of the United States</b><br />
20 January 2001–31 August 2007 – Karl Rove (resigned)<br />
1 September 2007–20 January 2009 – Barry Steven Jackson<br />
<br />
<b>White House Deputy Chief of Staff for Policy</b><br />
2001–2003 – Joshua Bolten<br />
2003–2005 – Harriet Miers<br />
2005–2007 – Karl Rove<br />
<br />
<b>White House Press Secretary</b><br />
20 January 2001–15 July 2003 – Ari Fleischer<br />
15 July 2003–10 May 2006 – Scott McClellan<br />
14 September 2007–20 January 2009 – Dana Perino<br />
<br />
<b>White House Counsel</b><br />
20 January 2001–3 February 2005 – Alberto Gonzales <br />
3 February 2005–31 January 2007 – Harriet Miers <br />
31 January 2007–20 January 2009 – Fred Fielding <br />
<br />
<b>National Security Advisor</b><br />
22 January 2001–25 January 2005 – Condoleezza Rice<br />
26 January 2005–20 January 2009 – Stephen Hadley<br />
<br />
<b>Deputy National Security Advisor</b> <br />
20 January 2001–26 January 2005 – Stephen Hadley<br />
March 2005–2007 – Jack Dyer Crouch, II<br />
<br />
Richard A. Clarke<br />
National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counter-Terrorism, 1998–2001<br />
Chairman of the Counter-Terrorism Security Group, 1992–2003<br />
<br />
Elliott Abrams<br />
June 2001– Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director of the National Security Council for Democracy, Human Rights, and International Organizations<br />
December 2002–February 2005 – Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director of the National Security Council for Near East and North African affairs<br />
2 February 2005–20 January 2009 – Deputy National Security Adviser for Global Democracy Strategy<br />
<br />
<b>US Secretary of State</b><br />
20 January 2001–25 January 2005 – Colin Powell<br />
26 January 2005–20 January 2009 – Condoleezza Rice<br />
<br />
<b>Deputy Secretary of State</b><br />
26 March 2001–22 February 2005 – Richard Armitage<br />
22 February 2005–7 July 2006 – Robert Zoellick<br />
13 February 2007–19 January 2009 – John Negroponte<br />
<br />
<b>Secretary of Defense</b><br />
20 January 2001–18 December 2006 – Donald Rumsfeld<br />
18 December 2006–30 June 2011 – Robert M. Gates<br />
<br />
<b>Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</b><br />
1 October 1997–30 September 2001 – General Hugh Shelton<br />
1 October 2001–30 September 2005 – General Richard B. Myers<br />
1 October 2005–30 September 2007 – General Peter Pace<br />
1 October 2007–30 September 2011 – Admiral Michael Mullen<br />
<br />
<b>Deputy Secretary of Defense</b><br />
2 March 2001–1 June 2005 – Paul Wolfowitz<br />
<br />
<b>Under Secretary of Defense for Policy</b><br />
16 July 2001–8 August 2005 – Douglas J. Feith<br />
9 February 2006–20 January 2009 – Eric S. Edelman<br />
<br />
<b>Office of Special Plans (OSP) (September 2002–June 2003)</b><br />
Director of the Office of Special Plans – Abram Shulsky <br />
Larry Franklin<br />
<br />
<b>Chairman of the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee</b><br />
2001–2003 – Richard Perle<br />
<br />
<b>Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency</b><br />
July 1999–July 2002 – Thomas R. Wilson<br />
July 2002–November 2005 – Lowell E. Jacoby<br />
November 2005–March 2009 – Michael D. Maples<br />
March 2009–July 2012 – Ronald Burgess<br />
<br />
<b>Secretary of the Treasury</b><br />
20 January 2001–31 December 2002 – Paul H. O’Neill<br />
31 December 2002–3 February 2003 – Kenneth W. Dam<br />
3 February 2003–30 June 2006 – John W. Snow<br />
30 June 2006–10 July 2006 – Robert M. Kimmitt<br />
10 July 2006–20 January 2009 – Henry M. Paulson, Jr.<br />
<br />
<b>US Attorney General</b><br />
2 February 2001–3 February 2005 – John Ashcroft<br />
3 February 2005–17 September 2007 – Alberto Gonzales<br />
17 September 2007–18 September 2007 Paul Clement (acting)<br />
18 September 2007–9 November 2007 – Peter Keisler (acting)<br />
9 November 2007–20 January 2009 – Michael Mukasey<br />
<br />
<b>Secretary of Homeland Security (created 24 January 2003)</b><br />
24 January 2003–1 February 2005 – Tom Ridge<br />
1 February 2005–15 February 2005 – James Loy<br />
15 February 2005–21 January 2009 – Michael Chertoff<br />
<br />
<b>Director of National Intelligence (created 22 April 2005)</b><br />
21 April 2005–13 February 2007 – John Negroponte<br />
13 February 2007–27 January 2009 – Mike McConnell<br />
<br />
<b>Chair of the Federal Reserve</b><br />
11 August 1987–31 January 2006 – Alan Greenspan<br />
1 February 2006–3 February 2014 – Ben Bernanke<br />
<br />
<b>Director of Central Intelligence</b><br />
11 July 1997–11 July 2004 – George Tenet<br />
12 July 2004–24 September 2004 – John E. McLaughlin<br />
24 September 2004–21 April 2005 – Porter J. Goss<br />
<b>Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency</b><br />
21 April 2005–5 May 2006 – Porter J. Goss<br />
30 May 2006–12 February 2009 – Michael Hayden<br />
<br />
<b>Director of FBI</b><br />
25 June 2001–4 September 2001 – Thomas J. Pickard<br />
4 September 2001–4 September 2013 – Robert Mueller</BLOCKQUOTE>24 January 2001 – Vladimir Putin meets with 21 Russian oligarchs<br />
<br />
7 February 2001–29 February 2004 – Jean-Bertrand Aristide is President of Haiti<br />
<br />
4 May 2001 – US release date of the film <i>The Mummy Returns</i>, directed by Stephen Sommers<br />
<br />
11 May 2001 – death of Douglas Adams in Montecito, California<br />
<br />
18 May 2001 – US release date of the film <i>Shrek</i>, directed by Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson<br />
<br />
18 July 2001 – US release date of the film <i>Jurassic Park III</i>, directed by Joe Johnston<br />
<br />
31 August 2001–25 December 2004 – broadcast dates of revived 4th and 5th series of <i>Absolutely Fabulous</i><br />
<br />
11 September 2001 – 8:46 am–10:28 am (EDT): the September 11 attacks (or 9/11), a series of four terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001:<blockquote>8:46 a.m. – 5 hijackers crash American Airlines Flight 11 into the northern façade of the World Trade Center’s North Tower (1 WTC)<br />
9:03 a.m. – 5 hijackers crash United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern façade of the South Tower (2 WTC)<br />
9:37 a.m. – 5 hijackers flew American Airlines Flight 77 into the Pentagon <br />
9:42 a.m. – the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) grounds all civilian aircraft within the continental US, and aircraft in flight ordered to land<br />
9:59 a.m. – the South Tower collapses after burning for 56 minutes <br />
10:03 a.m. – United Airlines Flight 93 with 4 hijackers crashes near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, southeast of Pittsburgh<br />
10:28 a.m. – the North Tower collapses after burning for 102 minutes<br />
5:21 p.m. – 7 World Trade Center building (7 WTC) collapses</BLOCKQUOTE>The attacks killed 2,996 people, and injured over 6,000<br />
<br />
7 October 2001 – US launches Operation Enduring Freedom, the invasion of Afghanistan<br />
<br />
19 October 2001 – release date of the film <i>From Hell</i>, directed by the Hughes brothers, and starring Johnny Depp<br />
<br />
16 November 2001 – US release date of the film <i>Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone</i>, directed by Chris Columbus<br />
<br />
19 December 2001 – US release date of the film <i>The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring</i>, directed by Peter Jackson, and starring Elijah Wood, Ian McKellen, Cate Blanchett, Orlando Bloom, Christopher Lee, Hugo Weaving, and Andy Serkis<br />
<br />
<b>2002</b><br />
21 April 2002 – the first election of the French presidential election of 2002:<blockquote><b>Candidate | Votes | Percentage</b><br />
Jacques Chirac | 5,665,855 | 19.88%<br />
Jean-Marie Le Pen | 4,804,713 | 16.86%<br />
Lionel Jospin (Socialist Party) | 4,610,113 | 16.18%<br />
François Bayrou (Union for French Democracy) | 1,949,170 | 6.84%.</BLOCKQUOTE>5 May 2002 – the second election of the French presidential election of 2002 between Jacques Chirac (Rally for the Republic) and Jean-Marie Le Pen (National Front):<blockquote><b>Candidate | Votes | Percentage</b><br />
Jacques Chirac | 25,537,956 | 82.21%<br />
Jean-Marie Le Pen | 5,525,032 | 17.79%</BLOCKQUOTE>20 May 2002 – death of Stephen Jay Gould<br />
<br />
11 October 2002 – release date of the film <i>Bowling for Columbine</i>, a documentary film written, produced, directed, and narrated by Michael Moore<br />
<br />
20 November 2002 – UK release of the James Bond film <i>Die Another Day</i>, starring Pierce Brosnan<br />
<br />
18 December 2002 – US release date of the film <i>The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers</i>, directed by Peter Jackson, and starring Elijah Wood and Ian McKellen<br />
<br />
<b>2003</b><br />
March 2003 – Vladimir Gusinsky arrested in London on an extradition warrant charging him with fraud while head of the Logovaz car company<br />
<br />
20 March–1 May 2003 – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq">the US invasion of Iraq called Operation Iraqi Freedom</a> in which forces of the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Poland invaded Iraq and deposed the Ba'athist government of Saddam Hussein<br />
<br />
15 May 2003 – US release date of the film <i>The Matrix Reloaded</i>, the second installment of The Matrix trilogy, written and directed by the Wachowski Brothers<br />
<br />
11 July 2003 – US release date of the film <i>The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen</i>, directed by Stephen Norrington, and starring Sean Connery, Tony Curran, Stuart Townsend, Shane West, Jason Flemyng, and Richard Roxburgh<br />
<br />
22 September 2003 – death of Howard Austen, long-time partner of Gore Vidal, in Los Angeles, California<br />
<br />
23 October 2003 – George Galloway is expelled from the Labour Party<br />
<br />
5 November 2003 – US release date of the film <i>The Matrix Revolutions</i>, the third and final installment of the Matrix trilogy<br />
<br />
17 December 2003 – US release date of the film <i>The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King</i>, directed by Peter Jackson<br />
<br />
<b>2004</b><br />
25 January 2004–18 August 2016 – period of the Respect Party, a UK left-wing political party established in London by Salma Yaqoob and George Monbiot in 2004, which grew out of the Stop the War Coalition<br />
<br />
4 February 2004 – the day the social media network <i>Facebook</i> was launched, by Mark Zuckerberg, Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz, and Chris Hughes<br />
<br />
5–29 February 2004 – 2004 Haitian coup d’état, with the removal from office of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, who was flown from Haiti on a US plane accompanied by U.S. military/security personnel<br />
<br />
14 March 2004 – Vladimir Putin elected to the Russian presidency for a second term, receiving 71% of the vote<br />
<br />
22 March 2004 – publication of Richard A. Clarke’s <i>Against All Enemies: Inside America’s War on Terror</i><br />
<br />
2 April 2004 – US release date of the film <i>Hellboy</i>, directed by Guillermo del Toro, and starring Ron Perlman<br />
<br />
7 May 2004 – US release date of the film <i>Van Helsing</i>, directed by Stephen Sommers, and starring Hugh Jackman, Kate Beckinsale, and Richard Roxburgh<br />
<br />
14 May 2004 – US release date of the film <i>Troy</i>, directed by Wolfgang Petersen, and starring Brad Pitt, Eric Bana, and Orlando Bloom<br />
<br />
18 May 2004–20 December 2007 – broadcast dates of the British TV series <i>The Mighty Boosh</i>: Series 1 (18 May 2004–6 July 2004); Series 2 (25 July 2005–30 August 2005); Series 3 (15 November 2007–20 December 2007)<br />
<br />
1 June 2004 – publication of Michael Scheuer’s <i>Imperial Hubris: Why the West Is Losing the War on Terror</i>, originally published anonymously<br />
<br />
4 June 2004 – US release date of the film <i>Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban</i>, directed by Alfonso Cuarón and starring Daniel Radcliffe, Emma Watson, and Robbie Coltrane<br />
<br />
10 June 2004 – Gerard Batten elected Member of the European Parliamentfor London<br />
<br />
25 June 2004 – release date of the film <i>Fahrenheit 9/11</i>, a documentary film written, directed, and narrated by Michael Moore<br />
<br />
30 June 2004 – US release date of the film <i>Spider-Man 2</i>, directed by Sam Raimi, and starring Tobey Maguire, Kirsten Dunst, and James Franco<br />
<br />
August 2004 – Gore Vidal puts his Villa La Rondinaia (or the “Swallow’s Nest”) in Ravello, Italy, on the market and returns to the US, which he held from 1972–2006<br />
<br />
1–3 September 2004 – Beslan school siege and massacre involved the capture of over 1,100 people as hostages (including 777 children), and ended with the death of at least 385 people<br />
<br />
3 October 2004–8 December 2008 – broadcast dates of <i>Boston Legal</i>, an American legal comedy-drama TV series created by David E. Kelley in association with 20th Century Fox Television for ABC, starring James Spader, William Shatner, and Candice Bergen<br />
<br />
11 November 2004 – death of Yasser Arafat at Percy military hospital in Clamart, Paris, France<br />
<br />
22 November 2004–23 January 2005 – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Revolution">the Orange Revolution</a> in the Ukraine, a series of protests and political events in the aftermath of the run-off vote of the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election<br />
<br />
24 November 2004 – US release date of the film <i>Alexander</i>, directed by Oliver Stone, and starring Colin Farrell, Angelina Jolie, and Val Kilmer<br />
<br />
25 December 2004 – US release date of the film <i>The Aviator</i>, directed by Martin Scorsese, and starring Leonardo DiCaprio <br />
<br />
<b>2005</b><br />
2005 – publication of Jared M. Diamond’s <i>Collapse: How Societies choose to Fail or Succeed</i> (2005; rev. edn. 2011)<br />
<br />
3 January 2005–19 December 2014 – broadcast dates of <i>The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson</i>, a late-night talk show hosted by Scottish American comedian Craig Ferguson<br />
<br />
14 February 2005 – the day YouTube.com was activated; video uploads options were integrated on 23 April, 2005; YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim<br />
<br />
4–5 March 2005 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who: Rose</i><br />
<br />
26 March 2005–18 June 2005 – broadcast date of revived Series 1 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Christopher Eccleston, starring Christopher Eccleston and Billie Piper:<blockquote>26 March 2005 – “Rose”<br />
2 April 2005 – “The End of the World”<br />
9 April 2005 – “The Unquiet Dead”<br />
16 April 2005 – “Aliens of London”<br />
23 April 2005 – “World War Three”<br />
30 April 2005 – “Dalek”<br />
7 May 2005 – “The Long Game”<br />
14 May 2005 "Father’s Day"<br />
21 May 2005 – “The Empty Child”<br />
28 May 2005 – “The Doctor Dances”<br />
4 June 2005 – “Boom Town”<br />
11 June 2005 – “Bad Wolf”<br />
18 June 2005 – “The Parting of the Ways”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates:</b><br />
4–5 March 2005 – “Rose,” set in London<br />
5,000,000,000 AD – “The End of the World,” set on Platform One<br />
1869 – “The Unquiet Dead,” set in Cardiff, Wales<br />
6 March 2006 – “Aliens of London” and “World War Three”<br />
2012 – “Dalek,” set in The Vault, US<br />
c. 199,909–200,100 – Fourth Great and Bountiful Human Empire<br />
c. 200,000 AD – “The Long Game,” set on Satellite 5<br />
1987 – “Father’s Day,” set at St Christopher’s Parish Church, London<br />
5094 AD – birth of Jack Harkness<br />
5000–5100 – era of Jack Harkness <br />
1941 – “The Empty Child” and “The Doctor Dances,” set in London <br />
September 2006 – “Boom Town”<br />
200,100 AD – “Bad Wolf” and “The Parting of the Ways,” set on Game Station above Earth<br />
24–25 December 2006 – “The Christmas Invasion” (broadcast on 25 December 2005)</BLOCKQUOTE>2 April 2005 – death of Pope John Paul II<br />
<br />
8 April 2005 – the Requiem Mass and funeral of Pope John Paul II in Vatican City, attended by four kings, five queens, and 70 presidents and prime ministers<br />
<br />
19 April 2005–28 February 2013 – Pope Benedict XVI (born Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger) is Pope until his resignation in 2013<br />
<br />
6 May 2005–12 April 2010 – George Galloway is Member of Parliament for Bethnal Green and Bow for the Respect Party<br />
<br />
19 May 2005 – US release date of the film <i>Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith</i> directed by George Lucas, and starring Ewan McGregor, Natalie Portman, Hayden Christensen, Ian McDiarmid, Samuel L. Jackson, Christopher Lee<br />
<br />
23–31 August 2005 – Hurricane Katrina <br />
<br />
28–29 August 2005 – Hurricane Katrina hits New Orleans<br />
<br />
17 September 2005 – the Saturday 2005 New Zealand general election, with no party majority, but the Labour Party of Prime Minister Helen Clark wins 2 more seats than the National Party<br />
<br />
7 October 2005 – US release date of <i>Good Night, and Good Luck</i>, directed by George Clooney, and starring David Strathairn, George Clooney, Robert Downey, Jr., Patricia Clarkson and Jeff Daniels, a film which portrays the conflict between journalist Edward R. Murrow and Senator Joseph McCarthy<br />
<br />
17 October 2005 – Helen Clark announces a new coalition Labour government with the Progressive Party, with confidence and supply support from New Zealand First and from United Future<br />
<br />
8 December 2005 – UK release date of the film <i>The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe</i> directed by Andrew Adamson<br />
<br />
14 December 2005 – US release date of the film <i>King Kong</i>, directed by Peter Jackson, and starring Naomi Watts, Jack Black, and Adrien Brody<br />
<br />
25 December 2005 – UK broadcast date of “The Christmas Invasion,” the 2005 <i>Doctor Who</i> Christmas special, starring David Tennant and Billie Piper<br />
<br />
<b>2006</b><br />
February 2006 – Gore Vidal sells the Villa La Rondinaia (or the “Swallow’s Nest”) in Ravello, Italy, to a hotelier in the town of Ravello<br />
<br />
6 March 2006 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who: Aliens of London</i> and <i>World War Three</i><br />
<br />
17 March 2006 – US release date of the film <i>V for Vendetta</i>, directed by James McTeigue, and starring Natalie Portman and Hugo Weaving<br />
<br />
31 March 2006 – US release date of the film <i>Ice Age: The Meltdown</i>, directed by Carlos Saldanha<br />
<br />
15 April–8 July 2006 – UK broadcast date of Series 2 of the British science fiction program <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Christopher Eccleston and David Tennant and Billie Piper:<blockquote>15 April 2006 – “New Earth”<br />
22 April 2006 – “Tooth and Claw”<br />
29 April 2006 – “School Reunion”<br />
6 May 2006 – “The Girl in the Fireplace”<br />
13 May 2006 – “Rise of the Cybermen”<br />
20 May 2006 – “The Age of Steel”<br />
27 May 2006 – “The Idiot’s Lantern”<br />
3 June 2006 – “The Impossible Planet”<br />
10 June 2006 – “The Satan Pit”<br />
17 June 2006 – “Love & Monsters”<br />
24 June 2006 – “Fear Her”<br />
1 July 2006 – “Army of Ghosts”<br />
8 July 2006 – “Doomsday”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
5,000,000,023 AD – “New Earth,” set in New New York, New Earth, Galaxy M87<br />
1879 – “Tooth and Claw,” set in Torchwood House, Scotland<br />
c. January 2007 – “School Reunion”<br />
5,000–5,100 – “The Girl in the Fireplace,” set on the SS Madame de Pompadour<br />
1727–1744, 1753, 1758, 1764 – “The Girl in the Fireplace,” set in Paris and Versailles<br />
1 February 2007 – “Rise of the Cybermen” and “The Age of Steel,” set in alternative universe London<br />
1–2 June 1953 – “The Idiot’s Lantern,” set in Britain during coronation of Queen Elizabeth II <br />
4,321 AD – “The Impossible Planet” and “The Satan Pit,” set at Sanctuary Base on Krop Tor<br />
2007 – “Love & Monsters,” set in London<br />
2012 – “Fear Her,” set in London<br />
c. June 2007 – “Army of Ghosts” and “Doomsday”</BLOCKQUOTE>19 May 2006 – US release date of the film <i>The Da Vinci Code</i>, directed by Ron Howard, and starring Tom Hanks, Ian McKellen, and Alfred Molina<br />
<br />
26 May 2006 – US release date of the film <i>X-Men: The Last Stand</i>, directed by Brett Ratner<br />
<br />
7 July 2006 – US release date of the film <i>Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest</i>, directed by Gore Verbinski, and starring Johnny Depp, Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley<br />
<br />
12 July–14 August 2006 – the 2006 Lebanon War (or Israel–Hezbollah War) between Hezbollah paramilitary forces and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) in Lebanon, Northern Israel and the Golan Heights<br />
<br />
15 July 2006 – the day the social media network <i>Twitter</i> was launched; Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams<br />
<br />
14 August 2006 – Stefan Molyneux’s first video on his YouTube channel<br />
<br />
18 August 2006 – US release date of the film <i>Snakes on a Plane</i>, directed by David R. Ellis<br />
<br />
September 2006 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who: Boom Town</i><br />
<br />
12 September 2006–27 November 2009 – Nigel Farage is Leader of the UK Independence Party<br />
<br />
22 October 2006–15 September 2011 – broadcast dates of the British TV series <i>Torchwood</i>, created by Russell T Davies:<blockquote>22 October 2006–1 January 2007 – Series 1 <br />
16 January 2008–4 April 2008 – Series 2 <br />
6 July 2009–10 July 2009 – Series 3 <br />
8 July 2011–9 September 2011 – Series 4</BLOCKQUOTE>16 November 2006 – UK release date of the film <i>Casino Royale</i> directed by Martin Campbell, and starring Daniel Craig <br />
<br />
24 November 2006 – UK release date of the film <i>Pan’s Labyrinth</i>, directed by Guillermo del Toro; it was screened at Cannes Film Festival on 27 May 2006<br />
<br />
8 December 2006 – US release date of the film <i>Apocalypto</i>, directed by Mel Gibson<br />
<br />
22 December 2006 – US release date of the film <i>Night at the Museum</i>, directed by Shawn Levy, and starring Ben Stiller<br />
<br />
24–25 December 2006 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who: The Christmas Invasion</i> (broadcast on 25 December 2005)<br />
<br />
25 December 2006 – UK broadcast date of “The Runaway Bride,” the 2006 <i>Doctor Who</i> Christmas special, starring David Tennant and Catherine Tate<br />
<br />
<b>2007</b><br />
2007 – founding of the <i>Breitbart News Network</i> by Andrew Breitbart, a conservative news website<br />
<br />
January 2007 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who: School Reunion</i><br />
<br />
9 March 2007 – US release date of the film <i>300</i>, directed by Zack Snyder<br />
<br />
31 March–30 June 2007 – broadcast date of Series 3 (2007) of the British TV series <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring David Tennant and Freema Agyeman:<blockquote>31 March 2007 – “Smith and Jones”<br />
7 April 2007 – “The Shakespeare Code”<br />
14 April 2007 – “Gridlock”<br />
21 April 2007 – “Daleks in Manhattan”<br />
28 April 2007 – “Evolution of the Daleks”<br />
5 May 2007 – “The Lazarus Experiment”<br />
19 May 2007 – “42”<br />
26 May 2007 – “Human Nature”<br />
2 June 2007 – “The Family of Blood”<br />
9 June 2007 – “Blink”<br />
16 June 2007 – “Utopia”<br />
23 June 2007 – “The Sound of Drums”<br />
30 June 2007 – “Last of the Time Lords”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
c. January–June 2008 – “Smith and Jones” and “The Lazarus Experiment,” and opening scene of “Utopia” (broadcast on 16 June 2007)<br />
1599 – “The Shakespeare Code”<br />
5,000,000,053 AD – “Gridlock,” set in New New York, New Earth, Galaxy M87<br />
1930 – “Daleks in Manhattan,” set in New York<br />
4,100–4,200 AD – “42,” set in the Torajii system<br />
10–11 November 1913 – “Human Nature” and “The Family of Blood,” set in Farringham, England<br />
2007 – “Blink,” set in London<br />
100 trillion – “Utopia,” set on Malcassairo<br />
spring/June 2008 – “The Sound of Drums” and “Last of the Time Lords”</BLOCKQUOTE>26 April 2007 – Alexander Cockburn’s article “Is Global Warming a Sin?” is published in <i>The Nation</i><br />
<br />
c. June 2007 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who: Army of Ghosts</i> and <i>Doomsday</i><br />
<br />
16 June 2007 – broadcast date of “Utopia,” the 11th episode of the series 3 of the British science fiction series <i>Doctor Who</i><br />
<br />
22 June 2007 – release date of the film <i>Sicko</i>, a documentary film written, directed, and narrated by Michael Moore<br />
<br />
27 June 2007 – Tony Blair resigns as British Prime Minister and is succeeded by Gordon Brown<br />
<br />
21 July 2007 – publication date of the book <i>Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows</i>, the final book of the series, by J. K. Rowling<br />
<br />
31 August 2007 – Karl Rove resigns from the Bush administration<br />
<br />
2 November 2007 – the YouTube personality Pat Condell uploads his first video to his channel (2007–2017)<br />
<br />
5 November 2007–12 February 2008 – the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, in which 12,000 screenwriters and TV writers in the guild were part of the strike<br />
<br />
24 November 2007 – the Australian federal election of 2007, in which the Labour Party led by Kevin Rudd defeats the Coalition government, led by Liberal Party leader and Prime Minister, John Howard<br />
<br />
25 December 2007 – broadcast date of “Voyage of the Damned,” the 2007 <i>Doctor Who</i> Christmas special, starring David Tennant and Kylie Minogue<br />
<br />
24 December 2007 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who: The Runaway Bride</i><br />
<br />
<b>2008</b><br />
c. January–June 2008 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who: Smith and Jones</i> and <i>The Lazarus Experiment</i>, and opening scene of <i>Doctor Who: Utopia</i><br />
<br />
25 January 2008 – Alexander Cockburn’s “I am an Intellectual Blasphemer” is published on Spiked-online.com<br />
<br />
c. February 2008 – fictional date of opening scene of <i>Doctor Who: Utopia</i><br />
<br />
c. spring/June 2008 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who: The Sound of Drums</i> and <i>Last of the Time Lords</i> <br />
<br />
16 March 2008 – the investment bank Bear Stearns signs a merger agreement with JP Morgan Chase in a stock swap worth $2 a share or less than 7 percent of Bear Stearns’ market value two days before; Federal Reserve was prohibited by law from rescuing Bear Stearns, but the Fed gave money to JPMorgan to give a loan indirectly to Bear Stearns<br />
<br />
23 March 2008–4 September 2013 – broadcast period of the series revival of <i>Futurama</i> in Season 5 (2008–2009), Season 6 (2010–2011), and Season 7 (2012–2013)<br />
<br />
1 April 2008 – Alexander Cockburn’s <i>A Short History of Fear</i> is published <br />
<br />
5 April–5 July 2008 – broadcast date of Series 4 (2008) of the British TV series <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring David Tennant:<blockquote>5 April 2008 – “Partners in Crime”<br />
12 April 2008 – “The Fires of Pompeii”<br />
19 April 2008 – “Planet of the Ood” <br />
26 April 2008 – “The Sontaran Stratagem”<br />
3 May 2008 – “The Poison Sky”<br />
10 May 2008 – “The Doctor’s Daughter”<br />
17 May 2008 – “The Unicorn and the Wasp”<br />
31 May 2008 – “Silence in the Library”<br />
7 June 2008 – “Forest of the Dead”<br />
14 June 2008 – “Midnight”<br />
21 June 2008 – “Turn Left”<br />
28 June 2008 – “The Stolen Earth”<br />
5 July 2008 – “Journey’s End”<br />
25 December 2008 – “The Next Doctor”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
47,991 BC–2009 AD – Sontaran–Rutan War<br />
c. January–March 2009 – “Partners in Crime,” “The Sontaran Stratagem,” and “The Poison Sky”<br />
23–24 August 79 – “The Fires of Pompeii,” set in Pompeii<br />
4126 AD – “Planet of the Ood,” on the Ood Sphere during the Second Great and Bountiful Human Empire<br />
24 July 6,012 – “The Doctor’s Daughter,” set on Messaline <br />
8 December 1926 – “The Unicorn and the Wasp,” set in Eddison Manor, England<br />
5,000–5,100 AD – “Silence in the Library” and “Forest of the Dead”<br />
c. March? 2009 – “The Stolen Earth” and “Journey’s End”<br />
24–25 December 1851 – “The Next Doctor”</BLOCKQUOTE>7 April 2008 – the New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement signed in Beijing<br />
<br />
2 May 2008 – US release date of the film <i>Iron Man</i> directed by Jon Favreau, and starring Robert Downey Jr. and Gwyneth Paltrow<br />
<br />
4 May 2008–9 May 2016 – Boris Johnson is Mayor of London:<blockquote>7 June 2001–4 June 2008 – Boris Johnson is Member of Parliament for Henley<br />
4 May 2008–9 May 2016 – Boris Johnson is Mayor of London<br />
7 May 2015–2020 – Boris Johnson is Member of Parliament for Uxbridge and South Ruislip<br />
13 July 2016–9 July 2018 – Boris Johnson is Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs<br />
24 July 2019 – Boris Johnson is Prime Minister</BLOCKQUOTE>7 May 2008–7 May 2012 – Dmitry Medvedev is 3rd President of Russia<br />
<br />
8 May 2008–7 May 2012 – Vladimir Putin is Prime Minister of Russia<br />
<br />
16 May 2008 – US release date of the film <i>The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian</i> directed by Andrew Adamson; UK release date 26 June 2008<br />
<br />
22 May 2008 – US release date of the film <i>Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull</i> directed by Steven Spielberg, starring Harrison Ford, Shia LaBeouf, Ray Winstone, and John Hurt<br />
<br />
June 2008 – fictional date of events of <i>Doctor Who: The Eleventh Hour</i> with Prisoner Zero after the Doctor returns to Leadworth<br />
<br />
July 2008 – Vector Wellington Electricity Network Limited sold to Hong Kong-based Cheung Kong Infrastructure Holdings (CKI) and Hong Kong Electric Holdings Limited (HKE); on 16 February 2011 Vector changed its name to Power Assets Holdings Limited<br />
<br />
5 July 2008 – UK broadcast date of “Journey’s End,” episode 13 of Series 4 of the British science fiction program <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring David Tennant<br />
<br />
18 July 2008 – US release date of the film <i>The Dark Knight</i> directed by Christopher Nolan, and starring Christian Bale, Michael Caine, Heath Ledger, and Gary Oldman<br />
<br />
7–12 August 2008 – Russo-Georgian War, a war between Georgia and Russia and the Russian-backed self-proclaimed republics of South Ossetia and Abkhazia<br />
<br />
12 August 2008 – the Russian President Dmitry Medvedev announces cessation of the military operation in Georgia<br />
<br />
25 August 2008 – the Russian parliament votes in favour of a motion to recognise Abkhazia and South Ossetia as independent states<br />
<br />
26 August 2008 – the Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signs decrees recognising South Ossetia and Abkhazia<br />
<br />
7 September 2008 – Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, which own or guarantee about half of the U.S.'s $12 trillion mortgage market <br />
<br />
14 September 2008 – Merrill Lynch is sold to Bank of America amidst fears of a liquidity crisis and Lehman Brothers collapse<br />
<br />
15 September 2008 – Monday, Lehman Brothers files for bankruptcy protection; a credit freeze<br />
<br />
16 September 2008 – Tuesday, Moody’s and Standard and Poor’s downgrade ratings on AIG’s credit on concerns over continuing losses to mortgage-backed securities, sending the company into fears of insolvency. In addition, the Reserve Primary Fund faces a run on money market funds<br />
<br />
17 September 2008 – Wednesday, The US Federal Reserve lends $85 billion to American International Group (AIG) to avoid bankruptcy<br />
<br />
18 September 2008 – Thursday, at 11 am the Federal Reserve notices a huge draw-down of money market accounts in the US as $550 billion was drawn out with two hours. The Treasury opened up its window to help and pumped a $105 billion in the system and quickly realized that they could not stem the tide; Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson and Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke meets with key legislators to propose a $700 billion emergency bailout through the purchase of toxic assets. Bernanke tells them: “If we don’t do this, we may not have an economy on Monday.”<br />
<br />
29 September 2008 – the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act is defeated 228–205 in the United States House of Representatives; Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation announces that Citigroup Inc. would acquire banking operations of Wachovia<br />
<br />
1 October 2008 – the New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement comes into force<br />
<br />
1 October 2008 – the US Senate passes HR1424, a version of the $700 billion bailout bill<br />
<br />
4 November 2008 – the United States presidential election of 2008, between Barack Obama and Joe Biden (Democratic party) and John McCain and Sarah Palin (Republican party)<br />
<br />
14 November 2008 – US release date of the film <i>Quantum of Solace</i> directed by Marc Forster, and starring Daniel Craig, Mathieu Amalric and Judi Dench; UK release date 31 October 2008<br />
<br />
21 November 2008 – US release date of the film <i>Twilight</i>, first film in The Twilight Saga, directed by Catherine Hardwicke, and starring Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson, and Taylor Lautner<br />
<br />
1 December 2008 – the Paleoconservative Paul Gottfried publishes an article called “The Decline and Rise of the Alternative Right” in <i>Taki’s Magazine</i><br />
<br />
5 December 2008 – US release date of the film <i>Frost/Nixon</i> directed by Ron Howard, and starring Michael Sheen and Frank Langella<br />
<br />
25 December 2008 – broadcast date of “The Next Doctor,” the 2008 <i>Doctor Who</i> Christmas special, starring David Tennant<br />
<br />
25 December 2008 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who: Voyage of the Damned</i><br />
<br />
<b>2009</b><br />
c. January–c. March 2009 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who: Partners in Crime</i>, <i>The Sontaran Stratagem</i> and <i>The Poison Sky</i><br />
<br />
19 January 2009–30 June 2011 – broadcast date of Glenn Beck’s TV program called <i>Glenn Beck</i> on the Fox News Channel<br />
<br />
<b>20 January 2009–20 January 2017 – Presidency of Barack Hussein Obama</b>:<blockquote><b>White House Chief of Staff</b><br />
20 January 2009–1 October 2010 – Rahm Emanuel<br />
13 January 2011–27 January 2012 – William M. Daley<br />
28 February 2013–20 January 2017 – Jack Lew <br />
20 January 2013–20 January 2017 – Denis McDonough<br />
<br />
<b>National Security Advisor</b><br />
20 January 2009–8 October 2010 – James Jones<br />
8 October 2010–1 July 2013 – Tom Donilon<br />
1 July 2013–20 January 2017 – Susan Rice<br />
<br />
<b>US Secretary of State</b><br />
21 January 2009–1 February 2013 – Hillary Clinton <br />
1 February 2013–20 January 2017 – John Kerry<br />
<br />
Huma Abedin<br />
2009–2013 – deputy chief of staff to Clinton in the State Department<br />
<br />
<b>Secretary of the Treasury</b><br />
26 January 2009–25 January 2013 – Timothy Geithner<br />
28 February 2013–20 January 2017 – Jack Lew<br />
<br />
<b>US Secretary of Defense</b><br />
18 December 2006–30 June 2011 – Robert Gates<br />
1 July 2011–26 February 2013 – Leon Panetta<br />
27 February 2013–17 February 2015 – Chuck Hagel<br />
17 February 2015–19 January 2017 – Ash Carter<br />
<br />
<b>Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</b><br />
1 October 2005 –30 September 2007 – General Peter Pace<br />
1 October 2007–30 September 2011 – Admiral Michael Mullen<br />
1 October 2011–25 September 2015 – General Martin Dempsey<br />
1 October 2015– General Joseph Dunford<br />
<br />
<b>Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency</b><br />
November 2005–March 2009 – Michael D. Maples<br />
March 2009–July 2012 – Ronald Burgess<br />
July 2012–August 2014 – Michael T. Flynn<br />
August 2014–January 2015 – David Shedd<br />
January 2015– Vincent R. Stewart<br />
<br />
<b>Director of National Intelligence (created 22 April 2005)</b><br />
21 April 2005–13 February 2007 – John Negroponte<br />
13 February 2007–27 January 2009 – Mike McConnell<br />
29 January 2009–28 May 2010 – Dennis C. Blair<br />
28 May 2010–5 August 2010 – David Gompert Acting<br />
5 August 2010–20 January 2017 – James R. Clapper<br />
<br />
<b>US Ambassador to the United Nations</b><br />
26 January 2009–30 June 2013 – Susan Rice<br />
30 June 2013–5 August 2013 – Rosemary DiCarlo<br />
5 August 2013–20 January 2017 – Samantha Power<br />
<br />
<b>Chair of the Federal Reserve</b><br />
1 February 2006–3 February 2014 – Ben Bernanke<br />
3 February 2014–2017 – Janet Yellen<br />
<br />
<b>United States Attorney General</b><br />
3 February 2009–27 April 2015 – Eric Holder<br />
27 April 2015–20 January 2017 – Loretta Lynch<br />
<br />
<b>Secretary of Homeland Security</b><br />
21 January 2009–6 September 2013 – Janet Napolitano<br />
6 September 2013–16 December 2013 – Rand Beers<br />
23 December 2013–20 January 2017 – Jeh Johnson<br />
<br />
<b>Director of the CIA</b><br />
13 February 2009–30 June 2011 – Leon Panetta<br />
1 July 2011–6 September 2011 – Michael Morell (acting) <br />
6 September 2011–9 November 2012 – David Petraeus (resigned)<br />
9 November 2012–8 March 2013 – Michael Morell (acting)<br />
8 March 2013–20 January 2017 – John Brennan</BLOCKQUOTE>31 March 2009 – Benjamin Netanyahu becomes Prime Minister of Israel:<blockquote>14 April 2006–4 May 2006 – Ehud Olmert (Kadima)<br />
4 May 2006–31 March 2009 – Ehud Olmert (Kadima)<br />
31 March 2009–18 March 2013 – Benjamin Netanyahu (Likud)<br />
6 May 2015–2017 – Benjamin Netanyahu (Likud)</BLOCKQUOTE>c. March 2009 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who: The Stolen Earth</i> and <i>Journey’s End</i><br />
<br />
11 April 2009–1 January 2010 – UK broadcast dates of specials of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring David Tennant:<blockquote>11 April 2009 – “Planet of the Dead”<br />
15 November 2009 – “The Waters of Mars”<br />
25 December 2009 – “The End of Time, Part One”<br />
1 January 2010 – “The End of Time, Part Two”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
12 April 2009 – “Planet of the Dead”<br />
21 November 2059 – “The Waters of Mars,” set on Sanctuary Base 6 on Mars<br />
24–26 December 2009 – “The End of Time”</BLOCKQUOTE>12 April 2009 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who: Planet of the Dead</i><br />
<br />
9 May 2009–2017 – Jacob Zuma is President of South Africa<br />
<br />
4 June 2009 – the UK 2009 European Parliament election:<blockquote><b>Party | Vote | Seats</b><br />
Conservative | 27.9% | 25<br />
UKIP | 16.6% | 13<br />
Labour | 15.8% | 13<br />
Liberal Democrat | 13.8% | 11<br />
Green | 8.1% | 2<br />
BNP | 6.3% | 2<br />
SNP | 2.1% | 2<br />
Plaid Cymru | 0.8% | 1</BLOCKQUOTE>September 2009 – Glenn Beck’s TV program called <i>Glenn Beck</i> on the Fox News Channel draws more viewers than competing time-slots on CNN, MSNBC and HLN<br />
<br />
1 October 2009 – release date of the film <i>Mao’s Last Dancer</i>, directed by Bruce Beresford, and starring Chi Cao; general US release in August 2010<br />
<br />
2 October 2009 – release date of the film <i>Capitalism: A Love Story</i>, a documentary film written, directed, and narrated by Michael Moore<br />
<br />
15 November 2009 – UK broadcast date of the <i>Doctor Who</i> special episode “The Waters of Mars,” starring David Tennant<br />
<br />
17 December 2009 – UK release date of 3D film <i>Avatar</i> directed by James Cameron, and starring Sam Worthington and Sigourney Weaver; US release date 18 December <br />
<br />
20 November 2009 – US release date of the film <i>The Twilight Saga: New Moon</i>, the second film in The Twilight Saga, directed by Chris Weitz, and starring Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson, and Taylor Lautner<br />
<br />
25 December 2009 – US release date of the film <i>Sherlock Holmes</i>, directed by Guy Ritchie, and starring Robert Downey Jr. and Jude Law<br />
<br />
24–26 December 2009 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who: The End of Time</i><br />
<br />
25 December 2009 – broadcast date of Part 1 of “The End of Time,” the 2009 <i>Doctor Who</i> Christmas special, starring David Tennant, Bernard Cribbins, John Simm, and Timothy Dalton<br />
<br />
<center><b>2010s</b></center><b>2010</b><br />
1 January 2010 – broadcast date of Part 2 of “The End of Time,” the 2009 <i>Doctor Who</i> Christmas special, starring David Tennant, Bernard Cribbins, John Simm, and Timothy Dalton<br />
<br />
3 January 2010 – the <i>Avatar</i> released on December 18 achieves US $1 billion in ticket sales around the world<br />
<br />
7 February 2010 – Viktor Yanukovich is elected as Ukrainian new president<br />
<br />
25 February 2010–22 February 2014 – Viktor Yanukovych is 4th President of Ukraine<br />
<br />
12 February 2010 – US release date of the film <i>The Wolfman</i>, directed by Joe Johnston, and starring Benicio del Toro, Anthony Hopkins, Emily Blunt, and Hugo Weaving<br />
<br />
spring 2010 – fictional date of wedding of Donna Noble and Shaun Temple in <i>Doctor Who: The End of Time</i><br />
<br />
c. March 2010 – fictional date of Amy and the Doctor’s visit to the Musée d’Orsay in Paris with Vincent van Gogh in <i>Doctor Who: Vincent and the Doctor</i><blockquote>1–3 June 1890 – Vincent van Gogh paints the oil painting The Church at Auvers<br />
c. March 2010 – Amy and the Doctor take Vincent van Gogh to the Musée d’Orsay in Paris</BLOCKQUOTE>23 March 2010 – President Barack Obama signs the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) (or Affordable Care Act ACA / Obamacare) into law<br />
<br />
26 March 2010 – US President Barack Obama and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev agree to a nuclear arms reduction treaty<br />
<br />
2 April 2010 – US release date of the film <i>Clash of the Titans</i>, directed by Louis Leterrier and starring Sam Worthington<br />
<br />
3 April 2010 – broadcast date of “The Eleventh Hour,” the first episode of Series 5 (2010) of <i>Doctor Who</i> starring Matt Smith<br />
<br />
3 April–26 June 2010 – broadcast date of Series 5 (2010) of the British TV series <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Matt Smith<blockquote>3 April 2010 – “The Eleventh Hour”<br />
10 April 2010 – “The Beast Below”<br />
17 April 2010 – “Victory of the Daleks”<br />
24 April 2010 – “The Time of Angels”<br />
1 May 2010 – “Flesh and Stone”<br />
8 May 2010 – “The Vampires of Venice”<br />
15 May 2010 – “Amy's Choice”<br />
22 May 2010 – “The Hungry Earth”<br />
29 May 2010 – “Cold Blood”<br />
5 June 2010 – “Vincent and the Doctor” <br />
12 June 2010 – “The Lodger” <br />
19 June 2010 – “The Pandorica Opens”<br />
26 June 2010 – “The Big Bang”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b>:<br />
25 June 2010 – fictional date of end of “The Eleventh Hour”<br />
3,295 AD – “The Beast Below,” set on the <i>Starship UK</i><br />
1941 – “Victory of the Daleks”<br />
5,000–5,100 AD – “The Time of Angels” and “Flesh and Stone,” set on the planet Alfava Metraxis<br />
25/26 June 2010 – fictional date of opening events of “The Vampires of Venice” and last scene of “Flesh and Stone”<br />
2020 – “The Hungry Earth” and “Cold Blood” set in Cwmtaff, South Wales<br />
c. March 2010 – fictional date of Amy and the Doctor’s visit to the Musée d’Orsay in Paris <br />
1–3 June 1890 – fictional date of Amy and the Doctor’s visit to Vincent van Gogh in Auvers-sur-Oise, France<br />
c. June? 2010 – “The Lodger,” set in Colchester<br />
102 AD – “The Pandorica Opens” and “The Big Bang,” set at Stonehenge, Roman Britain<br />
26 June 2010 – fictional date of marriage of Amy Pond and Rory in “The Big Bang”</BLOCKQUOTE>2 May 2010 – Eurozone and the IMF agree to a 110 billion euro bailout package for Greece, with Greek austerity measures<br />
<br />
6 May 2010 – on the morning of the 2010 election, Nigel Farage was travelling in a two-seater PZL-104 Wilga aircraft with a pro-UKIP banner attached when the plane crashed<br />
<br />
6 May 2010 – United Kingdom general election of 2010, between the Conservative Party (led by David Cameron), Labour (led by Gordon Brown), Liberal Democrats (led by Nick Clegg); the result was a hung parliament:<blockquote><b>Party | Vote Percentage | Seats</b><br />
Conservative | 36.1% | 306<br />
Labour | 29.0% | 258 <br />
Liberal Democrats | 23.0% | 57<br />
BNP | 1.9% | 0<br />
Scottish National Party | 1.7% | 6<br />
Plaid Cymru | 0.6%| 3<br />
Green Party | 1.0% | 1</BLOCKQUOTE>7 May 2010 – US release date of the film <i>Iron Man 2</i>, directed by Jon Favreau, and starring Robert Downey Jr., Gwyneth Paltrow, Mickey Rourke, and Samuel L. Jackson<br />
<br />
14 May 2010 – US release date of the film <i>Robin Hood</i>, directed by Ridley Scott, and starring Russell Crowe, Cate Blanchett, and Mark Strong<br />
<br />
29 May 2010 – Viktor Orbán becomes Prime Minister of Hungary<br />
<br />
8 June 2010 – Christopher Hitchens while on tour in New York taken into emergency care; he later announces he has esophageal cancer<br />
<br />
25/26 June 2010 – fictional date of opening events of <i>Doctor Who: The Vampires of Venice</i> and last scence of <i>Doctor Who: Flesh and Stone</i><br />
<br />
c. June? 2010 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who: The Lodger</i> set in Colchester<br />
<br />
26 June 2010 – broadcast date of “The Big Bang,” the last episode of Series 5 (2010) of <i>Doctor Who</i> starring Matt Smith<br />
<br />
26 June 2010 – fictional date of marriage of Amy Pond and Rory Williams in <i>Doctor Who: The Big Bang</i><br />
<br />
30 June 2010 – US release date of the film <i>The Twilight Saga: Eclipse</i>, the third installment of The Twilight Saga, directed by David Slade, and starring stars Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson, and Taylor Lautner<br />
<br />
25 July 2010 – Wikileaks leaks over 90,000 documents about the United States-led involvement in the War in Afghanistan from 2004 to 2010<br />
<br />
13 August 2010 – US release date of the film <i>The Expendables</i>, directed by Sylvester Stallone, and starring Sylvester Stallone, Jason Statham, Jet Li, Dolph Lundgren, Randy Couture, Terry Crews, Steve Austin and Mickey Rourke<br />
<br />
28 August 2010 – the “Restoring Honor” rally at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, DC, organized by Glenn Beck, to “restore honor in America,” with main speakers Sarah Palin and Alveda King (niece of Martin Luther King Jr.)<br />
<br />
4 September 2010 – the 2010 Canterbury earthquake in Christchurch, New Zealand<br />
<br />
24 September 2010 – US release date of the film <i>Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps</i>, directed by Oliver Stone, and starring Michael Douglas, Shia LaBeouf, Josh Brolin, Carey Mulligan, and Frank Langella<br />
<br />
5 November 2010–16 September 2016 – Nigel Farage is Leader of the UK Independence Party:<blockquote>5 October 2002–12 September 2006 – Roger Knapman<br />
27 November 2009–5 November 2010 – Malcolm Everard MacLaren Pearson (Baron Pearson of Rannoch)<br />
5 November 2010–16 September 2016 – Nigel Farage<br />
16 September 2016–4 October 2016 – Diane James<br />
5 October 2016–28 November 2016 – Nigel Farage<br />
28 November 2016–9 June 2017 – Paul Nuttall<br />
9 June 2017–29 September 2017 – Steve Crowther (acting)<br />
29 September 2017–17 February 2018 – Henry Bolton<br />
17 February 2018– Gerard Batten is Leader of the UK Independence Party</blockquote>19 November 2010 – US release date of the film <i>Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1</i>, directed by David Yates <br />
<br />
10 December 2010 – US release date of the film <i>The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader</i> directed by Michael Apted<br />
<br />
17 December 2010–2012 – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring">Arab Spring</a>, a revolutionary wave of demonstrations, protests, riots, coups and civil wars in the Arab world <br />
<br />
18 December 2010–14 January 2011 – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_Revolution">Tunisian Revolution</a>, the demonstrations and protests that led to the ousting of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali <br />
<br />
25 December 2010 – broadcast date of “A Christmas Carol,” the 2010 <i>Doctor Who</i> Christmas special, starring Matt Smith<br />
<br />
28 December 2010–10 January 2012 – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9312_Algerian_protests">2010–2012 Algerian protests</a><br />
<br />
<b>2011</b><br />
7 January 2011 – UK release date of <i>The King’s Speech</i>, directed by Tom Hooper, and starring Colin Firth, Geoffrey Rush, Helena Bonham Carter, and Derek Jacobi<br />
<br />
14 January 2011 – resignation of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali of Tunisia<br />
<br />
25 January 2011–11 February 2011 – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_2011">Egyptian revolution of 2011</a><br />
<br />
1 February 2011 – death of Ernst Badian at Tufts Medical Center, Boston after a fall in his home in Quincy, Massachusetts <br />
<br />
11 February 2011 – Hosni Mubarak resigns as Egyptian president and power transferred to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces<br />
<br />
15 March 2011 – beginning of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War">Syrian Civil War</a><br />
<br />
19 March–31 October 2011 – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya ">2011 military intervention in Libya</a>, multi-state NATO-led military intervention in Libya, to implement United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973<br />
<br />
22 April 2011 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who: The Impossible Astronaut</i><br />
<br />
23 April 2011 – broadcast date of “The Impossible Astronaut,” the first episode of the 6th series of the British science fiction series <i>Doctor Who</i>:<blockquote>23 April 2011 – “The Impossible Astronaut”<br />
30 April 2011 – “Day of the Moon”<br />
7 May 2011 – “The Curse of the Black Spot”<br />
14 May 2011 – “The Doctor’s Wife”<br />
21 May 2011 – “The Rebel Flesh”<br />
28 May 2011 – “The Almost People”<br />
4 June 2011 – “A Good Man Goes to War”<br />
27 August 2011 – “Let’s Kill Hitler”<br />
3 September 2011 – “Night Terrors”<br />
10 September 2011 – “The Girl Who Waited”<br />
17 September 2011 – “The God Complex”<br />
24 September 2011 – “Closing Time”<br />
1 October 2011 – “The Wedding of River Song”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b>:<br />
22 April 2011 – “The Impossible Astronaut”<br />
July 1969 – “Day of the Moon,” set in Florida<br />
1699 – “The Curse of the Black Spot,” set on <i>The Fancy</i><br />
2,100–2,200 – “The Rebel Flesh” and “The Almost People,” set in St John’s Monastery<br />
5,100–5,200 – “A Good Man Goes to War” set at Demon’s Run<br />
1938 – “Let’s Kill Hitler,” set in Berlin<br />
2011 – “Night Terrors,” set in UK<br />
after autumn 2011 – “Closing Time,” set in Colchester<br />
22 April 2011 – “The Wedding of River Song,” set on Alternate Earth</BLOCKQUOTE>20 May 2011 – US release date of <i>Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides</i>, directed by Rob Marshall, and starring Johnny Depp, Penélope Cruz, Ian McShane, and Geoffrey Rush<br />
<br />
30 June 2011 – last broadcast date of Glenn Beck’s TV program called <i>Glenn Beck</i> on the Fox News Channel<br />
<br />
15 July 2011 – UK and US release date of <i>Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2</i>, directed by David Yates, and starring Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint, and Emma Watson<br />
<br />
22 July 2011 – US release date of <i>Captain America: The First Avenger</i>, directed by Joe Johnston, and starring Chris Evans, Tommy Lee Jones and Hugo Weaving<br />
<br />
autumn 2011 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who: Let’s Kill Hitler</i><br />
<br />
12 September 2011 – debut of Glenn Beck’s two-hour show on the subscription-based internet TV network, TheBlaze TV<br />
<br />
October 2011 – CIA through Britain’s MI6 begins arming the rebels in Syria; originally, the CIA and MI6 set up a rebel arms supply network in Syria from Libya<br />
<br />
20 October 2011 – death of Muammar Gaddafi, deposed leader of Libya, captured and killed during the Battle of Sirte<br />
<br />
18 November 2011 – US release date of <i>The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1</i>, directed by Bill Condon, and starring Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson, and Taylor Lautner<br />
<br />
15 December 2011 – death of Christopher Hitchens at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston<br />
<br />
16 December 2011 – release date of <i>Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows</i>, directed by Guy Ritchie, and starring Robert Downey Jr., Jude Law, Noomi Rapace, and Jared Harris<br />
<br />
21 December 2011 – US release date of <i>The Adventures of Tintin</i>, directed by Steven Spielberg, and starring Jamie Bell, Andy Serkis, and Daniel Craig<br />
<br />
25 December 2011 – UK broadcast date of <i>Absolutely Fabulous</i> special episode “Identity”<br />
<br />
25 December 2011 – broadcast date of “The Doctor, the Widow and the Wardrobe,” the 2011 <i>Doctor Who</i> Christmas special, starring Matt Smith<br />
<br />
30 December 2011 – marriage of Georgia Moffett and David Tennant<br />
<br />
<b>2012</b><br />
2012 – fictional date of <i>The Angels Take Manhattan</i><br />
<br />
1 January 2012 – UK broadcast date of <i>Absolutely Fabulous</i> special episode “Job”<br />
<br />
13 January 2012 – release date of <i>The Iron Lady</i>, directed by Phyllida Lloyd, and starring Meryl Streep and Jim Broadbent<br />
<br />
30 March 2012 – US release date of the film <i>Wrath of the Titans</i>, directed by Jonathan Liebesman, and starring Sam Worthington, Rosamund Pike, Bill Nighy, Édgar Ramírez, Toby Kebbell, Danny Huston, Ralph Fiennes, and Liam Neeson<br />
<br />
7 May 2012–2020 – Vladimir Putin is president of Russia<br />
<br />
1 March 2012 – death of Andrew Breitbart, an American entrepreneur and conservative publisher<br />
<br />
c. March 2012 – Steve Bannon becomes executive chair of Breitbart News LLC, the parent company of Breitbart News<br />
<br />
29 March 2012–30 March 2015 – George Galloway is Member of Parliament for Bradford West for the Respect Party, which he wins in the March 2012 Bradford West by-election<br />
<br />
8 June 2012 – US release date of the film <i>Prometheus</i>, directed by Ridley Scott, and starring Noomi Rapace, Michael Fassbender, Guy Pearce, and Idris Elba<br />
<br />
21 July 2012 – death of Alexander Claud Cockburn, an Irish-American leftist political journalist, in Bad Salzhausen, Germany<br />
<br />
23 July 2012 – UK broadcast date of <i>Absolutely Fabulous</i> special episode “Olympics”<br />
<br />
31 July 2012 – death of Gore Vidal of pneumonia at his home in the Hollywood Hills<br />
<br />
1–29 September 2012 – broadcast date of Part 1 of Series 7 of the British TV series <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Matt Smith, Karen Gillan and Arthur Darvill:<blockquote>1 September 2012 – “Asylum of the Daleks”<br />
8 September 2012 – “Dinosaurs on a Spaceship”<br />
15 September 2012 – “A Town Called Mercy”<br />
22 September 2012 – “The Power of Three”<br />
29 September 2012 – “The Angels Take Manhattan”<br />
25 December 2012 – “The Snowmen”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b>:<br />
c. 25 December 2013 – end scene of “Doctor Who: Deep Breath”<br />
c. January–March 2013 – “The Bells of Saint John”<br />
August 2014 – fictional date of Amy and Rory almost divorcing before being kidnapped by the Daleks in “Asylum of the Daleks”<br />
July 2015 – “Dinosaurs on a Spaceship”<br />
1870 – “A Town Called Mercy,” set in Mercy, Nevada<br />
July 2015–July 2016 – “The Power of Three”<br />
2012 – “The Angels Take Manhattan”<br />
23–25 December 1892 – “The Snowmen,” set in London</BLOCKQUOTE>11–12 September 2012 – the 2012 Benghazi attack, an attack against the United States consulate and CIA annex in Benghazi, Libya by the Islamic militant group Ansar al-Sharia; the US Ambassador J. Christopher Stevens is killed<br />
<br />
26 October 2012 – UK release of the James Bond film <i>Skyfall</i> directed by Sam Mendes, starring Daniel Craig and Javier Bardem; US release date 9 November 2012<br />
<br />
6 November 2012 – the United States presidential election of 2012, held on Tuesday, November 6, 2012 between Barack Obama and Mitt Romney (the Republican former Governor of Massachusetts) and Paul Ryan of Wisconsin:<blockquote><b>Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral Votes</b><br />
Barack Obama | 65,915,795 | 51.06% | 332<br />
Mitt Romney | 60,933,504 | 47.20% | 206<br />
Gary Johnson | 1,275,971 | 0.99% | 0</BLOCKQUOTE>14 December 2012 – US release date of the film <i>The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey</i>, directed by Peter Jackson, and starring Ian McKellen and Martin Freeman<br />
<br />
16 December 2012 – the Japanese 2012 general election; the Liberal Democratic Party wins a landslide victory<br />
<br />
25 December 2012 – broadcast date of “The Snowmen,” the 2012 <i>Doctor Who</i> Christmas special, starring Matt Smith and Jenna-Louise Coleman<br />
<br />
26 December 2012–2020 – Shinzō Abe is Prime Minister of Japan for the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)<br />
<br />
<b>2013</b><br />
c. January–March 2013 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who: The Bells of Saint John</i><br />
<br />
1 February 2013 – Hillary Clinton leaves office as US Secretary of State (in office from 21 January 2009–1 February 2013)<br />
<br />
28 February 2013 – Pope Benedict XVI (born Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger) resigns as Pope<blockquote>28 October 1958–3 June 1963 – Pope John XXIII<br />
21 June 1963–6 August 1978 – Pope Paul VI<br />
26 August 1978–28 September 1978 – Pope John Paul I<br />
16 October 1978–2 April 2005 – Pope John Paul II<br />
19 April 2005–28 February 2013 – Pope Benedict XVI<br />
13 March 2013– – Pope Francis</BLOCKQUOTE>13 March 2013 – Pope Francis (born Jorge Mario Bergoglio) becomes the 266th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church<br />
<br />
14 March 2013– Xi Jinping is President of China:<blockquote>8 March 1978–17 June 1983 – Deng Xiaoping is Chairman of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference<br />
28 June 1981–9 November 1989 – Deng Xiaoping is Chairman of the Central Military Commission<br />
13 September 1982–2 November 1987 – Deng Xiaoping is Chairman of the Central Advisory Commission<br />
27 March 1993–15 March 2003 – Jiang Zemin<br />
15 March 2003–14 March 2013 – Hu Jintao</BLOCKQUOTE>23 March 2013 – Russian oligarch Boris Berezovsky found dead at his home, Titness Park, at Sunninghill, near Ascot in Berkshire<br />
<br />
30 March 2013 – UK broadcast date of “The Bells of Saint John,” first episode of part 2 of the 7th series of the program <i>Doctor Who</i><br />
<br />
30 March–18 May 2013 – broadcast date of Part 2 of Series 7 of the British TV series <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Matt Smith and Jenna-Louise Coleman:<blockquote>30 March 2013 – “The Bells of Saint John”<br />
6 April 2013 – “The Rings of Akhaten”<br />
13 April 2013 – “Cold War”<br />
20 April 2013 – “Hide”<br />
27 April 2013 – “Journey to the Centre of the TARDIS”<br />
4 May 2013 – “The Crimson Horror”<br />
11 May 2013 – “Nightmare in Silver”<br />
18 May 2013 – “The Name of the Doctor”<br />
23 November 2013 – “The Day of the Doctor”<br />
25 December 2013 – “The Time of the Doctor”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b>:<br />
1207 – fictional date of early scene, “The Bells of Saint John,” set in Cumbria<br />
c. January–March 2013 – “The Bells of Saint John”<br />
1983 – “Cold War,” set on the Soviet submarine <i>Firebird</i>, North Pole<br />
25 November 1974 – “Hide,” set in Caliburn House<br />
1893 – “The Crimson Horror,” set in Yorkshire<br />
April 2013 – “The Name of the Doctor”<br />
c. November 2013 – “The Day of the Doctor” (broadcast on the 23 November 2013)<br />
25 December 2013 – “The Time of the Doctor”<br />
c. 25 December 2013 – end scene of “Deep Breath”</BLOCKQUOTE>April 2013 – fictional date of <i>Name of the Doctor</i><br />
<br />
8 April 2013 – death of Margaret Thatcher at the age of 87 after a stroke<br />
<br />
8 April 2013 – al-Baghdadi releases an audio statement announcing al-Nusra Front was merging with the new Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIL); leaders of al-Nusra and al-Qaeda rejected the merger<br />
<br />
17 April 2013 – ceremonial funeral with a church service at St Paul’s Cathedral of Margaret Thatcher<br />
<br />
18 May 2013 – UK broadcast date of “The Name of the Doctor,” last episode of part 2 of the 7th series of the program <i>Doctor Who</i><br />
<br />
June 2013 – Obama officially authorises operation <i>Timber Sycamore</i> to train and equip the anti-Assad rebellion<br />
<br />
3 July 2013 – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat">2013 Egyptian coup d’état</a>; the Egyptian army chief General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi removes President Mohamed Morsi and suspended the Egyptian constitution<br />
<br />
13 July 2013 – formation of Black Lives Matter (BLM), an international activist movement of the US African-American community against violence and systemic racism<br />
<br />
21 August 2013 – the Ghouta chemical attack in Ghouta, Syria, during the Syrian Civil War in two opposition-controlled areas around Damascus<br />
<br />
August 2013 – US plans for attack in Syria<br />
<br />
29 August 2013 – British Parliament votes against David Cameron’s bid to join the Syrian intervention<br />
<br />
2 September 2013 – Barack Obama’s aborted attack on Syria was to begin no later than this date<br />
<br />
10 September 2013 – Barack Obama’s televised speech on Syria<br />
<br />
11 September 2013 – Barack Obama decides not to launch a military strike on Syria, after an agreement with Russia by which the Syrian government to destroy all chemical weapons<br />
<br />
4 October 2013 – US release date of <i>Gravity</i>, directed by Alfonso Cuarón, and starring Sandra Bullock and George Clooney<br />
<br />
9 October 2013 – Michael Scheuer testifies before Congress’s homeland security sub-committee<br />
<br />
c. November 2013 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who: The Day of the Doctor</i> (broadcast on the 23 November 2013)<br />
<br />
23 November 2013 – broadcast date of “The Day of the Doctor,” a special episode of the British science fiction series <i>Doctor Who</i>, celebrating the program’s 50th anniversary<br />
<br />
5 December 2013 – death of Nelson Mandela in Houghton<br />
<br />
13 December 2013 – US release date of <i>The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug</i>, directed by Peter Jackson<br />
<br />
15 December 2013 – state funeral of Nelson Mandela at Qunu<br />
<br />
25 December 2013 – broadcast date of “The Time of the Doctor,” the last episode of the British science fiction series <i>Doctor Who</i> with Matt Smith<br />
<br />
25 December 2013 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who: Time of the Doctor</i><br />
<br />
c. 25 December 2013 – fictional date of end scene of <i>Doctor Who: Deep Breath</i><br />
<br />
<b>2014</b><br />
18–23 February 2014 – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ukrainian_revolution">Ukrainian revolution of 2014</a>, a series of violent protesters, rioting, and shootings in the capital Kiev culminate in the ousting of Ukrainian President, Viktor Yanukovych<br />
<br />
27 February 2014 – masked Russian troops without insignias take over the Supreme Council of Crimea, and captured strategic sites across Crimea, which led to the installation of the pro-Russian Aksyonov government in Crimea<br />
<br />
8 March 2014 – the disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (MH370), which departed from Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia for Beijing Capital International Airport; the Boeing 777-200ER aircraft last made voice contact with air traffic control at 01:19 MYT, 8 March, and travelled across the Malay Peninsula and into the Andaman Sea<br />
<br />
14 March 2014 – death of Tony Benn at his home at age 88 after a stroke in 2012<br />
<br />
16 March 2014 – referendum in Crimea<br />
<br />
18 March 2014 – Crimea annexed by the Russian Federation <br />
<br />
27 March 2014 – funeral of Tony Benn at St Margaret’s Church, Westminster<br />
<br />
7 April–12 May 2014 – the Indian general election of 2014<br />
<br />
14 April 2014 – pro-Russian separatists take control of government buildings in many other cities within the Donetsk oblast; war in Donbass<br />
<br />
2 May 2014 – massacre in Odessa<br />
<br />
22 May 2014 – United Kingdom vote in the 2014 European Parliament election:<blockquote><b>Party | Vote | Seats</b><br />
UKIP | 26.60% | 24<br />
Labour | 24.43% | 20<br />
Conservatives | 23.05% | 19<br />
Green Party of England and Wales | 6.91% | 3<br />
Scottish National Party | 2.37% | 2<br />
Liberal Democrats | 6.61% | 1<br />
Sinn Féin | 0.97% | 1<br />
Plaid Cymru | 0.68% | 1<br />
Ulster Unionist Party | 0.51% | 1<br />
British National Party | 1.09% | 0</BLOCKQUOTE>26 May 2014 – Narendra Modi of the nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) becomes Prime Minister of India<br />
<br />
7 June 2014 – Petro Poroshenko becomes president of the Ukraine<br />
<br />
29 June 2014 – ISIL proclaims itself a worldwide caliphate with Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi as its caliph<br />
<br />
17 July 2014 – Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 (MH17), a scheduled passenger flight from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur, is shot down on 17 July 2014 while flying over eastern Ukraine, killing all 283 passengers and 15 crew on board<br />
<br />
August 2014 – fictional date of Amy and Rory almost divorcing before they are kidnapped by the Daleks in <i>Doctor Who: Asylum of the Daleks</i><br />
<br />
August 2014 – beginning of the Gamergate controversy about issues of sexism and progressivism in video game culture<br />
<br />
9 August 2014 – 12:01 –12:03 p.m. (CDT): the shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, a northern suburb of St. Louis; the 18-year-old Brown was shot by Darren Wilson, after reportedly robbing a convenience store<br />
<br />
9–25 August 2014 – first wave of rioting and looting in Ferguson, Missouri<br />
<br />
11 August 2014 – suicide of Robin Williams at his home in Paradise Cay, California, at the age of 63<br />
<br />
22 and 25 August 2014 – Russian artillery, personnel, and what Russia called a “humanitarian convoy” were reported to have crossed the border into Ukrainian territory without the permission of the Ukrainian government<br />
<br />
23 August 2014 – UK broadcast date “Deep Breath,” first episode of the 8th series of the program <i>Doctor Who</i><br />
<br />
23 August–8 November 2014 – the 8th series of the British science fiction program <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Peter Capaldi as the Twelfth Doctor:<blockquote>23 August 2014 – Deep Breath<br />
30 August 2014 – “Into the Dalek”<br />
6 September 2014 – “Robot of Sherwood”<br />
13 September 2014 – “Listen”<br />
20 September 2014 – “Time Heist”<br />
27 September 2014 – “The Caretaker”<br />
4 October 2014 – “Kill the Moon”<br />
11 October 2014 – “Mummy on the Orient Express”<br />
18 October 2014 – “Flatline”<br />
25 October 2014 – In the Forest of the Night<br />
1 November 2014 – Dark Water<br />
8 November 2014 – Death in Heaven<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b>:<br />
1890s – “Deep Breath,” set in London<br />
c. 25 December 2013 – end scene of “Deep Breath”<br />
2014 – “Into the Dalek,” Coal Hill School<br />
autumn 1190 – “Robot of Sherwood,” set in Sherwood Forest, Nottingham<br />
2014 – “Listen,” London<br />
1990s – “Listen,” Gloucester<br />
2014 – “The Caretaker”<br />
2049 – “Kill the Moon”<br />
c. November 2014 – “Dark Water”<br />
c. November 2014 – “Death in Heaven”</BLOCKQUOTE>5 September 2014 – the Minsk Protocol ceasefire signed<br />
<br />
18 September 2014 – the Scottish independence referendum of 2014; the results:<blockquote>“Should Scotland be an independent country?”<br />
(turnout: 84.6%)<br />
“No” | 2,001,926 | 55.3% <br />
“Yes” | 1,617,989 | 44.7%</BLOCKQUOTE>22 September 2014 – the US, Bahrain, Jordan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates begin to attack the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant inside Syria<br />
<br />
5 November 2014 – US release date of <i>Interstellar</i>, directed by Christopher Nolan, and starring Matthew McConaughey, Anne Hathaway, Casey Affleck, Ellen Burstyn, and Michael Caine<br />
<br />
24 November–2 December 2014 – second wave of unrest in Ferguson, Missouri<br />
<br />
12 December 2014 – US release date of <i>Exodus: Gods and Kings</i>, directed by Ridley Scott, and starring Christian Bale, Ben Mendelsohn, Sigourney Weaver and Ben Kingsley<br />
<br />
14 December 2014 – the 2014 Japanese general election for members of the House of Representatives; Shinzō Abe is re-elected<br />
<br />
17 December 2014 – US release date of <i>The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies</i>, directed by Peter Jackson<br />
<br />
19 December 2014 – broadcast date of last episode of <i>The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson</i><br />
<br />
25 December 2014 – UK broadcast date of “Last Christmas,” the 2014 <i>Doctor Who</i> Christmas special, starring Peter Capaldi<br />
<br />
<b>2015</b><br />
January 2015 – Minsk Protocol ceasefire in the Ukraine completely collapsed <br />
<br />
7 January 2015 – attack on the offices of the French satirical weekly newspaper <i>Charlie Hebdo</i> in Paris<br />
<br />
12 February 2015 – Minsk II<br />
<br />
3 March 2015 – US Justice Department announces that David Petraeus agreed to plead guilty in federal court in Charlotte, North Carolina to a charge of unauthorized removal and retention of classified information<br />
<br />
3 March 2015 – the Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu addresses a joint meeting of the US Congress<br />
<br />
April 2015 – the Bahar Mustafa race incident at Goldsmiths Students Union<br />
<br />
12 April 2015 – Baltimore Police Department officers arrest Freddie Gray, a 25-year-old African American resident of Baltimore, Maryland<br />
<br />
18 April–3 May 2015 – the 2015 Baltimore protests and riots in Baltimore, Maryland<br />
<br />
19 April 2015 – death of Freddie Gray, a week after his arrest<br />
<br />
23 April 2015 – David Petraeus sentenced to two years probation and a fine of $100,000<br />
<br />
May 2015 – Alan Rusbridger stands down as editor of <i>The Guardian</i><br />
<br />
1 May 2015 – Freddie Gray’s death ruled by the medical examiner to be a homicide; 6 officers were charged with various offences: <blockquote>23 May 2016 – Officer Edward Nero was found not guilty<br />
July 2016 – Baltimore City State’s Attorney Marilyn Mosby drops charges against the remaining three officers</BLOCKQUOTE>7 May 2015 – the UK general election of 2015. The results:<blockquote><b>Party | Leader | Vote | Seats Won</b><br />
Conservative | David Cameron | 36.8% | 330<br />
Labour | Ed Miliband | 30.5% | 232<br />
SNP | Nicola Sturgeon | 4.7% | 56<br />
Liberal Democrats | Nick Clegg | 7.9% | 8<br />
UKIP | Nigel Farage | 12.7% | 1<br />
Democratic Unionist Party | Peter Robinson | 0.6% | 8<br />
Sinn Féin | Gerry Adams | 0.6% | 4<br />
Green Party | Natalie Bennett | 3.8% | 1</BLOCKQUOTE>7 May 2015–2020 – Boris Johnson is Member of Parliament for Uxbridge and South Ruislip:<blockquote>7 June 2001–4 June 2008 – Boris Johnson is Member of Parliament for Henley<br />
4 May 2008–9 May 2016 – Boris Johnson is Mayor of London<br />
13 July 2016–9 July 2018 – Boris Johnson is Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs<br />
24 July 2019 – Boris Johnson is Prime Minister</BLOCKQUOTE>1 June 2015–2019 – Katharine Viner is the first female editor-in-chief at <i>The Guardian</i><br />
<br />
June 2015 – Hungary begins construction of a border barrier on its border with Serbia and Croatia<br />
<br />
7 June 2015 – death of Christopher Lee at the Chelsea and Westminster Hospital of respiratory problems and heart failure<br />
<br />
12 June 2015 – US release date of <i>Jurassic World</i>, the fourth instalment of the Jurassic Park series, and directed by Colin Trevorrow<br />
<br />
16 June 2015 – Donald Trump announces his candidacy for President of the United States at Trump Tower in New York City<br />
<br />
26 June 2015 – deciding of the US Supreme Court case <i>Obergefell v. Hodges</i>, in which the Court ruled in a 5–4 decision that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution<br />
<br />
July 2015 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who: Dinosaurs on A Spaceship</i><br />
<br />
July 2015–July 2016 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who: The Power of Three</i><br />
<br />
1 July 2015 – release date of <i>Terminator Genisys</i>, directed by Alan Taylor, starring Arnold Schwarzenegger, Jason Clarke, Emilia Clarke, Jai Courtney, J. K. Simmons, Dayo Okeniyi, Matt Smith<br />
<br />
14 July 2015 – the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (the Iran deal or Iran nuclear deal), an international agreement on the nuclear program of Iran reached in Vienna between Iran and China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, the US, Germany, and the European Union<br />
<br />
6 August 2015 – first Republican Party presidential primary debate; the 2015 debates:<blockquote>6 August 2015 – 1st debate hosted by Fox News, at the Quicken Loans Arena in Cleveland, Ohio<br />
16 September 2015 – 2nd debate held in Simi Valley, California, and aired on CNN<br />
28 October 2015 – 3rd debate held at the University of Colorado in Boulder<br />
10 November 2015 – 4th debate held at the Milwaukee Theatre in Milwaukee, Wisconsin<br />
15 December 2015 – 5th debate held at the Venetian Resort in Las Vegas, Nevada</BLOCKQUOTE>6 August 2015 – beginning of the feud between Trump and Megyn Kelly, when Kelly stated to Trump: “You’ve called women you don’t like fat pigs, dogs, slobs and disgusting animals”<br />
<br />
9–11 August 2015 – third wave of unrest in Ferguson, Missouri<br />
<br />
2 September 2015 – drowning of Alan Kurdi, a three-year-old Syrian boy of Kurdish ethnic background after leaving Bodrum in Turkey for the Greek island of Kos<br />
<br />
4 September 2015 – Chancellor Werner Faymann of Austria and Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany announce that migrants will be allowed to cross from Hungary into Austria and into Germany<br />
<br />
12 September 2015 – Jeremy Corbyn elected Labour party leader in a landslide victory<br />
<br />
14 September 2015 – the Ahmed Mohamed clock incident at MacArthur High School in Irving, Texas<br />
<br />
19 September–5 December 2015 – the 9th series of the British science fiction program <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Peter Capaldi as the Twelfth Doctor:<blockquote>19 September 2015 – “The Magician’s Apprentice”<br />
26 September 2015 – “The Witch’s Familiar”<br />
3 October 2015 – “Under the Lake”<br />
10 October 2015 – “Before the Flood”<br />
17 October 2015 – “The Girl Who Died”<br />
24 October 2015 – “The Woman Who Lived”<br />
31 October 2015 – “The Zygon Invasion”<br />
7 November 2015 – “The Zygon Inversion”<br />
14 November 2015 – “Sleep No More”<br />
21 November 2015 – “Face the Raven”<br />
28 November 2015 – “Heaven Sent”<br />
5 December 2015 – “Hell Bent”<br />
25 December 2015 – “The Husbands of River Song”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
2010s; 1138 – “The Magician’s Apprentice” set in London, Essex, Skaro<br />
? – “The Witch’s Familiar”<br />
2119 AD – “Under the Lake” set in Scotland, on the underwater base the Drum<br />
2119 / 1980 – “Before the Flood”<br />
c. 851 – “The Girl Who Died” set in Europe<br />
1651 – “The Woman Who Lived” set in London<br />
2015 – “The Zygon Invasion” and “The Zygon Inversion”<br />
3700–3800 – “Sleep No More” set on The Le Verrier space station<br />
2015? – “Face the Raven” set in London<br />
pocket universe – “Heaven Sent” set in a confession dial 4.5 billion years<br />
4,500,002,015? – “Hell Bent” on Gallifrey<br />
4 trillion; 50–100 trillion – “Hell Bent” on Gallifrey<br />
5,123 AD – River Song enters Luna University<br />
c. 5140–5200 – River Song jailed in the Stormcage Containment Facility<br />
5145 AD – River Song phones the Doctor to warn the Doctor of a prophecy of the TARDIS exploding; then blackmails Dorium Maldovar and travels to 102 AD<br />
5140s/5150s? – River Song causes crash of the <i>Byzantium</i> and goes to Alfava Metraxis<br />
? – River Song pardoned<br />
5,000–5,100 AD – fictional date of “Silence in the Library” and “Forest of the Dead”<br />
December 5,343 – “The Husbands of River Song,” set on Mendorax Dellora<br />
? – “The Husbands of River Song,” the ship <i>The Harmony and Redemption</i> (River says she is from the future)<br />
? – “The Husbands of River Song,” Darillium (River Song is 200 years old)</BLOCKQUOTE>19–27 September 2015 – Pope Francis visits Cuba, the United States, and the United Nations<br />
<br />
22–27 September 2015 – Pope Francis visits the United States<br />
<br />
30 September 2015 – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_Syria">Russian military intervention in Syria</a> begins with air strikes in areas around the cities of Homs and Hama targeting the Syrian opposition<br />
<br />
26 October 2015 – UK release of the James Bond film <i>Spectre</i> directed by Sam Mendes, and starring Daniel Craig and Christoph Waltz; US release date 6 November 2015<br />
<br />
12 November 2015 – Thursday evening, Black Lives Matter (BLM) supporters at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, US, after demonstrations against racism entering the campus library in protests<br />
<br />
13 November 2015 – Friday, the November 2015 terrorist attacks in Paris, France, with attacks outside the Stade de France in Saint-Denis (during a football match), several mass shootings, a suicide bombing, and mass shooting at an Eagles of Death Metal concert in the Bataclan theatre<br />
<br />
2 December 2015 – the 2015 San Bernardino attack, in which 14 people were killed and 22 others seriously injured in a mass shooting at the Inland Regional Center in San Bernardino, California<br />
<br />
7 December 2015 – the Republican US presidential candidate Donald Trump calls for a total and complete shutdown of all Muslims entering the United States<br />
<br />
18 December 2015 – US release date of film <i>Star Wars: The Force Awakens</i> directed by J. J. Abrams, starring Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Adam Driver, Daisy Ridley, John Boyega<br />
<br />
25 December 2015 – broadcast date of “The Husbands of River Song,” the 2015 <i>Doctor Who</i> Christmas special, starring Peter Capaldi and Alex Kingston<br />
<br />
31 December 2015–1 January 2016 – during New Year’s Eve celebrations, there were mass sexual assaults, rapes, and numerous thefts in Germany, mainly in Cologne, Hamburg, Dortmund, Düsseldorf, Stuttgart and Bielefeld<br />
<br />
<b>2016</b><br />
20 February 2016 – the 2016 presidential campaign of Jeb Bush (the 43rd Governor of Florida) was formally suspended after the South Carolina primary<br />
<br />
1 March 2016 – Super Tuesday voting: this decides about half of the delegate votes to win the 1,237 votes to obtain the nomination at the 2016 Republican National Convention; votes held in Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Georgia, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, and Virginia<br />
<br />
15 March 2016 – Super Tuesday II, Republican primaries in Florida, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, North Carolina, and N. Mariana Islands<br />
<br />
25 March 2016 – US release date of <i>Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice</i>, directed by Zack Snyder, and starring Ben Affleck, Henry Cavill, and Jeremy Irons<br />
<br />
29 March 2016 – Milo Yiannopoulos publishes the article “An Establishment Conservative’s Guide to the Alt-Right” on <i>Breitbart</i><br />
<br />
22 April 2016 – signing of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> (an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in New York; it was effective on 4 November 2016<br />
<br />
3 May 2016 – Ted Cruz announces that he is dropping out of the presidential race after losing overwhelmingly to Trump in the Indiana primary<br />
<br />
5 May 2016 – the 2016 London mayoral election, which was won by the Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for Tooting, Sadiq Khan<br />
<br />
9 May 2016 – Boris Johnson leaves office as Mayor of London<br />
<br />
28 May 2016 – the killing of the Western lowland gorilla Harambe at the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden after a child falls into the gorilla enclosure<br />
<br />
29 May 2016 – Bill Kristol announces on Twitter that “There will be an independent candidate – an impressive one, with a strong team and a real chance”<br />
<br />
5 June 2016 – David French (lawyer and writer for the <i>National Review</i>) announces he will not run for president<br />
<br />
7 June 2016 – the final five Republican primaries in California, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico and South Dakota<br />
<br />
12 June 2016 – the Orlando nightclub shooting by Omar Mateen in Orlando, Florida<br />
<br />
20 June 2016 – Corey Lewandowski fired and leaves the Trump campiagn <br />
<br />
23 June 2016 – day of the UK referendum on membership of the European Union <br />
<br />
24 June 2016 – results of UK referendum on EU membership announced in the morning: 51.9% vote in favour of leaving the European Union<br />
<br />
24–25 June 2016 – Donald Trump travels to Scotland to tour a pair of golf courses<br />
<br />
26 June 2016 – the 2016 Sacramento riot outside the California State Capitol in Sacramento, California during a confrontation between left-wing and white nationalist groups<br />
<br />
July–22 December 2016 – the siege of Aleppo by the Syrian Army:<blockquote>25 June–11 September 2016 – the 2016 Aleppo summer campaign by the Syrian Army on the northern outskirts of Aleppo to cut the last rebel supply line into Aleppo<br />
22 September–16 October 2016 – the Aleppo offensive by the Syrian Army aiming to capture all of rebel-held parts of the city of Aleppo; the Syrian Army takes 15–20% of rebel-held part of Aleppo<br />
28 October–12 November 2016 – the Aleppo offensive by rebel forces against Syrian government forces launched on the western outskirts of Aleppo to establish a new supply line into Aleppo<br />
15 November–22 December 2016 – the final Aleppo offensive (named Operation Dawn of Victory) by Syrian government forces against rebel-held districts in Aleppo<br />
22 December 2016 – the evacuation of Aleppo completed and the Syrian Army declares it had taken complete control of the city</BLOCKQUOTE>5 July 2016 – 12:35 am: the shooting of Alton Sterling, a 37-year-old black man at close range while held down on the ground by two Baton Rouge Police Department officers, in Baton Rouge, Louisiana<br />
<br />
10 July 2016 – murder of Seth Rich in Bloomingdale, Washington, DC<br />
<br />
12 July 2016 – Bernie Sanders officially endorses Hillary Clinton at a unity rally in Portsmouth, New Hampshire<br />
<br />
13 July 2016 – resignation of David Cameron as British Prime Minister<br />
<br />
13 July 2016–9 July 2018 – Boris Johnson is Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs<br />
<br />
14 July 2016 – the 2016 Nice terrorist attack: a 19 tonne cargo truck deliberately driven into crowds celebrating Bastille Day on the Promenade des Anglais in Nice, France, resulting in the deaths of 86 people and injuring 434<br />
<br />
15 July 2016 – US release date of the film <i>Ghostbusters</i>, starring Melissa McCarthy, Kristen Wiig, Kate McKinnon, Leslie Jones and Chris Hemsworth, a remake of the 1984 <i>Ghostbusters</i><br />
<br />
15–16 July 2016 – a coup d’état attempt in Turkey against the government of President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan carried out by a faction of the Turkish Armed Forces called the Peace at Home Council; they attempted to seize control of Ankara, Istanbul, Marmaris, and Malatya<br />
<br />
17 July 2016 – 8:42–8:48 am: the 2016 shooting of six Baton Rouge police officers by Gavin Eugene Long in the wake of the shooting of Alton Sterling<br />
<br />
18 July 2016 – the 2016 Würzburg train attack, in which a 17-year-old migrant injured four people (two critically) with a knife and hatchet on a train near Würzburg in Germany<br />
<br />
18–21 July 2016 – the 2016 Republican National Convention, where delegates of the US Republican Party select Donald Trump as nominee for President of the United States, held July 18–21, 2016, at Quicken Loans Arena in Cleveland, Ohio<br />
<br />
c. 19 July 2016 – Milo Yiannopoulos permanently banned from Twitter<br />
<br />
22 July 2016 – US release date of <i>Star Trek Beyond</i>, directed by Justin Lin, and starring John Cho, Simon Pegg, Chris Pine, and Zachary Quinto<br />
<br />
22 July 2016 – US release date of <i>Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie</i>, directed by Mandie Fletcher, and starring Jennifer Saunders and Joanna Lumley<br />
<br />
22 July 2016 – the 2016 Munich shooting in the vicinity of the Olympia shopping mall at a McDonald’s restaurant in the Moosach district of Munich, Germany, in which 10 people (including the perpetrator David Sonboly) were killed and 36 others were injured<br />
<br />
22 July 2016 – the 2016 Democratic National Committee email leak, a collection of Democratic National Committee (DNC) emails leaked to and then published by WikiLeaks<br />
<br />
24 July 2016 – the 2016 Ansbach suicide bombing terrorist attack by a 27-year-old Syrian refugee outside a wine bar in Ansbach, Germany<br />
<br />
25–28 July 2016 – the 2016 Democratic National Convention, held at the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania<br />
<br />
26 July 2016 – two Islamist terrorists attack a Mass at a Catholic church in Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray, Normandy, France, killing the 85-year-old priest Jacques Hamel<br />
<br />
5–21 August 2016 – the 2016 Summer Olympics (the XXXI Olympiad) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil<br />
<br />
17 August 2016 – Steve Bannon appointed chief executive of Donald Trump’s presidential campaign; Bannon leaves <i>Breitbart</i><br />
<br />
19 August 2016 – US release date of the film <i>Imperium</i>, directed by Daniel Ragussis, and starring Daniel Radcliffe, Toni Collette, Tracy Letts, Nestor Carbonell, and Sam Trammell<br />
<br />
19 August 2016 – US release date of <i>Ben-Hur</i>, directed by Timur Bekmambetov, and starring Jack Huston and Toby Kebbell<br />
<br />
25 August 2016 – Hillary Clinton gives speech at a community college in Reno, Nevada, on Donald Trump’s connections to the far right and Alt-Right<br />
<br />
5 September 2016 – death of Phyllis Schlafly at her home in Ladue, Missouri, at the age of 92<br />
<br />
11 September 2016 – Hillary Clinton collapses after the 9/11 memorial service in New York<br />
<br />
17 September 2016 – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2016_Deir_ez-Zor_air_raid">Deir ez-Zor airport air raid</a>, a series of 37 U.S.-led coalition airstrikes near the Deir ez-Zor Airport in eastern Syria on 17 September 2016 from 1:55 to 2:56 p.m. that killed between 90 and 106 Syrian Army soldiers and wounded 110 more; this causes an emergency UN security council meeting and the Syrian government to end a ceasefire after months of diplomatic efforts by the US and Russian governments<br />
<br />
22 September–16 October 2016 – the Aleppo offensive by the Syrian Army aiming to capture all of rebel-held parts of the city of Aleppo; the Syrian Army takes 15–20% of rebel-held part of Aleppo<br />
<br />
23 September 2016 – US release date of <i>The Magnificent Seven</i>, directed by Antoine Fuqua, and starring Denzel Washington, Chris Pratt, Ethan Hawke, Vincent D’Onofrio, and Lee Byung-hun<br />
<br />
26 September 2016 – Monday: Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton engage in first presidential debate at Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York, with Lester Holt as moderator<br />
<br />
5 October 2016–28 November 2016 – Nigel Farage is Leader of the UK Independence Party<br />
<br />
7 October 2016 – Friday, <i>The Washington Post</i> releases a video of presidential candidate Donald Trump’s lewd conversation with television host Billy Bush from 2005<br />
<br />
7 October 2016 – WikiLeaks begins publishing thousands of emails from Podesta’s Gmail account<br />
<br />
7 October 2016 – US release date of the film <i>The Birth of a Nation</i>, directed by Nate Parker, and starring Nate Parker, Armie Hammer, Mark Boone Junior, Colman Domingo<br />
<br />
9 October 2016 – Sunday, the second presidential debate between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton at the Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri<br />
<br />
13 October 2016 – Donald J. Trump’s speech at a rally at South Florida Fair Expo Center in West Palm Beach, Florida<br />
<br />
17 October 2016 – the government of Ecuador severs the internet connection of WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange at the Ecuadorian embassy in London<br />
<br />
18 October 2016 – release date of the documentary film <i>Michael Moore in TrumpLand</i>, with a premiere at the IFC Center in New York City, 11 days after it was shot at the Murphy Theatre in Wilmington, Ohio<br />
<br />
28 October 2016 – James Comey sends a letter to Congress stating that the FBI was reviewing more emails of Hillary Clinton<br />
<br />
28 October–12 November 2016 – the Aleppo offensive by rebel forces against Syrian government forces launched on the western outskirts of Aleppo to establish a new supply line into Aleppo<br />
<br />
4 November 2016 – release date of 10 episodes of first season of Netflix web TV series <i>The Crown</i>, starring Claire Foy, Matt Smith, Vanessa Kirby, Eileen Atkins, Jeremy Northam<br />
<br />
7 November 2016 – death of Janet Reno, former United States Attorney General (11 March 1993–20 January 2001)<br />
<br />
8 November 2016 – the United States presidential election of 2016 between Donald Trump (Republican with Indiana Governor Mike Pence) and Hillary Clinton (Democratic, with U.S. Senator from Virginia Tim Kaine):<blockquote><b>Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral Vote</b><br />
Donald J. Trump | 62,985,106 | 45.94% | 304<br />
Hillary Clinton | 65,853,625 | 48.03% | 227<br />
Gary Johnson | 4,489,233 | 3.27% | 0<br />
Jill Stein | 1,457,222 | 1.06% | 0<br />
Evan McMullin | 731,709 | 0.53% | 0</blockquote>15 November–22 December 2016 – the final Aleppo offensive (named Operation Dawn of Victory) by Syrian government forces against rebel-held districts in Aleppo<br />
<br />
19 November 2016 – controversial Alt Right figure Richard Spencer holds a National Policy Institute (NPI) annual conference in the Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center in Washington, DC<br />
<br />
6 December 2016 – controversial Alt Right figure Richard Spencer speaks at Texas A&M University in College Station, with mass protests<br />
<br />
12 December 2016 – Bill Kristol announces he will resign as editor of the <i>Weekly Standard</i><br />
<br />
16 December 2016 – US release date of film <i>Rogue One: A Star Wars Story</i> directed by Gareth Edwards, and starring Felicity Jones, Diego Luna, Riz Ahmed, Ben Mendelsohn, Donnie Yen, Mads Mikkelsen, Alan Tudyk, Jiang Wen, and Forest Whitaker<br />
<br />
19 December 2016 – the 2016 Christmas market Berlin attack in which a truck was deliberately driven into a Christmas market near the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church at Breitscheidplatz, Berlin, leaving 12 people dead and 56 others injured<br />
<br />
22 December 2016 – the evacuation of Aleppo completed and the Syrian Army declares it had taken complete control of the city<br />
<br />
25 December 2016 – US release date of <i>Hidden Figures</i>, directed by Theodore Melfi, and starring Taraji P. Henson, Octavia Spencer, Janelle Monáe, and Kevin Costner<br />
<br />
25 December 2016 – broadcast date of “The Return of Doctor Mysterio,” the 2016 <i>Doctor Who</i> Christmas special, starring Peter Capaldi and Matt Lucas<br />
<br />
<b>2017</b><br />
19 January 2017 – on the eve of Donald Trump’s inauguration, the pro-Trump organization MAGA3X holds <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeploraBall">a “DeploraBall,”</a> in the National Press Club Building in Washington, D.C.; hundreds of anti-Trump protesters clash with police and attack DeploraBall attendees<br />
<br />
<b>20 January 2017– – Presidency of Donald Trump</b><br />
<br />
20 January 2017 – inauguration of Donald Trump<blockquote><b>Vice President</b><br />
20 January 2017– Mike Pence<br />
<br />
<b>White House Chief of Staff</b><br />
20 January 2017–27 July 2017 – Reince Priebus<br />
31 July 2017– John F. Kelly<br />
<br />
<b>White House Chief Strategist</b><br />
20 January 2017–18 August 2017 – Steve Bannon<br />
<br />
<b>White House Director of Communications</b><br />
20 January–21 July 2017 – Sean Spicer<br />
21 July–31 July 2017 – Anthony Scaramucci<br />
16 August 2017– Hope Hicks (acting)<br />
<br />
<b>Senior Advisor to the President</b><br />
20 January 2017– Jared Kushner (Strategic Planning)<br />
20 January 2017– Stephen Miller (Policy)<br />
<br />
<b>Deputy Assistant to the President</b><br />
20 January 2017– Sebastian Gorka<br />
<br />
<b>White House Counsel</b><br />
20 January 2017– Don McGahn<br />
<br />
<b>White House Press Secretary</b><br />
20 January 2017–21 July 2017 – Sean Spicer<br />
26 July 2017– Sarah Huckabee Sanders<br />
<br />
<b>National Security Advisor</b><br />
20 January–13 February 2017 – Michael Flynn<br />
13–20 February 2017 – Keith Kellogg (acting)<br />
20 February 2017–9 April 2018 – Herbert Raymond “H. R.” McMaster<br />
9 April 2018– John R. Bolton<br />
<br />
<b>Deputy National Security Advisor</b><br />
20 January 2017– K. T. McFarland (removed)<br />
15 March 2017– Dina Powell<br />
<br />
<b>US Secretary of State</b><br />
20 January–1 February 2017 – Tom Shannon (acting)<br />
1 February 2017– Rex Tillerson<br />
<br />
<b>Secretary of Defense</b><br />
20 January 2017– James Mattis<br />
<br />
<b>Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</b><br />
1 October 2015– General Joseph Dunford<br />
<br />
<b>United States Central Command (CENTCOM) Commander</b><br />
31 October 2008–30 June 2010 – General David H. Petraeus<br />
30 June 2010–11 August 2010 – John R. Allen <br />
11 August 2010–22 March 2013 – General James Mattis<br />
22 March 2013–30 March 2016 – General Lloyd Austin<br />
30 March 2016– General Joseph Votel<br />
<br />
<b>Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency</b><br />
July 2012–August 2014 – Michael T. Flynn<br />
August 2014–January 2015 – David Shedd<br />
January 2015– Vincent R. Stewart<br />
<br />
<b>Secretary of the Treasury</b><br />
20 January–13 February 2017– Adam Szubin (acting)<br />
13 February 2017– Steven Mnuchin<br />
<br />
<b>Director of the Office of Management and Budget</b><br />
20 January 2017–16 February 2017 – Mark Sandy<br />
16 February 2017– Mick Mulvaney<br />
<br />
<b>Secretary of Education</b><br />
20 January 2017–7 February 2017 – Phil Rosenfelt (acting)<br />
7 February 2017– Betsy DeVos<br />
<br />
<b>Secretary of Commerce</b><br />
28 February 2017– Wilbur L. Ross<br />
<br />
<b>Director of the National Trade Council</b><br />
20 January 2017– Peter Navarro<br />
<br />
<b>Director of the National Economic Council</b><br />
20 January 2017–2 April 2018 – Gary Cohn<br />
<br />
<b>US Attorney General</b><br />
20–30 January 2017 – Sally Yates (acting)<br />
30 January–9 February 2017 – Dana Boente (acting)<br />
9 February 2017– Jeff Sessions<br />
<br />
<b>Chair of the Federal Reserve</b><br />
1 February 2006–31 January 2014 – Ben Bernanke<br />
1 February 2014– Janet Yellen<br />
<br />
<b>United States Secretary of Homeland Security</b><br />
20 January 2017–31 July 2017 – John F. Kelly<br />
31 July 2017– Elaine Duke (acting)<br />
<br />
<b>US Ambassador to the United Nations</b><br />
20–27 January 2017 – Michele J. Sison (acting)<br />
27 January 2017– Nikki Haley<br />
<br />
<b>Director of National Intelligence</b><br />
5 August 2010–20 January 2017 – James R. Clapper<br />
20 January 2017 – 16 March 2017 – Mike Dempsey (acting)<br />
16 March 2017– Dan Coats<br />
<br />
<b>Director of Central Intelligence</b><br />
8 March 2013–20 January 2017 – John Brennan<br />
20–23 January 2017 – Meroe Park (acting)<br />
23 January 2017– Mike Pompeo<br />
<br />
<b>Director of FBI</b><br />
4 September 2013–9 May 2017 – James Comey<br />
9 May 2017– – Andrew G. McCabe (acting)<br />
Christopher A. Wray</BLOCKQUOTE>23 January 2017 – President Trump withdraws from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) / Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA), a trade agreement between Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, the United States and Vietnam<br />
<br />
25 January 2017 – death of John Hurt at his home in Cromer, Norfolk<br />
<br />
27 January 2017 – Friday: President Trump signs an executive order (EO 13769) suspending admission of refugees for 120 days and denying entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen for 90 days, because of security concerns about terrorism<br />
<br />
28 January 2017 – US special forces operation in Yakla, Al Bayda province in central Yemen, first combat operation sanctioned by the Trump administration<br />
<br />
30 January 2017 – acting US Attorney General Sally Yates is dismissed by the Trump administration after her refusal to enforce Executive Order 13769<br />
<br />
1 February 2017 – Milo Yiannopoulos was scheduled to make a speech at UC Berkeley at 8:00 pm; but around 1,500 protesters shut down event<br />
<br />
5 February 2017 – the 2017 Super Bowl LI, an American football game to determine the winner of 2016 National Football League (NFL) season; Atlanta Falcons (NFC) played against the New England Patriots (AFC); the New England Patriots win by 34 to 28<br />
<br />
12 February 2017 – North Korea tests the Pukguksong-2, a new ballistic missile <br />
<br />
13 February 2017 – Kim Jong Nam (older half-brother of Kim Jong Un) is killed in an airport in Malaysia<br />
<br />
20 February 2017 – Simon & Schuster drops publication of Milo Yiannopoulos’ book <i>Dangerous</i><br />
<br />
21 February 2017 – Milo Yiannopoulos speaks during a news conference in New York<br />
<br />
24 February 2017 – President Trump attends the 2017 Conservative Political Action Conference in Oxon Hill, Maryland and gives a speech<br />
<br />
2 March 2017 – Thursday, President Trump visits the USS Gerald R. Ford aircraft carrier in Newport News shipyard, Virginia<br />
<br />
4 March 2017 – Donald Trump announces on Twitter that Barack Obama used wire taps to spy on Trump in Trump Tower, New York before the election of 2016<br />
<br />
6 March 2017 – President Trump signs Executive Order 13780, revoking and replacing EO 13769<br />
<br />
10 March 2017 – US release date of the film <i>Kong: Skull Island</i>, directed by Jordan Vogt-Roberts<br />
<br />
15 March 2017 – Dutch general elections to elect 150 members of the House of Representatives:<blockquote>Party | Percentage | Seats<br />
People’s Party for Freedom and Democracy | 21.3% | 33<br />
Party for Freedom (PVV) | 13.1% | 20<br />
Christian Democratic Appeal | 12.4% | 19<br />
Democrats 66 | 12.2% | 19<br />
GroenLinks | 9.1% | 14<br />
Socialist Party | 9.1% | 14<br />
Forum for Democracy | 1.8% | 2</blockquote>24 March 2017 – Paul Ryan withdraws his healthcare reform bill from the House of Representatives<br />
<br />
29 March 2017 – invocation of Article 50 by the UK; the Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the European Union formally delivers a letter signed by Prime Minister Theresa May to Donald Tusk, the President of the European Council in Brussels<br />
<br />
30 March 2017 – the first Senate Intelligence Committee open hearing into Russian interference in the US election of 2016<br />
<br />
3 April 2017 – Jared Kushner and Marine General Joseph Dunford (chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff) visit Iraq<br />
<br />
4 April 2017 – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack">Khan Shaykhun chemical attack</a>: after a Syrian government military strike against the town of Khan Shaykhun, in the Idlib Governorate of Syria, which was controlled by the Tahrir al-Sham (formerly the al-Nusra Front, al-Qaeda's Syrian branch), a number of civilians die by chemical intoxication<br />
<br />
6 April 2017 – the US launches about 60 Tomahawk missiles in an attack on the Syrian Shayrat airbase near Homs, Syria, in retaliation for the alleged use of chemical weapons by the Assad regime near Idlib; Chinese President Xi Jinping meets with Trump at Mar-a-Lago<br />
<br />
10–11 April 2017 – G7 foreign ministers meet in Lucca, Tuscany in preparation for a the G7 summit<br />
<br />
12 April 2017 – Vladimir Putin meets with US secretary of state Rex Tillerson in Moscow and meets Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov; they hold a joint press conference<br />
<br />
12 April 2017 – President Trump holds a joint press conference at the White House with NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg<br />
<br />
13 April 2017 – the US uses a GBU-43/B Massive Ordnance Air Blast (MOAB) bomb on an ISIS cave complex in Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan<br />
<br />
15–16 April 2017 – tension between the US and North Korea over North Korea’s nuclear weapons program<br />
<br />
15 April 2017 – UK broadcast date of “The Pilot,” first episode of series 10 of the British science fiction series <i>Doctor Who</i><br />
<br />
15 April 2017–1 July 2017 – broadcast dates of Series 10 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Peter Capaldi and Pearl Mackie:<blockquote>25 December 2016 – “The Return of Doctor Mysterio”<br />
15 April 2017 – “The Pilot”<br />
22 April 2017 – “Smile”<br />
29 April 2017 – “Thin Ice”<br />
6 May 2017 – “Knock Knock”<br />
13 May 2017 – “Oxygen”<br />
20 May 2017 – “Extremis”<br />
27 May 2017 – “Pyramid at the End of the World”<br />
3 June 2017 – “The Lie of the Land”<br />
10 June 2017 – “Empress of Mars”<br />
17 June 2017 – “The Eaters of Light”<br />
24 June 2017 – “World Enough and Time”<br />
1 July 2017 – “The Doctor Falls”<br />
25 December 2017 – “Twice Upon a Time”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
2010s – “The Return of Doctor Mysterio” in New York City<br />
2017 – “The Pilot” at St Luke’s University, Bristol<br />
far future – “Smile” on unnamed planet<br />
1–4 February 1814 – “Thin Ice” at London frost fair<br />
2017 – “Knock Knock” at 11 Cardinal Road<br />
far future – “Oxygen” at the Chasm Forge<br />
2017 – “Extremis” on Shadow Earth and unnamed planet<br />
2017 – “Pyramid at the End of the World” in Turmezistan and Agrofuel Research Operations<br />
late 2010s – “The Lie of the Land” in UK<br />
1881 – “Empress of Mars” on Mars in the Ice Warrior Hive<br />
100–200 AD – “The Eaters of Light” in Aberdeen<br />
before 1986 – “World Enough and Time” and “The Doctor Falls” on Mondasian colony ship: Floor 0000 and Floor 1056<br />
December 1986 – Cybermen invaded the Snowcap tracking base in Antarctica as Mondas returns to Earth<br />
December 1986 – “Twice Upon a Time” in Antarctica<br />
far future – “Twice Upon a Time” set in Villengard<br />
25 December 1914 – “Twice Upon a Time” set in Ypres <br />
5,000,000,012 – creation of Testimony Foundation on New Earth at the University of New Earth</BLOCKQUOTE>15 April 2017 – violence and confrontation occurs at a “Patriots Day” rally in Martin Luther King Jr. Civic Center Park in Berkeley, California, between supporters of Donald Trump and Antifa and other left-wing activists, which resulted in 11 injuries and 20 arrests; around 150 marches were planned across the US on the same day to call on Trump to release his tax returns<br />
<br />
18 April 2017 – UK Prime Minister Theresa May calls a snap UK general election for 8 June, 2017<br />
<br />
18 April 2017 – controversial Alt Right figure Richard Spencer gives a speech at Auburn University amid protests by Antifa<br />
<br />
21 April 2017 – last broadcast date of <i>The O’Reilly Factor</i>, a cable television news and talk show on Fox News hosted by Bill O’Reilly<br />
<br />
23 April 2017 – first round of the 2017 French presidential election between Emmanuel Macron (En Marche!), Marine Le Pen (National Front), François Fillon (Republicans), Jean-Luc Mélenchon (La France insoumise), Benoît Hamon (Socialist Party), and Nicolas Dupont-Aignan (Debout la France):<blockquote><b>Candidate | Votes | Percentage</b><br />
Emmanuel Macron | 8,656,346 | 24.01%<br />
Marine Le Pen | 7,678,491 | 21.30%<br />
François Fillon | 7,212,995 | 20.01%<br />
Jean-Luc Mélenchon | 7,059,951 | 19.58%<br />
Benoît Hamon | 2,291,288 | 6.36%<br />
Nicolas Dupont-Aignan | 1,695,000 | 4.70%</BLOCKQUOTE>28 April 2017 – the first 100 days of the presidency of Donald Trump<br />
<br />
5 May 2017 – US release date of the film <i>Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2</i>, directed by James Gunn, and starring Chris Pratt, Zoe Saldana, Dave Bautista, Vin Diesel, Bradley Cooper, Michael Rooker, and Karen Gillan<br />
<br />
6–7 May 2017 – second round of the 2017 French presidential election:<blockquote><b>Candidate | Votes | Percentage of the Vote</b><br />
Emmanuel Macron (En Marche!) | 20,753,798 | 66.06%<br />
Marine Le Pen | 10,644,118 | 33.94%</BLOCKQUOTE>9 May 2017 – the firing of James Comey as Director of the FBI by Donald Trump<br />
<br />
17 May 2017 – deputy attorney general Rod J. Rosenstein of the US Justice Department appoints Robert S. Mueller III (former FBI director) as special counsel to investigate ties between President Trump’s campaign and Russia<br />
<br />
19 May 2017 – US release date of the film <i>Alien: Covenant</i>, directed by Ridley Scott, and starring Michael Fassbender, Katherine Waterston, Billy Crudup, Danny McBride and Demián Bichir<br />
<br />
19 May 2017 – Trump leaves Washington D.C. for Saudi Arabia on his first official foreign tour:<blockquote>20 May 2017 – Trump received in Riyadh and is awarded Saudi Arabia’s highest civilian honour; Trump signs an arms deal worth $350 billion with Saudi Arabia<br />
21 May 2017 – Trump delivers a speech to 50 leaders of Muslim-majority nations at an Arab Islamic American Summit at the King Abdulaziz Conference Centre in Riyadh<br />
22 May 2017 – Trump meets Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu in Tel Aviv; Trump visits the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem and visits the Western Wall<br />
23 May 2017 – Trump visits Bethlehem in the West Bank and meets Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas; President Trump lands in Rome, Italy<br />
24 May 2017 – Trump has a private meeting with Pope Francis at Vatican City; he meets Italian President Sergio Mattarella and Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni <br />
25 May 2017 – Trump meets with European Council President Donald Tusk and European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker at the European Council headquarters; Trump hosts a lunch meeting with Emmanuel Macron; at the new NATO headquarters Trump gives a speech to NATO leaders, and criticises member states for their levels of defence spending <br />
26 May 2017 – Trump attends the G7 summit with world leaders in Taormina, Italy</BLOCKQUOTE>22 May 2017 – the 2017 Manchester Arena terrorist attack, a suicide bombing at the Manchester Arena in Manchester, England, after a concert by American singer Ariana Grande<br />
<br />
23 May 2017 – White House publishes President Trump’s first full budget proposal<br />
<br />
23–24 May 2017 – student protests at Evergreen State College, in Olympia, Washington, USA, over Bret Weinstein’s response to the “Day of Absence” and involving the College President George Bridges<br />
<br />
25 May 2017 – Milo Yiannopoulos and Pamela Geller lead a protest at The City University of New York (CUNY) against Linda Sarsour’s speaking engagement<br />
<br />
25 May 2017 – a US Federal Appeals Court in Richmond, Virginia, refuses to reinstate President Trump’s travel ban; Justice Department announces they will take the case to the Supreme Court<br />
<br />
26–27 May 2017 – the 43rd G7 summit, held in Taormina, Sicily, Italy; President Trump attends the G7 summit <br />
<br />
26 May 2017 – US release date of the film <i>Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales</i>, directed by Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg<br />
<br />
1 June 2017 – Thursday, President Trump announces that the US will withdraw from the Paris Climate Accord<br />
<br />
3 June 2017 – the June 2017 London attack in the Southwark district of London, England<br />
<br />
8 June 2017 – Thursday, James Comey’s testimony to the Senate Intelligence Committee<br />
<br />
8 June 2017 – the United Kingdom general election of 2017:<blockquote><b>Party | Leader | Seats | Vote</b><br />
Conservative Party | Theresa May | 317 | 42.3%<br />
Labour Party | Jeremy Corbyn | 262 | 40.0%<br />
Scottish National Party | Nicola Sturgeon | 35 | 3.0%<br />
Liberal Democrats | Tim Farron | 12 | 7.4%<br />
Democratic Unionist Party | Arlene Foster | 10 | 0.9%<br />
Sinn Féin | Gerry Adams | 7 | 0.7%<br />
Plaid Cymru | Leanne Wood | 4 | 0.5%</BLOCKQUOTE>The Conservative Party loses its parliamentary majority with a hung parliament; the Conservatives form a minority Conservative government with Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) support<br />
<br />
9 June 2017 – US release date of the film <i>The Mummy</i>, directed by Alex Kurtzman, and starring Tom Cruise and Russell Crowe<br />
<br />
11 and 18 June 2017 – legislative elections in France to elect the 577 members of the 15th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic<br />
<br />
14 June 2017 – the 2017 Congressional baseball shooting in Alexandria, Virginia, in which James Thomas Hodgkinson opens fire as several Republican members of Congress were practising for the annual Congressional Baseball Game for Charity; House Majority Whip Steve Scalise of Louisiana is shot<br />
<br />
26 June 2017 – Monday, the US Supreme Court grants an emergency request from the White House that allows many parts of the refugee ban to go into effect; the Supreme Court to rule in October on whether ban should be upheld or struck down<br />
<br />
29 June 2017 – President Trump’s partial travel ban comes into effect at 8 pm<br />
<br />
30 June 2017 – Trump signs an executive order reviving the National Space Council<br />
<br />
July 2017 – Donald Trump in consultation with National Security Adviser H. R. McMaster and CIA Director Mike Pompeo decides to phase out <br />
<br />
2 July 2017 – 6:21 AM, Donald Trump tweets an edited video of himself from WrestleMania in which he wrestles and punches a figure whose head is replaced by the CNN logo<br />
<br />
7–8 July 2017 – the 2017 G20 Hamburg summit, the 12th meeting of the Group of Twenty (G20) in the city of Hamburg, Germany, attended by Donald Trump<br />
<br />
16 July 2017 – Jodie Whittaker is announced as the new actor playing Doctor Who, replacing Peter Capaldi<br />
<br />
24 July 2017 – Trump tweets “The Amazon Washington Post fabricated the facts on my ending massive, dangerous, and wasteful payments to Syrian rebels fighting Assad” (7:23 PM)<br />
<br />
25 July 2017–31 July 2017 – Anthony Scaramucci is White House Director of Communications<br />
<br />
31 July 2017 – Trump dismisses Anthony Scaramucci as communications director on the recommendation of Kelly<br />
<br />
12 August 2017 – the “Unite the Right” rally in Charlottesville, Virginia<br />
<br />
18 August 2017 – Steve Bannon leaves his White House position of White House Chief Strategist after his resignation on 4 August 2017<br />
<br />
18 August 2017 – Breitbart announces that Steve Bannon would return as executive chairman <br />
<br />
August 2017–9 January 2018 – Steve Bannon is executive chair of Breitbart News LLC<br />
<br />
21 August 2017 – Monday, total solar eclipse visible within the entire contiguous United States, from the Pacific to the Atlantic coast<br />
<br />
22 August 2017 – Donald Trump’s campaign rally and speech in Phoenix, Arizona<br />
<br />
23 September 2017 – the 2017 New Zealand general election:<blockquote><b>Party | Votes | Percentage | Seats</b><br />
National | 1,152,075 | 44.45% | 56<br />
Labour | 956,184 | 36.89% | 46 <br />
NZ First | 186,706 | 7.20 | 9<br />
Green | 162,443 | 6.27 | 8<br />
ACT | 13,075 | 0.50% | 1</BLOCKQUOTE>24 September 2017 – the German federal election of 2017<br />
<br />
24–27 September 2017 – the annual conference of the UK Labour party in Brighton Centre, Brighton<br />
<br />
24 September 2017 – federal elections held in Germany for 598 seats in the Bundestag:<blockquote><b>Party | Vote Percentage | Seats</b><br />
Christian Democratic Union (CDU) | 26.8% | 200<br />
Social Democratic Party (SPD) | 20.5% | 153<br />
Alternative for Germany (AfD) | 12.6% | 94<br />
Free Democratic Party (FDP) | 10.7% | 80<br />
The Left (DIE LINKE) | 9.2% | 69<br />
The Greens | 8.9% | 67<br />
Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU) | 6.2% | 46</BLOCKQUOTE>15 October 2017 – 2017 Austrian legislative election:<blockquote><b>Party | Vote Percentage | Seats</b><br />
Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) | 31.5% | 62<br />
Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ) | 26.9% | 52<br />
Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) | 26.0% | 51<br />
NEOS – The New Austria (NEOS) | 5.3% | 10<br />
Peter Pilz List (PILZ) | 4.4% | 8</BLOCKQUOTE>26 October 2017 – Jacinda Ardern is Prime Minister of New Zealand<br />
<br />
8 December 2017 – release date of 10 episodes of second season of Netflix web TV series <i>The Crown</i><br />
<br />
12 December 2017 – special election for the US Senate in Alabama between Roy Moore (Republican) and Doug Jones (Democratic)<br />
<br />
13 December 2017 – Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein testifies before the House Judiciary Committee about special counsel Robert Mueller’s investigation<br />
<br />
15 December 2017 - US release date of <i>Star Wars: The Last Jedi</i>, directed by Rian Johnson, and starring Mark Hamill, Carrie Fisher, Adam Driver, Daisy Ridley, and John Boyega<br />
<br />
18 December 2017 – Austrian President Van der Bellen approves the new coalition government of the Austrian People’s Party and the Freedom Party of Austria<br />
<br />
18 December 2017–2019 – Sebastian Kurz is Chancellor of Austria (and Chairman of the Austrian People’s Party since May 2017)<br />
<br />
25 December 2017 – UK broadcast date of “Twice Upon a Time,” the 2017 Doctor Who Christmas special<br />
<br />
28 December 2017–4 January 2018 – anti-government protests in Iran<br />
<br />
<b>2018</b><br />
17 February 2018– Gerard Batten is Leader of the UK Independence Party<br />
<br />
1 March 2018 – President Trump announced his intention to impose tariffs on steel and aluminium imports<br />
<br />
2 March 2018 – release date of <i>Death Wish</i>, directed by Eli Roth and written by Joe Carnahan, starring Bruce Willis as Paul Kersey<br />
<br />
4 March 2018 – 2018 Italian general election for 630 members of the Chamber of Deputies and the 315 elective members of the Senate of the Republic<br />
<br />
2 April 2018 – Gary Cohn replaced by Larry Kudlow as Director of the National Economic Council<br />
<br />
9 April 2018 – John R. Bolton is National Security Advisor<br />
<br />
8 May 2018 – United States withdraws from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action after President Trump signs a Presidential Memorandum ordering the reinstatement of harsher sanctions<br />
<br />
1 June 2018 – Giuseppe Conte is Prime Minister of Italy as head of a coalition government of the 5 Star Movement and the League<br />
<br />
1 June 2018 – Matteo Salvini is Deputy Prime Minister of Italy and Minister of the Interior<br />
<br />
16 June 2018 – Paul Joseph Watson announces he has joined the UKIP with Mark Meechan and Carl Benjamin<br />
<br />
16 July 2018 – 2018 Russia–United States summit meeting between Donald Trump and Vladimir Putin in Helsinki, Finland<br />
<br />
16 July 2018 – John O. Brennan denounces Trump on Twitter: “Donald Trump’s press conference performance in Helsinki rises to & exceeds the threshold of ‘high crimes & misdemeanors.’ It was nothing short of treasonous”<br />
<br />
25 August 2018 – death of John McCain at his home in Cornville, Arizona<br />
<br />
September 2018 – fictional date of first episode of the 11th series of <i>Doctor Who</i> serial “The Woman Who Fell to Earth,” with Jodie Whittaker as the Thirteenth Doctor<br />
<br />
September 2018 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who: Arachnids</i><br />
<br />
1 September 2018 – service for John McCain at the Washington National Cathedral<br />
<br />
2 September 2018 – John McCain buried at the United States Naval Academy Cemetery<br />
<br />
9 September 2018 – Sweden general elections held to elect the 349 members of the Riksdag, with regional and municipal elections also held on the same day<br />
<br />
7 October 2018–9 December 2018 – broadcast dates of Series 11 of <i>Doctor Who</i>, starring Jodie Whittaker:<blockquote>7 October 2018 – “The Woman Who Fell to Earth”<br />
14 October 2018 – “The Ghost Monument”<br />
21 October 2018 – “Rosa”<br />
28 October 2018 – “Arachnids in the UK”<br />
4 November 2018 – “The Tsuranga Conundrum”<br />
11 November 2018 – “Demons of the Punjab”<br />
18 November 2018 – “Kerblam!”<br />
25 November 2018 – “The Witchfinders”<br />
2 December 2018 – “It Takes You Away”<br />
9 December 2018 – “The Battle of Ranskoor Av Kolos”<br />
1 January 2019 – “Resolution”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
September 2018 – “The Woman Who Fell to Earth” set in Sheffield<br />
? – “The Ghost Monument” set on Desolation<br />
30 November–1 December 1955 – “Rosa” set in Montgomery, US<br />
c. September 2018 – “Arachnids in the UK” set in Sheffield, UK<br />
6,600–6,700 AD – “The Tsuranga Conundrum” set on the ship <i>Tsuranga</i><br />
17–18 August 1947 – “Demons of the Punjab” set on Pakistan-India border, Punjab<br />
? – “Kerblam!” set on Kerblam and Kandoka’s moon<br />
1603–1625 – “The Witchfinders” set in Bilehurst Cragg<br />
2018 – “It Takes You Away” set in Norway and Solitract plane Anti-zone<br />
5425 – “The Battle of Ranskoor Av Kolos” set on Ranskoor Av Kolos<br />
1 January 2019 – “Resolution” set in Great Britain</BLOCKQUOTE>7 October 2018 – Brazil’s general election to elect the President, Vice President, the National Congress, state and Federal District Governors<br />
<br />
6 November 2018 – the 2018 US midterm elections, in which 435 seats in the US House of Representatives and 33 of the 100 seats in the United States Senate are contested<br />
<br />
30 November 2018 – death of George H. W. Bush at his home in Houston<br />
<br />
4 December 2018 – Nigel Farage announces on his live LBC radio show that he had resigned his membership of UKIP, after 25 years as a member of the party<br />
<br />
5 December 2018 – state funeral of George H. W. Bush at the Washington National Cathedral<br />
<br />
6 December 2018 – second service for George H. W. Bush held at St. Martin’s Episcopal Church in Houston<br />
<br />
<b>2019</b><br />
1 January 2019 – fictional date of <i>Doctor Who: Resolution</i><br />
<br />
1 January 2019 – Jair Messias Bolsonaro becomes 38th President of Brazilian conservative Social Liberal Party<br />
<br />
18 January 2019 – Stefan Löfven confirmed as Prime Minister of Sweden after agreement between the Social Democrats, the Greens, the Centre Party, and the Liberals <br />
<br />
31 January 2019 – establishment of Instrument in Support of Trade Exchanges (INSTEX), a special-purpose vehicle (SPV) created by France, Germany and the UK to facilitate non-dollar trade with Iran<br />
<br />
2 February 2019 – the United States suspended its compliance with the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF); Russia follows suit<br />
<br />
5 February 2019 – Brexit Party registered with the United Kingdom Electoral Commission to run candidates in any English, Scottish, Welsh and European Union elections<br />
<br />
14 February 2019 – Middle East security conference in Warsaw, Poland, against Iran <br />
<br />
23 February 2019 – incident on the Venezuela-Colombia border in which political activists try to deliver over 600 tonnes of humanitarian aid into Venezuela on two bridges in Colombia’s Norte de Santander department on the border with Venezuela’s Táchira state<br />
<br />
18–19 March 2019 – US Special Representative for Venezuela Elliott Abrams meets with Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergey Ryabkov in Rome to discuss Venezuela<br />
<br />
20 March 2019 – Dutch provincial elections, to elect members of the Provincial States in the twelve provinces of the Netherlands; elections indirectly determine the composition of the Senate<br />
<br />
22 March 2019 – Nigel Farage is Leader of the Brexit Party<br />
<br />
23 March 2019 – Special Counsel Robert Mueller submits his final report to Attorney General William Barr on Russian government interference in the 2016 presidential election<br />
<br />
29 March 2019 – Brexit day: vote on a withdrawal agreement in the UK Commons<br />
<br />
31 March 2019 – presidential elections in Ukraine<br />
<br />
3 March 2019 – 2019 Estonian parliamentary election:<blockquote><b>Party | Percentage | Seats</b><br />
Estonian Reform Party | 28.9% | 34<br />
Estonian Centre Party | 23.1% | 26<br />
Conservative People’s Party | 17.8% | 19<br />
Pro Patria | 11.4% | 12</BLOCKQUOTE>9 April 2019 – 2019 Israeli legislative election to elect the members of the twenty-first Knesset<br />
<br />
22 April 2019 – US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announces end exemptions from sanctions for countries still buying oil from Iran: waivers for China, India, Japan, South Korea and Turkey set to expire on 2 May, after which such nations face US sanctions<br />
<br />
28 April 2019 – the 2019 Spanish general election to elect 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 208 of 266 seats in the Senate:<blockquote>Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE) | 28.68% | 123<br />
People’s Party (PP) | 16.70% | 66<br />
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) | 15.86% | 57<br />
United We Can (Unidas Podemos) | 14.31% | 42<br />
Vox (Vox) | 10.26% | 24<br />
Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC–Sobiranistes) | 3.91% | 15<br />
Together for Catalonia–Together (JxCat–Junts) | 1.91% | 7<br />
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) | 1.51% | 6</BLOCKQUOTE>2 May 2019 – local elections in the UK for 248 English local councils, 6 directly elected mayors in England, and all 11 local councils in Northern Ireland<br />
<br />
18 May 2019 – 2019 Australian federal election to elect 151 seats in the House of Representatives (lower house) and 40 of the 76 seats in the Senate <br />
<br />
23–26 May 2019 – elections to the European Parliament for 751 members of to represent more than 512 million people from 28 member states<br />
<br />
12 December 2019 – 2019 United Kingdom general election:<blockquote><b>Party | Leader | Seats | % Vote</b><br />
Conservative Party | Boris Johnson | 365 | 43.6%<br />
Labour Party | Jeremy Corbyn| 202 | 32.2%<br />
Scottish National Party | |Nicola Sturgeon | 48 | 3.9%<br />
Liberal Democrats | Jo Swinson | 11 | 11.6%<br />
Democratic Unionist Party | Arlene Foster | 8| 0.8%<br />
Green Party of England and Wales | Jonathan Bartley | 1 | 2.7%</blockquote><b>2020</b><blockquote><b>Doctor Who (series 12)</b><br />
1 January 2020 – “Spyfall Part 1”<br />
5 January 2020 – “Spyfall, Part 2”<br />
12 January 2020 – “Orphan 55”<br />
19 January 2020 – “Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror”<br />
26 January 2020 – “Fugitive of the Judoon”<br />
2 February 2020 – “Praxeus”<br />
9 February 2020 – “Can You Hear Me?”<br />
16 February 2020 – “Haunting of Villa Diodati”<br />
<br />
<b>Fictional Dates</b><br />
2020 – “Spyfall,” set in Sheffield, London, Great Victoria Desert, San Francisco<br />
1834 – “Spyfall,” set in London<br />
1943 – “Spyfall,” set in Paris<br />
? – “Orphan 55,” set in Tranquility Spa, Orphan 55 <br />
1900s – “Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror,” set in New York<br />
2020? – “Fugitive of the Judoon,” set in Gloucester<br />
2020 – “Can You Hear Me?,” set in Sheffield<br />
1380 – “Can You Hear Me?,” set in Aleppo, Syria<br />
2020s – “Praxeus,” set in Madagascar, Peru, Hong Kong and the bottom of the Indian Ocean<br />
night 14/15 June 1816 – “Haunting of Villa Diodati”</BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE>Lord Keyneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06556863604205200159noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4556861365216117920.post-34489483803383076122016-08-21T10:01:00.000-07:002017-06-16T11:30:28.940-07:00Evolutionary, Prehistory and Early Human History Timeline<b>Evolutionary, Prehistory and Early Human History Timeline</b><blockquote>4.6–4 billion years ago – the Hadean geologic eon<br />
<br />
4.6 billion–541 million years ago – Precambrian or Pre-Cambrian (a supereon spanning several eons)<br />
<br />
4.54 billion years ago – Earth formed over about 10–20 million years<br />
<br />
4.31 billion years ago – Theia, a hypothetical planetary-sized object, collides with the Earth, ejecting materials into orbit, which form the Moon<br />
<br />
4–2.5 billion years ago – Archean Eon<br />
<br />
2.5 billion–542 million years ago – Proterozoic geological eon <br />
<br />
2.4–2.3 billion years ago – Huronian “snowball Earth”<br />
<br />
750 and 700 million years ago – Sturtian glaciation<br />
<br />
660–635 million years ago – Varanger (or Marinoan) glaciation<br />
<br />
c. 541 million years–present – Phanerozoic eon, the current geologic eon in the geologic time scale:<blockquote><b>c. 541 million years–present – Phanerozoic eon</b><br />
541–485.4 million years ago – Cambrian Period<br />
485.4–443.8 million years ago – Ordovician Period<br />
443.8–419.2 million years ago – Silurian Period<br />
419.2–358.9 million years ago – Devonian Period<br />
358.9–298.9 million years ago – Carboniferous Period<br />
298.9–252.17 million years ago – Permian period<br />
252.17–201.3 million years ago – Triassic period<br />
201.3–145 million years ago – the Jurassic period<br />
145–66 million years ago – the Cretaceous period<br />
66–23.03 million years ago – Paleogene period<br />
23.03–2.58 million years ago – Neogene period<br />
2.58–0 million years ago – Quaternary period</BLOCKQUOTE>542 million years ago – Cambrian period explosion lasting for about the next 20–25 million years<br />
<br />
c. 541 million years–present – Phanerozoic eon, current geologic eon in the geologic time scale<blockquote>541–252.17 million years ago – Paleozoic (or Palaeozoic) Era<blockquote>541–485.4 million years ago – Cambrian Period<br />
485.4–443.8 million years ago – Ordovician Period<br />
443.8–419.2 million years ago – Silurian Period<br />
419.2–358.9 million years ago – Devonian Period<br />
358.9–298.9 million years ago – Carboniferous Period<br />
298.9–252.17 million years ago – Permian period</BLOCKQUOTE>252.17–66 million years ago – Mesozoic Era<blockquote>252.17–201.3 million years ago – Triassic period<br />
201.3–145 million years ago – the Jurassic period<br />
145–66 million years ago – the Cretaceous period</BLOCKQUOTE>66 million–present – Cenozoic Era<blockquote>66–23.03 million years ago – Paleogene period<br />
23.03–2.58 million years ago – Neogene period<br />
2.58–0 million years ago – Quaternary period</BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE>450 million–420 million years ago – Andean-Saharan glaciation occurred during the Paleozoic<br />
<br />
434 million years ago – the first primitive plants move onto land<br />
<br />
360–260 million years ago – Karoo Ice Age, which perhaps came and went in regular cycles, and was driven by changes in Earth’s orbit<br />
<br />
252 million years – Permian–Triassic extinction event (Great Dying, the End Permian or the Great Permian Extinction)<br />
<br />
221–203 million years ago – time of the <i>Postosuchus</i>, an extinct genus of rauisuchid reptiles<br />
<br />
220–216 million years ago – time of the <i>Placerias</i>, an extinct genus of dicynodonts<br />
<br />
231.4 million years ago – dinosaurs first appeared during the Triassic period<br />
<br />
201.3–145 million years ago – the Jurassic period:<blockquote>298.9–252.17 million years ago – Permian period<br />
252.17–201.3 million years ago – Triassic period<br />
201.3–145 million years ago – the Jurassic period<br />
145–66 million years ago – the Cretaceous period<br />
66–23.03 million years ago – Paleogene period<br />
23.03–2.58 million years ago – Neogene period<br />
2.58 million years ago – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation">Quaternary glaciation</a> (Pleistocene glaciation) started just a few million years ago and continues<br />
2.58–0 million years ago – Quaternary period<br />
2,500,000–c. 8,800 BC – Paleolithic period in Europe</BLOCKQUOTE>c. 200 million–66 million years ago – dinosaurs dominant lifeform on earth for 135 million years, from the start of the Jurassic (about 200 million years ago) until the end of the Cretaceous (66 million years ago)<br />
<br />
160–155 million years ago – time of Liopleurodon, a genus of large, carnivorous marine reptile of Pliosauroidea, a clade of short-necked plesiosaurs<br />
<br />
92–66 million years ago – time of the Mosasaurs, an extinct group of large marine reptiles<br />
<br />
66,043,000 years ago – Chicxulub asteroid impact<br />
<br />
66–23.03 million years ago – Paleogene period:<blockquote>66–56 million years ago – Paleocene epoch <br />
56–33.9 million years ago – Eocene Epoch<br />
33.9–23 million years ago – Oligocene epoch</BLOCKQUOTE>56–33.9 million years ago – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene">Eocene Epoch</a><br />
<br />
40–34 million years ago – time of Basilosaurus, a genus of early whales that lived in the late Eocene<br />
<br />
34.1–33.6 million years ago – abrupt cooling<br />
<br />
33.9–23 million years ago – Oligocene epoch of the Paleogene Period<br />
<br />
33.5 million years ago – Grande Coupure (“Great Break”) extinction event<br />
<br />
23–2.6 million years ago – time of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalodon">Megalodon</a><br />
<br />
4 million years ago – emergence of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus">Australopithecus genus</a> in eastern Africa<br />
<br />
2.8–1.5 million years ago – time of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_habilis">Homo habilis</a><br />
<br />
2.6–1.7 million years ago – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldowan">Oldowan culture</a>, the earliest stone tool archaeological industry of prehistory, in Africa, South Asia, the Middle East and Europe<br />
<br />
2.58–0 million years ago – Quaternary period:<blockquote>2,588,000–9,700 BC – the Pleistocene epoch<br />
9,700 BC–present – Holocene epoch</BLOCKQUOTE>2,586,000–9,700 BC – the Pleistocene era (the Ice Age), the last glacial period<br />
<br />
2.58–0 million years ago – Quaternary period:<blockquote>2.58 million years ago – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation">Quaternary glaciation</a> (Pleistocene glaciation) started just a few million years ago and continues<br />
2.58–0 million years ago – Quaternary period</BLOCKQUOTE>2.58 million years ago – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation">Quaternary glaciation</a> (Pleistocene glaciation) started just a few million years ago and continues<br />
<br />
2,500,000–c. 8,800 BC – Paleolithic period in Europe<br />
<br />
1.9 million–70,000 years ago – time of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus">Homo erectus</a><br />
<br />
1.9 million years ago – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus">Homo erectus</a> migrated from out of Africa via the Levantine corridor and Horn of Africa to Eurasia during the Early Pleistocene<br />
<br />
1.76 million—100,000 years ago – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acheulean">Acheulean culture</a>, of stone tools in Africa, West Asia, South Asia, and Europe<br />
<br />
1.66 million years ago – China was populated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus">Homo erectus</a><br />
<br />
c. 700,000–200,000 years ago – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a> inhabited Africa, Europe and western Asia<br />
<br />
c. 600,000–370,000 years ago – time of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe_mammoth">steppe mammoth</a>, which populated northern Eurasia <br />
<br />
c.400,000–8,000 BC – time of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolly_mammoth">Woolly mammoth</a><br />
<br />
300,000 years ago – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisovan">Denisovans</a> may have split from Homo heidelbergensis. See the map <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spread_and_evolution_of_Denisovans.jpg">here</a> <br />
<br />
300,000–250,000 – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a> evolves into Neanderthals outside Africa<br />
<br />
<b>200,000 BC</b><br />
<br />
200,000 years ago – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens">Homo sapiens</a> first appears in East Africa <br />
<br />
130,000–114,000 years ago – the ice retreated during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eemian">Eemian interglacial</a> <br />
<br />
125,000 years ago – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens">Homo sapiens</a> reached the Near East, but evidence suggests they retreated back to Africa, as their settlements were replaced by Neanderthals<br />
<br />
120,000–81,000 years ago – Skhul and Qafzeh in modern-day Israel contain evidence that Homo sapiens lived at those sites but then went back to Africa<br />
<br />
c. 118,000–c. 88,000 BC – the time of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbassia_Pluvial">Abbassia Pluvial</a> when North Africa had a wet and rainy climate, and North Africa had lush vegetation, lakes, swamps, and river systems<br />
<br />
108,000–9,700 BC – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_glacial_period">last Ice Age</a><br />
<br />
113,000–9,700 BC – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrm_glaciation">Würm glaciation</a>, last glacial period of the Alpine region of Europe. See map <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SaaleWeichsel_x.png">here</a><br />
<br />
<b>100,000 BC</b><br />
<br />
100,000–c. 50,000 years ago – dwarf <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_floresiensis">Homo floresiensis</a> (hobbits), which evolved from Homo erectus, lives on the island of Flores in Indonesia <br />
<br />
c. 100,000 years ago – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigantopithecus">Gigantopithecus</a> probably becomes extinct owing to the climate change in the Pleistocene era<br />
<br />
c. 73,000 BC (± 900 years) – Lake <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory">Toba supervolcanic eruption</a> (in Sumatra, Indonesia). This is the largest known explosive eruption on Earth in the last 25 million years. According to the Toba catastrophe theory, it had global consequences for human populations: it killed most humans living at that time and is believed to have created a population bottleneck in central east Africa and India, which affects the genetic make-up of the human world-wide population to the present<br />
<br />
75,000 years ago – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens">Homo sapiens</a> left Africa again about across the Bab el Mandib, connecting Ethiopia and Yemen into Middle East<br />
<br />
70,000 years ago – cold, dry low point; most of northern Europe and Canada were covered by thick ice sheets<br />
<br />
60,000 years ago – humans settle New Guinea<br />
<br />
60,000–50,000 BC – outside Africa, Homo sapiens lives in Near East, Greece, south Asia, New Guinea and Australia<br />
<br />
c. 58,000 BC – most areas north of the tropics not inhabited by Homo sapiens because of the cold and difficulty of food supply<br />
<br />
50,000 years ago – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens">Homo sapiens</a> in South Asia<br />
<br />
c. 50,000–40,000 years ago – southeast Asians reach Australia; in Australia by 46,000 years ago at the latest<br />
<br />
c. 48,000–28,000 BC – the time of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mousterian_Pluvial">Mousterian Pluvial</a> in North Africa, with a wet and rainy climate<br />
<br />
c. 48,000 BC – the ancestor languages of the Dene Caucasian, Austric, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languages">Dravidian</a>, Indo-Pacific, and Australian language families probably established in south Asia, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundaland">Sunda</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahul_Shelf">Sahul (Australia-New Guinea continent)</a><br />
<br />
c. 43,000–41,000 BC – Cro-Magnon <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens">Homo sapiens</a> reached Europe from the Near East, eventually replacing the Neanderthal population by 40,000 years ago<br />
<br />
c. 43,000–c. 38,000 BC – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2telperronian">Châtelperronian culture</a> in central and south-western France and northern Spain<br />
<br />
c. 41,000–c. 26,000 BC – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurignacian">Aurignacian culture</a> is found in Europe (probably associated with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe#Ice_Age">GoyetQ116 type people</a>), the archaeological culture of the Upper Palaeolithic; this first appears in Eastern Europe around c. 41,000 BC, and spread into Western Europe c. 38,000 and 34,000 BC, but replaced by the Gravettian culture c. 26,000 to 24,000 BC<br />
<br />
39,000–37,000 BC – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a> die out in Europe<br />
<br />
c. 38,000 BC – humans start to settle the northern Eurasian regions<br />
<br />
c. 38,000 BC – time of the proposed proto-language that developed into the proto-Amerind and proto-Eurasiatic languages spoken around the northeast coast of Asia; the linguist Joseph Greenberg dates this to 13,000 to 9,000 BC; this proposed proto-language might have been descended from proto-Austric or proto-Sino-Tibetan<br />
<br />
c. 38,000 BC – earliest proposed date for the beginning of human settlement of Alaska and north America via the Bering straits<br />
<br />
c. 38,000 BC – Paleolithic hunter-gatherers live in Japan<br />
<br />
35,000–12,000 BC – European hunter-gatherers descend from a single ancestral population with no significant genetic inflow from other regions<br />
<br />
c. 33,000 BC – the Proto-World language?<br />
<br />
c. 29,000–c. 22,000 BC – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravettian">Gravettian tool-making culture</a> of the European Upper Paleolithic of Vestonice cluster type people; ice age glaciation seems to have wiped out Gravettian culture people c. 22,000 BC<br />
<br />
28,000 BC – East Asia was reached by Homo sapiens<br />
<br />
28,000–13,000 BC – last cool phase of the Ice age; humans withdraw from north Eurasia to more southerly areas<br />
<br />
c. 27,000–18,000 BC – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> (when the ice sheets were at their greatest extension) c. 24,500 BC; deglaciation began in the Northern Hemisphere gradually from c. 18,000 to 17,000 BC<br />
<br />
26,000 BC – last group of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a> disappear from southern Spain<br />
<br />
c. 22,000–13,000 BC – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%27ta-Buret%27_culture">Mal’ta-Buret’ culture</a> on the upper Angara River in the area west of Lake Baikal in the Irkutsk Oblast, Siberia. These people were important for the genetic ancestry of Siberians, Native Americans and Bronze Age Yamnaya people. The Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) population was either the people of the Mal’ta-Buret’ culture or a closely-related population<br />
<br />
<b>20,000 BC</b><br />
<br />
c. 20,000–15,000 BC – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a> in France and southern Spain, a flint tool-making style of the Upper Palaeolithic in Europe. See the map <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Europe20000ya.png">here</a><br />
<br />
c. 18,000–17,000 BC – deglaciation began in the Northern Hemisphere<br />
<br />
c. 18,000–12,500 BC – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebaran">Kebarian culture</a> of the Levant; this was followed by the Natufian culture. Some think the Kebarian culture was associated with speakers of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostratic_languages">Proto-Nostratic language</a><br />
<br />
c. 17,000 BC – as the Ice Age ended in Europe, people (of the <a href="http://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/05/the-genetic-history-of-ice-age-europe.html">El Miron cluster type, with admixture of GoyetQ116 and the Villabruna branch</a>) from the southwest and Spain re-migrated and expanded over Europe. These people are associated with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a><br />
<br />
c. 16,000–c. 10,000 BC – time of Proto-Afroasiatic, with its homeland in Levant, Red Sea/Horn of Africa, or North Africa<br />
<br />
c. 15,000–10,000 BC – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a>, a culture of the Upper Paleolithic in western Europe<br />
<br />
15,000–12,000 BC – possible date of the older, hypothetical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostratic_languages">Proto-Nostratic language</a>, which gave rise to the proposed Nostratic macrofamily of languages, including<blockquote>(1) Indo-European <br />
(2) Uralic <br />
(3) Altaic <br />
(4) Kartvelian languages <br />
(5) Afroasiatic languages <br />
(6) Dravidian (or Elamo-Dravidian) language families.</BLOCKQUOTE>The original homeland of Proto-Nostratic was possibly the Mesolithic Fertile Crescent, perhaps the (1) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebaran">Kebarian culture (c. 18,000 to 12,500 BC)</a> of the Levant or the (2) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarzian_culture">Zarzian culture</a> (12,400–8,500 BC) of the Zagros mountains, which stretched northwards into Kohistan in the Caucasus and eastwards into Iran. The migrations of these people displaced the earlier Dené–Caucasian langauges (e.g., such as Hurrian and Hattic). Modern scholars reject the old Nostratic hypothesis, and favour the proposed Eurasiatic language family hypothesis<br />
<br />
c. 14,300 BC – Homo sapiens reach North America? (c. 16,500–13,000 years ago)<br />
<br />
c. 14,000–c. 13,000 BC – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldest_Dryas">Oldest Dryas</a>, a cold period<br />
<br />
before 13,000 BC – the possible date of the hypothetical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Caucasian_language">Proto-Dené-Caucasian language</a>, which gave rise to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Caucasian_languages">Dené-Caucasian languages</a> including<blockquote><i>Western</i><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasconic_languages">Vasconic languages</a> (Aquitanian, Iberian, Tartessian?, modern Basque)<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages">Tyrsenian (disputed)</a> (Etruscan, Raetic, Lemnian, Camunic?)<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-Sardinian_language">Paleo-Sardinian languages of the Balares and Iolaei</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicani">Sicanian language of Sicily</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages">Hurro-Urartian</a> (Hurrian, Urartian, Kassite?)<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattic_language">Hattic</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages">North Caucasian languages</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_language">Sumerian</a> (disputed)<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burushaski">Burushaski</a><br />
<br />
<i>Northern</i><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeniseian_languages">Yeniseian</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-Dene_languages">Na-Dené</a> (in north America, including Athabaskan, Eyak, and Tlingit languages)<br />
<br />
<i>Eastern</i><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> (Tibetan, Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka, Wu, Burmese, Karen, Bodo)<br />
</BLOCKQUOTE>This language family is probably older than the Eurasiatic family, and Dené-Caucasian spread in a first migration, and was later overrun by Eurasiatic. See the family tree <a href="http://starling.rinet.ru/images/globet.png">here</a>. A proposed homeland is the Sino-Tibetan homeland in south China c. 30,000 BC. Proto-Dené-Caucasian speakers might have migrated into the steppe, east and west, and to the west along the Silk Road into Central Asia, the Caucasus region, and Europe. Original connections between the East and West Dene-Caucasian groups are probably older than 10,000 years<br />
<br />
c. 13,000 BC – spread of the proposed proto-Eurasiatic language (of Joseph Greenberg, <i>Indo-European and its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family</i>, Stanford, 2000) giving rise to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiatic_languages">Eurasiatic language family</a>, possibly from a refuge area in the Last Glacial Maximum, including<blockquote>Indo-European<br />
Uralic (or Uralic-Yukaghir)<br />
Altaic (Mongolic, Tungusic and Turkic)<br />
Korean-Japanese-Ainu<br />
Gilyak<br />
Chukchi-Kamchatkan<br />
Eskimo-Aleut<br />
Dravidian (now largely rejected or disputed)<br />
Kartvelian (now largely rejected or disputed)</BLOCKQUOTE>See <a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/110/21/8471">here</a>. Amerind is possibly a sister language group of the Eurasiatic languages, and some scholars date proto-Eurasiatic to c. 38,000 BC and place its homeland in the north Pacific coast of Asia, with proto-Amerind; proto-Amerind then spread into America and Eurasiatic langauges into central Asia through the steppe. Proto-Eurasiatic might have descended from proto-Nilo-Saharan, proto-Afroasiatic, proto-Dravidian, proto-Dene-Caucasian, or proto-Austric. Austric may be the parent language of proto-Eurasiatic, and migrations of Eurasiatic speakers displaced earlier Dené–Caucasian languages<br />
<br />
c. 13,000 BC – proto-Na-Dene speaking people move into Alaska from Asia<br />
<br />
12,800 BC – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas">Amerindians</a> reach Patagonia in southern Chile<br />
<br />
12,700–10,700 BC – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8lling-Aller%C3%B8d">Bølling-Allerød interstadial</a>, the first important warm and moist period at the end of the last glacial period; in certain regions, there was a cold period called the Older Dryas during the middle of the Bølling-Allerød interstadial<br />
<br />
12,500–9,500 BC – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natufian_culture">Natufian culture</a> in the Levant; harvesting of wild plants allows more free time; Natufians may have spoken a proto-Afroasiatic language, but others disagree<br />
<br />
c. 12,180–11,780 BC – possibly a great migration to Europe from the west via Italy?; Villabruna branch ancestry people spread out; during this time after the Ice Age, there was population movement into Europe from either the Near East or the Balkans of the Villabruna Cluster people, some of whom had a genetic affinity to east Asians (Fu, Posth et al. 2016) <br />
<br />
c. 12,100–c. 11,700 – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Older_Dryas">Older Dryas</a>, a cold period<br />
<br />
<b>12,000 BC</b><br />
<br />
12,000 BC onwards – Europeans are Western hunter gatherers<br />
<br />
c. 12,000 BC – beginning of possible migration from the Near East or the Balkans of the Villabruna Cluster people into Europe<br />
<br />
after c. 12,000 BC – a subset of European hunter-gatherers of the Villabruna branch people have some East Asian-related DNA (possible migration of Dene Caucasian speakers into Europe and the Caucasus and Anatolia?)<br />
<br />
12,000–8,000 BC – most mammoths die out; small population of 500–1000 woolly mammoths lived on Wrangel Island until 1,650 BC<br />
<br />
c. 12,000 BC – dogs probably domesticated by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natufian_culture">Natufians</a> in the Near East<br />
<br />
12,000–300 BC – the hunter-gatherer Jōmon culture in Japan; some estimates put it as early as 14,500 BC<br />
<br />
c.11,200–10,000 BC – the prehistoric Paleo-Indian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_culture">Clovis culture</a> in North America; Clovis culture ended by the Younger Dryas (10,900–9,700 BC) and associated dust storms <br />
<br />
<b>11,000 BC</b><br />
<br />
c. 11,000–8,000 BC – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Glacial_Maximum">Late Glacial</a> or Tardiglacial, the beginning of the warm period when the Northern Hemisphere warmed substantially with significant accelerated deglaciation after the Last Glacial Maximum (c. 23,000–11,000 years ago). Human beings in refuge areas started to repopulate northern Europe and Eurasia. See the map <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Europe20000ya.png">here</a><br />
<br />
c. 11,000 BC – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Banks_of_Newfoundland">Grand Banks of Newfoundland</a> (now underwater plateaus south-east of Newfoundland on the North American continental shelf) were glaciated during the last glacial maximum, but left exposed as the ice sheets melt<br />
<br />
c. 11,000 BC – outflow of water from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Agassiz">Lake Agassiz</a> (which may have been the largest lake on Earth then) into the Arctic Ocean<br />
<br />
11,000–9,000 BC – the Ahrensburg culture (Ahrensburgian culture), a late Upper Paleolithic nomadic hunter culture in north-central Europe during the Younger Dryas<br />
<br />
c. 11,000–9,000 BC – Windermere interstadial in Britain, the warm phase at the end of the last glaciation preceding the Younger Dryas; perhaps it began 12,000 BC<br />
<br />
10,900–9,700 BC – mini ice age called the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younger_Dryas">Younger Dryas</a> causes sharp decline in temperatures over much of the northern hemisphere. Younger Dryas was triggered by vast meltwater probably from Lake Agassiz flowing into the North Atlantic, which caused disruption to thermohaline circulation. This causes severe problems in Natufian culture from drought; Natufians abandoned settlements and became nomadic; on the shores of disappearing lake Galilee, Natufians began farming; others began herding<br />
<br />
c. 10,700 BC – extinction of the North American megafauna, including giant sloths, American lion, giant tortoises, Smilodon, dire wolves, giant beaver, giant Columbian mammoth, woolly mammoth, mastodons, American cheetah, scimitar cats (Homotherium), American camels, and American horses <br />
<br />
<b>10,000 BC</b> – possible human population at 4 million<br />
c. 10,000 BC – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho#Natufian_hunter-gatherers.2C_c._10.2C000_BCE">Jericho</a> is a settlement, and before that a camping ground for Natufian hunter-gatherer groups<br />
<br />
c. 10,000 BC – the Komsa culture (Komsakulturen), a Mesolithic culture of hunter-gatherers in Northern Norway, in which the Komsa people settled the Norwegian coastline as glaciation receded at the end of the last ice age (11,000 and 8000 BC); the Komsa may be proto-Saami speakers<br />
<br />
after 9,700 BC – after the end of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younger_Dryas">Younger Dryas</a>, climate in Near East perfect for farming, which then spreads with combination of farming and herding<br />
<br />
c. 9,500 BC – first phase of construction of the temple complex at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a><br />
<br />
<b>9,000 BC</b><br />
<br />
c. 8,800 – 4,900 BC – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithic#Europe">Mesolithic period in Europe</a><br />
<br />
c. 8,000 BC – end of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_extinction_event">Quaternary extinction event</a> of the megafauna, which was a long process from the mid-Pleistocene<br />
<br />
c. 8,000 BC – wall of Jericho constructed; domestication of goats in the Near East; domestication of dogs from wolves in Asia<br />
<br />
<b>8,000 BC</b> – world population is possibly around 5,000,000<br />
<br />
c. 8,000–7,000 BC – the hypothetical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austric_languages">Austric proto-langauge</a> is spoken in the Burma-Yunnan frontier. The proposed Austric macrofamily has two subgroups:<blockquote><b>(1)</b> Hmong-Mien and <br />
<br />
<b>(2)</b> a proto-langauge that gave rise to<blockquote>(i) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages">Austroasiatic</a> and <br />
(ii) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai%E2%80%93Kadai_languages">Austro-Tai</a> including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages">Austronesian</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taikadai-en.svg">Tai-Kadai</a> (e.g., Thai and Lao; see map <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taikadai-en.svg">here</a>).</blockquote></BLOCKQUOTE>See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austric_languages#Classification_schemes">here</a>.<br />
<br />
c. 7,600–c. 6,000 BC – Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in the Near East; this was ended by Bond climatic event 5<br />
<br />
c. 7,500 BC – Mesolithic hunter-gatherers reach Ireland<br />
<br />
c. 7,500–3,500/3000 BC – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Subpluvial">Neolithic Subpluvial</a> (Holocene Wet Phase), a period of wet and rainy conditions in the climatic history of northern Africa<br />
<br />
c. 7,200 BC – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ay%C3%B6n%C3%BC">Çayönü</a>, a Neolithic settlement in southeastern Turkey, is the site where emmer wheat is first cultivated, and where the first domestic cattle and pigs are domesticated<br />
<br />
<b>7,000 BC</b><br />
c. 7,000–2,000 BC – time of the Proto-Uralic language, ancestral to the Uralic language family; the Proto-Uralic homeland may have been around the Kama River, close to the Great Volga Bend and the Ural Mountains; Proto-Uralic language diverged into Proto-Samoyedic and Proto-Finno-Ugric:<blockquote><b>(1)</b> Finno-Ugric<blockquote><b>(i)</b> Finnic<blockquote>Baltic Finnic<br />
Estonian<br />
Finnish<br />
Karelian<br />
Livonian<br />
Ingrian<br />
Sami (Lapp languages)<br />
Permic</BLOCKQUOTE><b>(ii)</b> Ugric<blockquote>Ob Ugric<br />
Hungarian</BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE><b>(2)</b> Samoyedic<blockquote>Nenets<br />
Enets<br />
Selkup</BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE>c. 7,000 BC – farming spreads into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam">Elam</a><br />
<br />
7,000–3,000 / c. 1,700 BC – Neolithic Europe; 7,000–3,000 BC in southeast Europe; c. 4,500–1,700 BC in northwest Europe<br />
<br />
c. 6,500 BC–4,000 BC – Neolithic Anatolian farmers from northern Greece and north-western Turkey started migrating into central Europe through the Balkan route and then by the Mediterranean route to the Iberian Peninsula (see <a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/113/25/6886.full">here</a>)<br />
<br />
c. 6,500–3,800 BC – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubaid_period">Ubaid period</a>, a prehistoric period of Mesopotamia; in North Mesopotamia, from c. 5,300 and 4,300 BC<br />
<br />
c. 6,500 BC – first known settlement in southern Mesopotamia established at Eridu by farmers with the Hadji Muhammed culture, which was derived from the Samarran culture of north MesopotamiaThe archaeological history of Sumer:<blockquote>6,500–4,100 BC – Ubaid period (Neolithic to Chalcolithic pottery)<br />
4,100–2,900 BC – Uruk period (Late Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age I)<br />
4,100–3,300 BC – Uruk XIV–V<br />
3,300–3,100 BC – Uruk IV period<br />
3,100–2,900 BC – Jemdet Nasr period (Uruk III)<br />
2,900–2,800 BC – Early Dynastic I period<br />
2,800–2,600 BC – Early Dynastic II period<br />
2,600–2,500 BC – Early Dynastic IIIa period <br />
c. 2,500–2,334 BC – Early Dynastic IIIb period<br />
c. 2,334–2,218 BC – Akkadian Empire period <br />
c. 2,218–2,047 BC – Gutian period<br />
c. 2047–1940 BC – Ur III period</BLOCKQUOTE>c. 6,400 BC – the Black Sea, until this time a fresh water lake, is connected to the Mediterranean Sea, perhaps in a flood<br />
<br />
6,200 BC – Bond climatic event 5 ends Middle Eastern Neolithic B culture (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_event">Bond event</a>), a sudden cold period lasting 200 to 400 years causing problems to humans worldwide and migrations in search of food and water<br />
<br />
c. 6,100 BC – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storegga_Slide">Storegga Slide</a> <br />
<br />
c. 6,100 BC – Britain gradually becomes an island after a tsunami from the underwater <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storegga_Slide">Storegga Slide</a> and the later bursting of Lake Agassiz (which flooded the oceans and caused sea levels to rise in the space of two years) permanently floods <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doggerland">Doggerland</a> (Dogger Bank, an upland area of Doggerland, is believed to have remained as an island until at least 5000 BC)<br />
<br />
6,000–5,000 BC – the time of the Proto-Altaic language with its homeland in Central Asian steppes. The Altaic languages:<blockquote>Turkic<br />
Mongolic<br />
Tungusic</BLOCKQUOTE>6,000 BC – the Copper Age begins in the Fertile Crescent; the Torres Strait (separating Australia from New Guinea) is formed as sea levels rise<br />
<br />
c. 6,000 BC – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Banks_of_Newfoundland">Grand Banks of Newfoundland</a> (underwater plateaus south-east of Newfoundland on the North American continental shelf) are submerged by rising sea levels<br />
<br />
<b>6,000 BC</b><br />
<br />
c. 6,000 BC – the ancestors of the Austronesians migrate from South China to Taiwan <br />
<br />
5,700–4,500 BC – time of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_culture">Vinča culture</a> (the Turdaș culture or Turdaș-Vinča culture), a Neolithic archaeological culture in Central Europe and Southeastern Europe, of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Europe_(archaeology)">Old Europe</a><br />
<br />
c. 5,500–4,800 BC – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarra_culture">Samarra culture</a> in Mesopotamia<br />
<br />
c. 5,500 BC – agriculture spreads throughout ancient Egypt<br />
<br />
5,500 BC – copper technology (e.g., a copper axe) used in Serbia <br />
<br />
<b>5,000 BC</b><br />
<br />
c. 5,000 BC – speakers of pre-proto-Indo-European migrate into the regions north of the Black Sea from central Asia<br />
<br />
5,000–3,500 BC – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danubian_culture">Danube Valley civilization</a> (or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_culture">Vinča culture</a>)<br />
<br />
5,000–4,000 BC – the Sahara in its wet phase may have been home to the proto-Semitic speakers<br />
<br />
4,300–3,300 BC – Chalcolithic age in the Near East <br />
<br />
<b>4,000 BC</b> – possible human population at 7 million<br />
<br />
c. 4,000–3,000 BC – beginning of migrations of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages">Austronesian-speaking people</a> from Taiwan to the Philippines, Borneo, Indonesia and the Pacific islands (see map <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Migraciones_austronesias.png">here</a>).<br />
<br />
c. 4,000 BC – the Proto-Sino-Tibetan language still undifferentiated; the Proto-Sino-Tibetan homeland was possibly around the sources of the Yellow, Yangtze, Mekong, Brahmaputra, Salween, and Irrawaddy rivers<br />
<br />
4,000–3,000 BC – time of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Dravidian_language">Proto-Dravidian language</a> in India; some scholars think that Dravidian and the ancient Elamite language form the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_languages">Elamo-Dravidian language family</a><br />
<br />
4,000–2,000 BC – possible date of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartvelian_languages">Proto-Kartvelian language</a>, which was spoken in the western and central areas of the Lesser Caucasus<br />
<br />
c. 4,000–3,100 BC – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk_period">Uruk period</a> in Mesopotamia <br />
<br />
c. 3,900 BC – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5.9_kiloyear_event">5.9 kiloyear event</a> (Bond event 4), which intense aridification of various regions <br />
<br />
c. 3,900 BC – the Sahara becomes a desert during Bond event 4 or the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5.9_kiloyear_event">5.9 kiloyear event</a>. A severe drought occurs ending the Ubaid period and a migration of people from the Sahara in search of food and water to Egypt<br />
<br />
c. 3,800–3,500 BC – emergence of Proto-Semitic?<br />
<br />
c. 3,800–c. 3,350 BC – the Middle Chalcolithic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghassulian">Ghassulian culture</a> in the Southern Levant<br />
<br />
3,700–3,600 BC – Minoan culture emerges in Crete<br />
<br />
3,500–1,700 BC – Chalcolithic Europe (Copper Age) period of prehistoric Europe<br />
<br />
3,500–2,340 BC – cities develop in Sumeria<br />
<br />
3,500–2,300 BC – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamna_culture">Yamna (or Pit Grave Culture) culture</a> of Indo-European-speakers in the Pontic-Caspian, a late Copper Age/early Bronze Age culture; followed by north: Corded Ware culture (c. 2,900–2,350 BC); west: Catacomb culture (c. 2800–2200 BC); east: Poltavka culture (2,700–2,100 BC), Srubna culture<br />
<br />
c. 3,500 BC – the Sahara becomes a desert and Proto-Semites may have emigrated into the Nile Delta and Palestine; the collapse of the Ghassulian culture in Palestine c. 3,300 BC may have been caused by this migration<br />
<br />
c. 3,400—c. 2,000 BC – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a> (or early trans-Caucasian culture) spread from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ararat_plain">Ararat plain</a> north into the Caucasus by 3,000 BC, and then south Caucasus, northwestern Iran, the northeastern Caucasus, eastern Turkey, and Syria; these people were ancestors of Hurrian, Urartian and Northeast Caucasian language speakers; (see map <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Influencedurartu1.PNG">here</a>); most probably home of proto-Hurro-Urartian, which developed into Hurrian, Urartian and possibly the Kassite language. See the map <a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/112/30/9190/F1.large.jpg">here</a>. Also dated to 3,500 to 2,450 BC<br />
<br />
c. 3,300–1,200 BC – Bronze Age in Near East<br />
<br />
3,300–2,800 BC – Early Harappan Ravi Phase of the Indus Valley civilisation<br />
<br />
c. 3,300 BC – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi">Ötzi the Iceman</a> dies (on border of modern Austria and Italy); his body discovered in 1991 in a glacier of the Ötztal Alps<br />
<br />
3,300–2,500 BC – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afanasevo_culture">Afanasevo culture</a> in the Minusinsk Basin and the Altai Mountains<br />
<br />
c. 3,200–600 BC – Bronze Age in Europe<br />
<br />
c. 3,200–c. 2,000 BC – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycladic_culture">Cycladic culture</a>, an Early Bronze Age culture of the Cyclades in the Aegean Sea<br />
<br />
c. 3,100–1,900 BC – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture">Corded Ware culture</a> in central and eastern Europe<br />
<br />
c. 3,100 BC – Narmer Palette<br />
<br />
c. 3,100 BC – earliest phase of Stonehenge<br />
<br />
3,100–2,600 BC – time of the archaic Sumerian language<br />
<br />
3,000–2,000 BC – Indo-European-speaking <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamna_culture">Yamnaya-culture</a> people swept into Europe from the Russian steppe<br />
<br />
c. 3,000 BC – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_Empire">Akkadians</a> migrate into northern Babylonia?<br />
<br />
<b>3,000 BC</b> – possible human population at 14 million<br />
<br />
c. 3,000–1,000 BC – common <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language">Proto-Balto-Slavic language</a> in eastern Poland, Russia and the Ukraine<br />
<br />
2,900–2,350 BC – Early Dynastic period in Mesopotamia (Middle Chronology; 2800–2230 BC under Short Chronology)<br />
<br />
c. 2,700—2,100 BC – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltavka_culture">Poltavka culture</a>, a middle Bronze Age culture of the middle Volga near Don-Volga canal into north of present Kazakhstan; Proto-Indo-Iranian speakers<br />
<br />
c. 2,686–c. 2,181 BC – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt">Old Kingdom of Egypt</a><br />
<br />
c. 2,667–2,648 BC – step pyramid of Djoser<br />
<br />
c.2,600 BC – large urban centres appear in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a> at Harappa, Ganeriwala, Mohenjo-Daro, Dholavira, Kalibangan, Rakhigarhi, Rupar, and Lothal; c. 1,052 cities and settlements develop<br />
<br />
2,600–1,900 BC – height of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a><br />
<br />
2,400–2,000/1,700 BC – Indo-Europeans speakers arrive in Greece bringing with them the Proto-Greek language that would evolve into Mycenaean Greek and then the later Greek dialects of Classical Greece<br />
<br />
2,340–2,316 BC – reign of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugal-zage-si">Lugalzagesi</a> (Lugalzaggesi; c. 2,294–2,270 BC under short chronology); the last Sumerian king who began his rule from Umma, and who conquered Sumer as king of the third dynasty of Uruk; he conquered Kish, Lagash, Ur, Nippur, Larsa, and Uruk. He made Uruk his new capital (see the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Umma2350.PNG">map</a> here)<br />
<br />
c. 2,340–c. 2,284 BC – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a>, first ruler of the Akkadian empire<br />
<br />
2,350–2,170 BC – Akkadian empire (Middle Chronology; 2230–2050 BC under Short Chronology)<br />
<br />
c. 2,300 BC – the Hattians are attested in Anatolia in the Mesopotamian cuneiform tablets from the period of Sargon of Akkad; the Hattians may be descendants of Anatolian farmers<br />
<br />
c. 2,266–c. 1,761 BC – Third Kingdom of Mari<br />
<br />
2,200 BC – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4.2_kiloyear_event">Bond Event 3</a> (or 4.2 kiloyear event) causes the collapse of the Egyptian Old Kingdom and the Akkadian Empire <br />
<br />
c. 2,181–c. 2,055 BC – First Intermediate Period of Egypt<br />
<br />
c. 2,150 BC – invasion of Mesopotamia by the Guti?; defeat of Ur-Utu of Uruk <br />
<br />
c. 2,115 BC – conquest of Akkad by the Guti?<br />
<br />
c. 2,154 BC–c.2,112 BC – Gutian dynasty of Sumer (Middle Chronology)<br />
<br />
2,112–2,004 BC – Third Dynasty of Ur (Middle Chronology; 2055–1940 BC under Short Chronology)<br />
<br />
2,100–1,800 BC – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintashta_culture">the Sintashta culture</a> of Indo-European proto-Indo-Iranian speakers, a Bronze Age archaeological culture of the north Eurasian steppe; the earliest known chariots found in Sintashta burials (see map <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:From_Corded_Ware_to_Sintashta.jpg">here</a><br />
<br />
2,100–1,800 BC – Amorite migration into Mesopotamia<br />
<br />
c. 2,100–1,700 BC – time of the use of Cretan hieroglyphic on Crete<br />
<br />
c. 2,055–c. 1,650 BC – Middle Kingdom of Egypt<br />
<br />
2,025–1,378 BC – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Empire">Old Assyrian Empire</a><br />
<br />
before c. 2,000 BC – migration of Hittites into Anatolia, either from Balkans or the Caspian Sea, possibly from 3,000 to 2,000 BC. Some scholars put the arrival as early as c.4,000 BC. For Sturtevant’s Indo-Hittite hypothesis (1926) which places the split of Indo-Hittite from Pre-Proto-Indo-European language as early as 7,000 BC, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Hittite">here</a>. For another view, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age_migrations_(Ancient_Near_East)">here</a><br />
<br />
<b>2,000 BC</b> – possible human population at 27 million<br />
<br />
c. 2,000–900 BC – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronovo_culture">Andronovo culture</a>, a Bronze Age culture in western Siberia and the west Asiatic steppe; the culture of the Indo-Iranians; Andronovo culture gave rise to the Saka (Scythians), Sarmatians and Alans.<br />
<br />
c. 2,000 BC – Stonehenge completed<br />
<br />
c. 2,000–700 BC – Bronze Age in China<br />
<br />
c. 2,000 BC – early Proto-German develops in northern Germany and in southern Scandinavia<br />
<br />
c. 2,000 BC – last woolly mammoths go extinct on Wrangel island, an island in the Arctic Ocean <br />
<br />
c. 1,900 BC – Minoan Old Palace (or Protopalatial) period begins in Crete<br />
<br />
1,894–1,595 BC – the Amorite Dynasty of Babylon<br />
<br />
c. 1,830 BC – Mari becomes the seat of the Amorite Lim dynasty under king Yaggid-Lim<br />
<br />
c. 1,809–c. 1,776 BC – Shamshi-Adad I, an Amorite king of the Old Assyrian Empire, conquers a large area in north Mesopotamia<br />
<br />
1,800–1,300 BC – Troy VI archaeological period<br />
<br />
1,800–1,600 BC – the Indo-European speakers of India split off from Indo-Iranian language<br />
<br />
c. 1,800–1,450 BC – period of use of Linear A script on Crete for the Minoan language, which was also used on the Aegean islands (Kea, Kythera, Melos, Thera) and Greek mainland (Laconia) <br />
<br />
c. 1,795 BC – Shamshi-Adad I occupied Mari <br />
<br />
c. 1,792–1,750 BC – rule of Hammurabi in Babylonia (middle chronology)<br />
<br />
1,700–1,600 BC – height of the Minoan civilization<br />
<br />
c. 1,732–1,460 BC – Sealand Dynasty in southern Mesopotamia <br />
<br />
c. 1,650–1,550 BC – Second Intermediate Period of Egypt<br />
<br />
c. 1,650 BC – Hyksos conquest of Memphis and the collapse of the 13th Dynasty of Egypt<br />
<br />
c. 1,642–c. 1,540 BC – Minoan eruption of Thera (Santorini eruption)<br />
<br />
c. 1,600–after c. 1,180 BC – Hittite empire<br />
<br />
c. 1,600–1,100 BC – Mycenaean Greece<br />
<br />
1,595 BC – Hittites sack Babylon and end Old Babylonian Kingdom<br />
<br />
1,595–1,155 BC – Kassite Dynasty of Babylon <br />
<br />
c. 1,550 BC – Ahmose I (ruled c. 1,539–1,514 BC) expelled the Hyksos and their last king Khamudi from Egypt <br />
<br />
c. 1,550–c. 1,077 BC – New Kingdom of Egypt<br />
<br />
c. 1,500 BC – migration of Indo-Iranians into Iran and northern Mesopotamia who become the elite of the Mitanni kingdom<br />
<br />
c. 1,500 BC – migration of Indo-European speakers into northern India (Vedic people)<br />
<br />
c. 1,500–1,300 BC – kingdom of the Mitanni, a Hurrian-speaking state in north Syria and southeast Anatolia, ruled by a Indo-Iranian elite (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Near_East_1400_BCE.png">map</a>)<br />
<br />
c. 1,490 BC – Mycenaean conquest of the Minoans<br />
<br />
1,450 BC – the oldest Mycenaean writing, derived from the older Linear A, which remains the undeciphered earlier script of the Minoan language<br />
<br />
c. 1,450–1,200 BC – period of the use of Linear B script for Mycenaean Greek, found in Crete (Knossos) and mainland Greece (Pylos, Mycenae, Thebes, Tiryns)<br />
<br />
1,392–934 BC – Middle Assyrian Empire<br />
<br />
c. 1,340–1,100 BC – Minoan Warm Period <br />
<br />
c. 1,300–c. 750 BC – Urnfield culture, late Bronze Age culture of central Europe, within which was the Proto-Italo-Celtic homeland<br />
<br />
1,279–1,213 BC – reign of Ramesses II<br />
<br />
1,277 BC – an attack of the Sherden (or Shardana) on the Nile Delta repulsed and defeated by Ramesses II<br />
<br />
c. 1,258 BC – the Treaty of Kadesh between the Hittite ruler Hattusili III and Rameses II<br />
<br />
1,250 BC – Troy VI probably destroyed by an earthquake<br />
<br />
c. 1,207–1,178 BC – the reign of Suppiluliuma II (the son of Tudhaliya IV), the last known king of the New Kingdom of the Hittite Empire (on short chronology)<br />
<br />
1,200–c. 900 BC – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Villanovan_culture">Proto-Villanovan culture</a> in Italy (either early Etruscan or proto-Italic); possibly two waves of Tyrsenian-speakers came to Italy from north-west Anatolia c.1,100 BC and 900 BC; and c. 800 BC to Lemnos<br />
<br />
c. 1,184 BC – Troy VIIa destroyed by war: there is evidence of fire and slaughter, which brought Troy VIIa to an end<br />
<br />
c. 1,180 BC – the Hittite capital Hattusa burnt to the ground after invasions by the Kaskans, Phrygians and Bryges<br />
<br />
c. 1,178 BC – invasion of Sea peoples during the battle of Djahy, between the forces of Ramesses III, fought in Djahy or modern day southern Lebanon<br />
<br />
c. 1,155–1,025 BC – Dynasty IV of Babylon (from Isin)<br />
<br />
c.1,150 – final destruction of citadel of Mycenae<br />
<br />
c. 1,126–1,103 BC – reign of Nebuchadnezzar I<br />
<br />
c. 1,100 BC – great Bronze Age civilizations collapse, probably by a severe drought; end of the Minoan Warm Period<br />
<br />
c.1,100–1,000 – gradual invasion or migration of Dorians into mainland Greece (perhaps from c.1,000–900)<br />
<br />
c. 1,069–c. 664 BC – Third Intermediate Period of Egypt<blockquote>1069–945 BC – the 21th Dynasty of Egypt (ruled from Tanis)<br />
945–720 BC – the 22nd Dynasty of Egypt (originally ruled from Bubastis), Meshwesh Libyans<br />
837–728 BC – the 23rd Dynasty of Egypt, Meshwesh Libyan kings in Upper Egypt<br />
732–720 BC – the 24th Dynasty of Egypt (ruled from Sais)<br />
760–656 BC – the 25th Dynasty of Egypt (or the Nubian Dynasty or Kushite Empire)</BLOCKQUOTE>c. 1,050–950 BC – migration of Ionians to the islands and west Anatolia<br />
<br />
1,006–965 BC – traditional date of David, king of the ancient Israelites<br />
<br />
<b>1,000 BC</b><br />
<br />
1,000–750 BC – the Dark Age in Greece<br />
<br />
c. 1000 BC – proto-Thracians in the Balkans from which Dacians and Thracians develop<br />
<br />
c. 950–900 BC – migration of Arameans and Suteans into Babylonia; in the late 10th or early 9th century BC the Chaldeans followed<br />
<br />
965–925 BC – traditional date of Solomon, king of the ancient Israelites<br />
<br />
945–720 BC – the 22nd Dynasty of Egypt (the Bubastite Dynasty), which originally ruled from the city of Bubastis<br />
<br />
911–612 BC – the Neo-Assyrian Empire:<blockquote><b>Kings of Assyria</b><br />
911–891 BC – Adad-nirari II<br />
891–884 BC – Tukulti-Ninurta II<br />
883–859 BC – Ashurnasirpal II<br />
859–824 BC – Shalmaneser III<br />
824–811 BC – Shamshi-Adad V<br />
811– 808 BC – Shammurāmat (or Sammuramat), regent<br />
811–783 BC – Adad-nirari III<br />
783–773 BC – Shalmaneser IV<br />
772–755 BC – Ashur-dan III<br />
755–745 BC – Ashur-nirari V<br />
745–727 BC – Tiglath-Pileser III <br />
727–722 BC – Shalmaneser V<br />
722–705 BC – Sargon II<br />
705–681 BC – Sennacherib<br />
681–669 BC – Esarhaddon<br />
668–c. 627 BC – Ashurbanipal<br />
c. 631–c. 627 BC – Ashur-etil-ilani<br />
626 BC – Sin-shumu-lishir <br />
c. 627 – 612 BC – Sinsharishkun <br />
612–c. 609 BC – Ashur-uballit II (ruled from the city of Harran)</BLOCKQUOTE><b>900 BC</b><br />
<br />
c. 900–700 BC – time of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villanovan_culture">Villanovan culture proper (Villanovan II)</a>, which developed to Etruscan culture<br />
<br />
c. 900–800 BC – Scythians (Eastern Iranian speakers) migrate into southern Russia <br />
<br />
860–590 BC – the era of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu">kingdom of Urartu</a> (or Kingdom of Ararat or Van), an Iron Age kingdom situated on Lake Van in the Armenian Highlands. See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Urartu_860_840-en.svg">map</a><br />
<br />
859–824 BC – reign of Shalmaneser III<br />
<br />
850 BC – the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III conquers Babylon and makes it king subject to Assyria<br />
<br />
837–728 BC – the 23rd Dynasty of Egypt, of Meshwesh Libyan kings, who ruled Upper Egypt at the same time as the 22nd Dynasty<br />
<br />
811–808 BC – Shammurāmat (or Sammuramat) is regent of Assyria for her son Adad-nirari III; she becomes the legendary queen Semiramis in Greek myth<br />
<br />
<b>800 BC</b><br />
c. 800 BC – possible migration of Tyrsenian-speakers from north-west Anatolia to Lemnos (with the Lemnian language)<br />
<br />
800–500 BC – Tyrsenian culture on Lemnos<br />
<br />
c. 800–c. 500 BC – Hallstatt culture in Western and Central Europe, within which was the Proto-Celtic homeland<br />
<br />
c. 800 BC – Iranian speakers who became the Medes and Persians migrate into Iran?<br />
<br />
776 BC – traditional date of the first Olympic Games<br />
<br />
760–656 BC – the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty of Egypt (or the Nubian Dynasty or the Kushite Empire), the last dynasty of the Third Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt<br />
<br />
760–740 BC – time of Eumelus of Corinth, a semi-legendary early Greek poet, who supposedly wrote the <i>Titanomachy</i>, <i>Corinthiaca</i>, <i>Europia</i> (<i>Bougonia</i>), and <i>Return from Troy</i><br />
<br />
750–650 BC – time of Hesiod, author of <i>Works and Days</i>, <i>Theogony</i>, and <i>Shield of Heracles</i><br />
<br />
750–480 BC – the Archaic Period in Greece<br />
<br />
750–700 BC – Homeric poems the <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i> written down<br />
<br />
747–721 BC – rule of Piye, the Kushite king and founder of the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty of Egypt who ruled from Napata in Nubia<br />
<br />
743–724 BC – the First Messenian War between Messenia and Sparta<br />
<br />
738 BC – Tiglath-Pileser III occupies Philistia and invaded Israel<br />
<br />
732 BC – Assyria takes the Aramean state of Damascus, deporting many of its inhabitants <br />
<br />
c. 728 – the Kushite Nubian ruler Piye invades Upper and Lower Egypt<br />
<br />
727 BC – Babylonia becomes independent of Assyria<br />
<br />
722 BC – Shalmaneser V dies during the siege of Samaria; Sargon II takes Samaria, ending the northern Kingdom of Israel and deporting 27,000 people into captivity<br />
<br />
716–678 BC – rule of Gyges, founder of the Mermnad dynasty of Lydian kings<br />
<br />
c. 714 BC – the Cimmerians (from the Pontic steppe) attacked Urartu <br />
<br />
c. 710–650 BC – the Lelantine War, the war between Chalcis and Eretria in Euboea over the control of the fertile Lelantine Plain on the island of Euboea; many other city states join in <br />
<br />
705 BC – the Cimmerians defeated by Assyrian forces under Sargon II; the Cimmerians conquered Phrygia in 696/5<br />
<br />
<b>700 BC</b><br />
<br />
c. 700 BC – dating of Hesiod’s <i>Works and Days</i> and <i>Theogony</i><br />
<br />
687 BC – office of archon is established in Athens<br />
<br />
685–668 BC – the Second Messenian War between Messenia and Sparta, after a helot slave rebellion <br />
<br />
679 BC – Cimmerians and Scythians cross the Taurus Mountains and attack Assyrian colonies in Cilicia<br />
<br />
677 BC – Esarhaddon sacks Sidon<br />
<br />
673 BC – Esarhaddon raids Egypt <br />
<br />
671 BC – Assyrian invasion of Egypt by Esarhaddon; Esarhaddon drives Pharaoh Taharqa back to Nubia<br />
<br />
664–610 BC – rule of Psamtik I (Psammeticus), the first of Saite or Twenty-Sixth Dynasty of Egypt<br />
<br />
663 BC – Assyrian invasion of Egypt; sack of Thebes<br />
<br />
654 or 652 – Gyges of Lydia dies in battle against the Cimmerians; the Cimmerians sack Sardis, and plunder Ionian colonies<br />
<br />
645–560 BC – Sparta fights wars with Tegea<br />
<br />
644 – the Cimmerians occupy Sardis<br />
<br />
632 BC – the Athenian aristocrat Cylon invades Attica from Megara<br />
<br />
626–539 BC – Neo-Babylonian empire<br />
<br />
626 – accession of Nabopolassar<BLOCKQUOTE>626–605 – Nabopolassar<br />
605–562 – Nebuchadnezzar II<br />
562–560 – Amel-Marduk<br />
560–556 – Nergal-shar-usur <br />
556 – Labashi-Marduk<br />
556–539 – Nabonidus</BLOCKQUOTE>c. 619 BC – the Cimmerians are defeated by Alyattes of Lydia <br />
<br />
612 BC – alliance of Medes, Babylonians and Susianians conquer the Assyrian capital Nineveh<br />
<br />
610–595 BC – the reign of Necho II, a Pharaoh of the 26th Dynasty<br />
<br />
609 BC – battle of Carchemish<br />
<br />
c. 609 BC – Necho II (610–595) constructs a canal from the Nile to the Red Sea; he also founds Tell el-Maskhuta<br />
<br />
c. 605–c. 562 BC – reign of Nebuchadnezzar II, king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire<br />
<br />
<b>600 BC</b><br />
<br />
590–580 BC – the reforms of Solon (c. 638–c.558 BC) in ancient Athens<br />
<br />
559–530 BC – reign of Cyrus the Great:<blockquote>559–530 – Cyrus the Great<br />
530–522 – Cambyses<br />
522 – Bardiya (Gaumata)<br />
522–486 – Darius I<br />
485–465 – Xerxes I<br />
465–424 – Artaxerxes I<br />
424 – Xerxes II<br />
424–423 – Sogdianus<br />
424–404 – Darius II<br />
404–358 – Artaxerxes II<br />
358–338 – Artaxerxes III<br />
338–336 – Artaxerxes IV<br />
336–330 – Darius III</BLOCKQUOTE>546–528/27 BC – the tyrant Peisistratos controlled Athens<br />
<br />
539 BC – Babylon conquered by Cyrus the Great<br />
<br />
528/27 BC–514 BC – rule of the tyrant Hipparchus (528/27 BC–514 BC) and Hippias (528/27 BC–511/10 BC) in Athens<br />
<br />
September 522–October 486 – reign of Darius I<br />
<br />
514 BC – assassination of the Athenain tyrant Hipparchus<br />
<br />
511/10 BC – the tyrant Hippias from Athens expelled by the Spartans<br />
<br />
507–501 BC – Cleisthenes takes power and reforms Athenian democracy<br />
<br />
<b>500 BC</b><br />
October 486–August 465 – reign of Xerxes I<br />
<br />
480–322 BC – the Greek Classical Period<br />
<br />
480–479 BC – the Persian invasion of Greece<br />
<br />
480 BC – lions (the <i>Panthera leo europaea</i>) common in Greece; by 300 BC they were dying out and were extinct by c. 100 BC<br />
<br />
478 BC – the Delian League founded as an alliance of Greek states<br />
<br />
460–445 – First Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta:<blockquote>460 BC – the battle of Oenoe<br />
<br />
457 BC – Athenians defeated at Tanagra<br />
<br />
457 BC – the battle of Oenophyta and defeat of Aegina <br />
<br />
c. 451 – five year truce <br />
<br />
449–448 BC – Second Sacred War <br />
<br />
447 BC – the revolt of Boeotia from Athens and Athenian defeat at Coronea <br />
<br />
446–445 BC – conflict ends with the Thirty Years’ Peace</BLOCKQUOTE>431–404 BC – the Peloponnesian War in Greece<br />
<br />
431–404 BC – the Peloponnesian War in ancient Greece:<blockquote>431–421 BC – the Archidamian war; Sparta invaded Attica and Athens uses naval power to attack Sparta; ended with the Peace of Nicias (421 BC)<br />
<br />
421 BC – Peace of Nicias <br />
<br />
421–413 – the middle phase of the Peloponnesian War<br />
<br />
415–413 BC – the Sicilian Expedition by Athens to Sicily<br />
<br />
413–404 – the Decelean War (or Ionian War); Sparta incites revolts within Athens’ empire<br />
<br />
405 BC – the Athenian fleet defeated at battle of Aegospotami</BLOCKQUOTE>404 BC – the Thirty Tyrants in Athens<br />
<br />
404–371 BC – the Spartan hegemony in Greece; ended by the Battle of Leuctra (371 BC)<br />
<br />
<b>400 BC</b><br />
<br />
396–395 BC – the king of Sparta Agesilaus II invades Asia Minor<br />
<br />
395–387 BC – the Corinthian War; the city states of Argos, Thebes, Corinth and Athens fight Sparta<br />
<br />
387/386 – King’s Peace, peace settlement in Greece<br />
<br />
379/378 – expulsion of the Spartan garrison from Thebes<br />
<br />
378–355 BC – the Second Athenian League in Greece<br />
<br />
371 BC – the Greek city state Thebes defeats Sparta at the battle of Leuctra <br />
<br />
371–362 BC – the Theban hegemony in Greece; ended by the Battle of Mantinea (362 BC)<br />
<br />
370–369 BC – Thebes liberates Messenia<br />
<br />
362 BC – Athens and other Greek cities defeat Thebes in the battle of Mantinea<br />
<br />
357–355 BC – the Social War in Greece, a rebellion against Athens by its allies in the Second Athenian League <br />
<br />
359–336 BC – reign of Philip II of Macedon<br />
<br />
356–346 BC – Third Sacred War; the city of Delphi seized by the Phocians<br />
<br />
348 BC – Philip II captures Olynthos <br />
<br />
346 BC – the Peace of Philocrates ends the Sacred war and conflict between Athens and Macedonia<br />
<br />
338 BC – the Macedonian king Philip II defeats the Greeks at the Battle of Chaeronea<br />
<br />
336 BC – the assassination of Philip II<br />
<br />
336–323 BC – the reign of Alexander the Great <br />
<br />
323–322 BC – the Lamian War<br />
<br />
322/1 BC – democracy overthrown at Athens by Antipater <br />
<br />
spring 318 BC – democratic revolution at Athens and the overthrow of Phocion<br />
<br />
317 – Cassander (the king of Macedonia 305–297 BC) appoints Demetrius of Phalerum as ruler of Athens<br />
<br />
317–307 BC – rule of the tyrant Demetrius of Phalerum at Athens<br />
<br />
307–300 – restored democracy at Athens<br />
<br />
c. 300–295 – rule of the tyrant Lachares in Athens<br />
<br />
<b>300 BC</b><br />
<br />
295–287 – rule of Demetrius the Besieger (king of Macedon 294–288 BC)<br />
<br />
287–260 – Athenian democracy restored<br />
<br />
260 – Antigonus Gonatas captures Athens and abolished democracy<br />
<br />
300 BC–AD 300 – the Iron Age Yayoi period in Japan<br />
<br />
250 BC–400 AD – Roman Warm Period or the Roman climatic optimum<br />
<br />
<b>1 AD</b><br />
<br />
500 AD – Slavic-speaking people rapidly expand from a homeland in eastern Poland and western Ukraine<br />
<br />
950–1250 AD – Medieval Warm Period.</BLOCKQUOTE><blockquote><b>Geologic Eons</b> <br />
4.6–4 billion years ago – the Hadean geologic eon <br />
4.6 billion–541 million years ago – Precambrian or Pre-Cambrian (a supereon spanning several eons)<br />
4–2.5 billion years ago – Archean Eon<br />
2.5 billion–542 million years ago – Proterozoic geological eon <br />
c. 541 million years–present – Phanerozoic eon, current geologic eon in the geologic time scale<br />
<br />
<b>Copper Age</b><br />
c. 3,500–1,700 BC – Chalcolithic Europe (Copper Age)<br />
4,300–3,300 BC – Chalcolithic age in the Near East<br />
<br />
<b>Bronze Age</b><br />
c. 3,300–1,200 BC – Bronze Age in Near East<br />
c. 3,200–600 BC – Bronze Age in Europe<br />
c. 3000–1200 BC – Bronze Age in South Asia<br />
<br />
<b>Iron Age</b><br />
1,200 BC–500 BC – Iron Age in Ancient Near East<br />
1,200 BC–1 BC – Iron Age in Europe<br />
1,200 BC–200 BC – Iron Age in India <br />
600 BC–200 BC – Iron Age in China</BLOCKQUOTE><b>BIBLIOGRAPHY</b><br />
Fu, Qiaomei, Posth, Cosimo et al. 2016. “The Genetic History of Ice Age Europe,” <i>Nature</i> 534: 200–205.<br />
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v534/n7606/full/nature17993.htmlLord Keyneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06556863604205200159noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4556861365216117920.post-9109380472596770542016-05-22T08:40:00.001-07:002016-05-22T11:30:25.953-07:00Chronology of the 19th CenturyBelow is a chronology of the 19th century with major military, political, social and cultural events of the time and biographical details of many historically important individuals:<blockquote><center><b>1810s</b></center>5 February 1811 – the Prince of Wales George becomes the Prince Regent<br />
<br />
25 October 1760–29 January 1820 – reign of George III<br />
<br />
18 June 1815 – Battle of Waterloo <br />
<br />
summer of 1816 – famous summer at the Villa Diodati by Lake Geneva, Switzerland, where Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mary Shelley and Lord Byron meet<br />
<br />
5 May 1818 – Karl Marx born to Heinrich Marx (a middle class lawyer) and Henrietta Pressburg in Trier<br />
<br />
<center><b>1820s</b></center>29 January 1820–26 June 1830 – reign of George IV<br />
<br />
8 July 1822 – Percy Bysshe Shelley drowned in the Gulf of Spezia while returning from Leghorn (Livorno)<br />
<br />
1824 – Marx was baptised as a Christian <br />
<br />
19 April 1824 – death of Lord Byron<br />
<br />
<center><b>1830s</b></center>1830–1835 – Marx attended Trier High School<br />
<br />
26 June 1830–20 June 1837 – reign of William IV (son of George III)<br />
<br />
27 December 1831–2 October 1836 – the famous voyage of the Beagle of Charles Darwin<br />
<br />
1835–1836 – Marx attended the University of Bonn to study law<br />
<br />
1836 – before leaving for Berlin Marx became engaged to Jenny von Westphalen <br />
<br />
1836–1840 – Marx attended the University of Berlin and joined the Young Hegelians<br />
<br />
1837 – Marx was a follower of Hegel and neglected his studies, all to his father’s intense disapproval<br />
<br />
20 June 1837 – accession of Queen Victoria (reigned from 1837–1901)<br />
<br />
1838 – Marx visited his family in Trier to find his father on his death bed <br />
<br />
late 1839 – Marx embarked on his Doctoral dissertation called <i>The Difference between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature</i> <br />
<br />
<center><b>1840s</b></center>10 February 1840 – marriage of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha<br />
<br />
April 1841 – Marx was awarded his PhD from the University of Jena called <i>The Difference between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature</i><br />
<br />
June 1841 – Marx returned to Trier, and had firm plans to be an academic, but the Prussian state had entered a period of pronounced hostility to the Young Hegelians<br />
<br />
1842 – Marx moved to Cologne in 1842, and became a journalist, often writing for <i>Rheinische Zeitung</i><br />
<br />
October 1842–February 1843 – Marx is the informal editor of the <i>Rheinische Zeitung</i><br />
<br />
2 January 1843 – premiere of Richard Wagner’s opera <i>The Flying Dutchman</i> at the Semper Oper in Dresden<br />
<br />
April 1843 – the <i>Rheinische Zeitung</i> was banned by the government and ceased publication<br />
<br />
19 June 1843 – Marx marries Jenny von Westphalen<br />
<br />
October 1843–1845 – Marx moves to Paris and writes for the <i>Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher</i> (<i>German-French Annals</i>) and then <i>Vorwärts!</i> (<i>Forward!</i>).<br />
<br />
February 1844 – the <i>Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher</i> publishes Marx’s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critique_of_Hegel%27s_Philosophy_of_Right">“A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right,”</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Jewish_Question">“On the Jewish Question.”</a><br />
<br />
28 August 1844 – Marx meets Friedrich Engels in Paris<br />
<br />
1844 – Marx wrote extended papers running to about 50,000 words called the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_and_Philosophic_Manuscripts_of_1844">“Paris Manuscripts” or “Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844,”</a> which were only published well after his death in 1927.<br />
<br />
1843–1845 – Marx embarks on a reading of political economy, and in particular the works of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and James Mill in French translation, Jean-Baptiste Say and Wilhelm Schulz <br />
<br />
January 1845 – the Prussian government demanded Marx’s expulsion and the French government agreed to this<br />
<br />
April 1845 – Marx moves from Paris to Brussels<br />
<br />
April 1845 – Helene “Lenchen” Demuth (1820–1890), a von Westphalen family servant, joined Marx’s household as a housekeeper and maid<br />
<br />
1845–1847 – Marx lives in Brussels in Belgium<br />
<br />
July 1845 – Marx and Engels visit Britain<br />
<br />
1845 – Marx and Engels publish <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holy_Family_%28book%29"><i>The Holy Family</i></a> <br />
<br />
1845–1847 – Marx and Engels wrote <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_German_Ideology"><i>The German Ideology</i></a>, but this was never published in Marx’s lifetime<br />
<br />
1846 – Marx and Engels formed the Communist Correspondence Committee of Brussels<br />
<br />
1847 – Marx publishes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Poverty_of_Philosophy"><i>The Poverty of Philosophy</i></a>, an attack on Pierre-Joseph Proudhon’s <i>The System of Economic Contradictions, or The Philosophy of Poverty</i>. Marx also set out his materialist view of history in this work, in which he had moved on from both Hegel and Ludwig von Feuerbach.<br />
<br />
June 1847 – the London-based “League of the Just” held a meeting in London in which it decided to merge with Marx and Engels’ Communist Corresponding Committee. The new organisation was called the “Communist League” (1847–1852).<br />
<br />
December 1847 to January 1848 – Marx and Engels write <i>The Communist Manifesto</i> <br />
<br />
21 February 1848 – <i>The Communist Manifesto</i> first published <br />
<br />
March 1848 – Belgium expels Marx after putting him in jail for a night <br />
<br />
23 March 1848–24 March 1849 - First Italian War of Independence fought between the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Austrian Empire <br />
<br />
1848 – Marx in France<br />
<br />
15 March 1848–4 October 1849 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 <br />
<br />
April 1848 – Marx moved to Cologne<br />
<br />
1848–1849 – Marx in Cologne<br />
<br />
September 1848 – there was an insurrection in Cologne but this was suppressed by the Prussians and the <i>Neue Rheinische Zeitung</i> was shut down in October<br />
<br />
September 1848 – Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood founded at the home of John Millais’s parents on Gower Street, London by John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and William Holman Hunt<br />
<br />
February 1849 – Marx was indicted for incitement to rebellion in Cologne, but in a trial was acquitted <br />
<br />
19 May 1849 – Marx left Cologne <br />
<br />
27 or 28 August 1849 – Marx arrived in London <br />
<br />
12 November 1849 – Engels arrived in London<br />
<br />
1849–1883 – Marx lives in London<br />
<br />
1850 – Marx had an affair with Helene “Lenchen” Demuth (1820–1890) and an illegitimate son Frederick Demuth was born in 1851.<br />
<br />
8 May–2 December 1850 – Marx lived at 64 Dean Street, Soho <br />
<br />
June 1850 – Marx acquired an admission card to the library of the British Museum <br />
<br />
1850–1856 – Marx lived at 28 Dean Street, Soho<br />
<br />
c. November 1850 – Engels moves to Manchester to serve as a clerk in his father’s business Ermen and Engels<br />
<br />
<center><b>1850s</b></center>April 1851 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
1 May–11 October 1851 – Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations or The Great Exhibition, in the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London<br />
<br />
23 June 1851 – Marx’s illegitimate child Henry Frederick was born <br />
<br />
November 1851 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
26 May–26 June 1852 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
1852 – Marx published <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eighteenth_Brumaire_of_Louis_Napoleon"><i> The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon</i></a>, an analysis of the French revolution of 1848 and the rise of the emperor Louis Napoleon III<br />
<br />
October–November 1852 – the Cologne communist trial saw a number of the members of the Communist league connected with Marx and Willich jailed as seditious revolutionaries, and Marx agreed to the dissolution of the league <br />
<br />
20 December 1852 – Lower Burma was formally annexed by the British empire<br />
<br />
October 1853–30 March 1856 – Crimean war<br />
<br />
1853–1862 – Marx turned to journalism in papers in England, the US, Prussia, Austria and South Africa, but mostly in the <i>New York Tribune</i><br />
<br />
30 April–May 1853 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
1854 – Marx befriended by David Urquhart (1805–1877)<br />
<br />
2 March 1855–13 March 1881 – reign of Alexander II of Russia<br />
<br />
April 1855 – Marx’s son Edgar died<br />
<br />
16 April–May 1855 – Marx and his wife visit Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
September–c.November 1855 – Marx and his wife visit Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
1856 – Marx moved out of Soho to 9 Grafton Terrace in Kentish town<br />
<br />
6 May 1856 – birth of Sigmund Freud <br />
<br />
c. July 1856 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
1857–1858 – John Hanning Speke and Richard Francis Burton discover Lake Tanganyika and Lake Victoria, the source of the Nile<br />
<br />
May 1857–June 1858 – Indian mutiny <br />
<br />
2 May 1857 – the Reading Room of the British Library officially opened<br />
<br />
2 August 1858 – Government of India Act 1858, the company was formally dissolved and its ruling powers over India were transferred to the British Crown<br />
<br />
1856–1859 – the Second Opium War <br />
<br />
1857 – UK recession <br />
<br />
1857–1858 – Marx writes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundrisse"><i>Grundrisse der Kritik der Politischen Ökonomie</i> (<i>Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy</i>)</a>, which were not even published until 1939<br />
<br />
1 May–c. late May 1858 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
June 1859 – Marx published <i>A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy</i><br />
<br />
c.June–July 1859 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels and Dundee to see Peter Imandt and Heise<br />
<br />
24 November 1859 – <i>Origin of Species</i> published<br />
<br />
1859–1864 – the novelist Samuel Butler in New Zealand<br />
<br />
1860 – Marx published <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Vogt">Karl Vogt</a><br />
<br />
1860 – Marx became anathema to the German émigré community in London when Karl Vogt accused Marx of being a police informer and having sold out his political allies <br />
<br />
16 February–23 March 1860 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels<br />
<br />
11 May–30 September 1860 – Garibaldi’s Redshirts invade Sicily and Naples<br />
<br />
November 1860 – Marx’s wife Jenny fell seriously ill with smallpox; Marx read Darwin’s revolutionary book <i>On the Origin of Species</i><br />
<br />
<center><b>1860s</b></center><b>1861</b><br />
February–May 1861 – Marx travels to Germany, and arrived in Berlin on 18 March, in order to attempt to organise with Lassalle a new radical newspaper in Germany that he could edit. He visited Trier at this time and saw his mother, but the visit did not go well and she broke off contact. Marx visits Holland. Marx arrived back in England in May 1861<br />
<br />
17 March 1861 – Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of Italy<br />
<br />
12 April 1861–May 9 1865 – American Civil War<br />
<br />
August–September 1861 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels<br />
<br />
14 December 1861 – death of Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha<br />
<br />
<b>1862</b><br />
11 February 1862 – death of Elizabeth Eleanor Siddal, wife of Dante Gabriel Rossetti <br />
<br />
April 1862 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels<br />
<br />
July 1862 – the German radical Ferdinand Lassalle (1825–1864) visited Marx in London<br />
<br />
c. September 1862 – Marx sought a job in a railway company but was turned down for bad handwriting<br />
<br />
December 1862 – Jenny Marx travels to Paris to try and obtain a loan from an old friend, but fails<br />
<br />
1863 – Marx starts to have severe health problems involving carbuncles, which may have been caused by an autoimmune disease<br />
<br />
7 January 1863 – Mary Burns (1823–1863), partner of Friedrich Engels, dies<br />
<br />
8 January 1863 – Marx writes a money-grubbing letter to Engels, which outrages Engels; however, Engels later sends £100 to Marx<br />
<br />
30 November 1863 – Marx’s mother dies, and Marx journeys to Trier to claim an inheritance of £580<br />
<br />
1864–December 1865 – King Ludwig II has Richard Wagner brought to Munich and Wagner’s time in Munich<br />
<br />
<b>1864</b><br />
8 January 1864 – birth of Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale<br />
<br />
1 February–30 October 1864 – Second Schleswig War<br />
<br />
March 1864 – Marx moved to 1 Modena Villas (now 1 Maitland Park) in North London<br />
<br />
12 March–25 March 1864 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels<br />
<br />
3 May–19 May 1864 – Marx visits Manchester to see Wilhelm Wolff with Engels<br />
<br />
after 9 May 1864 – Marx receives an inheritance of £700 from his friend Wilhelm Wolff<br />
<br />
31 August 1864 – death of Ferdinand Lassalle in a duel<br />
<br />
28 September 1864 – Marx was involved with the International Workingmen’s Association or the First International (1864–1876), which was founded in a workmen’s meeting held in Saint Martin’s Hall, London <br />
<br />
<b>1865</b><br />
1865–1869 – Richard Burton in Brazil<br />
<br />
January 1865 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels<br />
<br />
19 March–April 8 1865 – Marx visits Dutch relatives in Zalt-Bommel<br />
<br />
20 and 27 June 1865 – Marx’s delivers a series of lectures later published as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value,_Price_and_Profit"><i>Value, Price and Profit</i></a> (in 1898)<br />
<br />
20 October–November 1865 – Marx visits Manchester to see Engels<br />
<br />
November 1865 – Alfred Marshall elected to a fellowship at St John’s College at Cambridge<br />
<br />
<b>1866</b><br />
1866–1871 – David Livingstone’s famous trip to find the source of the Nile<br />
<br />
March 1866 – Marx spends four weeks convalescing in Margate<br />
<br />
14 June–23 August 1866 – Austro-Prussian War or Seven Weeks’ War<br />
<br />
20 June–12 August 1866 – Third Italian War of Independence fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Austrian Empire<br />
<br />
3–8 September 1866 – 1st General Congress of the International Workingmen's Association, held in Geneva, Switzerland<br />
<br />
<b>1867</b><br />
9 April 1867 – Marx took the manuscript of volume 1 of <i>Capital</I> to his in Hamburg.<br />
<br />
22 May–2 June 1867 – Marx visits Manchester with Hermann Meyer to see Engels<br />
<br />
2–8 September 1867 – 2nd General Congress of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA), held in the city of Lausanne, Switzerland<br />
<br />
14 September 1867 – the first volume of <i>Das Kapital</i> published in German<br />
<br />
13–23 September 1867 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
14 November 1867 – Henrik Ibsen’s play <i>Peer Gynt</i> published in Copenhagen<br />
<br />
<b>1868</b><br />
2 April 1868 – Marx’s daughter Laura Marx marries Paul Lafargue<br />
<br />
30 May–20 June 1868 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
6-13 September 1868 – the Brussels Congress of the First International<br />
<br />
<b>1869</b><br />
1869–1871 – Richard Francis Burton in Damascus<br />
<br />
May–14 June 1869 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester with his daughter Eleanor<br />
<br />
30 June 1869 – Engels retires from Ermen and Engels<br />
<br />
August 1869 – John Ruskin appointed as the first Slade Professor of Fine Art at Oxford University<br />
<br />
6–12 September 1869 – Basle Congress of the International Workingmen's Association<br />
<br />
September 1869 – Engels and Lizzie Burns visit Dublin, Killarney and Cork<br />
<br />
10 September-11 October 1869 – Marx and his daughter Jenny Marx visit Hanover<br />
<br />
November 17 1869 – Suez Canal officially opened <br />
<br />
<b>1870</b><br />
25 August 1870 – Richard Wagner’s marriage to Cosima Liszt (the daughter of the Hungarian composer Franz Liszt)<br />
<br />
summer 1870 – Marx visits Engels in Manchester<br />
<br />
20 September 1870 – Engels moved from Manchester to London and lived with Lydia “Lizzie” Burns, Mary Burns’s sister<br />
<br />
<center><b>1870s</b></center>19 July 1870–10 May 1871 – Franco-Prussian war<br />
<br />
1870 – Italian troops take Rome from Papacy<br />
<br />
2 September 1870 – Napoleon III surrenders to the Germans at Sedan<br />
<br />
4 September 1870 – Léon Gambetta proclaimed the return of the French Republic<br />
<br />
<b>1871</b><br />
1871–1874 – Oscar Wilde attends Trinity College, Dublin<br />
<br />
18 January 1871 – Wilhelm I formally proclaimed German Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles<br />
<br />
28 January 1871 – the French Government of National Defence signs an armistice with the Prussians<br />
<br />
1 March 1871 – the French national assembly officially deposed Napoleon III<br />
<br />
18 March–28 May 1871 – Paris Commune<br />
<br />
c. June 13 1871 – Marx published <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Civil_War_in_France"><i>The Civil War in France</i></a> <br />
<br />
10 November 1871 – Livingstone’s famous meeting with H. M. Stanley<br />
<br />
25 November 1871 – Henry Irving abandons his wife Florence O’Callaghan<br />
<br />
<b>1872</b><br />
1872 – Samuel Butler’s <i>Erewhon: or, Over the Range</i> is first published<br />
<br />
1872–1890 – Richard Francis Burton British Consul in Trieste<br />
<br />
January 1872 – Friedrich Nietzsche’s <i>The Birth of Tragedy out of the Spirit of Music</i> (<i>Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik</i>) first published by E. W. Fritsch in Leipzig<br />
<br />
22 April 1872 – Wagner leaves Switzerland and travels to live in Bayreuth<br />
<br />
18 May 1872 – birth of Bertrand Russell at Ravenscroft, Trellech, Monmouthshire<br />
<br />
26 June 1872–22 February 1873 – Engels publishes <i>The Housing Question</i> in <i>Volksstaat</i><br />
<br />
2–7 September 1872 – 5th congress of the First International meets in the Hague; Bakunin was expelled from the International and the General Council was moved to New York, which effectively killed the International so that it dissolved in 1876 <br />
<br />
10 October 1872 – Marx’s daughter Jenny Marx marries the French socialist Charles Longuet<br />
<br />
<b>1873</b><br />
19 March 1873 – Marx goes on a trip to Brighton with his daughter Eleanor<br />
<br />
April 1873 – Marx leaves his daughter Eleanor in Brighton, since she wishes to leave home and find employment<br />
<br />
8 April 1873–6 July 1875 – Julius Vogel is Premier of New Zealand<br />
<br />
9 May 1873 – the Vienna Stock Exchange crashes, and a number of bank failures in Austria occur<br />
<br />
22 May–June 1873 – Marx visits Manchester to see Dr Gumpert<br />
<br />
June 1873 – the second German edition of volume I of <i>Das Kapital</i> is published in Hamburg<br />
<br />
June 1873 – George Bernard Shaw leaves Dublin for London<br />
<br />
Autumn 1873 – Freud enters Vienna University as medical student<br />
<br />
early September 1873 – Marx’s daughter Eleanor returned to London<br />
<br />
18 September 1873 - the American company Jay Cooke & Company declares bankruptcy; the Panic of 1873 begins<br />
<br />
20 September 1873 - the New York Stock Exchange closes for ten days starting on this day<br />
<br />
24 November 1873 – Marx leaves London for a spa in Harrogate (near Leeds in North England), owing to bad heath; he is accompanied by Eleanor “Tussy” Marx and visits Manchester twice during the holiday; he stays until December 15<br />
<br />
15 December 1873 – Marx returns to London<br />
<br />
<b>1874</b><br />
1874–1878 – Oscar Wilde attends Magdalen College, Oxford<br />
<br />
20 February 1874–21 April 1880 – Benjamin Disraeli is Prime Minister of the UK<br />
<br />
mid-April 1874 – Marx takes a three-week seaside cure alone at Ramsgate (near Canterbury), owing to bad health (carbuncles and liver trouble)<br />
<br />
July 1874 – Marx took a three-week vacation in Ryde on the Isle of Wight<br />
<br />
15 August 1874 – Marx departed for the spa town of Karlsbad in Bohemia (which he also visited in 1875 and 1876) with his daughter Tussy<br />
<br />
August–19 September 1874 – Marx in Karlsbad (a spa resort, now Karlovy Vary in the Czech Republic); before 8 September Marx breaks with Louis (Ludwig) Kugelmann<br />
<br />
September 1874 – Marx went on a two-week tour of German cities and travels to Dresden, Leipzig (where he met Liebknecht), Berlin and Hamburg; he meets his publisher Meissner<br />
<br />
17 October 1874 – Oscar Wilde enters Magdalen College, Oxford<br />
<br />
30 November 1874 – birth of Winston Churchill<br />
<br />
<b>1875</b><br />
March 1875 – Marx family moves to 41 Maitland Park Road (44 Maitland Street), and lived here until he died<br />
<br />
April or early May 1875 – Marx writes the letter that would become the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critique_of_the_Gotha_Program"><i>Critique of the Gotha Program</i></a>, which was only published in 1891<br />
<br />
21 April 1875 – Charles Stewart Parnell elected to the House of Commons <br />
<br />
9 July 1875–4 August 1877 – Herzegovina Uprising, an uprising of ethnic Serbs against the Ottoman Empire, firstly in Herzegovina and then in Bosnia<br />
<br />
August 1875 – Marx returned to the Karlsbad spa<br />
<br />
November 1875 – Benjamin Disraeli buys the Khedive of Egypt’s 44% stake in the Suez canal<br />
<br />
<b>1876</b><br />
1876 – Cesare Lombroso’s <i>L’Uomo Delinquente</i> (Criminal Man) first published<br />
<br />
24 February 1876 – the play <i>Peer Gynt</i> first performed in Oslo, with original music composed by Edvard Grieg<br />
<br />
15 February 1876–1 September 1876 – Julius Vogel is Premier of New Zealand<br />
<br />
April–May 1876 – April Uprising, the insurrection of Bulgarians against the Ottoman Empire<br />
<br />
1 May 1876 – Queen Victoria declared empress of India<br />
<br />
June-July 1876 – Serbia and Montenegro declare war on Turkey<br />
<br />
18 June 1876–19 February 1878 – Montenegrin–Ottoman War, which ends in Montenegrin victory<br />
<br />
30 June 1876–3 March 1878 – Serbo-Turkish War <br />
<br />
13 August 1876 – beginning of the famous 1876 Bayreuth Festival and performance of Wagner’s <i>Das Rheingold</i>, prelude of <i>Der Ring des Nibelungen</i> (The Ring of the Nibelungen) at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus. The following plays are performed:<blockquote>13 August 1876 – <i>Das Rheingold</i> (The Rhinegold)<br />
14 August 1876 – <i>Die Walküre</i> (The Valkyrie)<br />
16 August 1876 – <i>Siegfried</i><br />
17 August 1876 – <i>Götterdämmerung</i> (The Twilight of the Gods)</BLOCKQUOTE>Marx arrives in Nuremberg at about 5 pm on 14 August and was unable to find accommodation in Nuremberg; he travels on to Weiden and arrives at midnight but finds no accommodation there either, because of the festival at Bayreuth; first Bayreuth Festival continues until 30 August 1876<br />
<br />
16 August 1876 – Richard Wagner’s <i>Siegfried</i> premiered at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus <br />
<br />
17 August 1876 – Richard Wagner’s <i>Götterdämmerung</i> (<i>Twilight of the Gods</i>) premiered at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus<br />
<br />
19 August 1876 – Marx writes a letter to Engels from Karlsbad calling the Bayreuth Festival “Wagner’s Festival of Fools” <br />
<br />
August–September 1876 – Marx returned to the Karlsbad spa with his daughter Tussy<br />
<br />
21 August 1876 – Benjamin Disraeli was created Earl of Beaconsfield<br />
<br />
5 September 1876 – William Gladstone published <i>The Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East</i><br />
<br />
6–12 September 1876 – Marx delayed in Karlsbad after his daughter Eleanor becomes ill with a fever<br />
<br />
mid-September 1876 – Marx visits Max Oppenheim in Prague and then journeys the down the middle Rhine<br />
<br />
21 September 1876 – Marx in Liège, Belgium<br />
<br />
October 1876–August 1881 – Arthur Conan Doyle studies at the University of Edinburgh Medical School; Arthur Conan Doyle meets the Scottish lecturer Joseph Bell in 1877, who is the inspiration for Sherlock Holmes<br />
<br />
November 1876 – Eugene Schuyler, the American Consul in Istanbul, publishes a report about the Bulgarian atrocities after his own investigation<br />
<br />
23 December 1876–20 January 1877 – Constantinople Conference of the Great Powers (namely, Russia, Germany, France, Britain, Austria-Hungary and Italy) held in Istanbul<br />
<br />
<b>1877</b><br />
24 April 1877–3 March 1878 – Russo-Turkish War<br />
<br />
August–September 1877 – Marx, his wife Jenny and daughter Eleanor travel for a holiday to Neuenahr, a spa town in Rhenish Prussia<br />
<br />
August 1877 – establishment of the Dogberry Club, a Shakespeare reading group<br />
<br />
<b>1878</b><br />
3 March 1878 – the preliminary Treaty of San Stefano <br />
<br />
25 May 1878 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s <i>H.M.S. Pinafore</i> first performed at the Opera Comique, London<br />
<br />
4 June 1878 – Cyprus Convention, the secret agreement between the United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire which granted Cyprus to Great Britain<br />
<br />
13 June–13 July 1878 – Congress of Berlin<br />
<br />
July 1878 – Engels published the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-D%C3%BChring"><i>Anti-Dühring</i> (1878)</a>, which was first published in serial form from January 3 1877 to July 7 1878 in the journal <i>Vorwärts</i><br />
<br />
13 July 1878 – Treaty of Berlin signed at the Radziwill Palace in Berlin<br />
<br />
August 1878 – the famous Victorian actor Henry Irving takes the lease of the Lyceum Theatre, London; the Irish writer Bram Stoker becomes his business manager in October<br />
<br />
12 September 1878 – Lydia “Lizzie” Burns dies<br />
<br />
c. September 1878 to 1880 – Second Anglo–Afghan War <br />
<br />
4–14 September 1878 – Marx is in Malvern, Worcester, with his wife, his daughter Jenny and his grandson<br />
<br />
16 September 1878 – Engels leaves for Littlehampton (near Worthing)<br />
<br />
20 September 1878 – Jenny Marx arrives in London<br />
<br />
19 October 1878 – Anti-Socialist laws in Germany<br />
<br />
November 1878 – Oscar Wilde graduates from Magdalen College, Oxford<br />
<br />
25–26 November 1878 – James McNeill Whistler sues the critic John Ruskin, and wins <br />
<br />
4 December 1878 – Florence Balcombe (1858–1937) and Bram Stoker married<br />
<br />
30 December 1878 – Henry Irving revives the play <i>Hamlet</i> at the Lyceum with Ellen Terry as Ophelia<br />
<br />
<b>1879</b><br />
11 January–4 July 1879 – Anglo-Zulu War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom<br />
<br />
after January 1879 – Midlothian campaign <br />
<br />
22 January 1879 – Battle of Isandlwana, first encounter of the Anglo–Zulu War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom<br />
<br />
2 May 1879 – Friedrich Nietzsche resigns his position at the University of Basel <br />
<br />
4 July 1879 – Battle of Ulundi, last major battle of the Anglo-Zulu War <br />
<br />
c.6 August–28 August 1879 – Engels and Carl Schorlemmer are on holiday in Eastbourne<br />
<br />
18 August 1879 – Marx’s daughter Jenny Longuet gives birth to a son, Edgar, in Ramsgate<br />
<br />
8–20 August 1879 – Marx and Eleanor (Tussy) Marx on holiday in St. Aubin’s and St. Helier, on the Isle of Jersey<br />
<br />
20 August 1879 – Marx and Eleanor (Tussy) Marx leave Jersey <br />
<br />
21 August–17 September 1879 – Marx arrived in Ramsgate to visit his daughter Jenny Marx and her new son Edgar<br />
<br />
17 September 1879 – Marx returns to London<br />
<br />
21 October 1879 – Irish National Land League founded in Castlebar, with Charles Stewart Parnell elected president <br />
<br />
1 November 1879 – Henry Irving’s production of <i>The Merchant of Venice</i> opened at the Lyceum; the famous Beefsteak Room dinners at the Lyceum begin <br />
<br />
21 December 1879 – Henrik Ibsen’s play <i>A Doll’s House</i> premiered at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark<br />
<br />
<b>1880</b><br />
14 February 1880 – famous banquet held to celebrate the 100th performance of Henry Irving’s play <i>The Merchant of Venice</i><br />
<br />
March–May 1880 – Engels published <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism:_Utopian_and_Scientific"><i>Socialism: Utopian and Scientific</i> (1880)</a><br />
<br />
March–April 1880 – United Kingdom general election of 1880 <br />
<br />
3 April 1880 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s <i>The Pirates of Penzance</i> opens at at the Opera Comique<br />
<br />
23 April 1880–9 June 1885 – William Ewart Gladstone Prime Minister of Britain<br />
<br />
20 May 1880 – Henry Irving’s production of <i>Iolanthe</i> at the Lyceum<br />
<br />
July 1880 – amnesty in France; Hippolyte-Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray returns to France on 4 July 1880<br />
<br />
18 September 1880 – Henry Irving’s production of <i>The Corsican Brothers</i> opened at the Lyceum<br />
<br />
<center><b>1880s</b></center><b>1881</b><br />
3 January 1881 – Henry Irving’s production of Tennyson’s <i>The Cup</i> opened at the Lyceum; William Ewart Gladstone attends<br />
<br />
24 January 1881 – William Ewart Gladstone introduced a Coercion Bill in the House of Commons, to deal with the Irish National Land League, with royal assent in March 1881<br />
<br />
13 March 1881 – death of Alexander II of Russia<br />
<br />
13 March 1881–1 November 1894 – reign of Alexander III of Russia<br />
<br />
19 April 1881 – death of Benjamin Disraeli<br />
<br />
23 April 1881 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s <i>Patience</i> first performed at the Opera Comique, London; the play moved to the famous Savoy Theatre on 10 October 1881<br />
<br />
2 and 9 May 1881 – revival of <i>Othello</i> at the Lyceum<br />
<br />
7 June 1881 – first meeting of the Social Democratic Federation (SDF), first socialist political party in Britain, organised by H. M. Hyndman, and whose members included William Morris, George Lansbury and Eleanor Marx<br />
<br />
July 1881 – Eleanor Marx decides to become an actress<br />
<br />
August–September 1881 – Marx and his wife visit Argenteuil near Paris<br />
<br />
16 August 1881 – Marx gets a letter about his daughter Tussy’s break down, and returns to London<br />
<br />
28 September 1881 – Charles Darwin meets Edward Aveling and Ludwig Büchner at Down House<br />
<br />
October 1881 – Marx’s wife bedridden for weeks<br />
<br />
10 October 1881 – the famous Savoy Theatre opened<br />
<br />
2 December 1881 – Marx’s wife Jenny dies<br />
<br />
5 December 1881 – Jenny Marx buried at Highgate cemetery<br />
<br />
29 December 1881 – Marx and Tussy go to Ventnor on the Isle of Wight.<br />
<br />
<b>1882</b><br />
2 January 1882 – Oscar Wilde arrives in America<br />
<br />
January 1882 – Eleanor Marx ends her engagement to Hippolyte-Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray<br />
<br />
February 1882 – Marx goes to Argenteuil with Eleanor Marx to see his daughter Jenny<br />
<br />
February 20 1882 – Marx arrives in Algiers and spent 3 months there, with stopovers in Argenteuil and Marseille on the way<br />
<br />
8 March 1882 – début of Henry Irving’s production of <i>Romeo and Juliet</i> at the Lyceum, with Ellen Terry as Juliet<br />
<br />
9 April 1882 – death of Dante Gabriel Rossetti<br />
<br />
19 April 1882 – death of Charles Darwin<br />
<br />
early May 1882 – Marx leaves Algiers for France via Monte Carlo<br />
<br />
26 May–29 August 1882 – beginning of the second Bayreuth Festival with Richard Wagner’s play <i>Parsifal</i><br />
<br />
summer 1882 – Marx in Artenteuil <br />
<br />
June 1882 – Arthur Conan Doyle sets up a medical practice at 1 Bush Villas in Elm Grove, Southsea, Portsmouth<br />
<br />
30 June 1882 – Eleanor Marx attends the annual celebration of the Browning Society at University College London<br />
<br />
July 1882–mid-August – Eleanor Marx goes to Artenteuil<br />
<br />
31 July 1882 – Sigmund Freud begins clinical training at the General Hospital of Vienna<br />
<br />
August 1882 – Marx then went from Artenteuil to Vevey in Switzerland, then returning to London <br />
<br />
September 1882 – British conquer Egypt<br />
<br />
14 September 1882 – Bram Stoker attempts to save a man attempting suicide while on a Thames ferry<br />
<br />
20 September 1882 – Rudyard Kipling sails for India<br />
<br />
October 1882 – Marx returns to London<br />
<br />
11 October 1882 – début of Henry Irving’s production of <i>Much Ado about Nothing</i> at the Lyceum; production continues until June 1883<br />
<br />
11 October 1882 – Eleanor Marx goes to the Lyceum to see Henry Irving’s production of <i>Much Ado about Nothing</i><br />
<br />
18 October 1882–9 March 1889 – Rudyard Kipling in India; from March to October 1889, he visits Japan and America<br />
<br />
November 1882–January 1883 – Marx goes to Ventnor on the Isle of Wight<br />
<br />
<b>1883</b><br />
1883–1891 – Friedrich Nietzsche’s <i>Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for All and None</i> (<i>Also sprach Zarathustra: Ein Buch für Alle und Keinen</i>) is published<br />
<br />
6 January 1883 – Oscar Wilde arrives in Liverpool from his American tour<br />
<br />
11 January 1883 – Marx’s daughter Jenny dies<br />
<br />
11 January 1883 – Marx informed of the death of his daughter Jenny from cancer on Marx and returned to London<br />
<br />
13 January 1883 – Marx returns to London from Ventnor?<br />
<br />
13 February 1883 – death of Wilhelm Richard Wagner<br />
<br />
February–mid-May 1883 – Oscar Wilde in Paris<br />
<br />
14 March 1883 – Marx dies in London of bronchitis and pleurisy<br />
<br />
17 March 1883 – Marx buried at Highgate cemetery, with 11 in attendance<br />
<br />
21 March 1883 – death of Harry Longuet, grandson of Marx, who was buried at Highgate cemetery<br />
<br />
24 May 1883 – Eleanor Marx meets Beatrice Potter (later Beatrice Webb) in the Reading Room of the British Museum; Eleanor frequents the Reading Room<br />
<br />
May 1883 – Eleanor Marx publishes an article on the life of Marx in <i>Progress</i> magazine<br />
<br />
June 1883 – Eleanor Marx publishes “Karl Marx II,” <i>Progress</i> (June): 362–366<br />
<br />
5 June 1883 – birth of John Maynard Keynes at 6 Harvey Road in Cambridge<br />
<br />
15 June 1883 – Henry Irving’s production of <i>Robert Macaire</i> at the Lyceum<br />
<br />
26–27 August 1883 – the famous 1883 eruption of Krakatoa in the Dutch East Indies <br />
<br />
September 1883 – Eleanor Marx goes on a holiday to Eastbourne with Engels and Helene “Lenchen” Demuth; after her return to London the Marx family home at 41 Maitland Park Road (44 Maitland Street) is vacated and Eleanor moves into 122 Great Coram Street, Bloomsbury<br />
<br />
September 1883–6 May 1907 – Evelyn Baring (1st Earl of Cromer) is 1st Consul-General of Egypt<br />
<br />
October 1883 – socialist debating group that would become the Fabian Society formed in London<br />
<br />
11 October 1883 – Henry Irving leaves Britain for his American tour<br />
<br />
October 1883–1884 – Henry Irving’s first American tour<br />
<br />
29 October 1883 – Henry Irving’s American theatrical tour begins in New York<br />
<br />
26 November 1883 – Henry Irving’s American tour opens in Philadelphia<br />
<br />
<b>1884</b><br />
4 January 1884 – Fabian Society was founded in London<br />
<br />
March 1884 – demonstration at Highgate Cemetery to commemorate the death of Marx <br />
<br />
20 March 1884 – Henry Irving and Bram Stoker meet Walt Whitman<br />
<br />
April 1884 – Henry Irving returns to Britain<br />
<br />
29 May 1884 – marriage of Oscar Wilde and Constance Lloyd<br />
<br />
June 1884 – Eleanor Marx and Edward Aveling (1849–1898) decide to move in together<br />
<br />
18 July 1884 – Eleanor Marx and Edward Aveling move into 55 Great Russell Street<br />
<br />
July 1884 – Aveling and Eleanor join the launch of the Westminster branch of the Social Democratic Federation <br />
<br />
8 July 1884 – Aveling and Eleanor leave for a honeymoon in Middleton, Derbyshire<br />
<br />
8 July 1884 – Henry Irving’s production of <i>Twelfth Night; Or What You Will</i> at the Lyceum<br />
<br />
August 1884 – Aveling and Eleanor elected to the Executive Council of the Social Democratic Federation (SDF)<br />
<br />
30 September 1884 – Henry Irving’s second north American theatrical tour begins in Quebec City<br />
<br />
October 1884 – Friedrich Engels first published <i>Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums und des Staats</i> (<i>The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State</i>)<br />
<br />
October 1884 – Laura Marx visits Eleanor<br />
<br />
late November 1884 – the showman Tom Norman begins exhibiting Joseph Merrick (the Elephant man) at 123 Whitechapel Road; the doctor Frederick Treves sees Merrick<br />
<br />
2 December 1884 – the doctor Frederick Treves presents Joseph Merrick (the Elephant man) to the Pathological Society of London at 53 Berners Street, Bloomsbury<br />
<br />
27 December 1884 – split in the Social Democratic Federation; William Morris, Belfort Bax, Eleanor Marx, and Edward Aveling resign and form the Socialist League on 29 December 1884, funded by William Morris <br />
<br />
December 1884 – John Ruskin leaves Slade Professorship of Fine Arts in protest at vivisection in Oxford; resigns March 1885<br />
<br />
<b>1885</b><br />
January 1885 – Socialist League starts its newspaper the <i>Commonweal</i><br />
<br />
1885 – the second volume of <i>Das Kapital</i> published by Engels<br />
<br />
26 January 1885 – defeat of General Gordon at the fall of Khartoum fell<br />
<br />
4 March 1885 – Walter Pater’s philosophical novel <i>Marius the Epicurean</i> is published<br />
<br />
14 March 1885 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s <i>The Mikado; or, The Town of Titipu</i> opens at the Savoy Theatre<br />
<br />
April 1885 – Henry Irving returns to Britain from his second American tour<br />
<br />
9 June 1885 – William Gladstone leaves office as Prime Minister of Britain<br />
<br />
23 June 1885–28 January 1886 – Marquess of Salisbury is prime Minister of Britain<br />
<br />
June 1885 – Eleanor Marx starts to become disenchanted with Edward Aveling<br />
<br />
July 1885 – the famous Victorian actor Henry Irving and Bram Stoker visit Nuremburg in preparation for the production of <i>Faust</i><br />
<br />
August 1885 – Walter Pater moves to London to 12 Earls Terrace, Kensington from Oxford<br />
<br />
18 September 1885 – unification of Bulgaria<br />
<br />
21 September 1885 – Eleanor Marx in court over political meeting at Dod Street<br />
<br />
7–29 November 1885 – Third Anglo-Burmese War<br />
<br />
14–28 November 1885 – Serbo-Bulgarian War<br />
<br />
19 December 1885 – opening night of the first run of <i>Faust</i> at the Lyceum theatre of Henry Irving; production runs from 19 December 1885 to 31 July 1886<br />
<br />
26 December 1885 – Eleanor Marx organises a charity Christmas for 200 children<br />
<br />
28 December 1885 – Bram Stoker delivers his lecture “Personal Impressions of America” at the London Institution, Finsbury Circus London <br />
<br />
<b>1886</b><br />
1886 – Friedrich Nietzsche first published <i>Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy</i> in Leipzig<br />
<br />
1 January 1886 – Britain annexed Upper Burma by Lord Randolph Churchill<br />
<br />
January 1886 – Eleanor Marx Aveling publishes “The Woman Question: From a Socialist Point of View” (<i>Westminister Review</i> 125: 207–222)<br />
<br />
5 January 1886 – publication of the <i>Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde</i> by Robert Louis Stevenson<br />
<br />
1886 – new edition of Friedrich Nietzsche’s book <i>The Birth of Tragedy, or: Hellenism and Pessimism</i> (<i>Die Geburt der Tragödie, Oder: Griechentum und Pessimismus</i>)<br />
<br />
1 February 1886–20 July 1886 – William Gladstone is Prime Minister of Britain<br />
<br />
March 1886–9 November 1888 – Sir Charles Warren (1840–1927) is Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis, the head of the London Metropolitan Police<br />
<br />
April 1886 – Sigmund Freud’s private medical practice opens<br />
<br />
1 May 1886 – American workers demonstrate for an 8 hour day<br />
<br />
24 June 1886 – arrival of Joseph Merrick at Liverpool Street Station from Belgium<br />
<br />
25 July 1886–11 August 1892 – Marquess of Salisbury is prime Minister of Britain<br />
<br />
25 July 1886 – performance of <i>Tristan und Isolde</i> (Tristan and Isolde) at Bayreuth <br />
<br />
31 July 1886 – end of first run of <i>Faust</i> at the Lyceum theatre<br />
<br />
31 August 1886 – Aveling and Eleanor Marx leave Liverpool for an American trip<br />
<br />
9 September 1886 – Aveling and Eleanor Marx arrive in New York<br />
<br />
11 September 1886 – beginning of second run of Henry Irving’s <i>Faust</i> at the Lyceum theatre; productions runs from <br />
11 September to 22 April 1887<br />
<br />
2 October 1886 – Aveling and Eleanor set out from New York on a 3 month speaking tour<br />
<br />
28 October 1886 – statue of liberty unveiled<br />
<br />
25 December 1886 – Aveling and Eleanor depart from New York<br />
<br />
<b>1887</b><br />
4 January 1887 – Aveling and Eleanor arrive in Liverpool from New York; they stay with Engels and move to 65 Chancery Lane<br />
<br />
22 January 1887 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s play <i>Ruddigore; or, The Witch’s Curse</i> opens at the Savoy Theatre<br />
<br />
January 1887 – first English translation of volume 1 of <i>Capital</i>, translated by Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling (who had become the partner of Marx’s daughter Eleanor “Tussy” Marx in 1884)<br />
<br />
March–April 1887 – Charles Stewart Parnell involved in the Pigott forgeries in <i>The Times</i><br />
<br />
22 April 1887 – end of second run of Henry Irving’s <i>Faust</i><br />
<br />
30 May 1887 – Aveling and Eleanor resign from the Socialist League<br />
<br />
spring – Aveling and Eleanor move to Dodwell, Warwickshire<br />
<br />
1 June 1887 – Henry Irving’s production of <i>Werner</i> at the Lyceum<br />
<br />
20 June 1887 – the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria was celebrated, to mark the 50th anniversary of her accession<br />
<br />
October 1887 – Eleanor Marx returns to London from Dodwell<br />
<br />
7 November 1887–March 1888 – Henry Irving’s third north American theatrical tour begins in New York; 7 November 1887–10 December 1887 New York; 12–23 December 1887 Philadelphia; 26 December 1887–21 January 21 1888 Chicago; 23 January 1888–18 February 1888 Boston; 20 February 1888–24 March 1888 New York<br />
<br />
8 November 1887 – government bans meetings in Trafalgar square<br />
<br />
13 November 1887 – Bloody Sunday; demonstration towards Trafalgar square with Eleanor Marx and Aveling broken up by military and police<br />
<br />
December 1887 – publication of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s novel <i>A Study in Scarlet</i> in <i>Beeton’s Christmas Annual 1887</i> in which Sherlock Holmes appears for the first time; first published as a book in July 1888<br />
<br />
<b>1888</b><br />
9 March 1888 – the death of the German Emperor Wilhelm I (king of Prussia from 2 January 1861) <br />
<br />
9 March 1888–15 June 1888 – reign of the German Emperor Frederick III<br />
<br />
11 March–14 March 1888 – the Great Blizzard of 1888 on the eastern coast of the United States of America<br />
<br />
26 March 1888 – Henry Irving sailed for England after the end of his third north American theatrical tour<br />
<br />
14 April 1888 – revival of <i>Faust</i> at the Lyceum theatre<br />
<br />
15 April 1888 – death of Matthew Arnold<br />
<br />
17 April 1888–December 1892 – Winston Churchill was sent to Harrow School <br />
<br />
15 June 1888 – Wilhelm II becomes German Emperor<br />
<br />
summer – Eleanor Marx in Dodwell, Warwickshire<br />
<br />
23 July 1888 – performance of <i>Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg</i> (The Mastersingers of Nuremberg) at Bayreuth<br />
<br />
4 August 1888 – opening of the play <i>Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde</i> at the Lyceum Theatre with the actor Richard Mansfield<br />
<br />
9 August 1888 – Engels leaves for New York, with Aveling and Eleanor; they travel to Albany, Boston, Niagara falls, lake Ontario, Toronto, Montreal<br />
<br />
August–September 1888 – Engels in America<br />
<br />
31 August–9 November 1888 – period of the infamous Jack the Ripper murders<br />
<br />
August 1888–1901 – Sir Robert Anderson (1841–1918) is Assistant Commissioner of the London Metropolitan Police<br />
<br />
19 September 1888 – Engels, Aveling and Eleanor return to England<br />
<br />
29 September 1888 – closing of the play <i>Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde</i> at the Lyceum Theatre in the wake of Jack the Ripper murders<br />
<br />
3 October 1888 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s play <i>The Yeomen of the Guard</i> opens at the Savoy Theatre<br />
<br />
29 December 1888 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of <i>Macbeth</i> at the Lyceum theatre<br />
<br />
<b>1889</b><br />
3 January 1889 – Friedrich Nietzsche suffers a mental collapse<br />
<br />
26 April 1889 – Henry Irving gives a command performance for the Prince of Wales and Queen Victoria at Sandringham<br />
<br />
6 May–31 October 1889 – Exposition Universelle of 1889 in Paris<br />
<br />
15 May 1889 – Eiffel Tower officially opened to the public<br />
<br />
7 June 1889 – first performance of Ibsen’s play <i>A Doll’s House</i> at the Novelty theatre in Britain<br />
<br />
29 June 1889 – end of Henry Irving’s production of <i>Macbeth</i> at the Lyceum<br />
<br />
6 July 1889 – beginning of the Cleveland Street scandal<br />
<br />
14 July 1889 – Second International (1889–1916) founded; Second International declared May 1 to be “May Day” (International Workers’ Day); Eleanor Marx in Paris <br />
<br />
14 August 1889–16 September – London Dock Strike<br />
<br />
September–14 December 1889 – Silvertown strike in London<br />
<br />
28 September 1889 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of <i>The Dead Heart</i> at the Lyceum theatre<br />
<br />
5 October 1889 – Rudyard Kipling arrives back in England<br />
<br />
October 1889–December 1890 – the 1889–1890 flu pandemic, with recurrences March–June 1891, November 1891–June 1892, spring 1893 and winter 1893–1894<br />
<br />
late 1889 – Eleanor Marx speaks at the International Working Men’s Club (IWMC) at 40 Berner Street<br />
<br />
9 November 1889–May 1890 – Indian tour of Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale<br />
<br />
7 December 1889 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s play <i>The Gondoliers; or, The King of Barataria</i> opens at the Savoy Theatre<br />
<br />
<b>1890</b><br />
1890 – Alfred Marshall’s <i>Principles of Economics</i> first published<br />
<br />
11 April 1890 – death of Joseph Merrick at London Hospital<br />
<br />
30 April 1890 – Arminius Vambery meets Bram Stoker at the Lyceum during dinner in the Beefsteak Room<br />
<br />
4 May – May day demonstration in Hyde Park, London<br />
<br />
5 May 1890 – W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan end their collaboration<br />
<br />
June 1890 – Vincent van Gogh paints the oil painting <i>The Church at Auvers</i><br />
<br />
July 1890 – Oscar Wilde’s <i>The Picture of Dorian Gray</i> first published <br />
<br />
July 1890 – Engels in Norway<br />
<br />
29 July 1890 – death of Vincent van Gogh <br />
<br />
6 August 1890 – Aveling and Eleanor Marx set sail for Norway for a 3 week tour<br />
<br />
August 1890 – the novelist Bram Stoker takes a famous holiday at Whitby<br />
<br />
20 September 1890 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of <i>Ravenswood</i> at the Lyceum theatre<br />
<br />
October 1890 – Eleanor Marx travels to the Lille congress of the French Workers’ Party<br />
<br />
October 1890 – Bertrand Russell goes up to Trinity College, Cambridge<br />
<br />
20 October 1890 – death of Sir Richard Burton<br />
<br />
4 November 1890 – death of Helene “Lenchen” Demuth<br />
<br />
17 November 1890 – Captain W. H. O’Shea obtains a decree nisi of divorce against his wife Katharine O’Shea; this ruins the political career of Parnell <br />
<br />
December 1890 – Thomas Henry Huxley moves to Eastbourne<br />
<br />
December 1890–24 March 1891 – Arthur Conan Doyle studies ophthalmology in Vienna<br />
<br />
<center><b>1890s</b></center><b>1891</b><br />
31 January 1891 – famous Royal English Opera House opened (renamed the Palace Theatre of Varieties in 1892)<br />
<br />
25 June 1891 – first story of Arthur Conan Doyle’s character Sherlock Holmes published in <i>The Strand Magazine</i><br />
<br />
June 1891 – first meeting of Lord Alfred Douglas (1870–1945) and Oscar Wilde<br />
<br />
22 August 1891 – performance of <i>Tannhäuser</i> at Bayreuth<br />
<br />
22 August 1891–10 January 1892 – Rudyard Kipling visits South Africa, New Zealand (18 October–6 November), Australia, Ceylon (early December), India<br />
<br />
September–12 December 1891 – Henry Irving and the Lyceum company undertake a tour of the provinces<br />
<br />
6 October 1891 – death of Charles Stewart Parnell<br />
<br />
<b>1892</b><br />
1892 – Max Nordau’s book <i>Degeneration</i> first published in German; English edition in 1895<br />
<br />
5 January 1892 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of <i>Henry VIII</i> at the Lyceum theatre<br />
<br />
14 January 1892 – death of Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale<br />
<br />
18 January 1892 – Carrie Balestier and Rudyard Kipling married in London <br />
<br />
2 February 1892 – Rudyard Kipling and his wife travel to the US; visits New York, Chicago and the Rocky mountains <br />
<br />
22 February 1892 – Oscar Wilde’s play <i>Lady Windermere’s Fan, A Play About a Good Woman</i> first produced at the St James’s Theatre in London<br />
<br />
26 March 1892 – death of Walt Whitman<br />
<br />
20 April–c.9 June 1892 – Rudyard Kipling and his wife travel to Japan<br />
<br />
June 1892–29 August 1896 – Rudyard Kipling and his wife live in America<br />
<br />
15 August 1892 – William Gladstone becomes British Prime Minister <br />
<br />
6 October 1892 – death of Alfred Tennyson<br />
<br />
10 November 1892 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of <i>King Lear</i> at the Lyceum theatre<br />
<br />
December 1892 – Winston Churchill left Harrow<br />
<br />
<b>1893</b><br />
1893 – the year in which Bram Stoker’s famous novel <i>Dracula</i> is set<br />
<br />
14–16 January 1893 – foundation conference of the Independent Labour Party <br />
<br />
6 February 1893 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of <i>Becket</i> at the Lyceum theatre<br />
<br />
February 1893 – Winston Churchill sent to a “crammer” school in London to pass entrance examination for Sandhurst<br />
<br />
February 1893 – Oscar Wilde’s play <i>Salome</i> first published in French<br />
<br />
19 April 1893 – Oscar Wilde’s play <i>A Woman of No Importance</i> opens at London’s Haymarket Theatre<br />
<br />
1 May 1893–30 October 1893 – World’s Columbian Exposition, world’s fair held in Chicago in 1893<br />
<br />
summer 1893 – Bram Stoker takes a holiday in the village of Cruden Bay <br />
<br />
summer 1893 – Walter Pater moves back to Oxford<br />
<br />
summer 1893 – Henry Irving and Ellen Terry take a holiday in Canada; proceed to San Fancisco<br />
<br />
6–13 August 1893 – the Zurich Socialist and Labour Congress, the 3rd congress of the Second International. Friedrich Engels gave a closing address; Eleanor Marx attends<br />
<br />
16 August 1893 – death of Jean-Martin Charcot<br />
<br />
1 September 1893 – Churchill enters Royal Military College, Sandhurst<br />
<br />
4 September 1893–21 March 1894 – Henry Irving’s 4th American tour; opened in San Francisco with <i>The Bells</i>, and includes Chicago, Seattle, Portland, Minneapolis, Philadelphia, Washington, Boston, New York<br />
<br />
December 1893–February 1894 – Lord Alfred Douglas in Egypt<br />
<br />
December 1893 – Arthur Conan Doyle’s story “The Adventure of the Final Problem” in which Sherlock Holmes dies is published in <i>The Strand Magazine</i><br />
<br />
<b>1894</b><br />
1894 – publication of Rudyard Kipling’s <i>The Jungle Book</i><br />
<br />
February 1894 – Oscar Wilde’s play <i>Salome</i> first published in English, with illustrations by Aubrey Beardsley<br />
<br />
2 March 1894 – William Gladstone leaves office as British Prime Minister <br />
<br />
21 March 1894 – Henry Irving and Ellen Terry return to England after their 4th American tour<br />
<br />
14 April 1894 – revival of <i>Faust</i> by Henry Irving at the Lyceum <br />
<br />
April–August 1894 – Rudyard Kipling and his wife visit England on a holiday<br />
<br />
August–October 1894 – Oscar Wilde spends a summer holiday in Worthing where he writes <i>The Importance of Being Earnest</i><br />
<br />
June 1894 – Bertrand Russell graduates from Cambridge<br />
<br />
20 July 1894 – performance of <i>Lohengrin</i> at Bayreuth<br />
<br />
30 July 1894 – death of Walter Pater<br />
<br />
summer 1894 – Bram Stoker takes a second holiday in the village of Cruden Bay <br />
<br />
August 1894 – Engels on holiday in Eastbourne suffers a stroke<br />
<br />
September 1894 – publication of <i>The Green Carnation</i> by Robert Hichens, a parody of Oscar Wilde<br />
<br />
21 September to 8 December 1894 – provincial tour of Henry Irving; first production of Henry Irving’s <i>A Story of Waterloo</i> played at the Princes Theatre, Bristol, on September 21, 1894; London performance at the Garrick Theatre on 17 December 1894<br />
<br />
October 1894 – the third volume of <i>Das Kapital</i> published by Engels<br />
<br />
1 November 1894 – accession of Nicholas II of Russia<br />
<br />
28 November 1894 – final birthday of Engels<br />
<br />
25 December 1894 – Eleanor Marx has Christmas dinner with Engels and is assured she will inherit Marx’s manuscripts<br />
<br />
December 1894 – Winston Churchill graduated from Royal Military College, Sandhurst <br />
<br />
December 1894 – treason conviction of Captain Alfred Dreyfus for allegedly sharing French military secrets to the German Embassy in Paris<br />
<br />
<b>1895</b><br />
January–July 1895 – H. G. Wells’s <i>Time Machine</i> first published <br />
<br />
3 January 1895 – Oscar Wilde’s play <i>An Ideal Husband</i> opens at the Haymarket Theatre<br />
<br />
12 January 1895 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of <i>King Arthur</i> at the Lyceum theatre<br />
<br />
24 January 1895 – death of Randolph Churchill<br />
<br />
4 February 1895 – début of <i>The Importance of Being Earnest</i> by Oscar Wilde at the St James’s Theatre<br />
<br />
14 February 1895 – Oscar Wilde’s play <i>The Importance of Being Earnest, A Trivial Comedy for Serious People</i> opens at St James's Theatre in London <br />
<br />
20 February 1895 – Winston Churchill commissioned as officer and joins the 4th Hussars, a cavalry regiment<br />
<br />
March 1895 – Aveling and Eleanor travel to Hastings for a holiday<br />
<br />
3 April 1895 – opening of the libel trial of the Marquess of Queensberry<br />
<br />
4 May 1895 – performances of <i>The Story of Waterloo</i> and <i>Don Quixote</i> at the Lyceum <br />
<br />
25 May 1895 – announcement of Henry Irving’s knighthood<br />
<br />
25 May 1895 – Oscar Wilde convicted and sentenced to two years hard labour<br />
<br />
June 1895 – Engels, Laura Marx and Eleanor take a holiday in Eastbourne<br />
<br />
21 June 1895 – Lord Rosebery resigns as British Prime Minister <br />
<br />
29 June 1895 – death of Thomas Henry Huxley <br />
<br />
1 July 1895 – Eleanor and Edward Aveling start a holiday in Orpington in Kent <br />
<br />
18 July 1895 – Henry Irving knighted at Windsor Castle<br />
<br />
c. 21 July 1895 – Eleanor Marx learns that Frederick Lewis Demuth (1851−1929) is the son of Karl Marx<br />
<br />
5 August 1895 – Friedrich Engels dies<br />
<br />
10 August 1895 – funeral of Friedrich Engels<br />
<br />
27 August 1895 – Friedrich Engels’ ashes scattered at sea off Eastbourne<br />
<br />
October 1895 – Bertrand Russell receives a 5-year fellowship from Trinity College, Cambridge<br />
<br />
November 1895 – publication of Rudyard Kipling’s <i>The Second Jungle Book</i><br />
<br />
November–December 1895 – Churchill visits America and Cuba <br />
<br />
14 December 1895 – Eleanor Marx and Edward Aveling move into a new house in Sydenham<br />
<br />
29 December 1895–2 January 1896 – the Jameson Raid, a failed raid on Paul Kruger’s Transvaal Republic by British colonial statesman Leander Starr Jameson and his troops<br />
<br />
16 September 1895–May 1896 – Henry Irving’s 5th American tour; opened in Montreal with <i>Faust</i>, and includes New Orleans, Philadelphia, Chicago<br />
<br />
<b>1896</b><br />
May 1896 – Henry Irving returns to England from his 5th American tour<br />
<br />
8 June 1896 – Eleanor Marx, Edward Aveling and Karl Liebknecht (1871–1919) visit Marx’s old houses in London<br />
<br />
July 1896 – Bram Stoker takes a holiday in the village of Cruden Bay <br />
<br />
26 July–1 August 1896 – International Socialist Workers and Trade Union Congress, held in London, the 4th congress of the Second International<br />
<br />
29 August 1896 – Rudyard Kipling and his wife return to England from the US<br />
<br />
22 September 1896 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of <i>Cymbeline</i> at the Lyceum theatre<br />
<br />
1 October 1896 – Winston Churchill arrives in Bombay, India and travels with his regiment to Bangalore<br />
<br />
19 December 1896 – opening night of Henry Irving’s <i>Richard III</i> at the Lyceum; Irving injuries himself after the play and Lyceum closes until 25 January 1897<br />
<br />
<b>1897</b><br />
18 May 1897 – Oscar Wilde released from prison<br />
<br />
26 May 1897 – publication of Bram Stoker’s <i>Dracula</i><br />
<br />
5 April–8 May 1897 – Greco-Turkish War of 1897<br />
<br />
8 June 1897 – Edward Aveling secretly married the actress Eva Frye<br />
<br />
22 June 1897 – Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee procession<br />
<br />
July 1897 – Keynes undergoes Eton College Scholarship Examinations<br />
<br />
August 1897 – Bram Stoker takes a holiday in the village of Cruden Bay <br />
<br />
after 22 August 1897 – Edward Aveling abandons Eleanor Marx, but returns some days later<br />
<br />
c. September 1897 – Edward Aveling and Eleanor Marx travel to Paris to see Laura Marx<br />
<br />
September 1897 – John Maynard Keynes began study at Eton; educated at Eton from 1897–1902<br />
<br />
16 September 1897 – Winston Churchill present on a cavalry patrol in India which is ambushed in the Mamund Valley<br />
<br />
25 September 1897 – Rudyard Kipling and his family move to Rottingdean, East Sussex<br />
<br />
December 1897 – Edward Aveling ill with the flu<br />
<br />
<b>1898</b><br />
January 1898 – H. G. Wells’ <i>The War of the Worlds</i> first published; first published as a serial in <i>Pearson’s Magazine</i> April to December 1897<br />
<br />
1 January 1898 – opening night of Henry Irving’s production of <i>Peter the Great</i> at the Lyceum theatre<br />
<br />
January 1898 – Edward Aveling asks Ellen Terry for a loan<br />
<br />
9 February 1898 – Edward Aveling has surgery at University College Hospital<br />
<br />
c. 18 February 1898 – Edward Aveling and Eleanor Marx travel to Margate<br />
<br />
18 February 1898 – disastrous fire at the Lyceum storage area<br />
<br />
27 March 1898 – Edward Aveling and Eleanor Marx return to their house in Sydenham<br />
<br />
31 March 1898 – death of Eleanor Marx Aveling<br />
<br />
2 April 1898 – inquest on the death of Eleanor Marx Aveling<br />
<br />
5 April 1898 – funeral of Eleanor Marx Aveling<br />
<br />
19 May 1898 – death of William Ewart Gladstone <br />
<br />
June 1898 – Winston Churchill leaves India<br />
<br />
July 1898 – Winston Churchill arrives in London from India<br />
<br />
1898 – publication of Marx’s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value,_Price_and_Profit"><i>Value, Price and Profit</i></a> (a series of lectures Marx delivered in 1865)<br />
<br />
summer 1898 – Henry Irving begins his relationship with Elizabeth Aria <br />
<br />
2 August 1898 – Winston Churchill arrives in Cairo<br />
<br />
2 August 1898 – death of Edward Aveling <br />
<br />
2 September 1898 – Battle of Omdurman, with Winston Churchill present in the army of Sir Herbert Kitchener <br />
<br />
13 October 1898 – Henry Irving stricken at Glasgow with pleurisy and pneumonia while playing <i>Madame Sans Gene</i><br />
<br />
<b>1899</b><br />
31 March 1899 – Henry Irving surrenders the lease of Lyceum theatre to a syndicate<br />
<br />
March 1899 – Winston Churchill departs India<br />
<br />
October 1899–May 1900 – Henry Irving’s 6th American tour<br />
<br />
12 October 1899 – the Second Boer War between Britain and the Boer Republics begins<br />
<br />
14 October 1899 – Winston Churchill leaves England for South Africa to report on the Anglo-Boer War as correspondent for the <i>Morning Post</i><br />
<br />
15 November–12 December 1899 – capture and imprisonment of Winston Churchill; imprisoned in a POW camp in Pretoria<br />
<br />
<b>1900</b><br />
20 January 1900 – death of John Ruskin <br />
<br />
25 August 1900 – death of Friedrich Nietzsche<br />
<br />
22 November 1900 – death of Arthur Sullivan<br />
<br />
30 November 1900 – death of Oscar Wilde<br />
<br />
<b>1901</b><br />
22 January 1901 – death of Queen Victoria<br />
<br />
summer 1901 – Bram Stoker attends the Wagner Cycle at Bayreuth?<br />
<br />
22 July 1901 – première of Richard Wagner’s play <i>Der fliegende Holländer</i> (The Flying Dutchman) at Bayreuth<br />
<br />
August 1901–April 1902 – Arthur Conan Doyle’s novel <i>The Hound of the Baskervilles</i> serialised in <i>The Strand Magazine</i> <br />
<br />
19 July 1902 – Henry Irving’s farewell performance at the Lyceum<br />
<br />
2 September 1902 – Rudyard Kipling and his family move to a home called Bateman’s, in Burwash, East Sussex, England<br />
<br />
30 April 1903 – début of Henry Irving’s production of <i>Dante</i> at the Theatre Royal<br />
<br />
October 1903–March 1904 – Henry Irving’s 8th American tour<br />
<br />
winter 1904 – Henry Irving’s final provincial tour<br />
<br />
13 October 1905 – death of Sir Henry Irving<br />
<br />
1909 – Arthur Conan Doyle moves to Windlesham Manor, Crowborough, East Sussex</blockquote><blockquote><b>British Prime Ministers</b> <br />
1868 (Feb–Dec.) – Benjamin Disraeli (Conservative)<br />
1868–1874 – William Ewart Gladstone (Liberal)<br />
1874–1880 – Benjamin Disraeli (Conservative)<br />
1880–1885 – William Ewart Gladstone (Liberal)<br />
1885–1886 – Marquess of Salisbury (Conservative)<br />
1886 (Feb.–July) – William Ewart Gladstone (Liberal)<br />
1886–1892 – Marquess of Salisbury (Conservative)<br />
1892–1894 – William Ewart Gladstone (Liberal)<br />
1894–1895 – Archibald Philip Primrose, fifth earl of Rosebery (Liberal)<br />
1895–1902 – Marquess of Salisbury (Conservative)<br />
1902–1905 – Arthur James Balfour (Conservative)<br />
1905–1908 – Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman (Liberal)</blockquote>Lord Keyneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06556863604205200159noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4556861365216117920.post-7217210638749108802016-05-02T09:36:00.003-07:002017-03-29T07:24:33.542-07:00A Chronology of the 1920s, 1930s and 1940sA work in progress:<blockquote><b>1917</b><br />
8–16 March 1917 – February Revolution in Petrograd, mass demonstrations and armed clashes with police; on 12 March the Russian army sides with the revolutionaries. Tsar Nicholas II abdicated and the Russian Council of Ministers was replaced by a Russian Provisional Government under Prince Georgy Lvov<br />
<br />
15 March 1917 – abdication of Tsar Nicholas II<br />
<br />
7 November 1917–25 October 1922 – the Russian Civil War<br />
<br />
7 November 1917 – the October Revolution (Red October, the October Uprising or the Bolshevik Revolution), the armed insurrection in Petrograd on 25 October 1917 (under the Old Julian calendar); the Winter Palace (the seat of the Provisional government in Petrograd, capital of Russia) captured<br />
<br />
<b>1918</b><br />
1918–1920 – Ronald Syme attends New Plymouth Boys’ High School, New Plymouth, Taranaki, New Zealand<br />
<br />
3 March 1918 – the peace Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, signed by new Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire) to end Russia's participation in World War I<br />
<br />
14 May 1918 – death of James Gordon Bennett Jr. (10 May 1841–14 May 1918)<br />
<br />
July 1918 – Oswald Spengler publishes volume 1 of <i>Decline of the West</i> (<i>Der Untergang des Abendlandes</i>)<br />
<br />
17 July 1918 – execution of Russian Imperial Romanov family (Tsar Nicholas II, his wife Tsarina Alexandra and their children Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexei) at Yekaterinburg<br />
<br />
20 July 1919 – birth of Edmund Percival Hillary<br />
<br />
autumn 1918–summer 1921 – James Hilton attends Christ’s College, Cambridge, and graduates with a history degree<br />
<br />
29 October–9 November 1918 – the first stage of the November Revolution, a civil conflict in the Germany at the end of the First World War <br />
<br />
3 November 1918–11 August 1919 – second stage of the November Revolution, a civil conflict in the Germany at the end of the First World War<br />
<br />
9 November 1918 – Wilhelm II abdicates as emperor of Germany while at the Imperial Army headquarters in Spa, Belgium<br />
<br />
9 November 1918 – proclamation of the German Republic by Philipp Scheidemann; Friedrich Ebert assumes the chancellery<br />
<br />
11 November 1918 – First World War ended<br />
<br />
<b>1919</b><br />
14 February 1919 – Albert Einstein divorces his first wife Mileva Marić (19 December 1875–4 August 1948), after being separated for five years<br />
<br />
18 June 1919 – Germany given ultimatum to sign Treaty of Versailles<br />
<br />
22 June 1919 – the German Reichstag ratifies the Versailles Treaty<br />
<br />
28 June 1919 – the Versailles Treaty is signed in the Hall of Mirrors in France<br />
<br />
11 August 1919 – the Weimar Constitution is announced<br />
<br />
25 August 1919 – Ludwig Wittgenstein returns to his family in Vienna<br />
<br />
16 November 1919 – the army of right-wing former admiral Miklós Horthy marches into Budapest and takes control of Hungary<br />
<br />
<center><b>1920s</b></center><b>1920</b><br />
1920–1934 – Ludwig von Mises holds a private seminar (Privatseminar) in his office at the <i>Kammer</i> in Vienna, held fortnightly in university term, on Fridays from 7 to 10 p.m.<br />
<br />
1920–1926 – Ludwig Wittgenstein works as a school teacher; Wittgenstein given his first job as a primary school teacher in Trattenbach<br />
<br />
1920 – Frank P. Ramsey won a scholarship to study mathematics in Trinity College, Cambridge<br />
<br />
January 1920–July 1921 – the US Recession of 1920–1921<br />
<br />
1 March 1920–15 October 1944 – Miklós Horthy is regent of the Kingdom of Hungary<br />
<br />
April 1920 – Ludwig von Mises publishes his essay “Die Wirtschaftsrechnung im sozialistischen Gemeinwesen” [Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth] in <i>Archiv fur Sozialwissenschaften</i>, a paper that starts the Socialist Economic Calculation Debate<br />
<br />
August 1920 – Bertrand Russell travels to Russia as part of an official delegation sent by the British government<br />
<br />
August 1920–August 1921 – Bertrand Russell in China<br />
<br />
<b>1921</b><br />
1921 – Ludwig Wittgenstein’s <i>Logisch-Philosophische Abhandlung</i> is published in <i>Annalen der Naturphilosophische</i><br />
<br />
1921–1922 – Ronald Syme attends Victoria University College of Wellington, enrolled in a BA course with majors in Latin and French<br />
<br />
4 March 1921–2 August 1923 – Warren G. Harding is 29th President of the United States<br />
<br />
April 1921 – Frank P. Ramsey elected as a new member of the Apostles<br />
<br />
April–25 October 1921 – the 1921 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition (consisting of Charles Howard-Bury, Harold Raeburn, Alexander Kellas, George Mallory, Guy Bullock, Sandy Wollaston, Alexander Heron, Henry Morshead and Edward Wheeler)<br />
<br />
4 May 1921 – the Federal Reserve Bank of New York cuts the discount rate from 7% to 6.5%<br />
<br />
May 1921–November 1921 – the severe depreciation in the exchange value of the mark as the German government begins paying large cash reparations payments<br />
<br />
5 May 1921 – London Ultimatum<br />
<br />
June 1921–January 1924 – hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic<br />
<br />
31 July 1921 – the Treaty of Trianon effective, the peace agreement signed 4 June 1920 between the Allies and Hungary<br />
<br />
2 August 1921 – John Maynard Keynes publishes <i>A Treatise on Probability</i><br />
<br />
26 August 1921 – Bertrand Russell arrives back in England<br />
<br />
December 1921 – George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair) leaves Eton<br />
<br />
<b>1922</b><br />
1922 – Moritz Schlick assumes the chair of Naturphilosophie at the University of Vienna (previously held by Ludwig Boltzmann and Ernst Mach)<br />
<br />
28 February 1922 – Egypt recognised as sovereign state by the British<br />
<br />
4 March 1922 – release date of the German Expressionist horror film <i>Nosferatu, eine Symphonie des Grauens</i> (<i>Nosferatu: A Symphony of Horror</i>), directed by F. W. Murnau<br />
<br />
10 April–19 May 1922 – the Genoa Economic and Financial Conference, held in Genoa, Italy, to plan the restoration of Europe after World War I; this is attended by John Maynard Keynes<br />
<br />
July 1922 – David Lloyd George moves into Bron-y-de house, in Churt, Surrey<br />
<br />
12 July 1922 – Germany demands a moratorium on reparation payments<br />
<br />
September 1922 – Ludwig Wittgenstein moves to teach in a secondary school in Hassbach; in November 1922, Wittgenstein moves to teach at a primary school at Puchberg in the Schneeberg mountains<br />
<br />
October 1922 – Lydia Lopokova moves into a flat at 41 Gordon Square near 46 Gordon Square (Keynes’ London home)<br />
<br />
19 October 1922 – Lloyd George steps down as British Prime Minister (PM from 6 December 1916–19 October 1922)<br />
<br />
November 1922 – Ludwig Wittgenstein’s <i>Logisch-Philosophische Abhandlung</i> is published in an English translation as <i>Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus</i><br />
<br />
November 1922–July 1927 – George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair) in Burma working in the Indian Imperial Police in Burma<br />
<br />
November 1922 – the Swedish Academy of Sciences awards Albert Einstein the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics<br />
<br />
26 November 1922 – Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon open the tomb of Tutankhamun<br />
<br />
27 December 1922 – France occupies the Ruhr to force payment of war reparations from Germany in kind<br />
<br />
<b>1923</b><br />
1923 – Frank P. Ramsey graduates from Cambridge<br />
<br />
1923–1924 – Ronald Syme becomes assistant lecturer in Classics at the Auckland University College; in late 1924 he graduates with Double First Class Honours in Latin and French<br />
<br />
11 January 1923 – the Occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium between 1923 and 1925 when Weimar Republic fails to continue its reparation payments in the aftermath of World War I<br />
<br />
March 1923–May 1924 – Friedrich Hayek visits America<br />
<br />
2 August 1923–4 March 1929 – Calvin Coolidge (Republican) is 30th President of the United States<br />
<br />
September 1923 – Frank P. Ramsey visits Wittgenstein in Vienna<br />
<br />
8 November 1923 – the Beer Hall Putsch, a failed coup attempt by the Adolf Hitler with Erich Ludendorff, to seize power in Munich, Bavaria<br />
<br />
6 December 1923 – the United Kingdom general election of 1923. The results:<blockquote><b>Party | Leader | Seats Won</b><br />
Conservative | Stanley Baldwin | 258<br />
Labour | Ramsay MacDonald | 191<br />
Liberal | H. H. Asquith | 158<br />
Nationalist | Joseph Devlin | 3.</BLOCKQUOTE>After the 1923 election, the Conservatives had lost their majority. When they lost a vote of confidence in January 1924 King George V calls on MacDonald to form a minority Labour government, with the support of the Liberals<br />
<br />
11 December 1923 – John Maynard Keynes publishes <i>A Tract on Monetary Reform</i><br />
<br />
<b>1924</b><br />
1924–1933 – Karl Polanyi is senior editor of the <i>Der Österreichische Volkswirt</i> (<i>The Austrian Economist</i>) magazine in Vienna<br />
<br />
January 1924 – end of the hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic<br />
<br />
21 January 1924 – Stanley Baldwin (Conservative) defeated in a vote of confidence<br />
<br />
21 January 1924 – death of Vladimir Lenin<br />
<br />
22 January 1924–4 November 1924 – Ramsay MacDonald (Labour) is Prime Minister of the United Kingdom<br />
<br />
12 February 1924 – Howard Carter opens the sarcophagus of king Tutankhamun<br />
<br />
April–11 June 1924 – the 1924 British Mount Everest expedition (with Charles G. Bruce, George Mallory, Howard Somervell, Edward Norton, Geoffrey Bruce, George Ingle Finch and Andrew Irvine); the second expedition trying to ascend Mount Everest, with three failed attempts. On 8 June, George Mallory and Andrew Irvine disappeared on the third attempt<br />
<br />
May 1924 – Friedrich Hayek admitted into Mises’ Privatseminar in Vienna<br />
<br />
26 May 1924 – enactment of the US Immigration Act of 1924 (or Johnson–Reed Act, including the National Origins Act, and Asian Exclusion Act)<br />
<br />
June 1924 – the premiere of Hamilton Deane’s play <i>Dracula</i> at the Grand Theatre, Derby<br />
<br />
13 July 1924 – the death of Alfred Marshall (26 July 1842–13 July 1924)<br />
<br />
July 1924 – Lytton Strachey and Dora Carrington move to Ham Spray House, near Marlborough, Wiltshire<br />
<br />
29 August 1924 – the Dawes Plan agreed by Reichstag<br />
<br />
September 1924 – John Maynard Keynes and Lydia Lopokova at Tilton house, South Downs near Lewes<br />
<br />
23 October 1924 – the Chinese warlord Feng Yuxiang seizes Beijing in a coup<br />
<br />
25 October 1924 – the <i>Daily Mail</i> reports a purported letter from Grigory Zinoviev (President of the Communist International) to the British representative on the Comintern Executive<br />
<br />
29 October 1924 – United Kingdom general election held. The results:<blockquote><b>Party | Leader | Seats Won</b><br />
Conservative | Stanley Baldwin | 412<br />
Labour | Ramsay MacDonald | 151<br />
Liberal | H. H. Asquith | 40<br />
Constitutionalist | - | 7<br />
Communist | Albert Inkpin | 1.</BLOCKQUOTE>Churchill stands as MP for Epping for the Constitutionalist party<br />
<br />
29 October 1924–5 July 1945 – Winston Churchill is Member of Parliament for Epping<br />
<br />
4 November 1924–5 June 1929 – Stanley Baldwin (Conservative) is British Prime Minister<br />
<br />
5 November 1924 – the soldiers of the Chinese warlord Feng Yuxiang expel Puyi, the last Qing emperor of China, from the Forbidden City<br />
<br />
6 November 1924–4 June 1929 – Winston Churchill is Chancellor of the Exchequer<br />
<br />
6 November 1924 – John Maynard Keynes delivers the Sidney Ball lecture at Oxford university on “The End of <i>Laissez-Faire</i>”<br />
<br />
winter 1924–1936 – the Vienna Circle, a meeting of logical positivists, is held in weekly discussions. The phases were as follows:<blockquote>1921–1924 – irregular private phase with Hans Hahn and Moritz Schlick<br />
1924–1928 – the Schlick Circle (non-public phase of the Vienna Circle) <br />
1928–1934 – <i>Verein Ernst Mach</i> </BLOCKQUOTE>The circle broke up from 1934 to 1936<br />
<br />
20 December 1924 – Adolf Hitler released from Landsberg Prison in Germany<br />
<br />
<b>1925</b><br />
1 January 1925 – Edwin Hubble announces his discovery that galaxies exist outside the Milky Way<br />
<br />
3 January 1925 – Mussolini gives a speech in the Italian Chamber of Deputies; this marks the beginning of fascist dictatorship<br />
<br />
12 March 1925 – death of Sun Yat-sen (Premier of the Kuomintang of China 10 October 1919–12 March 1925), which leaves a vacuum in the Kuomintang<br />
<br />
3 May 1925 – Oswald Mosley gives a speech on the Birmingham Proposals at the Birmingham Town Hall<br />
<br />
13 May 1925 – the UK Gold Standard Act 1925<br />
<br />
20 May 1925 – C. S. Lewis elected to a fellowship in Magdalen College, Oxford<br />
<br />
summer 1925 – Ludwig Wittgenstein visits England and stays with Keynes in Cambridge and Eccles in Manchester<br />
<br />
July 1925 – French and Belgian troops evacuate the Ruhr<br />
<br />
10 July 1925 – in Dayton, Tennessee, the “Monkey Trial” of John Thomas Scopes (a high school science teacher) accused of teaching evolution in violation of a Tennessee state law begins; on July 21, Scopes is found guilty of teaching evolution and fined $100; in 1927, Tennessee Supreme Court overturns the verdict<br />
<br />
26 July 1925 – death of William Jennings Bryan in Dayton, Tennessee<br />
<br />
4 August 1925 – John Maynard Keynes marries Lydia Lopokova at St Pancreas registry office; they take Oatlands house, near Iford for the summer<br />
<br />
8 August 1925 – birth of the ancient historian Ernst Badian in Austria<br />
<br />
August 1925 – John Maynard Keynes publishes <i>The Economic Consequences of Mr Churchill</i><br />
<br />
August 1925 – Oswald Mosley publishes <i>Revolution by Reason</i><br />
<br />
September 1925 – John Maynard Keynes and Lydia Lopokova visit Russia for two weeks; they visit Leningrad and Moscow; they return to England to live at 46 Gordon Square, Keynes’ London home<br />
<br />
October 1925–1927 – Ronald Syme educated at Oriel College, Oxford<br />
<br />
October 1925 – John Maynard Keynes decides to take Tilton house near Lewes<br />
<br />
October 1925 – J. R. R. Tolkien appointed Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon, with a fellowship at Pembroke College, Oxford<br />
<br />
3 October 1925 – birth of Gore Vidal in the cadet hospital of the U.S. Military Academy, at West Point, New York<br />
<br />
November 1925 – Henry Watson Fowler moves to Hinton, St George, Somerset<br />
<br />
December 1925 – John Maynard Keynes publishes <i>A Short View of Russia</i><br />
<br />
10 December 1925 – George Bernard Shaw awarded Nobel Prize<br />
<br />
<b>1926</b><br />
1926 – from 1926 Ludwig Wittgenstein takes part in discussions of the Vienna Circle <br />
<br />
1926 – Frank Plumpton Ramsey becomes university lecturer in mathematics at King’s College, Cambridge; later he becomes Director of Studies in mathematics<br />
<br />
17 January 1926 – Ayn Rand (Alisa Rosenbaum) leaves Russia for New York<br />
<br />
19 February 1926 – Ayn Rand arrives in New York<br />
<br />
3 March 1926 – John Maynard Keynes takes possession of Tilton house, South Downs near Lewes which he rents in a 21 year lease<br />
<br />
20 March 1926 – the Canton Coup (or Zhongshan Incident), the purge of Communists in the Chinese Nationalist army in Guangzhou by Chiang Kai-shek<br />
<br />
4–13 May 1926 – the 1926 general strike in the United Kingdom, called by the General Council of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) opposing the British government’s wage reduction for 1.2 million locked-out coal miners<br />
<br />
summer 1926 – Ludwig Lachmann visits the University of Zurich and becomes interested in Austrian economics<br />
<br />
5 June 1926 – Chiang Kai-shek named commander-in-chief of the Chinese National Revolutionary Army<br />
<br />
July 1926 – Hogarth Press publishes <i>The End of Laissez-Faire</i> by John Maynard Keynes<br />
<br />
25 September 1926 – John Maynard Keynes meets with David Lloyd George at Churt with 14 others to discuss a new Liberal radical program<br />
<br />
October 1926 – Anthony Blunt arrives at Cambridge<br />
<br />
8 November 1926 – arrest of Antonio Gramsci by Italian fascists<br />
<br />
December 1926 – Piero Sraffa publishes “The Laws of Returns under Competitive Conditions” in the <i>Economic Journal</i> (vol. 36, 1926)<br />
<br />
3–14 December 1926 – Agatha Christie disappears from her house in Styles, Sunningdale, Berkshire; she is found on 14 December 1926 at the Swan Hydropathic Hotel in Harrogate, Yorkshire<br />
<br />
<b>1927</b><br />
7 January 1927 – the first transatlantic telephone call from New York City to London<br />
<br />
10 January 1927 – release date of the German expressionist science fiction film <i>Metropolis</i>, directed by Fritz Lang<br />
<br />
14 February 1927 – Deane Hamilton’s play <i>Dracula</i> opens in London at the Little Theatre<br />
<br />
April 1927 – Chiang Kai-shek makes Nanjing the new Kuomintang capital of China<br />
<br />
April 1927 – Nicholas Kaldor arrived in London to study at the LSE; Kaldor enrols for a BSc. in economics from October 1927<br />
<br />
4 May 1927 – filing of articles of incorporation of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS)<br />
<br />
20–21 May 1927 – Charles Lindbergh makes the first non-stop trans-Atlantic flight from New York to Paris in the monoplane Spirit of St. Louis<br />
<br />
July 1927 – Piero Sraffa arrived in London; Sraffa accepts an offer by Keynes to take a lectureship at Cambridge university<br />
<br />
1 August 1927–22 December 1936 – first phase of Chinese Civil War between the Kuomintang (KMT) government of the Republic of China and the Communist Party of China (CPC)<br />
<br />
September 1927 – Bertrand Russell and Dora Russell (Dora Black) rent Telegraph House at Harting near Petersfield in Hampshire; they set up an experimental school at Beacon Hill; Russell involved from 1927 to 1932<br />
<br />
October 1927 – Anthony Blunt begins the study of modern languages<br />
<br />
October 1927 – opening of the Broadway adaptation of <i>Dracula</i> at the Fulton Theatre (New York) starring Bela Lugosi; it runs until 19 May 1928<br />
<br />
6 October 1927 – the release date of <i>The Jazz Singer</i>, the first feature-length motion picture with synchronized sound, directed by Alan Crosland and produced by Warner Bros<br />
<br />
<b>1928</b><br />
15 February 1928 – death of Herbert Henry Asquith<br />
<br />
7 March – beginning of the Shakhty Trial in the Soviet Union; Soviet police arrest engineers in the town of Shakhty, who are accused of sabotaging the Soviet economy<br />
<br />
April 1928 – John Maynard Keynes visits Russia<br />
<br />
April 1928–December 1929 – George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair) in Paris<br />
<br />
3 May–11 May 1928 – the Jinan incident, armed conflict between the Japanese Army (with Northern Chinese warlords) and the Kuomintang’s southern army in Jinan, the capital of Shandong<br />
<br />
May 1928 – Anthony Blunt elected to the Cambridge Apostles<br />
<br />
July 1928 – Joan Robinson arrives in London from India<br />
<br />
21 July 1928 – death of Ellen Terry<br />
<br />
27 August 1928 – the Kellogg–Briand Pact (or Pact of Paris) is signed by Germany, France, and the United States, a treaty that outlaws aggressive warfare<br />
<br />
1 October 1928 – Stalin announces the First Five Year Plan<br />
<br />
10 October 1928 – Chiang Kai-shek becomes director of the Chinese State Council<br />
<br />
6 November 1928 – the US presidential election of 1928, between the Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (Republican) and New York Governor Al Smith (Democratic)<br />
<br />
7 December 1928 – birth of Noam Chomsky<br />
<br />
<b>1929</b><br />
1929 – Ronald Syme elected tutor and fellow in ancient history at Trinity College, Oxford<br />
<br />
1929–1931 – the Untouchables under Eliot Ness work to end crimes of Al Capone by enforcing Prohibition laws<br />
<br />
January 1929 – Ludwig Wittgenstein returned to Cambridge<br />
<br />
10 January 1929–8 May 1930 – serialisation of Georges Prosper Remi’s (Hergé) story <i>Tintin in the Land of the Soviets</i><br />
<br />
February 1929 – Trotsky deported from the Soviet Union; he lives in Turkey from 1929 to 1933; in France from 1933 to 1935; in Norway from 1935 to 1936; in Mexico from 1936 to 1940<br />
<br />
14 February 1929 – the Saint Valentine’s Day Massacre in Chicago<br />
<br />
4 March 1929 – Herbert Hoover is inaugurated as 31st President of the United States (president from 4 March 1929–4 March 1933)<br />
<br />
7–22 March 1929 – George Orwell admitted to the Hôpital Cochin, Paris from bronchitis<br />
<br />
15 April 1929 – Ayn Rand marries Frank O’Connor<br />
<br />
10 May 1929 – Hubert Henderson and John Maynard Keynes publish <i>Can Lloyd George do it?</I>, a pamphlet in support of the Liberal campaign under the leadership of David Lloyd George<br />
<br />
16 May 1929 – the 1st Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) for the best films of 1927 and 1928, held at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in Los Angeles, California<br />
<br />
30 May 1929 – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_general_election,_1929">1929 United Kingdom general election</a> was held; Winston Churchill stands as MP for Unionists. The results:<blockquote><b>Party | Leader | Seats Won</b><br />
Conservative | Stanley Baldwin | 260<br />
Labour | Ramsay MacDonald | 287<br />
Liberal | David Lloyd George | 59.</BLOCKQUOTE>The UK Labour Party under Ramsay MacDonald wins 287 seats, the most seats. <br />
<br />
5 June 1929–7 June 1935 – Ramsay MacDonald is British Prime Minister<br />
<br />
7 June 1929 – a Committee headed by American industrialist Owen D. Young submits its first report with the Young Plan, a program for settling German reparations debts after World War I<br />
<br />
August 1929–March 1933 – the contractionary phase of the US Great Depression<br />
<br />
15–17 September 1929 – the First Conference on the Epistemology of the Exact Sciences of logical positivists, held in Prague; this marks the international establishment of the Vienna circle<br />
<br />
October 1929 – publication of the official manifesto of the Vienna Circle called <i>Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung. Der Wiener Kreis</i> (<i>The Scientific Conception of the World. The Vienna Circle</i>)<br />
<br />
October 1929 – Kim Philby goes to Trinity College, Cambridge to read History and Economics<br />
<br />
October 1929 – Winston Churchill in New York<br />
<br />
October 1929 – A. J. Ayer goes up to Christ Church College, Oxford<br />
<br />
October 1929 – Joan Robinson and Austin Robinson return to Cambridge; from 1929–1930 Joan Robinson attends Piero Sraffa’s lectures<br />
<br />
24 October 1929 – “Black Thursday” on the New York stock exchange, the beginning of the US Stock Market Crash of 1929<br />
<br />
29 October 1929 – “Black Tuesday” on the New York stock exchange, the Wall Street Crash of 1929<br />
<br />
<center><b>1930s</b></center><b>1930</b><br />
January 1930 – second Hague Conference in which the Young Plan is adopted<br />
<br />
19 January 1930 – death of Frank Plumpton Ramsey<br />
<br />
30 March 1930–30 May 1932 – Heinrich Brüning is Chancellor of Germany<br />
<br />
21 April 1930 – release of the US movie <i>All Quiet on the Western Front</i>, adapted from a novel by Erich Maria Remarque<br />
<br />
May 1930 – Oswald Mosley resigns from his ministerial position within the government of Ramsay MacDonald<br />
<br />
June 1930–August 1932 – the Sino-Tibetan War between Tibet (under the 13th Dalai Lama) and Chinese warlords Ma Bufang and Liu Wenhui and Chiang Kai-shek (leader of the Republic of China)<br />
<br />
17 June 1930 – the US Tariff Act of 1930 (known as the Smoot–Hawley Tariff) signed into law<br />
<br />
30 June 1930 – French troops leave the Rhineland ahead of schedule<br />
<br />
7 July 1930 – death of Arthur Conan Doyle in his house in Crowborough, East Sussex<br />
<br />
28 July 1930 – the Canadian federal election of 1930; Richard Bedford Bennett’s Conservative Party wins a majority government, and defeats the Liberal Party led by Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King<br />
<br />
September 1930–April 1931 – Kurdish revolt in Iraq<br />
<br />
October 1930 – Guy Burgess arrives at Trinity College, Cambridge<br />
<br />
October 1930 – John Maynard Keynes published “Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren” in <i>The Nation and Athenaeum</i><br />
<br />
October 1930 – John Maynard Keynes’ <i>A Treatise on Money</i> published<br />
<br />
December 1930–January 1931 – Albert Einstein visited America<br />
<br />
<b>1931</b><br />
1931 – Rudolf Carnap accepts a chair of natural philosophy at the German University in Prague, Czechoslovakia<br />
<br />
January 1931 – the future Edward VIII first meets Wallis Simpson, an American divorcée <br />
<br />
January 1931 – Friedrich Hayek arrives in London; he gives four lectures at the London School of Economics (LSE) that are later published as <i>Prices and Production</i> (1931)<br />
<br />
30 January 1931 – Charlie Chaplin’s silent film <i>City Lights</i> is released<br />
<br />
14 February 1931 – release date of the famous Universal picture <i>Dracula</i> (12 February 1931 in New York), starring Bela Lugosi<br />
<br />
3 March 1931 – death of Frank Russell; Bertrand Russell becomes the third Earl Russell<br />
<br />
4 May 1931 – Piero Sraffa appointed as Marshall Librarian at Cambridge<br />
<br />
11 May 1931 – the Austrian bank Kreditanstalt collapses<br />
<br />
30 May 1931–18 July 1931 – John Maynard Keynes in America<br />
<br />
summer 1931 – John Kenneth Galbraith arrives in Berkeley, California, to pursue a Master of Science and PhD in agricultural economics<br />
<br />
20 June 1931 – Herbert Hoover announced the Hoover Moratorium (1 year moratorium on German debt payments), approved by Congress and, after some initial resistance by France, by 15 other nations<br />
<br />
24 August 1931 – Ramsay MacDonald forms a National Government with Conservatives, Liberals and a new National Labour group <br />
<br />
September 1931 – Friedrich Hayek publishes <i>Prices and Production</i> (1931)<br />
<br />
3 September 1931–20 October 1932 – serialisation of Georges Prosper Remi’s (or Hergé) Tintin story <i>Tintin in America</i> in the Belgian newspaper <i>Le Vingtième Siècle</i><br />
<br />
18 September 1931 – the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, in which the Kwantung Army of the Empire of Japan invades Manchuria after the Mukden Incident; the invasion occurs from 18 September 1931–27 February 1932<br />
<br />
20 September 1931 – Britain abandoned the gold standard<br />
<br />
October 1931 – Donald Maclean arrives at Trinity College, Cambridge<br />
<br />
17 October 1931 – Al Capone convicted on five tax evasion charges and sentenced to 11 years in prison<br />
<br />
27 October 1931 – United Kingdom general election held. The results:<blockquote><b>Party | Leader | Seats Won</b><br />
<b>National Government</b><br />
Conservative | Stanley Baldwin | 470<br />
Liberal | Herbert Samuel | 33<br />
Liberal National | John Simon | 35<br />
National Labour | Ramsay MacDonald | 13<br />
National | - | 4<br />
<br />
<b>Opposition</b><br />
Labour | Arthur Henderson | 46<br />
Ind. Labour Party | Fenner Brockway | 3<br />
Opposition Liberal | David Lloyd George | 4<br />
Nationalist | Joseph Devlin | 2<br />
New Party | Oswald Mosley | 0.</BLOCKQUOTE>Churchill stands as MP for Epping for the Conservative party; the opposition Liberal party under David Lloyd George is reduced to 4 seats<br />
<br />
5 November 1931–7 June 1935 – the Second National Ministry in office in the UK, which was coalition of National Labour, the Conservative Party, the Liberal Party, and the Liberal National Party<br />
<br />
21 November 1931 – US release date of the famous Universal Pictures movie <i>Frankenstein</i>, starring Boris Karloff<br />
<br />
13 December 1931 – John Maynard Keynes addresses a socialist group on “The Dilemma of Modern Socialism”<br />
<br />
<b>1932</b><br />
1932–1933 – Paul M. Sweezy in London at the London School of Economics for the academic year; he travelled to Vienna during breaks<br />
<br />
1932 – Nicholas Kaldor appointed to an Assistant Lectureship at the LSE<br />
<br />
1932–1934 – John Cairncross spends two years at the Sorbonne in Paris<br />
<br />
1932–1933 – the Soviet famine of major grain-producing areas in the Soviet Union; the Holodomor (or the Great Famine of the Ukraine) is part of this<br />
<br />
21 January 1932 – death of Giles Lytton Strachey from stomach cancer<br />
<br />
January 1932 – John Maynard Keynes visits Hamburg, Germany and Berlin; Keynes meets Heinrich Brüning<br />
<br />
March 1932 – Piero Sraffa publishes his article “Dr. Hayek on Money and Capital” in the <i>Economic Journal</i><br />
<br />
1 March 1932 – Puyi, the last Qing emperor of China, installed by Japanese as the ruler of Manchukuo (the Japanese puppet state); he was officially crowned the emperor of Manchukuo in 1934<br />
<br />
20 May 1932–25 July 1934 – Engelbert Dollfuss Chancellor of Austria<br />
<br />
1 June 1932–17 November 1932 – Franz von Papen is Chancellor of Germany<br />
<br />
16 June–9 July 1932 – Lausanne Conference; the Western nations agree to suspend German reparations payments. Even though it was rejected by US Congress, the pre-Nazi German government still had enough power to refuse to make any more debt repayments<br />
<br />
June 1932 – final exams of A. J. Ayer before his graduation with a Bachelor of Arts from Christ Church College, Oxford; Ayer appointed to a lectureship in philosophy<br />
<br />
June 1932 – A. J. Ayer meets Ludwig Wittgenstein in Whewell’s Court, Trinity College, Cambridge<br />
<br />
6 June 1932 – The US Revenue Act of 1932 signed into law, which raises tax rates across the board<br />
<br />
21 July 1932 – Emergency Relief and Construction Act enacted by Herbert Hoover<br />
<br />
August 1932–1933 – Willard Van Orman Quine travels in Europe, meets the Polish logicians Stanislaw Lesniewski and Alfred Tarski, members of the Vienna Circle including Rudolf Carnap, and A. J. Ayer<br />
<br />
September 1932 – Joseph Schumpeter moves to the United States and takes up a professorship at Harvard University <br />
<br />
October 1932 – Anthony Blunt elected a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge<br />
<br />
October 1932–1 March 1933 – Willard Van Orman Quine visits Vienna<br />
<br />
19 October 1932 – a letter signed by Friedrich Hayek, Lionel Robbins and others is printed in the <i>Times</i> rejecting government spending<br />
<br />
November 1932 – Guy Burgess elected to the Apostles<br />
<br />
8 November 1932 – the US presidential election of 1932<br />
<br />
25 November 1932 – A. J. Ayer marries Renée Lees<br />
<br />
December 1932 – the US Congress rejects the Allied war debt reduction plan agreed on at the Lausanne Conference<br />
<br />
December 1932–March 1933 – Alfred Jules Ayer attended meetings of the Vienna Circle in Vienna, Austria<br />
<br />
3 December 1932–28 January 1933 – Kurt von Schleicher is Chancellor of Germany<br />
<br />
8 December 1932–8 February 1934 – serialisation of Georges Prosper Remi’s (or Hergé) Tintin story <i>Cigars of the Pharaoh</i> in the Belgian newspaper <i>Le Vingtième Siècle</i><br />
<br />
22 December 1932 – release date of the Universal Studios film <i>The Mummy</i>, directed by Karl Freund and starring Boris Karloff<br />
<br />
<b>1933</b><br />
1933–1937 – Paul M. Sweezy at Harvard for a doctorate degree<br />
<br />
1933 – Anthony Blunt visits the Soviet Union<br />
<br />
9 January 1933 – George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair) publishes <i>Down and Out in Paris and London</i><br />
<br />
30 January 1933 – Paul von Hindenburg appoints Adolf Hitler as chancellor of Germany<br />
<br />
February–March 1933 – Albert Einstein visits America<br />
<br />
27 February 1933 – in Germany the Reichstag building was set on fire<br />
<br />
28 February 1933 – Paul von Hindenburg passes the Reichstag Fire Decree<br />
<br />
spring 1933 – Ludwig Lachmann comes to England to the LSE from Germany<br />
<br />
1 March–April 1933 – Willard Van Orman Quine visits Prague to see Rudolf Carnap<br />
<br />
March 1933 – end of the contractionary phase of the US Great Depression<br />
<br />
March 1933 – the Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss dissolved Austria’s National Assembly and ruled by emergency decree<br />
<br />
c. March 1933 – Joan Robinson publishes <i>The Economics of Imperfect Competition</i><br />
<br />
2 March–May 1933 – the failed British Mount Everest expedition (of Lawrence Wager, Percy Wyn-Harris, E. E. Shipton, Hugh Ruttledge, C. G. Crawford and F. S. Smythe) attempts to climb Everest<br />
<br />
4 March 1933 – Franklin Delano Roosevelt became President of the United States (in office from 4 March 1933–12 April 1945)<br />
<br />
5 March 1933 – Federal elections held in Germany; National Socialist German Workers Party 43.91% of the vote; Social Democratic Party of Germany 18.25%; Communist Party of Germany 12.32%; Centre Party 11.25%<br />
<br />
6 March 1933 – Franklin Delano Roosevelt declares a four-day banking holiday in the United States<br />
<br />
9 March 1933 – the US Emergency Banking Act (the Emergency Banking Relief Act) is passed by the United States Congress <br />
<br />
13 March 1933 – the Institute for Social Research or Institut für Sozialforschung (IfS) is closed down by the German government, a research organisation and home of the Frankfurt School and critical theory, moves to Geneva and in 1934 moves to New York City, where it becomes affiliated with Columbia University<br />
<br />
23 March 1933 – the Reichstag voted to pass the Enabling Act, which transforms Hitler’s government into a de facto legal dictatorship<br />
<br />
28 March 1933 – Albert Einstein arrives in Antwerp and formally renounced his German citizenship<br />
<br />
1 April 1933 – Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses in Germany<br />
<br />
7 April 1933 – release date of the Radio Pictures film <i>King Kong</i> (release date in New York 7 March 1933), starring Fay Wray and Robert Armstrong<br />
<br />
19 April 1933 – the United States abandoned the gold standard<br />
<br />
2 May 1933 – Hitler outlawed German trade unions<br />
<br />
June 1933 – Kim Philby graduates from Cambridge with upper second-class honours in economics<br />
<br />
16 June 1933 – the US National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) signed into law by Franklin Delano Roosevelt<br />
<br />
July–October 1933 – Albert Einstein flees from Belgium and lives in England<br />
<br />
September 1933 – James Hilton publishes his novel <i>Lost Horizon</i><br />
<br />
October 1933 – Albert Einstein returns to the US to the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey<br />
<br />
November 1933 – Karl Polanyi moves to London from Vienna (his wife follows him in 1936)<br />
<br />
26 December 1933 – death of Henry Watson Fowler<br />
<br />
<b>1934</b><br />
1 January 1934 – UK publication of <i>Murder on the Orient Express</i> by Agatha Christie, featuring the fictional detective Hercule Poirot<br />
<br />
30 January 1934 – the US Congress passed the Gold Reserve Act, which nationalised all gold and ordered the Federal Reserve banks to turn over gold supply to the US Treasury<br />
<br />
12 February 1934–16 February 1934 – Austrian Civil War (or February Uprising), the battles between socialist and conservative-fascist forces in Austria, which in Vienna, Graz, Bruck an der Mur, Judenburg, Wiener Neustadt and Steyr <br />
<br />
February 1934 – Kim Philby and Litzi Friedmann are married<br />
<br />
March 1934 – Ludwig von Mises accepted an offer from the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva to become a visiting professor<br />
<br />
9 May–8 June 1934 – John Maynard Keynes in America<br />
<br />
23 May 1934 – deaths of Bonnie Elizabeth Parker (1 October 1910–23 May 1934) and Clyde Chestnut Barrow aka Clyde Champion Barrow (24 March 1909–23 May 1934)<br />
<br />
28 May 1934 – John Maynard Keynes meets Franklin Delano Roosevelt<br />
<br />
June 1934 – Theodor W. Adorno registers at Merton College, Oxford and spends four years at Oxford under the direction of Gilbert Ryle<br />
<br />
12 June 1934 – the German film director Fritz Lang arrives in New York after fleeing Germany<br />
<br />
29 June 1934 – Night of the Long Knives in Germany<br />
<br />
July 1934 – Columbia university invites the Institute for Social Research (Frankfurt School) to affiliate with the university and move to America<br />
<br />
24 July 1934 – death of Hans Hahn, the Austrian mathematician and member of the Vienna circle<br />
<br />
9 August 1934–17 October 1935 – serialisation of Georges Prosper Remi’s (or Hergé) story <i>The Blue Lotus</i>, set in China and mentioning the Japanese invasion of Manchuria<br />
<br />
2 August 1934 – death of Paul von Hindenburg, President of Germany<br />
<br />
9 September 1934 – death of Roger Eliot Fry (14 December 1866–9 September 1934), the English painter and critic<br />
<br />
October 1934 – Donald Maclean graduated from Trinity Hall, Cambridge<br />
<br />
October 1934 – James Hilton publishes his novel <i>Goodbye, Mr. Chips</i> in the UK (release date in the US June 1934)<br />
<br />
25 October 1934 – Ludwig von Mises begins lecturing at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva<br />
<br />
December 1934 – Karl Popper publishes <i>Logik der Forschung. Zur Erkenntnistheorie der modernen Naturwissenschaft</i> (<i>The Logic of Scientific Discovery</i>)<br />
<br />
December 1934 – Ludwig von Mises briefly returns to Vienna to work as consultant for the Vienna <i>Kammer</i><br />
<br />
December 1934 – Guy Burgess was recruited as a Soviet spy by Arnold Deutsch<br />
<br />
<b>1935</b><br />
1935 – Ronald Syme elected to lectureship at Oxford<br />
<br />
January 1935 – George L. S. Shackle arrives at the LSE as a PhD student of Hayek<br />
<br />
6 May 1935 – the Silver Jubilee of King George V and Queen Mary<br />
<br />
8 May 1935–1940 – A. J. Ayer elected to a 5-year research studentship (fellowship) at Oxford<br />
<br />
10 May 1935 – New York release date of the famous Universal picture <i>Bride of Frankenstein</i>, starring Boris Karloff<br />
<br />
13 May 1935 – US release date of the famous Universal Pictures movie <i>Werewolf of London</i>, starring Henry Hull <br />
<br />
7 June 1935–28 May 1937 – Stanley Baldwin is Prime Minister of the UK<br />
<br />
18 June 1935 – the Anglo-German Naval Agreement of 1935, a naval agreement between the UK and Germany; this regulated the size of the <i>Kriegsmarine</i> to 35% of the total tonnage of the Royal Navy; the agreement was renounced by Adolf Hitler on 28 April 1939<br />
<br />
4 July–14 August 1935 – the 1935 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition, including Eric Shipton<br />
<br />
July 1935 – Bertrand Russell and Dora Black divorce<br />
<br />
autumn 1935 – Guy Burgess graduates from Cambridge<br />
<br />
10 September 1935 – assassination of Huey Pierce Long, Jr.<br />
<br />
15 September 1935 – Nuremberg Laws introduced in Germany<br />
<br />
October 1935 – George L. S. Shackle visits Cambridge for a research students’ seminar and listens to a talk by Joan Robinson on Keynes’ work on the <i>General Theory</i>; Shackle becomes a Keynesian<br />
<br />
October 1935 – Donald Maclean begins work in the British Foreign Office<br />
<br />
3 October 1935–May 1936 – the Second Italo-Ethiopian War (Second Italo-Abyssinian War), a colonial between Italy and the Ethiopian Empire; Italy occupied Ethiopia<br />
<br />
November 1935 – the election of the first Labour Government in New Zealand under Michael Joseph Savage (23 March 1872–27 March 1940; Prime Minister from 6 December 1935–27 March 1940)<br />
<br />
14 November 1935 – United Kingdom general election 1935. The result:<blockquote><b>Party | Leader | Seats Won</b><br />
<b>National</b><br />
Conservative | Stanley Baldwin | 387<br />
Liberal National | John Simon | 33<br />
National Labour | Ramsay MacDonald | 8<br />
<br />
<b>Opposition</b><br />
Labour | Clement Attlee | 154<br />
Liberal | Herbert Samuel | 21.</BLOCKQUOTE>The result was a reduced majority for the National Government led by Conservative Stanley Baldwin<br />
<br />
December 1935 – Rudolf Carnap moves from Prague to the University of Chicago<br />
<br />
5 December 1935–25 February 1937 – serialisation of Georges Prosper Remi’s (or Hergé) Tintin story <i>The Broken Ear</i> in the Belgian newspaper <i>Le Petit Vingtième</i><br />
<br />
winter 1935 – Karl Polanyi visits the United States<br />
<br />
<b>1936</b><br />
1936–1940 – the future Neoconservative Irving Kristol attends City College of New York<br />
<br />
1936–1939 – Gore Vidal attends St. Albans School in Washington<br />
<br />
1936–1938 – the Great Purge (or the Great Terror) in Russia<br />
<br />
January 1936 – Bertrand Russell and Patricia Spence are married<br />
<br />
January 1936 – Alfred Jules Ayer publishes his book <i>Language, Truth and Logic</i><br />
<br />
18 January 1936 – death of Rudyard Kipling<br />
<br />
20 January 1936 – death of George V (reigned 6 May 1910–20 January 1936)<br />
<br />
20 January 1936–11 December 1936 – reign of Edward VIII <br />
<br />
22 January 1936 – fall of the government of Pierre Laval in France<br />
<br />
5 February 1936 – Charlie Chaplin’s film <i>Modern Times</i> is released<br />
<br />
February 1936 – John Maynard Keynes’ <i>The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money</i> is published<br />
<br />
16 February 1936 – Spanish general legislative election, which was won by the Popular Front, a left-wing coalition of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), Republican Left (Spain) (IR), Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (ERC), Republican Union (UR), Communist Party (PCE), Acció Catalana (AC) and other parties <br />
<br />
4 March 1936 – the first flight of airship Hindenburg in Germany <br />
<br />
7 March 1936 – reoccupation of the Rhineland by Hitler<br />
<br />
March 1936 – Michał Kalecki arrived in England from Sweden<br />
<br />
25 April–17 June 1936 – 1936 British Mount Everest expedition<br />
<br />
28 April 1936–26 July 1952 – reign of Farouk of Egypt<br />
<br />
9 May 1936 – Italy annexes Ethiopia<br />
<br />
11 May 1936 – release date of the film <i>Dracula’s Daughter</i> by Universal Studios directed by Lambert Hillyer<br />
<br />
June 1936 – Peter Cushing begins to work at the Connaught Theatre in Worthing<br />
<br />
22 June 1936 – murder of Moritz Schlick <br />
<br />
17–18 July 1936 – Spanish coup of July 1936, a group of officers attempt to overthrow the left-wing Popular Front government <br />
<br />
17 July 1936–1 April 1939 – Spanish Civil War<br />
<br />
1–16 August 1936 – the 1936 Summer Olympics held in Berlin, Germany<br />
<br />
August 1936 – King Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson on a private cruise of the Adriatic Sea on board the <i>Nahlin</i><br />
<br />
4 August 1936 – a military coup in Greece by General Ioannis Metaxas<br />
<br />
19–23 August 1936 – the first Moscow show trial<br />
<br />
24 August 1936 – the introduction of conscription law in Germany <br />
<br />
26 August 1936 – the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 between the United Kingdom and Egypt signed in London; the UK was required to withdraw all troops from Egypt, except those protecting Suez Canal and its surroundings<br />
<br />
29 August 1936 – the British–American Himalayan Expedition of 1936 (with Peter Lloyd and H. Adams Carter, Bill Tilman and Noel Odell) ascends Nanda Devi<br />
<br />
September 1936 – King Edward VIII received in Turkey on an unofficial visit<br />
<br />
October 1936 – Eric Hobsbawm went up to King’s College, Cambridge to read History<br />
<br />
October 1936 – Guy Burgess joined the BBC as talks producer<br />
<br />
4 October 1936 – Battle of Cable Street, in Cable Street, East End of London, a clash between British Union of Fascists (led by Oswald Mosley) and anti-fascist demonstrators<br />
<br />
5–31 October 1936 – Jarrow March (or the Jarrow Crusade) from Jarrow to London, organised protest march against the unemployment suffered in the Tyneside town of Jarrow<br />
<br />
21 October 1936 – the siege of Madrid begins during the Spanish Civil War<br />
<br />
25 October 1936 – Rome-Berlin Axis pact<br />
<br />
November 1936 – John Cairncross joins the UK Foreign Office<br />
<br />
November 1936 – Edward VIII visits the depressed region of South Wales<br />
<br />
16 November 1936 – Edward VIII tells the British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin at Buckingham Palace of his intention to marry Wallis Simpson<br />
<br />
December 1936 – Abdication crisis in the UK<br />
<br />
11 December 1936 – abdication of the British king Edward VIII<br />
<br />
11 December 1936 – accession of George VI (reigned 11 December 1936–6 February 1952)<br />
<br />
23 December 1936 – George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair) sets out for Spain to fight in the Spanish Civil War; he stays until June 1937<br />
<br />
<b>1937</b><br />
1937–1938 – John Kenneth Galbraith visits Cambridge University with a postdoctoral fellowship <br />
<br />
1937 – James Hilton moves to California<br />
<br />
1937 – George L. S. Shackle granted his PhD; he moves to New College, Oxford and took a D.Phil. in 1940<br />
<br />
February 1937 – Bertrand Russell delivers his maiden speech in the House of Lords<br />
<br />
4 February 1937 – Karl Popper sails for New Zealand from London<br />
<br />
February 1937–July 1939 – Kim Philby in Spain as a journalist in the Spanish Civil War, from the side of the pro-Franco forces<br />
<br />
March 1937 – Karl Popper arrives in New Zealand<br />
<br />
2 March 1937 – release date of the Columbia Pictures movie <i>Lost Horizon</i>, directed by Frank Capra, and starring <br />
Ronald Colman and Jane Wyatt<br />
<br />
8 March 1937 – George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair) publishes <i>The Road to Wigan Pier</i><br />
<br />
27 April 1937 – death of Antonio Gramsci in Rome<br />
<br />
15 April 1937–16 June 1938 – serialisation of Georges Prosper Remi’s (or Hergé) story <i>The Black Island</i> in <i>Le Vingtième Siècle</i> magazine<br />
<br />
May 1937 – John Cairncross recruited to the Soviet cause by Arnold Deutsch<br />
<br />
May 1937–June 1938 – the US Recession of 1937–1938<br />
<br />
6 May 1937 – the Hindenburg disaster; the German airship LZ 129 Hindenburg catches fire and is destroyed during its attempt to dock at Naval Air Station Lakehurst in Manchester Township, New Jersey, United States<br />
<br />
12 May 1937 – the coronation of George VI<br />
<br />
25 May 1937 – death of Florence Stoker, wife of Bram Stoker<br />
<br />
28 May 1937–10 May 1940 – Neville Chamberlain is British Prime Minister<br />
<br />
June 1937 – George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair) returns to England from Spain<br />
<br />
c. June 1937 – Peter Cushing joins a company at the Grand Theatre in Southampton <br />
<br />
3 June 1937 – ex-king Edward VIII marries Wallis Simpson in the Chateau de Candé near Tours in France<br />
<br />
July 1937 – the Shaksgam Expedition explores and maps the northern approaches to K2 led by Eric Shipton <br />
<br />
July 1937 – F. S. Smythe in an expedition to the Valley of Flowers, India<br />
<br />
7 July 1937–9 September 1945 – the Second Sino-Japanese War, the war between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan<br />
<br />
9 June 1937 – Theodor W. Adorno sails for New York and stayed there for two weeks <br />
<br />
21 September 1937 – J. R. R. Tolkien publishes <i>The Hobbit, or There and Back Again</i><br />
<br />
November 1937 – while ascending the Zemu glacier, Lord Hunt and H. W. Tilman found strange “yeti” tracks in the snow<br />
<br />
1 November 1937 – Agatha Christie publishes the book <i>Death on the Nile</i> with the fictional detective Hercule Poirot<br />
<br />
13 December 1937–January 1938 – the Nanking Massacre (or Rape of Nanking), the mass murder and mass rape committed by Japanese troops against the people of Nanjing, the capital of the Republic of China during the Second Sino-Japanese War<br />
<br />
<b>1938</b><br />
10 February 1938 – king Carol II of Romania suspended the 1923 constitution and seized emergency powers<br />
<br />
16 February 1938 – Theodor W. Adorno sails for New York and moves to America<br />
<br />
8 March 1938–22 October 1940 – Joseph P. Kennedy is United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom<br />
<br />
9 March 1938 – Schuschnigg scheduled an Austria plebiscite on the issue of unification with Germany on 13 March 1938<br />
<br />
12 March 1938 – Austria was annexed by the Third Reich<br />
<br />
April 1938 – A. J. Ayer visits America<br />
<br />
25 April 1938 – <i>Homage to Catalonia</i> by George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair), a personal account of the Spanish Civil War, is published<br />
<br />
May 1938–August 1939 – the German Expedition to Tibet of 1938–1939, a German scientific expedition led by the German zoologist Ernst Schäfer (14 March 1910–21 July 1992) <br />
<br />
26 May 1938 – the House Committee on Un-American Activities established as a special investigating committee, to investigate disloyalty and subversion, either communist or fascist; it was chaired by Martin Dies, Jr. and Dies Committee (from 1938–1944)<br />
<br />
4 June 1938 – Sigmund Freud and his wife Martha leave Vienna on the Orient Express for Britain<br />
<br />
6 June 1938 – Sigmund Freud and his wife Martha arrive in London at Victoria Station<br />
<br />
4 August 1938 – 10 August 1939 – serialisation of Georges Prosper Remi’s (or Hergé) Tintin story <i>King Ottokar's Sceptre</i> in the Belgian newspaper <i>Le Vingtième Siècle</i><br />
<br />
17 October 1938 – death of Karl Kautsky, the Czech-Austrian philosopher and Marxist theoretician, in Amsterdam<br />
<br />
30 October 1938 – Orson Welles’ radio broadcast of <i>The War of the Worlds</i>, an episode of the American radio drama anthology series The Mercury Theatre on the Air<br />
<br />
September 1938 – Bertrand Russell begins a year appointment at the University of Chicago<br />
<br />
September 1938–30 March 1939 – George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair) in French Morocco <br />
<br />
15 September 1938 – Chamberlain travels to Berchtesgaden to meet with Hitler about the Sudeten crisis<br />
<br />
23 September 1938 – the new military government in Czechoslovakia issues a decree for general mobilization <br />
<br />
30 September 1938 – Adolf Hitler, Neville Chamberlain, Benito Mussolini and Édouard Daladier signed the Munich Agreement<br />
<br />
30 September 1938 – the Czechoslovak government capitulates and agrees to the Munich Agreement<br />
<br />
30 September 1938 – Neville Chamberlain returns to Britain and gives his “peace for our time” speech to a crowd at Heston Aerodrome <br />
<br />
1–10 October 1938 – annexation of the Sudetenland by Germany<br />
<br />
9 November 1938 – murder of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath in Paris by Herschel Grynszpan<br />
<br />
9–10 November 1938 – Kristallnacht, a pogrom against Jews throughout Nazi Germany; from 12–13 November a similar attack happened in the Free City of Danzig<br />
<br />
December 1938 – Guy Burgess begins to work for MI6’s D Section<br />
<br />
23 December 1938–10 February 1939 – the Catalonia Offensive in Spain by the Nationalist Army of Franco to take Republican-held Catalonia<br />
<br />
<b>1939</b><br />
1939 – Stefan Zweig’s novel <i>Beware of Pity</i> (in German called <i>Ungeduld des Herzens</i> / “The Heart's Impatience”) is published<br />
<br />
5 January 1939 – Josef Beck (Poland’s Foreign Minister) meets with Hitler at Berchtesgaden, to discuss German claims on Danzig and issues with the Polish Corridor<br />
<br />
26 January 1939 – fall of Barcelona to Franco’s forces. The Nationalist Army of Franco began the Catalonia Offensive on December 23, 1938<br />
<br />
10 February 1939 – Peter Cushing arrives in New York to pursue an acting career in Hollywood<br />
<br />
14 March 1939 – Slovakia seceded from Czechoslovakia and became a separate pro-Nazi state<br />
<br />
15 March 1939 – German troops marched into Czechoslovakia<br />
<br />
April 1939 – Ernst Badian and his family sail from Genoa for Christchurch, New Zealand<br />
<br />
14 April 1939 – publication date of the novel <i>The Grapes of Wrath</i> by John Steinbeck<br />
<br />
May–June 1939 – George VI and Queen Elizabeth tour Canada and the United States<br />
<br />
27 May 1939 – the German ocean liner MS St. Louis arrives in Havana harbour but the Cuban government refuses entry to Cuba to 908 refugees from Europe<br />
<br />
6 June 1939 – St. Louis sails back to Europe <br />
<br />
summer 1939 – Eric Hobsbawm in Paris carrying out research work on North Africa<br />
<br />
June 1939 – Gore Vidal leaves New York for a trip to Europe<br />
<br />
July 1939 – Ludwig Wittgenstein visits Vienna and Berlin<br />
<br />
23 August 1939 – Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact signed between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in Moscow<br />
<br />
25 August 1939 – US release date of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer movie <i>The Wizard of Oz</i>, starring Judy Garland<br />
<br />
1 September 1939 – Germany invaded Poland<br />
<br />
<b>1 September 1939–2 September 1945 – World War II</b><br />
<br />
September 1939–April 1940 – Phony War<br />
<br />
1 September 1939 – Operation Pied Piper began, which officially relocated more than 3.5 million people <br />
<br />
3 September 1939 – UK and France declare war on Germany; Churchill was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty<br />
<br />
3 September 1939 – the speech of George VI to the British Empire on the outbreak of World War Two<br />
<br />
7 September 1939 – Ronald Syme publishes <i>The Roman Revolution</i><br />
<br />
17 September 1939 – Stalin ordered his own invasion of Poland<br />
<br />
23 September 1939 – death of Sigmund Freud in London<br />
<br />
27 September 1939 – Warsaw surrendered to German troops encircling its borders<br />
<br />
September 1939 – Turing designing the bombe<br />
<br />
17 October 1939 – release date of Frank Capra’s film <i>Mr. Smith Goes to Washington</i><br />
<br />
c. November 1939 – the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) moves to Peterhouse College in Cambridge <br />
<br />
30 November 1939 – Soviet Union attacks Finland in what would become known as the Winter War<br />
<br />
30 November 1939–13 March 1940 – the Winter War, the military conflict between the Soviet Union and Finland <br />
<br />
<center><b>1940s</b></center><b>1940</b><br />
1940–1941 – Ronald Syme is Press Attache to the British Legation at Belgrade; at the fall of Belgrade he went to Ankara<br />
<br />
1940–1943 – Karl Polanyi teaches at Bennington College in Vermont <br />
<br />
24 January 1940 – release date of the film <i>The Grapes of Wrath</i>, directed by John Ford and based on John Steinbeck’s 1939 novel<br />
<br />
February 1940 – John Maynard Keynes publishes his pamphlet <i>How to Pay for the War</i><br />
<br />
16 February 1940 – Eric Hobsbawm enrolled in 560th Field Company of the Royal Engineers in Cambridge<br />
<br />
18 March 1940 – delivery and installation of Turing’s bombe to Bletchley Park; second bombe, named “Agnus dei,” later shortened to Agnes, or Aggie, was equipped with Welchman's diagonal board, and was installed on 8 August 1940; during 1940, 178 messages were broken on the two machines<br />
<br />
9 April 1940 – Germans land in several Norwegian ports and take Oslo; the Norwegian Campaign lasts two months. The British begin their Norwegian Campaign. Denmark surrenders<br />
<br />
10 May 1940 – Germany invades Belgium, France, Luxembourg and the Netherlands; Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom upon the resignation of Neville Chamberlain<br />
<br />
10 May 1940 – 26 July 1945 – Churchill as Prime Minister<br />
<br />
10 May 1940 – Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister (PM until 26 July 1945)<br />
<br />
13 May 1940 – Churchill's "blood, toil, tears, and sweat" speech in Commons.<br />
<br />
14 May 1940 – Germany aircraft attacks on Dutch city of Rotterdam into the ground. 900 civilians died and 85,000 others homeless<br />
<br />
15 May 1940 – from this day after the Luftwaffe destroyed the centre of Rotterdam – the RAF also carried out operations east of the Rhine, attacking industrial and transportation targets.<br />
<br />
17 May 1940 – Germans enter Brussels and also take Antwerp<br />
<br />
23 May 1940 – Oswald Mosley interned under Defence Regulation 18B <br />
<br />
25 May 1940 – the Allied forces, British and French alike, retreat to Dunkirk<br />
<br />
26 May–4 June 1940 – the Battle of Dunkirk: the defence and evacuation of British and allied forces in Europe <br />
<br />
28 May 1940 – Belgium surrenders to the Germans; King Leopold III of Belgium surrenders and is interned<br />
<br />
30 May 1940 – crucial British Cabinet meeting: Churchill wins a vote on continuing the war, in spite of vigorous arguments by Lord Halifax and Chamberlain<br />
<br />
May 1940 – British start aerial war on German cities<br />
<br />
June 1940 – Anthony Blunt recruited by MI5 as a military liaison officer<br />
<br />
10 June 1940 – Italy declares war on France and the United Kingdom. Norway surrenders<br />
<br />
13 June 1940 – Paris occupied by German troops<br />
<br />
16 June 1940 – Marshal Pétain becomes Premier <br />
<br />
22 June 1940 – Franco-German armistice signed; 22 June, France signed an armistice at Compiègne with Germany that gave Germany control over the north and west of the country, including Paris and all of the Atlantic coastline<br />
<br />
24 June 1940 – Franco-Italian armistice signed<br />
<br />
by 25 June 1940 – almost 192,000 Allied personnel, 144,000 of them British, had been evacuated through various French ports<br />
<br />
30 June 1940 – Germany invades the Channel Islands<br />
<br />
3 July 1940 – the British attack and destroy the French navy at its Mers El Kébir base on the coast of French Algeria, fearing that it would fall into German hands<br />
<br />
4 July–9 October 1940 – Piero Sraffa interned in the Isle of Man as an enemy alien<br />
<br />
12 July 1940 – Luftwaffe attacks on Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland<br />
<br />
25 July 1940 – Ludwig von Mises leaves Europe from Lisbon by ship for America<br />
<br />
3 August 1940 – Ludwig von Mises arrives in New York<br />
<br />
July–September 1940 – Luftwaffe attacked RAF Fighter Command to gain air superiority as a prelude to invasion<br />
<br />
17 August 1940 – Hitler declares a blockade of the British Isles<br />
<br />
24 August 1940 – German aircraft mistakenly bomb London including church in Cripplegate, accidentally dictating the future shape of the Battle of Britain.<br />
<br />
25 August 1940 – Churchill orders the bombing of Berlin in retaliation for the previous night's bombing of London<br />
<br />
30 August 1940 – the bombing of England continues; London is now bombed in retaliation for the bombing of Berlin<br />
<br />
7 September 1940 – in one of the major misjudgements of the war, the Luftwaffe shifts its focus to London, away from the RAF airfields<br />
<br />
7 September 1940–21 May 1941 – The Blitz<br />
<br />
7 September 1940 – first major raid in this regard took place on London<br />
<br />
24 September 1940 – Berlin suffers a large bombing raid by the RAF<br />
<br />
27 September 1940 – the Tripartite Pact is signed in Berlin by Germany, Italy, and Japan, promising mutual aid. Its informal name “Axis” <br />
<br />
15 October 1940 – New York release date of Charlie Chaplin’s film <i>The Great Dictator</i> (release date in London 7 March 1941)<br />
<br />
17 October 1940–18 October 1941 – serialisation of Georges Prosper Remi’s (or Hergé) Tintin story <i>The Crab with the Golden Claws</i> in the Belgian newspaper <i>Le Soir Jeunesse</i><br />
<br />
28 October 1940 – the Italian Royal Army launches attacks into Greece from Italian-held Albania and begins the Greco-Italian War<br />
<br />
5 November 1940 – President Roosevelt wins a third term<br />
<br />
6–9 December 1940 – British and Indian troops of the Western Desert Force launch Operation Compass, an offensive against Italian forces in Egypt<br />
<br />
28 December 1940 – Greco-Italian War continues to go badly for the Italians and the Greeks hold roughly one-quarter of Albania: Italy requests military assistance from Germany against the Greeks<br />
<br />
29 December 1940 – large German air-raids on London; St Paul’s Cathedral is damaged<br />
<br />
<b>1941</b><br />
1941–1942 – Ronald Syme works at the British Embassy at Ankara <br />
<br />
1941–1945 – Ernst Badian enrolled in BA at Canterbury College, University of New Zealand; he graduates with an BA in 1945; an MA in 1946<br />
<br />
11 March 1941 – United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signs the Lend Lease Act (now passed by the full Congress) allowing Britain, China, and other allied nations to purchase military equipment and to defer payment until after the war<br />
<br />
24 March 1941 – Rommel attacks and reoccupies El Agheila, Libya in his first offensive. The British retreat and within three weeks are driven back to Egypt<br />
<br />
28 March 1941 – suicide of Virginia Woolf<br />
<br />
6 April 1941 – Forces of Germany, Hungary, and Italy, moving through Romania and Hungary, initiate the invasions of Yugoslavia and Greece<br />
<br />
8 May–28 July 1941 – John Maynard Keynes in America<br />
<br />
20 May 1941 – German paratroopers land on Crete; the battle for Crete will continue for seven days.<br />
<br />
22 June 1941 – Operation Barbarossa begins<br />
<br />
1 June 1941 – Commonwealth forces complete the withdrawal from Crete<br />
<br />
9 August 1941 – Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill meet at NS Argentia, Newfoundland. The Atlantic Charter is created, signed, and released to the world press<br />
<br />
5 September 1941 – US release date of Orson Welles’ movie <i>Citizen Kane</i>; 1 May 1941 release date at the Palace Theatre<br />
<br />
20 October 1941–21 May 1942 – serialisation of Georges Prosper Remi’s (or Hergé) story <i>The Shooting Star</i> in <i>Le Soir</i> magazine<br />
<br />
7 December 1941 – Japanese planes attacked the United States Naval Base at Pearl Harbour<br />
<br />
8 December 1941 – just after midnight, Japanese invasion of Malaya began <br />
<br />
12 December 1941 – release date of the famous Universal Pictures movie the <i>The Wolf Man</i>, starring Lon Chaney, Jr.<br />
<br />
<b>1942</b> <br />
1942–1945 – Ronald Syme is Professor of Classical Philology at University of Istanbul<br />
<br />
11 June 1942–14 January 1943 – serialisation of Georges Prosper Remi’s (or Hergé) Tintin story <i>The Secret of the Unicorn</i> in the Belgian newspaper <i>Le Soir</i><br />
<br />
winter 1942–1943 – John Cairncross moves to Bletchley Park to Hut 3<br />
<br />
8 November 1942 – Operation Torch, the British-American invasion of French North Africa during the North African Campaign; three amphibious Allied task forces attack areas of Morocco (targeting Casablanca and Safi) and Algeria (Oran and Algiers)<br />
<br />
<b>1943</b> <br />
23 January 1943 – US release date of the movie <i>Casablanca</i>, starring Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman<br />
<br />
15 April 1943 – Ayn Rand publishes <i>The Fountainhead</i><br />
<br />
c. May 1943–May 1944 – the Bengal famine of 1943 in Bengal Province of pre-partition India; between 1.5 and 4 million people died of starvation, malnutrition and disease<br />
<br />
May 1943 – de Gaulle moved his headquarters to Algiers <br />
<br />
July 1943 – Gore Vidal enlists in the army after his graduation; he serves from December 1944 to March 1945<br />
<br />
<b>1944</b><br />
1944 – Karl Polanyi’s <i>The Great Transformation</i> is published<br />
<br />
3 June 1944 – de Gaulle flies back to the UK<br />
<br />
26 August, 1944 – de Gaulle liberates Paris<br />
<br />
September 1944 – publication of Friedrich Hayek’s <i>The Road to Serfdom</i> by the University of Chicago Press<br />
<br />
10 November 1944 – Churchill flew to Paris to a reception by de Gaulle and the two together were greeted by thousands of cheering Parisians on the next day<br />
<br />
<b>1945</b><br />
1945 – Karl Popper publishes <i>The Open Society and Its Enemies</i><br />
<br />
7 May 1945 – SHAEF headquarters in Rheims the Allies accepted Germany’s surrender<br />
<br />
8 May 1945 – Victory in Europe Day<br />
<br />
5 July 1945 – United Kingdom general election of 1945; some polls in some constituencies delayed until 12 July and in Nelson and Colne until 19 July, because of local wakes weeks <br />
<br />
17 July–2 August 1945 – Potsdam Conference was held at Cecilienhof, the home of Crown Prince Wilhelm Hohenzollern, in Potsdam, occupied Germany<br />
<br />
26 July 1945 – United Kingdom general election results counted and declared on 26 July owing in part to the time it took to transport the votes of those serving overseas<br />
<br />
26 July 1945 – Churchill resigns as British Prime Minister<br />
<br />
26 July 1945–26 October 1951 – Clement Attlee as British Prime Minister<br />
<br />
15 August 1945 – Emperor Hirohito issues a radio broadcast announcing the Surrender of Japan<br />
<br />
17 August 1945 – George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair) publishes <i>Animal Farm: A Fairy Story</i> in Britain; on 26 August 1946 in the US<br />
<br />
2 September 1945 – The Japanese Instrument of Surrender is signed on the deck of the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay<br />
<br />
2 September 1945 – formal end of WWII<br />
<br />
5 September 1945 – Singapore is officially liberated by British and Indian troops<br />
<br />
9 September 1945 – The Japanese troops in China formally surrender, end of the Second Sino-Japanese War<br />
<br />
24 October 1945 – the United Nations officially comes into existence on the ratification of the UN Charter by the five permanent members of the Security Council (France, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the UK and the US) and a majority of the other 46 signatories<br />
<br />
22 December 1945 – death of Otto Neurath in Britain<br />
<br />
<b>1946</b><br />
January 1946 – Karl Popper arrives back in England from New Zealand<br />
<br />
6 January 1946 – the first meeting of the UN General Assembly (with 51 nations present) and the Security Council takes place in London (the General Assembly selected New York City as the site for the headquarters of the United Nations; the facility was completed in 1952)<br />
<br />
20 January 1946 – de Gaulle abruptly resigned <br />
<br />
5 March 1946 – Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri<br />
<br />
21 April 1946 – John Maynard Keynes dies at his home Tilton in Firle, Sussex<br />
<br />
22 July 1946 – release date of the film <i>Beware of Pity</i>, starring Lilli Palmer, Albert Lieven and Cedric Hardwicke<br />
<br />
13 August 1946 – death of H. G. Wells<br />
<br />
20 December 1946 – release date of Frank Capra’s film <i>It’s a Wonderful Life</i><br />
<br />
<b>1947</b><br />
1947–1948 – Ernst Badian is Junior Lecturer in Classics and Ancient History at Victoria University in Wellington<br />
<br />
1947–1953 – Karl Polanyi teaches at Columbia University as Professor of Economics in New York; he retired in 1953<br />
<br />
1947 – Eric Hobsbawm appointed as Lecturer in History at Birkbeck College, London<br />
<br />
26 May 1947 – release date of the film <i>Black Narcissus</i>, starring Deborah Kerr<br />
<br />
18 July 1947 – the Indian Independence Act 1947 is given royal assent; the act partitioned British India into India and Pakistan<br />
<br />
15 August 1947 – India partitioned British India into India and Pakistan<br />
<br />
September–November 1947 – the 1947 Jammu massacres in the Jammu region of the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India<br />
<br />
October 1947 – the House on Un-American Activities Committee holds nine days of hearings in Los Angeles about communists in Hollywood<br />
<br />
22 October 1947–1 January 1949 – Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948, sometimes known as the First Kashmir War, was fought between India and Pakistan over the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu from 1947 to 1948<br />
<br />
<b>1948</b><br />
c. 1948 – Ernst Badian leaves New Zealand for University College, Oxford<br />
<br />
30 January 1948 – assassination of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi<br />
<br />
30 June 1948 – UK release date of film <i>Oliver Twist</i>, starring Alec Guinness <br />
<br />
22 November 1948 – release of the British anthology film <i>Quartet</i>, adapted from W. Somerset Maugham stories<br />
<br />
<b>1949</b><br />
1949–1970 – Ronald Syme is Camden Professor of Ancient History at Oxford, and fellow of Brasenose; 1970–1989 fellow of Wolfson College, Oxford<br />
<br />
1949 – Ludwig Lachmann appointed to a chair in Economics and Economic History at the University of Wittwatersrand in South Africa<br />
<br />
1949 – Paul M. Sweezy publishes <i>Karl Marx and the Close of His System and Böhm-Bawerk’s Criticism of Marx</i> (August M. Kelley, New York)<br />
<br />
1949 – Ronald Syme elected as Camden Professor of Ancient History at Oxford; he retired in 1970<br />
<br />
May 1949 – the first issue of Paul M. Sweezy and Leo Huberman’s <i>Monthly Review</i><br />
<br />
June 1949 – George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair) publishes <i>Nineteen Eighty-Four</i><br />
<br />
October 1949 – Kim Philby arrives in Washington as British intelligence liaison to the US intelligence agencies<br />
<br />
c. October 1949 – Nicholas Kaldor appointed as a fellow and lecturer of King’s College, Cambridge<br />
<br />
October 1949 – Theodor W. Adorno left America and returns to Germany, where he teaches at Frankfurt University<br />
<br />
<center><b>1950s</b></center><b>1950</b><br />
1950 – Ernst Badian awarded his BA in <i>literae humaniores</i> at University College, Oxford<br />
<br />
1950–1952 – Ernst Badian held a fellowship in Classics at the British School in Rome<br />
<br />
8 January 1950 – death of Joseph Schumpeter<br />
<br />
21 January 1950 – death of George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair)<br />
<br />
23 February 1950 – British general election gave Labour a massively reduced majority of five<br />
<br />
February 1950 – Friedrich Hayek submits a letter of resignation to the London School of Economics (LSE); Hayek teaches at the University of Chicago (from 1950–1962)<br />
<br />
25 June 1950–27 July 1953 – Korean War<br />
<br />
1 August 1950 – release of the British anthology film <i>Trio</i>, based on three short stories by W. Somerset Maugham<br />
<br />
September 1950 – <i>The Authoritarian Personality</i> is published, by Theodor W. Adorno, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel Levinson, and Nevitt Sanford, who were working at the University of California, Berkeley<br />
<br />
October 1950 – China invades Tibet<br />
<br />
16 October 1950 – C. S. Lewis publishes <i>The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe</i> (the novel is set in 1940)<br />
<br />
<b>1951</b><br />
25 May 1951 – Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean flee from Britain to Russia<br />
<br />
July 1951 – Kim Philby resigns from MI6<br />
<br />
27 August 1951–21 November 1951 – the 1951 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition led by Eric Shipton reconnoitres possible routes for climbing Mount Everest from Nepal; the best one found was through the Khumbu Icefall, Western Cwm and South Col; Edmund Hillary is part of the expedition<br />
<br />
15 October 1951 – C. S. Lewis publishes <i>Prince Caspian</i>, second volume of the <i>The Chronicles of Narnia</i> <br />
<br />
25 October 1951 – United Kingdom general election. The results:<blockquote><b>Party | Leader | Seats Won</b><br />
Labour | Clement Attlee | 295<br />
Conservative | Winston Churchill | 302<br />
National Liberal | James Stuart | 19<br />
Liberal | Clement Davies | 6.</BLOCKQUOTE>The Conservatives won.<br />
<br />
26 October 1951 – Winston Churchill as British Prime Minister (26 October 1951–6 April 1955)<br />
<br />
November 1951 – the Himalayan expedition of Eric Shipton (with Michael Ward, Bill Murray, and Tom Bourdillon), while scouting for a new route to Everest, discover so-called “yeti” tracks in the snow near the head of Menlung Glacier<br />
<br />
14 November 1951 – release of the British anthology film <i>Encore</i>, an adaptation of three short stories by W. Somerset Maugham<br />
<br />
<b>1952</b><br />
1952 – John Cairncross resigns from the government<br />
<br />
1952–1954 – Ernst Badian at the University of Sheffield <br />
<br />
6 February 1952 – death of George VI; accession of Elizabeth II<br />
<br />
August 1952 – C. S. Lewis first meets Joy Davidman Gresham<br />
<br />
18 September 1952 – Charlie Chaplin boards the RMS Queen Elizabeth with his family but the next day has his re-entry revoked<br />
<br />
<b>1953</b><br />
1953 – Noam Chomsky and his wife Carol Doris Schatz visit England, France, Switzerland and Italy, and 6 weeks at a kibbutz in Israel<br />
<br />
January 1953 – Charlie Chaplin and his family move to Manoir de Ban, overlooking Lake Geneva in Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland<br />
<br />
20 January 1953–20 January 1961 – Dwight D. Eisenhower is President of the United States<br />
<br />
5 March 1953 – death of Stalin<br />
<br />
29 May 1953 – Edmund Hillary and Nepalese Sherpa mountaineer Tenzing Norgay became the first climbers to reach the summit of Mount Everest<br />
<br />
2 June 1953 – coronation of Queen Elizabeth II as monarch of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon <br />
<br />
18 June 1953 – the Egyptian Republic was declared<br />
<br />
27 July 1953 – end of the Korean War<br />
<br />
15–19 August 1953 – the 1953 Iranian coup d’état, the overthrow of the democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh in favour of the shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, with help from the United Kingdom and the United States<br />
<br />
14 September 1953–14 October 1964 – Nikita Khrushchev is First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union<br />
<br />
<b>1954</b><br />
1954 – Ernst Badian takes an MA at University College, Oxford<br />
<br />
1954–1965 – Ernst Badian at the University of Durham<br />
<br />
January 1954 – <i>Daily Mail</i> Snowman Expedition leaves Katmandu<br />
<br />
7 June 1954 – death of Alan Turing<br />
<br />
18–27 June 1954 – the 1954 Guatemalan coup d’état, a covert operation CIA to depose the democratically-elected Guatemalan President Jacobo Árbenz; it installs the military dictatorship of Carlos Castillo Armas<br />
<br />
29 July 1954 – J. R. R. Tolkien publishes <i>The Fellowship of the Ring</i>, the first volume of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i><br />
<br />
11 November 1954 – J. R. R. Tolkien publishes <i>The Two Towers</i>, the second volume of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i><br />
<br />
<b>1955</b><br />
6 April 1955 – Winston Churchill steps down as British Prime Minister<br />
<br />
6 April 1955–10 January 1957 – Anthony Eden (Conservative) is Prime Minister of the United Kingdom<br />
<br />
October 1955 – Kim Philby officially cleared by Foreign Secretary Harold Macmillan<br />
<br />
20 October 1955 – J. R. R. Tolkien publishes <i>The Return of the King</i>, the third volume of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i><br />
<br />
<b>1956</b><br />
25 February 1956 – Nikita Khrushchev gives a secret speech denouncing Stalin at the 20th Soviet Party Congress<br />
<br />
23 April 1956 – Helen Joy Davidman marries C. S. Lewis in a civil marriage at the register office, 42 St Giles’, Oxford<br />
<br />
13 June 1956 – British forces complete their withdrawal from the occupied Suez Canal Zone<br />
<br />
19 July 1956 – the US State Department rejects American financial assistance for the Egyptian High Dam <br />
<br />
26 July 1956 – Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal<br />
<br />
5 October 1956 – release date of the film <i>The Ten Commandments</i>, directed by Cecil B. DeMille and starring Charlton Heston and Yul Brynner<br />
<br />
29 October 1956–7 November 1956 – the Suez Crisis (Tripartite Aggression), the invasion of Egypt by Israel, followed by the United Kingdom and France<br />
<br />
<b>1957</b><br />
1957 – Noam Chomsky is promoted to the position of associate professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)<br />
<br />
1957 – Ayn Rand publishes <i>Atlas Shrugged</i><br />
<br />
10 January 1957–19 October 1963 – Harold Macmillan (Conservative) is Prime Minister of the United Kingdom<br />
<br />
February 1957 – publication of <i>Syntactic Structures</i> by Noam Chomsky, which introduces the idea of transformational generative grammar<br />
<br />
2 May 1957 – release date of the film <i>The Curse of Frankenstein</i>, directed by Terence Fisher, and starring Peter Cushing and Christopher Lee <br />
<br />
26 August 1957 – release date of the film <i>The Abominable Snowman</i>, starring Peter Cushing and Forrest Tucker<br />
<br />
<b>1958</b><br />
February–June 1958 – the Slick-Johnson Snowman Expedition, led by Gerald Russell and Peter and Bryan Byrne<br />
<br />
27 March 1958–14 October 1964 – Nikita Khrushchev is Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union<br />
<br />
8 May 1958 – release date of the film UK <i>Dracula</i>, directed by Terence Fisher and starring Christopher Lee and Peter Cushing<br />
<br />
1 June 1958 – de Gaulle became Premier and was given emergency powers for six months by the National Assembly, fulfilling his desire for parliamentary legitimacy<br />
<br />
1 June 1958–8 January 1959 – de Gaulle Prime Minister of France<br />
<br />
17 September 1958–25 November 1959 – serialisation of Georges Prosper Remi’s (or Hergé) story <i>Tintin in Tibet</i> in <i>Tintin</i> magazine<br />
<br />
28 September 1958 – a French referendum took place and 79.2 percent of those who voted supported the new constitution and the creation of the Fifth Republic<br />
<br />
<b>1959</b><br />
8 January 1959–28 April 1969 – de Gaulle President of the French Republic<br />
<br />
18 November 1959 – release date of the film <i>Ben-Hur</i>, directed by William Wyler and starring Charlton Heston <br />
<br />
December 1959 – Slick-Johnson Snowman Expedition, with Peter Byrne <br />
<br />
<b>1960</b><br />
February 1960 – Friedrich Hayek publishes <i>The Constitution of Liberty</i><br />
<br />
27 May 1960 – Piero Sraffa publishes <i>The Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities</i>; Italian publication on 6 June 1960<br />
<br />
13 July 1960 – death of Helen Joy Davidman<br />
<br />
September 1960–June 1961 – the World Book Encyclopedia scientific expedition to the Himalayas, led by Sir Edmund Hillary and Marlin Perkins, to study adaptation to high altitude and to search for the yeti<br />
<br />
<center><b>1960s</b></center><b>1961</b><br />
8 January 1961 – referendum on self-determination for Algeria was held in France <br />
<br />
20 January 1961 – John F. Kennedy inaugurated as US president (in office 20 January 1961–22 November 1963)<br />
<br />
<b>1962</b><br />
1 June 1962 – Friedrich Hayek leaves New York for Naples (arriving on 13 June)<br />
<br />
c. 15 June 1962–July 1968 – Friedrich Hayek is professor at the University of Freiburg, Germany<br />
<br />
3 July 1962 – France recognised Algerian independence<br />
<br />
October 1962 – Cuban missile crisis<br />
<br />
5 October 1962 – release date of the James Bond film <i>Dr. No</i> in the United Kingdom<br />
<br />
10 December 1962 – release date of the film <i>Lawrence of Arabia</i>, directed by David Lean and starring Peter O’Toole<br />
<br />
<b>1963</b><br />
23 January 1963 – Kim Philby vanishes from Beirut<br />
<br />
June 1963 – John F. Kennedy visits Ireland<br />
<br />
1 July 1963 – Kim Philby’s flight to Moscow officially confirmed<br />
<br />
11 October 1963 – release date of the James Bond film <i>From Russia with Love</i> in the United Kingdom<br />
<br />
22 November 1963 – the assassination of John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas, at 12:30 pm Central Standard Time on Friday; Lyndon B. Johnson sworn in as President on Air Force One in Dallas on 22 November 1963<br />
<br />
22 November 1963 – death of C. S. Lewis<br />
<br />
23 November 1963 – broadcast date of the first Doctor Who TV program <i>An Unearthly Child</i> in the UK<br />
<br />
25 November 1963 – a Requiem Mass held for John F. Kennedy at the Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle <br />
<br />
21 December 1963–1 February 1964 – broadcast dates of the Doctor Who TV program <i>The Daleks</i> in the UK<br />
<br />
<b>1964</b><br />
23 April 1964 – Anthony Blunt secretly confessed to MI5 about his spying<br />
<br />
18 September 1964 – release date of the James Bond film <i>Goldfinger</i> in the United Kingdom<br />
<br />
14 October 1964 – Nikita Khrushchev is forced to resign as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union<br />
<br />
14 October 1964–10 November 1982 – Leonid Brezhnev is General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Brezhnev becomes Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union on 16 June 1977<br />
<br />
<b>1965</b><br />
24 January 1965 – death of Winston Churchill<br />
<br />
23 August 1965 – release date of the film <i>Dr. Who and the Daleks</i>, starring Peter Cushing<br />
<br />
22 September 1965 – the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 (or the Hart–Celler Act) is passed in the US Senate (25 August 1965 in the House); effective from 30 June 1968<br />
<br />
21 December 1965 – release date of the James Bond film <i>Thunderball</i> in the United States; released in the UK on 29 December 1965<br />
<br />
<b>1966</b><br />
1966 – Paul A. Baran and Paul M. Sweezy publish <i>Monopoly Capital: An Essay on the American Economic and Social Order</i> (Monthly Review Press)<br />
<br />
5 August 1966 – release date of the film <i>Daleks – Invasion Earth: 2150 A.D.</i>, starring Peter Cushing<br />
<br />
<b>1968</b><br />
4 April 1968 – murder of Martin Luther King<br />
<br />
April 1968 – UK Race Relations Bill<br />
<br />
20 April 1968 – Enoch Powell’s notorious address to the General Meeting of the West Midlands Area Conservative Political Centre, which became known as the “Rivers of Blood” speech<br />
<br />
6 June 1968 – death of Randolph Spencer-Churchill (1911–1968), son of Winston<br />
<br />
5 November 1968 – the United States presidential election of 1968, between the Republican nominee Richard Nixon and the Democratic nominee Vice President Hubert Humphrey. Nixon won the electoral college by 301–191<br />
<br />
<b>1969</b><br />
20 January 1969–9 August 1974 – Richard Nixon is US president<br />
<br />
December 1969–1977 – Friedrich Hayek is professor at the University of Salzburg<br />
<br />
<b>1970</b><br />
3 January 1970 – broadcast date of “Spearhead from Space,” the first serial of British science fiction television series Doctor Who starring Jon Pertwee<br />
<br />
18 June 1970 – the United Kingdom general election of 1970; the Conservative Party under Edward Heath defeats the Labour Party under Harold Wilson</BLOCKQUOTE>Lord Keyneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06556863604205200159noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4556861365216117920.post-89604182746888431832015-02-28T07:42:00.001-08:002015-03-16T02:42:48.909-07:00Links on Byzantine HistorySome links on the fascinating history of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire">Byzantine empire</a>, the Eastern Roman empire which survived until 1453:<blockquote><b>(1)</b> <a href="http://thehistoryofbyzantium.com/">Robin Pierson, The History of Byzantium</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://thehistoryofbyzantium.libsyn.com/rss">The History of Byzantium</a><br />
<br />
<b>(2)</b> <a href="http://12byzantinerulers.com/">Lars Brownworth, 12 Byzantine Rulers, The History of The Byzantine Empire </a><br />
<br />
<b>(3)</b> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL77A337915A76F660">The Early Middle Ages, 284–1000 with Paul Freedman</a><br />
<br />
<b>(4)</b> <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00547j9">BBC In Our Time discussion of the Byzantine Empire</a><br />
<br />
<b>(5)</b> <a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/byzantium/">Byzantium: Byzantine Studies on the Internet</a><br />
<br />
<b>(6)</b> <a href="http://www.worldhistorymaps.info/maps.html">Talessman’s Atlas. World History Maps</a><br />
<br />
<b>(7)</b> <a href="http://geacron.com/home-en/?&sid=GeaCron63567">World History Atlas & Timelines since 3000 BC.</a><br />
<br />
<b>(8)</b> <a href="http://www.emersonkent.com/maps.htm">Emersonkent.com Maps</a><br />
<br />
<b>(9)</b> <a href="http://www.files.maproom.org/00/46/index.php">Karl Spruner and Theodor Menke, <i>Hand-Atlas für die Geschichte des Mittelalters und die neueren Zeit</i> (3rd edn.), 1880.</a><br />
<br />
<b>(10)</b> <a href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/history_shepherd_1923.html">Shepherd, William R. 1923. <i>Shepherd’s Historical Atlas</i> (3rd edn.).</a></blockquote>In addition, some standard books on Byzantine history: <blockquote>Rosser, John H. 2012. <i>Historical Dictionary of Byzantium</i>. Scarecrow Press, Lanham, Md.<br />
<br />
Kazhdan, Alexander P. 1991. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</i> (3 vols.). Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford.<br />
<br />
Haldon, John F. 2010. <i>The Palgrave Atlas of Byzantine History</i>. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.<br />
<br />
Norwich, John Julius. 1990. <i>Byzantium. The Early Centuries</i> (vol. 1). Penguin, London.<br />
<br />
Norwich, John Julius. 1993. <i>Byzantium: The Apogee</i> (vol. 2). Penguin, London. <br />
<br />
Norwich, John Julius. 1995. <i>Byzantium: The Decline and Fall</i> (vol. 3). Viking, London.<br />
<br />
Treadgold, Warren. 1997. <i>A History of the Byzantine State and Society</i>. Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. <br />
<br />
Mango, Cyril. 2002. <i>The Oxford History of Byzantium</i>. Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York.<br />
<br />
Shepard, Jonathan. 2008. <i>The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire. c. 500–1492</i>. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.<br />
<br />
Gregory, Timothy E. 2010. <i>A History of Byzantium</i> (2nd edn.). Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, UK and Malden, MA. <br />
<br />
Ostrogorsky, George. 1969. <i>History of the Byzantine State</i> (3rd rev. edn.; trans. Joan Hussey). Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, N.J. 624 p. [Superceded by Treadgold 1997]<br />
<br />
Brubaker, Leslie and John Haldon. 2011. <i>Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era c. 680-850: A History</i>. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 918 p.<br />
<br />
Treadgold, Warren. 1988. <i>The Byzantine Revival, 780–842</i>. Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 455 p.</BLOCKQUOTE>Lord Keyneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06556863604205200159noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4556861365216117920.post-10255176393805841362015-01-31T01:32:00.000-08:002015-01-31T01:35:36.129-08:00Stephen Fry on GodHilarious and absolutely right too. He could have added that there is no reason to believe any gods or supernatural beings of any type exist too! Not to mention ghosts, goblins, vampires, werewolves, etc., etc.<br />
<br />
<iframe width="400" height="225" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-suvkwNYSQo" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>Lord Keyneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06556863604205200159noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4556861365216117920.post-34636312336912556292014-12-07T04:18:00.001-08:002014-12-07T04:18:44.413-08:00Richard Carrier versus Trent Horn on the Historicity of JesusA recent debate between Richard Carrier and Trent Horn on the historicity of Jesus, and the mysticist thesis of Carrier most recently developed at length in his book <i>On the Historicity of Jesus: Why we might have reason for doubt</i> (Sheffield Phoenix Press, Sheffield, 2014). <br />
<br />
<iframe width="400" height="225" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/ep-AN7U4OLg" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>Lord Keyneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06556863604205200159noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4556861365216117920.post-28561639709646545642014-05-25T04:52:00.002-07:002014-05-25T04:53:36.847-07:00The Dead Sea Scrolls in EnglishThe best English translations of the Dead Sea Scrolls, including the sectarian writings at Qumran, are the following:<blockquote>García Martínez, Florentino and Wilfred G.E. Watson. 1996. <i>The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated: The Qumran Texts in English</i> (2nd edn.). E. J. Brill, New York and Grand Rapids, Mich. <br />
<br />
García Martínez, Florentino and Eibert J.C. Tigchelaar. 1997–1998. <i>The Dead Sea Scrolls. Study Edition</i> (2 vols.). Brill, Leiden and New York.<br />
<br />
Wise, Michael, Abegg, Martin, and Edward Cook. 1996. <i>The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation</i>. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco.<br />
<br />
Wise, Michael, Abegg, Martin, and Edward Cook. 2005. <i>The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation</i> (rev. edn.). HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. <br />
<br />
Vermes, Geza. 1998. <i>The Dead Sea Scrolls in English</i>. Penguin Books, London.</BLOCKQUOTE>Vermes (1998) is rather old now. <br />
<br />
García Martínez and Watson (1996) seems to be one of the best translations, and García Martínez and Tigchelaar (1997–1998) provide the best scholarly edition with the texts in Hebrew and English.Lord Keyneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06556863604205200159noreply@blogger.com0